Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive functions and EEG changes'
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Marcos-Martínez, Diego, Víctor Martínez-Cagigal, Eduardo Santamaría-Vázquez, Sergio Pérez-Velasco, and Roberto Hornero. "Neurofeedback Training Based on Motor Imagery Strategies Increases EEG Complexity in Elderly Population." Entropy 23, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23121574.
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Neurofeedback training (NFT) has shown promising results in recent years as a tool to address the effects of age-related cognitive decline in the elderly. Since previous studies have linked reduced complexity of electroencephalography (EEG) signal to the process of cognitive decline, we propose the use of non-linear methods to characterise changes in EEG complexity induced by NFT. In this study, we analyse the pre- and post-training EEG from 11 elderly subjects who performed an NFT based on motor imagery (MI–NFT). Spectral changes were studied using relative power (RP) from classical frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta), whilst multiscale entropy (MSE) was applied to assess EEG-induced complexity changes. Furthermore, we analysed the subject’s scores from Luria tests performed before and after MI–NFT. We found that MI–NFT induced a power shift towards rapid frequencies, as well as an increase of EEG complexity in all channels, except for C3. These improvements were most evident in frontal channels. Moreover, results from cognitive tests showed significant enhancement in intellectual and memory functions. Therefore, our findings suggest the usefulness of MI–NFT to improve cognitive functions in the elderly and encourage future studies to use MSE as a metric to characterise EEG changes induced by MI–NFT.
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Kaji, Yoshio, Yoshikazu Yamamoto, Junji Kawata, Jiro Morimoto, and Shoichiro Fujisawa. "EEG Variations During Measurement of Cognitive Functions Using Biosignal Acquisition Toolkit." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0753.
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The occurrence of serious traffic accidents due to driving error has recently become a social issue. The decline in cognitive functions is considered a factor particularly among elderly drivers, for which some corrective measures are urgently needed. Currently, as a measure dealing with elderly drivers, drivers aged 75 years are required by law to examine their cognitive functions when they renew their driver’s license. This examination is conducted to measure memory and power of judgment. In the present study, we used a device that allows simple measurements and attached electrodes to the frontal pole, where it is easy to attach; measure electroencephalograms for the cognitive functions of memory, mental calculations (thinking), and memory recall; and examine the changes in the power spectra to determine how they vary in young and elderly individuals.
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Zawiślak-Fornagiel, Katarzyna, Daniel Ledwoń, Monika Bugdol, Patrycja Romaniszyn-Kania, Andrzej Małecki, Agnieszka Gorzkowska, and Andrzej W. Mitas. "The Increase of Theta Power and Decrease of Alpha/Theta Ratio as a Manifestation of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041569.
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In this study, we aim to assess and examine cognitive functions in Parkinson’s Disease patients using EEG recordings, with a central focus on characteristics associated with a cognitive decline. Based on neuropsychological evaluation using Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III, 98 participants were divided into three cognitive groups. All the particpants of the study underwent EEG recordings with spectral analysis. The results revealed an increase in the absolute theta power in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PD-D) compared to cognitively normal status (PD-CogN, p=0.00997) and a decrease in global relative beta power in PD-D compared to PD-CogN (p=0.0413). An increase in theta relative power in the left temporal region (p=0.0262), left occipital region (p=0.0109), and right occipital region (p=0.0221) were observed in PD-D compared to PD-N. The global alpha/theta ratio and global power spectral ratio significantly decreased in PD-D compared to PD-N (p = 0.001). In conclusion, the increase in relative theta power and the decrease in relative beta power are characteristic changes in EEG recordings in PD patients with cognitive impairment. Identifying these changes can be a useful biomarker and a complementary tool in the neuropsychological diagnosis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s Disease.
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Hughes, J. R., S. Shanmugham, L. C. Wetzel, S. Bellur, and C. A. Hughes. "The Relationship between EEG Changes and Cognitive Functions in Dementia: A Study in a VA Population." Clinical Electroencephalography 20, no. 2 (April 1989): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005948902000204.
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Domizio, Sergio, Emanuela Conte, Cristina Puglielli, Roberto Domizio, Alberto Verrotti, Rocco Pollice, Massimo Casacchia, et al. "Epileptic EEG discharges and short non-convulsive crisis: Influence on cognitive and psychobehavioural functions in youths." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v31i1.3139.
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Purpose: Learning and behavioural difficulties often occur in benign childhood epilepsy. In recent years, several electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics have been related to the occurrence of learning and behavioral problems. We determined if the cognitive characteristics of epileptic children depend exclusively on illness factors, or if epileptic electroencephalogram discharges during the crisis contribute to these changes.
Methods: We studied a randomly selected group of 150 youths with short non-convulsive crises, who completed cognitive testing and electroencephalographic studies. The inclusion criteria were: undefined crisis, variations in cognitive function and/or frequent epileptiform discharges on the electroencephalogram.
Results: Previous research indicates that the type of epilepsy and the patient’s educational level can influence cognitive functioning. The electroencephalographic epileptic discharges during the crisis has been found to influence cognitive transitory functions such as vigilance or swiftness of mental functions. The type of epilepsy is correlated statistically with impairment of learning ability tests: reading (F, 5.487, P = 0.005) and mathematics (F, 3.007, P ≤ 0.05). In addition, 40% of the epileptic patients had behavioural disordered versus 16% for the control group (P < 0.02).
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Höller, Yvonne, Kevin H. G. Butz, Aljoscha C. Thomschewski, Elisabeth V. Schmid, Christoph D. Hofer, Andreas Uhl, Arne C. Bathke, et al. "Prediction of Cognitive Decline in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Mild Cognitive Impairment by EEG, MRI, and Neuropsychology." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2020 (May 20, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8915961.
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Cognitive decline is a severe concern of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Also, in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, memory problems are a frequently encountered problem with potential progression. On the background of a unifying hypothesis for cognitive decline, we merged knowledge from dementia and epilepsy research in order to identify biomarkers with a high predictive value for cognitive decline across and beyond these groups that can be fed into intelligent systems. We prospectively assessed patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (N = 9), mild cognitive impairment (N = 19), and subjective cognitive complaints (N = 4) and healthy controls (N = 18). All had structural cerebral MRI, EEG at rest and during declarative verbal memory performance, and a neuropsychological assessment which was repeated after 18 months. Cognitive decline was defined as significant change on neuropsychological subscales. We extracted volumetric and shape features from MRI and brain network measures from EEG and fed these features alongside a baseline testing in neuropsychology into a machine learning framework with feature subset selection and 5-fold cross validation. Out of 50 patients, 27 had a decline over time in executive functions, 23 in visual-verbal memory, 23 in divided attention, and 7 patients had an increase in depression scores. The best sensitivity/specificity for decline was 72%/82% for executive functions based on a feature combination from MRI volumetry and EEG partial coherence during recall of memories; 95%/74% for visual-verbal memory by combination of MRI-wavelet features and neuropsychology; 84%/76% for divided attention by combination of MRI-wavelet features and neuropsychology; and 81%/90% for increase of depression by combination of EEG partial directed coherence factor at rest and neuropsychology. Combining information from EEG, MRI, and neuropsychology in order to predict neuropsychological changes in a heterogeneous population could create a more general model of cognitive performance decline.
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Ogunjimi, L., A. Alabi, B. Osalusi, A. Muritala, A. Aderinola, and A. Ogunniyi. "Electroencephalographic Correlates of Cognition among Nigerian Women with Epilepsy on Anti-epileptic Monotherapy." Annals of Health Research 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0701-08-127.
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Background: The prospect of EEG as a potential biomarker for detecting a cognitive decline in those living with epilepsy has not been extensively studied.
Objective: To determine the relationship between electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and cognitive functions in Women with Epilepsy (WWE).
Methods: The study involved 100 adult WWE aged between 16 and 40 years on Levetiracetam (LEV) or Carbamazepine (CAB) monotherapy. Zung Self-Reporting Depression Scale (ZSRDS) was used to assess the mood of participants while the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSID) was used to assess various cognition domains.
Results: The frequency of Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PED) (p = 0.008), delta waves and theta waves (p = 0.004) were higher in WWE with Cognitive Impairment (CI) compared to those without CI. Lower cognitive scores were seen among those with delta wave across the domains of cognition with statistical significance for language fluency (p = 0.039), language comprehension (p = 0.000), and total CSID (p = 0.000). WWE with PED had a lower mean total CSID score compared to those without PED (p = 0.019). The absence of alpha wave (p = 0.027), presence of delta wave (p = 0.013), slow frequency (p = 0.015) and PED (p = 0.031) were EEG predictors of cognitive impairment. Medication type (p = 0.016) and depression (p = 0.001) were the clinical predictors of cognitive impairment in WWE.
Conclusion: The frequencies of PED and slow waves were higher in WWE with CI while the absence of alpha wave, presence of delta wave and PED were EEG predictors of CI.
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Novikova, L. B., K. M. Sharapova, and O. E. Dmitrieva. "High-frequency electrical activity of the brain in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke in combination with cognitive functions." Russian neurological journal 25, no. 6 (January 7, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2020-25-6-12-18.
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Abstract. The mathematical analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) provides information about the functional state of the brain, expands the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between different areas of the brain, increases the possibilities of diagnostics and allows to put forward new tasks in the field of studying brain activity. Aim. To assess changes in the gamma-rhythm in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke in the most acute and acute periods in comparison with cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders. Material and methods. The study included 32 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. All patients underwent complex clinical, neurological, instrumental and laboratory studies. The study and recording of the EEG was carried out on the 1st and 21st days of the disease, lasting 20 minutes. The method of mathematical analysis was used to estimate the power spectra and the peak frequency of the gamma — rhythm of the background EEG. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders are detected already in the most acute and acute periods of ischemic stroke. In the mathematical analysis of the EEG statistically significant correlations between the gamma — rhythm index and cognitive, anxiety-depressive disorders in the frontal, central temporal areas are noted. Conclusion. The complex of examination of patients should include, in addition to clinical and neuropsychological research, mathematical analysis of EEG data.
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Novikova, L. B., K. M. Sharapova, and O. E. Dmitrieva. "High-frequency electrical activity of the brain in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke in combination with cognitive functions." Russian neurological journal 25, no. 6 (January 7, 2021): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2020-25-6-12-18.
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Abstract. The mathematical analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) provides information about the functional state of the brain, expands the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between different areas of the brain, increases the possibilities of diagnostics and allows to put forward new tasks in the field of studying brain activity. Aim. To assess changes in the gamma-rhythm in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke in the most acute and acute periods in comparison with cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders. Material and methods. The study included 32 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. All patients underwent complex clinical, neurological, instrumental and laboratory studies. The study and recording of the EEG was carried out on the 1st and 21st days of the disease, lasting 20 minutes. The method of mathematical analysis was used to estimate the power spectra and the peak frequency of the gamma — rhythm of the background EEG. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders are detected already in the most acute and acute periods of ischemic stroke. In the mathematical analysis of the EEG statistically significant correlations between the gamma — rhythm index and cognitive, anxiety-depressive disorders in the frontal, central temporal areas are noted. Conclusion. The complex of examination of patients should include, in addition to clinical and neuropsychological research, mathematical analysis of EEG data.
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Nikolaenko, M. V., E. A. Kizhevatova, and N. V. Drobotya. "Early detection of cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension and evaluation of treatment effectiveness according to EEG data." Medical Herald of the South of Russia 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2020-11-2-81-93.
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Objective: to establish the relationship between the presence of cognitive disorders in patients with arterial hypertension and changes in EEG, to assess the dynamics of these changes against the background of various modes of cerebroprotective therapy.Materials and methods: the study involved 92 people with arterial hypertension, whose average age was 63 ± 8.2 years. The research was carried out on the device “Encephalan-EEGR-19/26”. To assess cognitive functions, patients were tested using the MoСA test. Patients with cognitive impairment were divided into three groups of dynamic monitoring with diff erent modes of cerebroprotective therapy.Results: non-specifi c patterns in the slow-wave range were registered in patients with cognitive impairment during visual EEG analysis. In the quantitative analysis of the EEG revealed changes in the frequency and amplitude of the alpha rhythm, the power variation on the basic rhythms, the reduction of the total strength of the rhythms, the increase in relative power of slow rhythms in the frontal leads to the total power of the rhythms. After the treatment, most patients showed an increase in scores on the “Montreal scale”, a decrease in anxiety and depression on the” Hospital scale”, and an increase in the SF-36 index. Quantitative EEG analysis revealed positive dynamics comparable to the clinic and test data. The most favorable EEG dynamics was registered in groups of patients receiving neuroprotective and combined therapy.Conclusions: the results obtained indicate the diagnostic value of quantitative EEG analysis and the feasibility of adding drugs that improve the metabolism and blood supply to the brain to standard antihypertensive therapy.
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Porozovs, Juris, Viktors Veliks, Aija Kļaviņa, and Gunita Praulīte. "EEG Spectral Feature Markers as an Indicator of Human Cognitive Process." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 18, no. 01 (January 10, 2023): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i01.31259.
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Information technologies allow using modern and timely effective analyses of EEG waves and the methods of data processing that allows effective usage of this method into pedagogically and psychologically oriented researches. Aim of this study was to develop and validate method of EEG signal spectral properties usage in the investigations of the process of cognition in the process of the perception of music by the choice of professional studies. 23 research participants took part in the research – the students of the University of Latvia, the division of participants "non-musician" and "musician". The EEG recording synchronized with the musical signal using the generated synchronization signal that given to one of the unipolar input channels of the EEG equipment. The research analyses the basic rhythm of EEG the changes of the maximum frequency and the wave frequency power in the processes connected with the perception and cognition of music for 15 seconds long intervals. During the time of listening to the chorus songs, the range frequency of the range rhythm of alpha and beta does not change to the musicians but during the time of listening to the instrumental music it increases but it was more vivid in the range of beta frequency. Non-musicians reacted differently - while listening to chorus songs and instrumental music the frequency of alfa waves of EEG increased, but the beta wave frequency decreased. EEG as a method of investigation is recommended for pedagogical research to evaluate the neurological functions in the cognitive processes.
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Alatorre-Cruz, Graciela C., Thalía Fernández, Susana A. Castro-Chavira, Mauricio González-López, Sergio M. Sánchez-Moguel, and Juan Silva-Pereyra. "One-Year Follow-Up of Healthy Older Adults with Electroencephalographic Risk for Neurocognitive Disorder After Neurofeedback Training." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 85, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 1767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215538.
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Background: In healthy older adults, excess theta activity is an electroencephalographic (EEG) predictor of cognitive impairment. In a previous study, neurofeedback (NFB) treatment reinforcing reductions theta activity resulted in EEG reorganization and cognitive improvement. Objective: To explore the clinical applicability of this NFB treatment, the present study performed a 1-year follow-up to determine its lasting effects. Methods: Twenty seniors with excessive theta activity in their EEG were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group received an auditory reward when the theta absolute power (AP) was reduced. The control group received the reward randomly. Results: Both groups showed a significant decrease in theta activity at the training electrode. However, the EEG results showed that only the experimental group underwent global changes after treatment. These changes consisted of delta and theta decreases and beta increases. Although no changes were found in any group during the period between the posttreatment evaluation and follow-up, more pronounced theta decreases and beta increases were observed in the experimental group when the follow-up and pretreatment measures were compared. Executive functions showed a tendency to improve two months after treatment which became significant one year later. Conclusion: These results suggest that the EEG and behavioral benefits of this NFB treatment persist for at least one year, which adds up to the available evidence contributing to identifying factors that increase its efficacy level. The relevance of this study lies in its prophylactic features of addressing a clinically healthy population with EEG risk of cognitive decline.
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Al-Nuaimi, Ali H. Husseen, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun, and Emmanuel Ifeachor. "Complexity Measures for Quantifying Changes in Electroencephalogram in Alzheimer’s Disease." Complexity 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8915079.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disorder that affects cognitive brain functions and starts many years before its clinical manifestations. A biomarker that provides a quantitative measure of changes in the brain due to AD in the early stages would be useful for early diagnosis of AD, but this would involve dealing with large numbers of people because up to 50% of dementia sufferers do not receive formal diagnosis. Thus, there is a need for accurate, low-cost, and easy to use biomarkers that could be used to detect AD in its early stages. Potentially, electroencephalogram (EEG) based biomarkers can play a vital role in early diagnosis of AD as they can fulfill these needs. This is a cross-sectional study that aims to demonstrate the usefulness of EEG complexity measures in early AD diagnosis. We have focused on the three complexity methods which have shown the greatest promise in the detection of AD, Tsallis entropy (TsEn), Higuchi Fractal Dimension (HFD), and Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) methods. Unlike previous approaches, in this study, the complexity measures are derived from EEG frequency bands (instead of the entire EEG) as EEG activities have significant association with AD and this has led to enhanced performance. The results show that AD patients have significantly lower TsEn, HFD, and LZC values for specific EEG frequency bands and for specific EEG channels and that this information can be used to detect AD with a sensitivity and specificity of more than 90%.
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Ferreira, Camila, Andréa Deslandes, Helena Moraes, Maurício Cagy, Fernando Pompeu, Luis Fernando Basile, Roberto Piedade, and Pedro Ribeiro. "Electroencephalographic changes after one nigth of sleep deprivation." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 64, no. 2b (June 2006): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2006000300007.
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Total or partial sleep deprivation (SD) causes degrading effects on different cognitive and psychomotor functions that might be related to electrophysiological changes frequently observed. In the present study, we investigated the effects of one night of sleep deprivation on waking EEG. Experimental protocol consisted of recording electroencephalographic data from eleven healthy young subjects before (baseline) and after (time 2) one night of sleep deprivation. A natural log transformation was carried out and showed a significant increase in theta T6 (p=0.041), O2 (p=0.018) and OZ (p=0.028); and delta T6 (p=0.043) relative power; and a decrease in alpha Fp1 (p=0.040), F3 (p=0.013), Fp2 (p=0.033), T4 (p=0.050), T6 (p=0.018), O2 (p=0.011) and Oz (p=0.025) and beta (p=0.022) absolute power. These outcomes show that the EEG power spectra, after sleep deprivation, exhibit site-specific differences in particular frequency bands and corroborate for the premise of local aspects of brain adaptation after sleep deprivation, rather than global.
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Johnson, D., H. Ksciuk, H. Woelk, E. Sauerwein-Giese, and A. Frauendorf. "Effects of Hypericum Extract LI 160 Compared with Maprotiline on Resting EEG and Evoked Potentials in 24 Volunteers." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 7, no. 1_suppl (January 1994): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089198879400701s12.
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In a randomized double-blind study, the effect of hypericum extract was compared to that of maprotiline in 24 healthy volunteers. The investigations included measurements of resting EEG as well as visual and acoustic evoked potentials. In resting EEGs, both medications revealed oppositely directed changes in the theta frequencies, and mainly similarly directed changes in alpha and beta frequencies. Measurements of evoked potentials in the theta and beta frequencies supported these results. The results indicate improved cognitive functions mainly with the treatment of hypericum extract.
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Mikhailova, A. A., A. I. Kaida, E. V. Eismont, and V. B. Pavlenko. "AGE FEATURES OF BETA RHYTHMS EEG IN CHILDREN AGED 4-15 IN A STATE OF STABLE VISUAL ATTENTION." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 7 (73), no. 2 (2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2021-7-2-95-103.
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One of the reliable parameters for assessing the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children is the relative power (RP) of the EEG. Previous results have shown that EEG RP systematically changes not only depending on age, but also with various developmental disorders. The beta rhythm RP is of particular interest when performing tasks requiring the involvement of cognitive functions. In connection with the above, the purpose of the present study was to identify and analyze the RP of beta1 and beta2 EEG rhythms in a state of stable visual attention (SVА) in children 4–15 years old. The study involved 159 children (82 girls and 77 boys) aged 4–15 years with a normal level of physical and mental development. In the present study, children were required to observe and reproduce the movements of a computer mouse. At the same time, at certain moments, an image of a stationary computer mouse was presented, which was accompanied by a request to look at the computer screen, in connection with which both voluntary and involuntary attention of the subjects was activated. The use of the SVА situation makes it possible to analyze the nature of differences in the EEG pattern of children, taking into account the data on the neurophysiological mechanisms of attention. The greatest increase in the RP of the EEG beta1 rhythm found in the age range of 7–12. For the beta2 rhythm, the greatest increase discovered in the period of 10–15 years. The obtained values of the RP of the beta1 and beta2 rhythms of the EEG, recorded in the state of stable visual attention, in children of different ages can be used as reference data in the relevant research areas, as well as in the development of correction protocols for the cognitive functions and psychoemotional state using EEG biofeedback. The age-related dynamics of the beta rhythm RP can serve as an indicator of the maturation of cortical inhibition processes in children, which underlie the formation of voluntary cognitive functions and conscious purposeful behavior.
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Petrovic, Jelena, Vuk Milosevic, Miroslava Zivkovic, Dragan Stojanov, Olga Milojkovic, Aleksandar Kalauzi, and Jasna Saponjic. "Slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and “flow”—possible biomarkers of cognitive impairment and neuropathology of minor stroke." PeerJ 5 (September 28, 2017): e3839. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3839.
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Background We investigated EEG rhythms, particularly alpha activity, and their relationship to post-stroke neuropathology and cognitive functions in the subacute and chronic stages of minor strokes. Methods We included 10 patients with right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic strokes and 11 healthy controls. All the assessments of stroke patients were done both in the subacute and chronic stages. Neurological impairment was measured using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), whereas cognitive functions were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and MoCA memory index (MoCA-MIS). The EEG was recorded using a 19 channel EEG system with standard EEG electrode placement. In particular, we analyzed the EEGs derived from the four lateral frontal (F3, F7, F4, F8), and corresponding lateral posterior (P3, P4, T5, T6) electrodes. Quantitative EEG analysis included: the group FFT spectra, the weighted average of alpha frequency (αAVG), the group probability density distributions of all conventional EEG frequency band relative amplitudes (EEG microstructure), the inter- and intra-hemispheric coherences, and the topographic distribution of alpha carrier frequency phase potentials (PPs). Statistical analysis was done using a Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with a post-hoc Mann–Whitney U two-tailed test, and Spearman’s correlation. Results We demonstrated transient cognitive impairment alongside a slower alpha frequency (αAVG) in the subacute right MCA stroke patients vs. the controls. This slower alpha frequency showed no amplitude change, but was highly synchronized intra-hemispherically, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, and inter-hemispherically, overlying the frontal cortex. In addition, the disturbances in EEG alpha activity in subacute stroke patients were expressed as a decrease in alpha PPs over the frontal cortex and an altered “alpha flow”, indicating the sustained augmentation of inter-hemispheric interactions. Although the stroke induced slower alpha was a transient phenomenon, the increased alpha intra-hemispheric synchronization, overlying the ipsi-lesional hemisphere, the increased alpha F3–F4 inter-hemispheric synchronization, the delayed alpha waves, and the newly established inter-hemispheric “alpha flow” within the frontal cortex, remained as a permanent consequence of the minor stroke. This newly established frontal inter-hemispheric “alpha flow” represented a permanent consequence of the “hidden” stroke neuropathology, despite the fact that cognitive impairment has been returned to the control values. All the detected permanent changes at the EEG level with no cognitive impairment after a minor stroke could be a way for the brain to compensate for the lesion and restore the lost function. Discussion Our study indicates slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and “flow” as potential biomarkers of cognitive impairment onset and/or compensatory post-stroke re-organizational processes.
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Nardone, Raffaele, Luca Sebastianelli, Viviana Versace, Davide Ferrazzoli, Leopold Saltuari, and Eugen Trinka. "TMS–EEG Co-Registration in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias: A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030303.
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An established method to assess effective brain connectivity is the combined use of transcranial magnetic stimulation with simultaneous electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) because TMS-induced cortical responses propagate to distant anatomically connected brain areas. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias are associated with changes in brain networks and connectivity, but the underlying pathophysiology of these processes is poorly defined. We performed here a systematic review of the studies employing TMS–EEG co-registration in patients with dementias. TMS–EEG studies targeting the motor cortex have revealed a significantly reduced TMS-evoked P30 in AD patients in the temporo-parietal cortex ipsilateral to stimulation side as well as in the contralateral fronto-central area, and we have demonstrated a deep rearrangement of the sensorimotor system even in mild AD patients. TMS–EEG studies targeting other cortical areas showed alterations of effective dorsolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity as well as an inverse correlation between prefrontal-to-parietal connectivity and cognitive impairment. Moreover, TMS–EEG analysis showed a selective increase in precuneus neural activity. TMS–EEG co-registrations can also been used to investigate whether different drugs may affect cognitive functions in patients with dementias.
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FITRI, LULU LUSIANTI, DANDRI ALY PURAWIJAYA, and SUPRIJANTO. "EFFECT OF BLUE LIGHT EXPOSURE TO BRAIN WAVE PHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO COGNITIVE AND MOTORIC FUNCTION DURING NIGHT DRIVING SIMULATION." Malaysian Applied Biology 49, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v49i2.1525.
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Safety issue and accident of land transportation needs to be concerned about. One of the main reasons of most driving accidents is drowsiness since it is associated with circadian rhythm, which is formed by blue light in solar day light. Studies reported that blue light controls circadian rhythm and prevent drowsiness. This research aims to assess the effect of artificial blue light exposure at night that is expected to prevent drowsiness and behavior changes related to night driving. Behavioral changes can be observed from cognitive response activities that are evaluated by physiologic changes of brainwaves. Seven male subjects were chosen that met the assigned criteria. Brainwaves data was collected from 21.00 to 22.30 using the Electroencephalograph (EEG) from F3 and F4 channels for cognitive function. Results of blue light exposure suggested: (1) temporary effect on cognitive function, (2) fluctuation of brainwave activity in one minute interval, (3) increase hemispheric synchronization in cognitive function, and (4) delay brain asymmetric pattern in cognitive function. We concluded that blue light exposure influences the function of cognitive functions and has potential effect to prevent drowsiness.
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Tuba Bari, Zubaida Umar, Ata Ur Rehman, Aftab Nazir, Shubana Kausar, and Fozia Zahur Malik. "Cognitive Changes in the Patients of Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy." Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v5i2.2258.
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Objective:To determine the prevalence of cognitive disorders in patients suffering from breast cancer receiving chemotherapy treatment in Mayo Hospital Oncology ward. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional type of study was conducted in Mayo Hospital Lahore from April 2017 to June 2017 in order to know about the effects of chemotherapy on cognitive dysfunction in female breast cancer patients.The study included 55 participants , all of them were receiving chemotherapy at the time the research was conducted. A questionnaire was formulated and got filled. The final data was analyzed with the help of SPSS having version 21 and the descriptive statistics e.g percentage and frequencies were achieved. Results:Different measures to test the cognitive functions of patients were used.The analysis of data demonstrated significant relation between increasing age and deterioration of words registration functions,verbal functions and clock drawing interpretation functions of brain. (p = .001 , p=.015 , p=.006 respectively) .While financial management skills of the patients seemed to be unaffected by chemotherapy ( p =.066).Conclusion :These results of this study clearly showed serious derangement in cognitive functions of the patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.Moreover age and pre-treatment natural cognitive reserve are the important predictors of magnitude of deterioration.
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Kocaaslan Atli, Sibel, Nihal Olgaç Dündar, Onur Bayazit, Nur Evirgen Esin, Uğraş Erdoğan, Gönül Çatli, Mehmet Cemal Kahya, and Bumin Nuri Dündar. "Auditory event-related potentials demonstrate early cognitive impairment in children with subclinical hypothyroidism." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, no. 7 (July 26, 2019): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2018-0463.
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Abstract Background The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive functions of children with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and healthy children with the use of auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) and neuropsychological tests. Methods Twenty children aged between 8 and 17 years, diagnosed with SH, and 20 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. A classical auditory oddball paradigm was applied during the electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were evaluated between the 0.5- and 20-Hz frequency intervals. P1, N1, P2, N2 and P3 amplitudes and latencies were measured in Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz, Pz and Oz electrodes. Additionally, a number of neuropsychological tests evaluating the reaction time and various cognitive functions were carried out. Results In children with SH, P3 amplitudes in FCz, Cz and CPz electrodes were significantly lower than those in controls (p < 0.05). In addition to this, the P1N1 and N1P2 peak-to-peak amplitude values were also found to be smaller for children with SH than controls (p < 0.05). With regard to the neuropsychological tests, no significant difference was observed between the SH and control groups on any of the cognitive test parameters, reaction time or correct response rates. Conclusions In the present study, while children with SH did not differ from controls with respect to their cognitive functions evaluated via neuropsychological tests, cognitive differences were detected via electrophysiological investigations. This result implies that implicit changes in cognition which are not yet overtly reflected on neuropsychological tests may be detected at an early stage in children with SH.
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Meghdadi, Amir H., Marija Stevanović Karić, Marissa McConnell, Greg Rupp, Christian Richard, Joanne Hamilton, David Salat, and Chris Berka. "Resting state EEG biomarkers of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0244180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244180.
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In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and validated, would expand the set of existing diagnostic molecular biomarkers of AD pathology with associated biomarkers of disease progression and neural dysfunction. Since symptoms of AD often begin to appear later in life, successful identification of EEG-based biomarkers must account for age-related neurophysiological changes that occur even in healthy individuals. To this end, we collected EEG data from individuals with AD (n = 26), MCI (n = 53), and cognitively normal healthy controls stratified by age into three groups: 18–40 (n = 129), 40–60 (n = 62) and 60–90 (= 55) years old. For each participant, we computed power spectral density at each channel and spectral coherence between pairs of channels. Compared to age matched controls, in the AD group, we found increases in both spectral power and coherence at the slower frequencies (Delta, Theta). A smaller but significant increase in power of slow frequencies was observed for the MCI group, localized to temporal areas. These effects on slow frequency spectral power opposed that of normal aging observed by a decrease in the power of slow frequencies in our control groups. The AD group showed a significant decrease in the spectral power and coherence in the Alpha band consistent with the same effect in normal aging. However, the MCI group did not show any significant change in the Alpha band. Overall, Theta to Alpha ratio (TAR) provided the largest and most significant differences between the AD group and controls. However, differences in the MCI group remained small and localized. We proposed a novel method to quantify these small differences between Theta and Alpha bands’ power using empirically derived distributions of spectral power across the time domain as opposed to averaging power across time. We defined Power Distribution Distance Measure (PDDM) as a distance measure between probability distribution functions (pdf) of Theta and Alpha power. Compared to average TAR, using PDDF enhanced the statistical significance, the effect size, and the spatial distribution of significant effects in the MCI group. We designed classifiers for differentiating individual MCI and AD participants from age-matched controls. The classification performance measured by the area under ROC curve after cross-validation were AUC = 0.85 and AUC = 0.6, for AD and MCI classifiers, respectively. Posterior probability of AD, TAR, and the proposed PDDM measure were all significantly correlated with MMSE score and neuropsychological tests in the AD group.
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Yamanaka, Kentaro, and Yoshiharu Yamamoto. "Single-trial EEG Power and Phase Dynamics Associated with Voluntary Response Inhibition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21258.
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Human voluntary response inhibition has frequently been investigated using go/no-go RT tasks. Recent studies have indicated that not only the traditional averaging waveforms of EEG activities (ERPs) but also the power and phase dynamics of single-trial EEG are important in studying the neural correlates of various human cognitive functions. Therefore, here, we aimed to undertake a detailed study of the time/frequency power and phase dynamics of single-trial EEG during go/no-go RT tasks, with focus particularly on the no-go-specific power and phase dynamics, which are presumed to involve the voluntary response inhibition processes. Thus, we demonstrated no-go-specific theta band EEG power increases and intertrial phase-locking in the midline-frontal areas, which are related to no-go-specific midline-frontal negative–positive ERP waveforms (no-go N2/no-go P3). In addition, we observed no-go-specific alpha band EEG intertrial phase-locking with an adjacent dephasing phenomenon, which is mainly associated with the early part of no-go N2. The estimated time point when the no-go-specific midline-frontal dephasing phenomenon occurred corresponded to the initial part of the voluntary response inhibition process (decision to withhold). Moreover, the no-go-specific phase dynamics in the midline-frontal areas just before and around the no-go N2 peak latency, unlike the power modulations, were affected by changes in the no-go stimulus probability, suggesting the dependence of only phase dynamics on no-go stimulus probability. From these results, we conclude that the complex power and phase dynamics of the theta and alpha band EEG in the midline-frontal areas are specific to no-go trials, being the underlying bases of the no-go-specific ERP waveforms, and suggest that the phase dynamics just before and around the no-go N2 peak latency may involve, at least, the initial part of the voluntary response inhibition process (decision to withhold).
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Albarrán-Cárdenas, Lucero, Juan Silva-Pereyra, Benito Javier Martínez-Briones, Jorge Bosch-Bayard, and Thalía Fernández. "Neurofeedback Effects on EEG Connectivity among Children with Reading Disorders: I. Coherence." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052825.
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Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of children with reading disorders (RDs) are characterized by a higher theta and a lower alpha than those of typically developing children. Neurofeedback (NFB) may be helpful for treating learning disorders by reinforcing a reduction in the theta/alpha ratio. Several studies have suggested that NFB may lead to EEG power normalization and cognitive improvements. To further explore brain changes in isolated areas, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of an NFB protocol on functional connectivity (coherence) among children with RDs. Twenty children with an RD and an abnormally high theta/alpha ratio underwent 30 NFB sessions, and five children with the same characteristics received a sham NFB treatment. On average, the children in the NFB group showed an increase in reading accuracy and comprehension scores; their coherence diminished in the delta, theta, and beta bands and increased in the alpha band, primarily the theta intrahemispheric coherences of the left hemisphere, which is closely associated with reading. In contrast, children who received the sham NFB treatment did not show reading changes and had few changes in their coherence patterns. These preliminary results suggest that NFB can positively impact reading-related functions in the brain networks of children with RDs.
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Schmiedt-Fehr, Christina, Birgit Mathes, and Canan Basar-Eroglu. "Alpha Brain Oscillations and Inhibitory Control." Journal of Psychophysiology 23, no. 4 (January 2009): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.23.4.208.
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A major challenge for developmental cognitive neuroscience is to understand how changes in cognitive functions related to aging are associated with changes in the neuronal information processing architecture. Previous studies on EEG event-related brain oscillations suggest functional changes in alpha-bands with age during sensory and memory tasks. Specifically, the topographical distribution of both single-trial lower and upper alpha magnitude and the corresponding phase coherence is altered in elderly persons. Thus, alpha oscillations, associated not only with sensory, but also with sensorimotor functions, may be altered with age. Compensatory mechanisms, possibly reflected in increased frontal alpha synchronization, may thereby be of profound relevance. The present study investigates age-related differences in the modulation of alpha oscillatory activity related to sensory and sensorimotor functions, including response preparation, execution, and inhibition. EEG was recorded while 10 young and 10 elderly persons performed a visual evoked potential (VEP), a cued stimulus response (S-R), and a cued visual Go/NoGo task. Early event-related synchronization (ERS, 0–250 ms) and late event-related desynchronization (ERD, 200–600 ms) of single-trial lower and upper alpha was analyzed using poststimulus amplitude enhancement and intertrial phase coherence measures. The results show comparable modulations of lower (8–10 Hz) and upper (10–15 Hz) alpha activity in young and elderly related to the sensory and different forms of motor response processing. Specifically, reduced early lower alpha ERS as well as late upper alpha ERD at central locations characterized response inhibition processing in both age groups. We discuss the counterintuitive hypothesis that reduced efficacy of some basal neural inhibitory mechanisms enables older observers to perform better than or comparable to younger observers on some visual tasks, and conclude that alterations in alpha oscillatory networks with age may depend on the stimuli applied.
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Chebotariova, L. L., G. K. Chervich, and L. N. Suliy. "Clinical and neurophysiological assessment of cognitive functions during the treatment of patients with chronic brain ischemia." East European Journal of Neurology, no. 6(6) (December 20, 2015): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2411-5797.2015.6(6).38-44.
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Purpose. To develop the optimal combination of methods of neuropsychological and neurophysiological diagnosis for objectification of cognitive function in patients with chronic brain ischemia, the reasoning of differentiated selection of criterias for complex treatment that includes medication and non-pharmacological methods for patient’s recovery and professional adaptations. Materials and methods. 30 patients were examined. To all of them was conducted clinical and neurological examination, MRI, neuropsychological testing using a scale (HADS, MoCA, professional maladjustment, MBІ), ultrasound of head and neck vessels, electroencephalography (EEG) with mapping, registration of cognitive auditory evoked potentials (CEP) P300. Results. The most pronounced changes were registered in units of optical-spatial perception (30%), math skills (23%), short-term memory (30%), (p <0,05). In 70% of cases- registered professional maladjustment symptoms (p <0,05). Patients of the I-st group with hypertensive changes at the main arteries of the head and neck (according to ultrasound) marked a significant change in the parameters of the CEP: 85% decrease in an amplitude and increase in latency of P300 peak, reduction of the amplitude of the peak N2; in 66% of cases was reduced only peak amplitude N2. Was determined the relationship between the results of the neuropsychological and neurophysiological methods and cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic brain ischemia. Conclusion. There was developed a complex method of comprehensive neurophysiological (NP) and neuropsychological (NP) testing of the cognitive functions tha provides an objective evaluation of pathological changes in mnestical/intellectual capabilities of the patient, such as attention, memory, professional adaptation in patients with chronic brain ischemia.
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Sergeev, А. М., A. V. Pozdnyakov, E. E. Atamanova, O. F. Pozdnyakova, D. A. Malekov, and S. V. Grechaniy. "Metabolic changes in the brain in children with cognitive epileptiform disintegration revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 12, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2021-12-2-36-40.
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Introduction. Cognitive epileptiform disintegration is a complex of disorders of higher mental functions in a person with a pathological EEG pattern characteristic of epilepsy. In this case, the patient should not have epileptic seizures or a history of single seizures is allowed. The study of biomarkers of the pathological condition under consideration using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as indicators that can be objectively evaluated and measured determines the practical relevance of this work.The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic significance of the metabolites of N-acetylaspartate, choline and creatine according to proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the brain of children with cognitive epileptiform disintegration. Material and methods. Using routine MRI and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 6 children with a diagnosis of mental retardation, cognitive epileptiform disintegration at the age of 2 to 7 years (5 boys; 1 girl) were examined. The patients underwent EEG followed by identification of a typical QED pattern. All children had no history of seizures characteristic of epilepsy. Results. А decrease in the ratio of the concentration of NAA/Cr (p<0,05) in the temporal lobes on both sides and the hippocampus on the right was revealed, due to a decrease in the concentration of N-acetylaspartate. There is also an increase in the Cho/NAA concentration ratio (p<0,05) in the hippocampus on the right, and an increase in the Cho/Cr concentration ratio (p<0,05) in the prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyri on both sides, the temporal lobe on the right and the region of the inner capsule on the left, by increasing the concentration of choline. Conclusions. Тhe obtained data suggest that changes in neurometabolism in the cholinergic system in children with cognitive epileptiform disintegration are possibly caused by damage to neuronal connections, mainly in the hippocampus and temporal lobes.
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Brzezicka, Aneta, Jan Kamiński, Chrystal M. Reed, Jeffrey M. Chung, Adam N. Mamelak, and Ueli Rutishauser. "Working Memory Load-related Theta Power Decreases in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Predict Individual Differences in Performance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 9 (September 2019): 1290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01417.
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Holding information in working memory (WM) is an active and effortful process that is accompanied by sustained load-dependent changes in oscillatory brain activity. These proportional power increases are often reported in EEG studies recording theta over frontal midline sites. Intracranial recordings, however, yield mixed results, depending on the brain area being recorded from. We recorded intracranial EEG with depth electrodes in 13 patients with epilepsy who were performing a Sternberg WM task. Here, we investigated patterns of theta power changes as a function of memory load during maintenance in three areas critical for WM: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal ACC (dACC), and hippocampus. Theta frequency power in both hippocampus and dACC increased during maintenance. In contrast, theta frequency power in the DLPFC decreased during maintenance, and this decrease was proportional to memory load. Only the power decreases in DLPFC, but not the power increases in hippocampus and dACC, were predictive of behavior in a given trial. The extent of the load-related theta power decreases in the DLPFC in a given participant predicted a participant's RTs, revealing that DLPFC theta explains individual differences in WM ability between participants. Together, these data reveal a pattern of theta power decreases in the DLPFC that is predictive of behavior and that is opposite of that in other brain areas. This result suggests that theta band power changes serve different cognitive functions in different brain areas and specifically that theta power decreases in DLPFC have an important role in maintenance of information.
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Stankovic, Ivana, Nela Ilic, Tihomir Ilic, Ljiljana Jelicic, Mirjana Sovilj, Vesna Martic, Silvana Punisic, and Miodrag Stokic. "Sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback training and auditory perception." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp210902033s.
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Background/Aim. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) (12-15 Hz) neurofeedback (NFB) training on auditory cognition measured by achievement on the QuickSIN test, changes in the amplitudes and latencies of evoked potentials in auditory oddball discrimination task and changes in the spectral power of the sensorimotor rhythm. Methods. Each of 16 healthy participants aged 25-40 years (8 male) had 20 daily sessions of SMR neurofeedback training. Auditory cognitive functions and electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processing were recorded 5 times: before NFB, after 5, 10, and 20 sessions, and one month after the last session. Results. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in N200 and P300 latencies at Fz, Cz, and Pz regions, improvement on the QuickSIN test and increase in EEG SMR rhythm spectral power in Cz region as a result of NFB SMR training. No significant effect of NFB training on the amplitude of N100, N200 and P300 on Fz, Cz and Pz was found. Conclusion.The obtained results suggest that sensorimotor rhythm training (SMR) neurofeedback (NFB) affects auditory perception in terms of shorter latencies of evoked potentials and better performance on QuickSIN test.
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Puskás, Szilvia, Norbert Kozák, Dóra Sulina, László Csiba, and Mária Tünde Magyar. "Quantitative EEG in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review of the literature." Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, no. 3 (April 1, 2017): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0064.
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AbstractObstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by the recurrent cessation (apnea) or reduction (hypopnea) of airflow due to the partial or complete upper airway collapse during sleep. Respiratory disturbances causing sleep fragmentation and repetitive nocturnal hypoxia are responsible for a variety of nocturnal and daytime complaints of sleep apnea patients, such as snoring, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, or impaired cognitive functions. Different techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography, are used to evaluate the structural and functional changes in OSAS patients. With quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) analysis, the possible existence of alterations in the brain electrical activity of OSAS patients can be investigated. We review the articles on qEEG results of sleep apnea patients and summarize the possible explanations of these qEEG measures. Finally, we review the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on these alterations to assess whether CPAP use can eliminate alterations in the brain activity of OSAS patients.
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Dimpfel, Wilfried, Leonie Schombert, Ingrid K. Keplinger-Dimpfel, and Alexander Panossian. "Effects of an Adaptogenic Extract on Electrical Activity of the Brain in Elderly Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Armed Cross-Over Study." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13030045.
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Background: The current and potential uses of adaptogens are mainly related to treatment of stress-induced fatigue, impaired cognitive function, mental illness, and behavioral- and age-related disorders. However, clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of adaptogens is limited. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether a combination of adaptogenic plant extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Withania somnifera (Adaptra® Forte) could be used as effective and safe treatment for impaired cognitive, memory, or learning ability functions and sleep disorders. Methods: The changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency ranges in 17 different brain regions, psychometric tests of cognitive performance, as well as standard questionnaires of assessment of mood and sleep were measured after single and repeated administration of Adaptra® or placebo for four weeks and after a two-week treatment-free follow-up period within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-armed cross-over study. Results: Adaptra® Forte significantly improved cognitive performance in the d2-Test for attention and the concentration performance test after four weeks’ treatment, and was positively correlated with increases in δ and θ power in the quantitative EEG compared with placebo during cognitive challenges. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that Adaptra® Forte exhibits a calming and anxiolytic effect without sedation, and is associated with overall stress-protective activity.
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Gaur, Savita, Usha Panjwani, and Bhuvnesh Kumar. "EEG Brain Wave Dynamics: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis on Effect of Yoga on Mind Relaxation." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 7 (November 2020): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1166.
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Background: Yoga is an ancient Indian science and way of life that is prophylactic, promotive and curative leading to good health: physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Yogic practices like asana, Pranayama, Dhyana and Meditation are extremely beneficial in maintaining sound health and well-being. In this study we reviewed, synthesized, and analyzed published reports on EEG and other changes in neuro-psychological functions associated with Yoga practice. Methods: Published data till Jun 2020 on topics of Yoga, EEG analysis were included based on PRISM statement guidelines. The data characteristics defined by their objectives, study design, methodology, Yoga interventions, EEG power spectrum and outcomes of the study are presented in this review. The EEG data with mean ± SD was used for statistical analysis. Results: The reviewed studies are heterogeneous and have used different yoga practices (Asana, Pranayama, Dhyana, and Meditation), brain region and brain wave for effect evaluation. Overall, there was increase in the α-EEG and δ-EEG power (μV2), but decrease in θ-EEG in many studies. The improvement in α-EEG power was significant at (p = 0.026). Conclusion: EEG Brain wave analysis is one of the best ways to predict the neuro-cognitive benefits of Yoga practice. After yogic practices there was an increase in delta, alpha and gamma amplitude and duration indicating relaxation following yoga practice.
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Törpel, Alexander, Fabian Herold, Dennis Hamacher, Notger Müller, and Lutz Schega. "Strengthening the Brain—Is Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction an Effective Strategy for Cognitive Improvement?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100337.
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Aging is accompanied by a decrease in physical capabilities (e.g., strength loss) and cognitive decline. The observed bidirectional relationship between physical activity and brain health suggests that physical activities could be beneficial to maintain and improve brain functioning (e.g., cognitive performance). However, the exercise type (e.g., resistance training, endurance training) and their exercise variables (e.g., load, duration, frequency) for an effective physical activity that optimally enhance cognitive performance are still unknown. There is growing evidence that resistance training induces substantial brain changes which contribute to improved cognitive functions. A relative new method in the field of resistance training is blood flow restriction training (BFR). While resistance training with BFR is widely studied in the context of muscular performance, this training strategy also induces an activation of signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. Based on this, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that resistance training with BFR is a promising new strategy to boost the effectiveness of resistance training interventions regarding cognitive performance. To support our hypothesis, we provide rationales of possible adaptation processes induced by resistance training with BFR. Furthermore, we outline recommendations for future studies planning to investigate the effects of resistance training with BFR on cognition.
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Yu, Seungyeong, Mincheol Park, Jiseung Kang, Eunkyung Lee, Jieun Jung, and Tae Kim. "Aberrant Gamma-Band Oscillations in Mice with Vitamin D Deficiency: Implications on Schizophrenia and its Cognitive Symptoms." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12020318.
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Vitamin D plays an essential role in cognitive functions as well as regulating calcium homeostasis and the immune system. Many epidemiological studies have also shown the close relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and the risk of schizophrenia. Cortical gamma-band oscillations (GBO) are associated with cognitive functions, such as attention and memory. Patients with schizophrenia show abnormal GBO with increased spontaneous GBO and decreased evoked GBO. However, the direct effect of VDD on GBO remains unknown. Parvalbumin interneurons, which predominantly contribute to the generation of GBO, are surrounded by perineuronal nets (PNN). We sought to investigate the associations among VDD, PNN, and GBO. Here, we injected a viral vector (AAV5-DIO-ChR2-eYFP) into the basal forebrain stereotaxically and implanted electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG). At baseline, the evoked and spontaneous EEG power at the gamma frequency band was measured in 4-month-old male PV-Cre mice. After six and twenty weeks of vitamin D deficient food administration, the power of GBO was measured in the VDD condition. Next, we injected the chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) enzyme into the frontal cortex to eliminate PNN. We found that the VDD group showed decreased power of both optogenetically- and auditory-evoked GBO, whereas the spontaneous GBO increased. Enzymatic digestion of PNN showed similar changes in GBO. Taken together, we suggest that VDD could result in decreased PNN and, consequently, increase the spontaneous GBO and decrease the evoked GBO, reminiscent of the aberrant GBO in schizophrenia. These results show that VDD might increase the risk of schizophrenia and aggravate the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Dimpfel, Wilfried, Pierre-Antoine Mariage, and Alexander G. Panossian. "Effects of Red and White Ginseng Preparations on Electrical Activity of the Brain in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Armed Cross-Over Study." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030182.
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Background: Recently, the superior efficacy of hydroponically cultivated red ginseng preparation HRG80® compared to wild growing white ginseng (WG) in preventing stress-induced symptoms related to the daily work situation of healthy subjects was reported. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of HRG80®, WG, and placebo on the electrical activity in the brain of elderly human subjects during relaxation and mental challenges. Methods: Changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency ranges of 17 different brain regions were measured after single and repeated administration of HRG80®, WG, and placebo across a four-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three-armed cross-over trial. Results: Both red and white ginseng preparations had a strong impact on brain activity, with different effects on various brain regions depending on the mental load during relaxation and cognitive tasks associated with memory, attention, and mental performance. Both ginseng preparations exhibited significant effects on spectral powers compared to placebo, reflecting an activating action. The spectral changes in the quantitative EEG induced by HRG80® indicated an improvement in mood as well as calming effects, evidenced by the modulation of β2 waves, representing changes in GABA-ergic neurotransmission. HRG80® attenuated δ/θ powers during relaxation, suggesting the potential improvement of pathologically enhanced spectral power in aging. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that both hydroponically cultivated red and wild growing white ginseng have similar beneficial effects on the cognitive functions of elderly subjects, as reflected by electric brain activity, but their modes of action on the brain are different.
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Vaghi, Gloria, Benedetta Gori, Gionata Strigaro, Michela Burlone, Rosalba Minisini, Matteo N. Barbaglia, Elena Brigatti, Claudia Varrasi, Mario Pirisi, and Roberto Cantello. "Direct antivirals and cognitive impairment in hepatitis C: a clinical-neurophysiologic study." Journal of NeuroVirology 26, no. 6 (September 10, 2020): 870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00904-6.
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AbstractCognition was assessed in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients, who did not meet the criteria for a minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Their liver function was compensated. We then disentangled potential cognitive changes associated with a sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR-12), following treatment with direct antiviral agents (DAAs). We studied 23 selected HCV patients with a battery of standard neuropsychological tests, and with recordings of the P300 wave, a cerebral potential of “cognitive” significance. There was a baseline evaluation (T0) and a second one 6 months later (T1). We had 2 control groups of comparable age and sex, i.e., 15 patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 15 healthy subjects. At T0, we detected a significant (p < 0.05) cognitive impairment in the HCV group, which involved episodic and working memory, attention, visuospatial and verbal abilities, executive functions, and logic reasoning. The P300 latency was significantly (p < 0.05) delayed in the group. At T1, we observed some significant (p < 0.05) HCV recovery in given test domains, e.g., memory, executive functions, and reasoning. Accordingly, the P300 latency shortened significantly (p < 0.05). HCV patients exhibited subtle cognitive defects, somehow independent of their liver condition, possibly linked to direct or indirect brain involvement by the virus. These defects partly recovered following the SVR-12, as achieved through DAAs. The P300 wave was a valid neurophysiologic counterpart of these changes. DAAs can have a role in the early preservation of cognition in HCVs.
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Tarasova, I. V., D. S. Kupriyanova, O. A. Trubnikova, I. N. Kukhareva, A. S. Sosnina, S. B. Ten, V. G. Shesternin, and O. L. Barbarash. "Current source density (sLORETA) in patients undergoing cognitive rehabilitation using dual task in the early postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting." Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases 11, no. 4S (February 3, 2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2022-11-4s-65-74.
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Highlights. For the first time, the method of standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography – sLORETA was used to assess the neurophysiological correlates of the success of cognitive rehabilitation using dual task to recover the brain functions affected by ischemia during cardiac surgery.The patients who were successfully rehabilitated have demonstrated lower postoperative values of resting state theta activity within the right hemisphere, indicating the transfer effect, which is an important component of successful cognitive rehabilitation.Aim. Visualization and monitoring of brain ischemia is important for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibilities and applicability of the method of standardized low resolution electromagnetic brain tomography – sLORETA for analyzing brain electrical activity in patients undergoing cognitive rehabilitation using dual tasks to recover impaired brain functions during ischemia associated with cardiac surgery.Methods. The study included 16 male patients (45–75 years old) who were admitted for planned coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to the Clinic at the Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. Clinical and neurophysiological examinations were performed 2–3 days before CABG and 1 week after surgery. All patients underwent cognitive rehabilitation that started at postoperative day 3 or 4 and lasted until discharge, the outcome was assessed as well. Monopolar EEG (62 channels) was recorded at rest in a sitting position with eyes closed in a light- and noise-insulated room using a Neuvo SynAmps2 Amplifier. Data processing of EEG background activity for sLORETA analysis was performed using the EEGLAB in MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The sLORETA algorithms were used to calculate dynamic cross spectrum and current source density within the analyzed frequency range (4–6 Hz). Statistical analysis of current source density indicators was carried out by using the method of statistical non-parametric mapping in the sLORETA software package, and the difference between the current source density in the pre- and postoperative period (after cognitive rehabilitation) was calculated as well.Results. Cognitive rehabilitation was successful in 44% (7 patients) of cases. The differences have been revealed between the groups with successful and unsuccessful cognitive rehabilitation by using sLORETA. The group with unsuccessful cognitive rehabilitation demonstrated higher current source density estimates in theta rhythm compared with the successful rehabilitation group, it was most pronounced (t>- 8.42; p<0.004) in the right hemisphere – Brodmann area 22, temporal lobe and superior temporal gyrus.Conclusion. The sLORETA method demonstrated the positive effect of cognitive training on changes in the spatial patterns of brain activity in patients undergoing onpump CABG. The successful cognitive rehabilitation was associated with lower postoperative resting state theta activity within the right hemisphere, indicating the transfer effect, which is an important component of successful cognitive rehabilitation.
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Quinque, Eva M., Katrin Arélin, Juergen Dukart, Elisabeth Roggenhofer, Daniel-P. Streitbuerger, Arno Villringer, Stefan Frisch, Karsten Mueller, and Matthias L. Schroeter. "Identifying the Neural Correlates of Executive Functions in Early Cerebral Microangiopathy: A Combined VBM and DTI Study." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 32, no. 10 (July 11, 2012): 1869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.96.
Full textAbstract:
Cerebral microangiopathy (CMA) has been associated with executive dysfunction and fronto-parietal neural network disruption. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging allow more detailed analyses of gray (e.g., voxel-based morphometry—VBM) and white matter (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging—DTI) than traditional visual rating scales. The current study investigated patients with early CMA and healthy control subjects with all three approaches. Neuropsychological assessment focused on executive functions, the cognitive domain most discussed in CMA. The DTI and age-related white matter changes rating scales revealed convergent results showing widespread white matter changes in early CMA. Correlations were found in frontal and parietal areas exclusively with speeded, but not with speed-corrected executive measures. The VBM analyses showed reduced gray matter in frontal areas. All three approaches confirmed the hypothesized fronto-parietal network disruption in early CMA. Innovative methods (DTI) converged with results from conventional methods (visual rating) while allowing greater spatial and tissue accuracy. They are thus valid additions to the analysis of neural correlates of cognitive dysfunction. We found a clear distinction between speeded and nonspeeded executive measures in relationship to imaging parameters. Cognitive slowing is related to disease severity in early CMA and therefore important for early diagnostics.
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Günther, Mattias, Ulf Arborelius, Mårten Risling, Jenny Gustavsson, and Anders Sondén. "An Experimental Model for the Study of Underwater Pressure Waves on the Central Nervous System in Rodents: A Feasibility Study." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 50, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02898-6.
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AbstractUnderwater blast differs from blast in air. The increased density and viscosity of water relative to air cause injuries to occur almost exclusively as primary blast, and may cause disorientation in a diver, which may lead to inability to protect the airway and cause drowning. However, cognitive impairments from under water blast wave exposure have not been properly investigated, and no experimental model has been described. We established an experimental model (water shock tube) for simulating the effects of underwater blast pressure waves in rodents, and to investigate neurology in relation to organ injury. The model produced standardized pressure waves (duration of the primary peak 3.5 ms, duration of the entire complex waveform including all subsequent reflections 325 ms, mean impulse 141–281 kPa-ms, mean peak pressure 91–194 kPa). 31 rats were randomized to control (n = 6), exposure 90 kPa (n = 8), 152 kPa (n = 8), and 194 kPa (n = 9). There was a linear trend between the drop height of the water shock tube and electroencephalography (EEG) changes (p = 0.014), while no differences in oxygen saturation, heart rate, S100b or macroscopic bleedings were detected. Microscopic bleedings were detected in lung, intestines, and meninges. Underwater pressure waves caused changes in EEG, at pressures when mild hemorrhage occurred in organs, suggesting an impact on brain functions. The consistent injury profile enabled for the addition of future experimental interventions.
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Chaumon, Maximilien, and Niko A. Busch. "Prestimulus Neural Oscillations Inhibit Visual Perception via Modulation of Response Gain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (November 2014): 2514–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00653.
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The ongoing state of the brain radically affects how it processes sensory information. How does this ongoing brain activity interact with the processing of external stimuli? Spontaneous oscillations in the alpha range are thought to inhibit sensory processing, but little is known about the psychophysical mechanisms of this inhibition. We recorded ongoing brain activity with EEG while human observers performed a visual detection task with stimuli of different contrast intensities. To move beyond qualitative description, we formally compared psychometric functions obtained under different levels of ongoing alpha power and evaluated the inhibitory effect of ongoing alpha oscillations in terms of contrast or response gain models. This procedure opens the way to understanding the actual functional mechanisms by which ongoing brain activity affects visual performance. We found that strong prestimulus occipital alpha oscillations—but not more anterior mu oscillations—reduce performance most strongly for stimuli of the highest intensities tested. This inhibitory effect is best explained by a divisive reduction of response gain. Ongoing occipital alpha oscillations thus reflect changes in the visual system's input/output transformation that are independent of the sensory input to the system. They selectively scale the system's response, rather than change its sensitivity to sensory information.
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Skrypnyk, Tetiana. "The impact of epilepsy on the overall development of children with autism spectrum disorders." Ukrains'kyi Visnyk Psykhonevrolohii, Volume 30, issue 2 (111) (August 17, 2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36927/2079-0325-v30-is2-2022-10.
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15—30 % of children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are diagnosed with epilepsy during their lifetime, and 20—39 % of children with ASD have neurophysiological phenom- ena specific to epilepsy on the EEG. The presence of epilepsy and specific epileptic activity on the EEG may impair the prognosis of cognitive deve- lopment, motor functions and social functioning in children with ASD. Objective: to investigate the fea- tures of the clinical course of ASD in preschool children with epileptic seizures and specific epileptic activity on the EEG. During 2016—2021 170 children with ASD were selected and included in the study, a control group of 65 people and a main group of 105 people were formed. Patients in the main group are divided into two subgroups: IA children with autism and epilepsy — 35 people; IВ children with autism and specific epi- leptic changes on the human EEG — 70. ASD and epilepsy have a mutually burdensome course. Seizures occurring at an early age are more resis- tant to the use of antiepileptic therapy, these children have lower indicators of social functioning and psychophysi- cal development. Children with ASD and comorbid epileptic seizures tend to accumulate delays in the development of perceptual clusters, gross motor skills, visual-motor coordination, speech development, and cognitive skills. There are 4 variants of the clinical course of ASD: a variant with general developmental delay (accumulation of a lag from the expected developmental trajectory when asses- sing PER-R), a variant with a plateau of developmental delay, a variant with early onset of symptoms when assessing ADI-R and ADOS between the ages of 12 and 24 months; variant with late manifestation of autistic symptoms. In the IB subgroup cases of mental retardation predominate, compared to the control group and the IA sub- group, which indicates the accumulation of additional cases of seizure-free forms of epileptic encephalopathies, encephalopathies develop ment, encephalopathies with epileptic disintegration.
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Conklin, Heather M., Kirsten K. Ness, Jason M. Ashford, Matthew A. Scoggins, Robert J. Ogg, Yuanyuan Han, Yimei Li, Julie A. Bradley, Frederick A. Boop, and Thomas E. Merchant. "Cognitive Performance, Aerobic Fitness, Motor Proficiency, and Brain Function Among Children Newly Diagnosed With Craniopharyngioma." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 04 (April 2019): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718001170.
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AbstractObjectives: Craniopharyngioma survivors experience cognitive deficits that negatively impact quality of life. Aerobic fitness is associated with cognitive benefits in typically developing children and physical exercise promotes recovery following brain injury. Accordingly, we investigated cognitive and neural correlates of aerobic fitness in a sample of craniopharyngioma patients. Methods: Patients treated for craniopharyngioma [N=104, 10.0±4.6 years, 48% male] participated in fitness, cognitive and fMRI (n=51) assessments following surgery but before proton radiation therapy. Results: Patients demonstrated impaired aerobic fitness [peak oxygen uptake (PKVO2)=23.9±7.1, 41% impaired (i.e., 1.5 SD<normative mean)], motor proficiency [Bruininks-Oseretsky (BOT2)=38.6±9.0, 28% impaired], and executive functions (e.g., WISC-IV Working Memory Index (WMI)=96.0±15.3, 11% impaired). PKVO2 correlated with better executive functions (e.g., WISC-IV WMI r=.27, p=.02) and academic performance (WJ-III Calculation r=.24, p=.04). BOT2 correlated with better attention (e.g., CPT-II omissions r=.26, p=.04) and executive functions (e.g., WISC-IV WMI r=.32, p=.01). Areas of robust neural activation during an n-back task included superior parietal lobule, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and middle and superior frontal gyri (p<.05, corrected). Higher network activation was associated with better working memory task performance and better BOT2 (p<.001). Conclusions: Before adjuvant therapy, children with craniopharyngioma demonstrate significantly reduced aerobic fitness, motor proficiency, and working memory. Better aerobic fitness and motor proficiency are associated with better attention and executive functions, as well as greater activation of a well-established working memory network. These findings may help explain differential risk/resiliency with respect to acute cognitive changes that may portend cognitive late effects. (JINS, 2019, 25, 413–425)
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Grochowska, Irena. "Metapoznanie – czy możemy być świadomi przebiegu własnego procesu uczenia się stosując neurofeedback." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2014.12.3.01.
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The human mind is the mediator of knowledge about the world because no human being has direct knowledge of their surrounding reality. All knowledge is „read and transported” by the brain and nervous system. Regardless of the progressive nature of the research into psychic phenomena, we are still faced with the mystery of what phenomena occur in the brain. The difficulties are mainly due to the interdisciplinary nature of cognitive science. Cognitive science as an interdisciplinary field, which attempts to explore the human mind and find a common area of research to unite all scientific research. Attempts to understand the mind constitute the most interdisciplinary task. Neuroscience is one of the disciplines that make up modern cognitive science. Neurobiology suggests the variety of processes that occur either in individual cells, the brain, and the nervous system, and the human body. Modern studies indicate the possibility of cognition of the brain in order to apply effective teaching and education. How does the brain learn? This question stimulates researchers to interdisciplinary cooperation in order to obtain a satisfactory answer. Recently there have been many new concepts related to research into the brain and methods that allow you to better utilize the potential of the brain in order to undertake a conscious process of self-discovery. The science of the brain is not only a part of medical science or biology but also disciplines such as pedagogy and didactics. The concepts neuroteaching, neurodidactics, and neurotechnologies are new, still relatively unknown, and unused. Reflecting on the conscious changes in the learning process, it is worth looking into the rules of biofeedback and neurofeedback and the possibilities of practically applying EEG biofeedback training, which is becoming a readily available method. Insightful observations of bioelectrical activity of the brain have led to naming multiple correlations between the mental state of individuals, their behavior, and EEG activity. Biofeedback, as a neurotechnological road to self-discovery, allows for the individual functions of the brain and body, previously considered involuntary, to become dependent on our will to a certain degree. Upon obtaining a higher degree of self-awareness, self-regulatory responses develop. Proponents of this method argue that self-regulation will become a major part of health care in the twenty-first century.
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Chan, Agnes S., Mei-Chun Cheung, Sophia L. Sze, Winnie Wing-Man Leung, and Dejian Shi. "Shaolin Dan Tian Breathing Fosters Relaxed and Attentive Mind: A Randomized Controlled Neuro-Electrophysiological Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/180704.
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Neuro-electrophysiological studies on meditative breathing revealed its association with either a relaxed or an attentive state. The present study aimed to investigate whether the Shaolin Dan Tian Breathing (DTB) technique, which consists of the Passive and Active subtypes and can be considered as a relaxation exercise and Qigong, would induce both relaxed and attentive states. Twenty-two adults and 22 age-, gender- and education-matched controls received training on the Shaolin DTB (experimental group) and the progressive muscle relaxation respectively for one month. Eyes-closed resting EEG data before and immediately after each type of breathing were obtained individually at baseline and after one-month training. At baseline, the EEG changes after the Shaolin DTB between both groups were comparable. After one-month training, participants in the experimental, but not the control, group showed enhanced temporal alpha asymmetry (an index of relaxation and positive mood) after performing the Passive DTB for five minutes, and enhanced intra- and inter-hemispheric theta coherence (an index of attention and alertness) after performing the Active DTB. The present findings suggested a positive effect of the Shaolin DTB technique on enhancing human neural activity and connectivity, which may possibly enhance mood state and cognitive functions.
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Dwojaczny, Blanka, and Monika Bejtka. "Influence of physical activity on cognitive functions - Potential mechanisms and benefits." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.13.03.026.
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Background and Study Aim. The results of many research indicate that systematic physical activity has also positive effect on functions of the central nervous system. For example, improvement of the cognitive functions level, such as memory and learning, under the influence of systematic physical training has been demonstrated. The positive effect of physical activity on the central nervous system is especially visible and widely described with regard to elderly people, who develop many adverse remodeling changes in the structure of the brain. However, particularly interesting are the studies which show that also among young people a positive effect of physical activity on cognitive processes is observed. Currently, several hypotheses are proposed, presenting potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity on the central nervous system. The first hypothesis assumes the beneficial effect of physical activity on the expression of hippocampal genes related to synaptic plasticity. The second hypothesis assumes that physical effort per se is an inducer of the secretion of the growth factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1), which have a trophic effect on the nervous system. In addition, the results of the latest scientific studies indicate that the positive effect of physical activity on the central nervous system may be due to the action of phospholipase (Gpld-1), released to the bloodstream from the liver under the influence of physical exercise. This work indicates that due to the influence on cognitive functions, physical activity is absolutely essential to both elderly and young people population.
Conclusions. It seems necessary to educate both young and elderly people that the proper level of physical activity is a key factor allowing to maintain both physical and mental health at an appropriate, desirable level.
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Hari, Riitta, and Lauri Parkkonen. "The brain timewise: how timing shapes and supports brain function." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1668 (May 19, 2015): 20140170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0170.
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We discuss the importance of timing in brain function: how temporal dynamics of the world has left its traces in the brain during evolution and how we can monitor the dynamics of the human brain with non-invasive measurements. Accurate timing is important for the interplay of neurons, neuronal circuitries, brain areas and human individuals. In the human brain, multiple temporal integration windows are hierarchically organized, with temporal scales ranging from microseconds to tens and hundreds of milliseconds for perceptual, motor and cognitive functions, and up to minutes, hours and even months for hormonal and mood changes. Accurate timing is impaired in several brain diseases. From the current repertoire of non-invasive brain imaging methods, only magnetoencephalography (MEG) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) provide millisecond time-resolution; our focus in this paper is on MEG. Since the introduction of high-density whole-scalp MEG/EEG coverage in the 1990s, the instrumentation has not changed drastically; yet, novel data analyses are advancing the field rapidly by shifting the focus from the mere pinpointing of activity hotspots to seeking stimulus- or task-specific information and to characterizing functional networks. During the next decades, we can expect increased spatial resolution and accuracy of the time-resolved brain imaging and better understanding of brain function, especially its temporal constraints, with the development of novel instrumentation and finer-grained, physiologically inspired generative models of local and network activity. Merging both spatial and temporal information with increasing accuracy and carrying out recordings in naturalistic conditions, including social interaction, will bring much new information about human brain function.
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Vologzhanina, L. G., E. N. Borodina, O. A. Igumnova, and A. A. Trapeznikova. "Bacterial overgrowth syndrome with hyperammonemia as a cause of cognitive disorders." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-186-2-79-87.
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The growth of cognitive impairment (CI) in clinical practice makes us search for their new pathogenetic mechanisms, among which the effect of intestinal microbiota on the brain is currently being actively studied. The mechanisms of interaction of the axis “brain - microbiota” have not been completely studied. The aim of this study was to confirm the possible effect on the brain of the neurotoxin ammonia, which rises in the blood due to the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth (SIBO). Materials and methods: The article presents data from a clinical observation, which included an examination of 70 patients of the gastrocenter in Perm with dyspepsia syndrome, who studied changes in the intestinal microbiota, the level of ammonia of capillary blood, and cognitive impairment, and conducted a correlation analysis. Results: According to the results of a statistical analysis of the obtained data, we did not find any significant changes or significant correlations between the studied parameters. However, the identified tendency in the connection “SIBO - hyperammonemia - cognitive impairment” suggests that the presence of SIBO can aggravate the severity of not only existing gastroenterological manifestations, but also be a risk factor for hyperammonemia, as well as contribute to the formation of impaired human cognitive functions.
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Brown, Ritchie E., Radhika Basheer, James T. McKenna, Robert E. Strecker, and Robert W. McCarley. "Control of Sleep and Wakefulness." Physiological Reviews 92, no. 3 (July 2012): 1087–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2011.
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This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Cielebąk, Ksenia, and Celestyna Grzywniak. "ERPS AS AN INDEX OF IMPAIRED COGNITIVE CONTROL IN AN ISCHEMIC BRAIN STROKE APHASIC PATIENT." Acta Neuropsychologica 19, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6549.
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Stroke is a sudden-onset neurological deficit resulting from focal vascular lesions. This is either due to a clot-induced obstruction of a vessel (ischemic stroke) or a rupture of a vessel causing haemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke). The appropriate diagnosis of brain stroke aphasic patients is a major public health problem one so important for effective rehabilitation. Here an important role is played by the diagnosis of impaired cognitive processes. The aim of the research was to find the index of impaired cognitive control with the use of ERPs in a patient following an ischemic stroke with aphasia. A male patient, aged 69, after an ischemic brain stroke experienced 4 months previously with resulting naming problem, was admitted to the Reintegrative and Teaching Center of the Polish Neuropsychological Society. In the neuropsychological evaluation three neuropsychological tests were employed: (a) the Boston Naming Test-Polish version, to evaluate the naming and word finding problem; (b) the nonverbal Bell test to ascertain a selective, visuospatial and strategic attentional evaluation; (c) the Digit Memory test to evaluate working memory capabilities; (d) ERPs as a neurophys- iological index of impaired cognitive control. Significant changes were observed in testing. All cognitive functions including naming, non- verbal, visuospatial and strategic attention, along with the digit memory deviate substantially from the norm. The patient obtained a lo wer score, compared to the norm (p <0.05). Boston Naming Test (patient = 21< Mean-Norm = 57.29; SD= 0.52). Bell test (patient = 23 < Mean-Norm = 31.29; SD= 2.52). Digit Memory Test scores: Forward digit span (patient = 3 < Mean-Norm = 7.65, SD = 0.49). Backward digit span (patient = 2 <Mean-Norm = 6.51, SD = 0.7). Significant changes were observed also in neurophysiological testing: behavioral parameters (except RT) deviate substantially from the reference. EEG spectra show clear abnormalities on the left side within the left Rolandic fis- sure. The deviations include excessive mu-rhythm and beta activity, which means that this area is inhibited. The ERPs show no difference between GO and NOGO conditions in the patient in comparison to the norm from HBI database indicating poor cognitive control. ERPs could be treated as an index of impaired cognitive control in the ischemic stroke aphasic patient.
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Sittiprapaporn, Phakkharawat. "Cognitive skills improved by BrainWare SAFARI training program: Electroencephalographic study." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v11i1.26526.
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Background: Executive functions have been shown to be related to academic achievement and the ability to learn. Understanding the role of executive function may offer new learning opportunities for children. The 2018-2019 implementation of BrainWare SAFARI pilot study started with primary school students achieving an average improvement in cognitive skill development.
Aims and Objective: This study was set to find spatial ability and cognitive skill abilities done by letting students who performed spatial ability tasks after BrainWare SAFARI training exercises and also investigated by using the effectiveness of commercially available lightweight EEG device.
Materials and Methods: Participants were selected to participate in the 2018-2019 pilot based on their average learning abilities.
Results: All participants were able to complete the targeted number of sessions of BrainWare SAFARI. All participants showed significantly mean improvement of cognitive skills such as speed, memory, spatial ability, and problem solving, respectively. The cognitive performance increased statistically significant implying that all participants gained experienced significant improvements in multiple areas of cognitive processing. The attention and mediation levels as well as cognitive performance or cognitive skill improvement were changed with statistically significant at 0.05 level. The findings also showed that all brainwaves were increased with statistically significant while performing cognitive skills ability tasks.
Conclusion: It is no doubt that all participants were able to complete all sessions of BrainWare SAFARI program. Practicing cognitive skills improvement games as BrainWare SAFARI could significantly increase alpha, theta and beta frequency bands. BrainWare SAFARI cognitive skills training could significantly improve cognitive performance in Thai children indexed by the electroencephalographic activities.