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1
Hutchins, Edwin. "Ecological Cognition and Cognitive Ecology." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 22 (July 2000): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402218.
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The Ecological Cognition perspective emphasizes the fact that human cognition is adaptive to the constraints of the context of task performance. People are good at developing strategies for task performance that take advantage of the informational affordances of the task environment. Therefore, if we wish to understand human cognition, we must look beyond the skin and skull of the individual to the material and social structures with which the mind interacts. Of course, material artifacts and social arrangements are elements of adaptive processes as well. Material artifacts are often crystallizations of regularities in the task environment and they develop over time, changing adaptively to fit the constraints of the task, the properties of the task performers, and the other artifacts employed in the task performance. Such changes in the material artifacts change the informational affordances of the task environment, which creates new opportunities for the development of strategies. Thus, human cognition and the material supports of human cognition must be seen as a co-adaptive system. Similarly, in complex work settings where two or more persons jointly perform tasks, social arrangements are enacted anew each time a socially distributed task is performed. Strategies for the social division of cognitive labor are also part of this co-adaptive system, both constraining and being constrained by mental and material artifacts. These interlocked co-adaptive systems suggest a cognitive ecology. It's a compelling way of talking about such systems. Can it be more than a metaphor?
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Howard, Harry. "Four challenges for cognitive neuroscience and the cortico-hippocampal division of memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 6 (December 2003): 681–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03370153.
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Jackendoff's criticisms of the current state of theorization in cognitive neuroscience are defused by recent work on the computational complementarity of the hippocampus and neocortex. Such considerations lead to a grounding of Jackendoff's processing model in the complementary methods of pattern analysis effected by independent component analysis (ICA) and principle component analysis (PCA).
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Richard, E. Alwin. "Performance Analysis of OFDMA vs. NOMA in Cognitive Radio Network." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34751.
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Recent advancements in communication systems have resulted in a new class of multiple access schemes known as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), the primary goal of which is to increase spectrum efficiency by overlapping data from different users in a single time-frequency resource used by the physical layer. NOMA receivers can resolve interference between data symbols from various users, hence increasing throughput. Initially, the combination of SCMA and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is addressed, establishing a baseline for the overall SER performance of the multiple access strategy. Furthermore, this work suggests the merging of SCMA with generalised frequency division multiplexing (GFDM).GFDM is an intriguing possibility for future wireless communication systems since it is a very flexible non-orthogonal waveform that can imitate various different waveforms as corner cases. This research suggests two methods for integrating SCMA with GFDM.
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Lemański, Andrzej. "Automatyzacja pracy a zmiany na rynku pracy. Czy, a jeśli tak, to w jaki sposób mierzyć pracę umysłową i poziom jej automatyzacji." Górnośląskie Studia Socjologiczne. Seria Nowa 11 (September 22, 2020): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/gss_sn.2020.11.02.
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The main aim of the article is to establish if and how we can research the impact of automation of work on the labour market. In this paper, I discuss measurement issues of automation of work with theoretical and statistical parts including elements of methodology. The text begins by discussing the dependences between physical and cognitive work and pays attention to the theoretical and historical sources of this division. Then, I point out hybrid forms of cognitive work as a result of the progressing digitalization, which leads me to the indication of big data and algorithms as one of the most important elements of modern work automation. The foregoing prompts the following question: If we take into account the prospective hybridization of machines and humans, should we still measure the cognitive work, especially in its quality dimensions? Finally, I provide examples of some possible methods of measurement of the automation of cognitive work, especially by pointing out selected changes which automation introduces into the labour market.
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Tirosh, Dina, and Anna O. Graeber. "Evoking Cognitive Conflict to Explore Preservice Teachers' Thinking about Division." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 21, no. 2 (March 1990): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.21.2.0098.
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This study investigated conflict teaching as a means of probing the misconception held by many preservice elementary teachers that in a division problem the quotient must be less than the dividend. Individual interviews were held with 21 preservice teachers who were able to correctly compute quotients for division problems with decimal divisors less than one, but who agreed with an explicit statement that the quotient must be less than the dividend and who selected operations to solve word problems that reflected this misconception. The interviews illustrated how preservice teachers' reliance on information about the domain of whole numbers and their instrumental understanding of the division algorithm support their misconception. The authors also noted preservice teachers' lack of access to the measurement interpretation of division and their willingness to change procedural rules to preserve their misconception.
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Candel, Octav Sorin, Mihaela Jitaru, Monica Arnăutu, and Alexandru-Gabriel Zarojanu. "The Effects Of Leadership, Family Of Origin, And Self-Efficacy In Predicting Anticipated Work-Family/Family-Work Conflict In Student Volunteers." Research in Social Change 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rsc-2021-0010.
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Abstract Balancing work and family roles proves to be a rather difficult task for most individuals. The social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, and Hackett 1994) states that to reach positive outcomes in the work domain, people need to develop self-efficacy through adequate learning experiences. With this study, we tested the importance of two contexts that can provide valuable learning experiences: family and volunteering. Thus, we verified the relationship between the division of labour in the family of origin, respectively, authentic leadership use in the volunteering organization and anticipated work-family and family-work conflict in a sample of student volunteers. Self-efficacy in dealing with the conflict between the two domains was used as a mediator. One hundred and ten students who were also volunteers at the time of the study participated in this research. A series of mediation models showed significant indirect effects from family and volunteering experiences on the conflict between work and family. Spillover effects were also confirmed. This study provides an understanding of how positive contexts such as equitable division of labour in the family and having an authentic leader in the volunteering organization help students develop their self-efficacy, which also contributes to anticipating lower levels of conflict between the work and family domains.
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Ibrahim, Assist Lecturer Haidar Maan. "The effectiveness of employing each of Ishikawa's strategies and the key word in teaching biology and its reflection on strategic reading and cognitive thinking skills among the fifth grade students (bio)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 226, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 379–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v226i3.101.
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The research aims at identifying the effectiveness of employing both Ishikawa strategies and the key word in teaching biology and its reflection on strategic reading and cognitive thinking skills among the fifth grade students. The researcher selected the study sample from all students in the fifth grade (2016 - 2017) from the Al-Furat Secondary School for Boys under the Directorate General of Education Baghdad Al-Karkh / 1 and the chosen means, (46) students distributed randomly on two divisions (A, B). The total number of students in Division A is 24 students studying using the Ishikawa strategy, and the total number of students in Division B is 22 students studying using the keyword strategy. The equivalence of the two groups was verified in some variables that are believed to affect the results of the experiment: age, previous achievement in biology, strategic reading scale, and cognitive skills testing. The two groups were equal in all variables. As for the research tool, the researcher adopted the strategic reading scale with some modifications, the final form of which was (30) paragraphs. The researcher also prepared the skills of cognitive thinking, which consisted of (30) paragraphs. After completing the research experiment, In the strategic reading scale and the testing of cognitive thinking skills, the experimental group taught in Ishikawa's post-test strategy is superior to strategic reading and cognitive thinking skills to the control group taught using the keyword strategy.
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Daminger, Allison. "The Cognitive Dimension of Household Labor." American Sociological Review 84, no. 4 (July 9, 2019): 609–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419859007.
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Household labor is commonly defined as a set of physical tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. Sociologists sometimes reference non-physical activities related to “household management,” but these are typically mentioned in passing, imprecisely defined, or treated as equivalent to physical tasks. Using 70 in-depth interviews with members of 35 couples, this study argues that such tasks are better understood as examples of a unique dimension of housework: cognitive labor. The data demonstrate that cognitive labor entails anticipating needs, identifying options for filling them, making decisions, and monitoring progress. Because such work is taxing but often invisible to both cognitive laborers and their partners, it is a frequent source of conflict for couples. Cognitive labor is also a gendered phenomenon: women in this study do more cognitive labor overall and more of the anticipation and monitoring work in particular. However, male and female participation in decision-making, arguably the cognitive labor component most closely linked to power and influence, is roughly equal. These findings identify and define an overlooked—yet potentially consequential—source of gender inequality at the household level and suggest a new direction for research on the division of household labor.
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Beals, Diane. "Vygotsky and cognitive science: Language and the unification of the social and computational mind. William Frawley. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Pp. 384." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 3 (September 2000): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400213076.
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Vygotsky's social psycholinguist approach is not incompatible with computational approaches to the study of mind. In this way William Frawley sets the stage for a Vygoskyan cognitive science. Socioculturalists' theorizing on the work of the human mind has long maintained boundaries against cognitive science's information processing approaches and language, and vice versa. Frawley argues that no such division is entirely necessary and offers powerful ways of linking the two ways of thinking. Frawley's background in both Vygotskyan and other sociocultural theories, as well as in cognitive science and computational theories, places him in an important position to make these links.
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Narmour, Eugene. "Music Expectation by Cognitive Rule-Mapping." Music Perception 17, no. 3 (2000): 329–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285821.
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Iterative rules appear everywhere in music cognition, creating strong expectations. Consequently, denial of rule projection becomes an important compositional strategy, generating numerous possibilities for musical affect. Other rules enter the musical aesthetic through reflexive game playing. Still other kinds are completely constructivist in nature and may be uncongenial to cognition, requiring much training to be recognized, if at all. Cognitive rules are frequently found in contexts of varied repetition (AA), but they are not necessarily bounded by stylistic similarity. Indeed, rules may be especially relevant in the processing of unfamiliar contexts (AB), where only abstract coding is available. There are many kinds of deduction in music cognition. Typical examples include melodic sequence, partial melodic sequence, and alternating melodic sequence (which produces streaming). These types may coexist in the musical fabric, involving the invocation of both simultaneous and nested rules. Intervallic expansion and reduction in melody also involve higherorder abstractions. Various mirrored forms in music entail rule-mapping as well, although these may be more difficult to perceive than their analogous visual symmetries. Listeners can likewise deduce additivity and subtractivity at work in harmony, tempo, texture, pace, and dynamics. Rhythmic augmentation and diminution, by contrast, rely on multiplication and division. The examples suggest numerous hypotheses for experimental research.
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Satyanarayana, D., and Abdullah Said Alkalbani. "A Spectrum Sensing Method for TDM based Cognitive Radio Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.1 (September 12, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.1.28239.
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The usage of mobile radio devices has been increased exponentially for the last few years and the radio spectrum is being exhausted every day. Hence, there is huge demand for new methods and technologies for solving the radio spectrum scarcity. On this line, the researchers invented a new technology called Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN). There are two phases associated with the CRN. The first phase handles the spectrum hole detection and the second phase allocates the spectrum hole. In this paper, we propose a new method for spectrum hole detection in time division multiplexing (TDM) based communications systems. The simulation work shows that the proposed method is useful for solving the spectrum scarcity problems in TDM based systems.
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Scott, Allen J. "Urbanization, Work and Community: The Logic of City Life in the Contemporary World." Quality Innovation Prosperity 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v21i1.785.
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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> I initiate the discussion with a statement about cognitive-cultural capitalism and its concentration in large global cities. This is followed by an argument to the effect that the specificity of the city resides in the manner in which the diverse social phenomena that it contains are brought into a composite pattern of spatial integration. With these preliminaries in mind, I examine the economic structure of the city in cognitive-cultural capitalism, with special reference to the emergence of a new division of labor and the changing configuration of intra-urban production space. This account leads directly to consideration of the restratification of urban society and its effects on neighborhood development and social life. The final section of the paper picks up on the notion of the Common in cognitive-cultural capitalism and offers some speculative remarks regarding the implications of this phenomenon for the economic and social order of cities.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> Historical and geographical narrative combined with appeals to the theory of political economy.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> Cognitive-cultural capitalism is emerging as a dominant force of social and economic change in the twenty-first century. This trend is also evident in new patterns of urbanization that are emerging on all five continents. These patterns reflect dramatic shifts in the structure of urban production systems and the significant restratification of urban society that has been occurring as a consequence.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> The paper is pitched at a high level of conceptual abstraction. Detailed empirical investigation/testing of the main theoretical points outlined in the paper is urgently called for.</p><p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> The paper offers an overall theoretical synthesis of the interrelationships between cognitive-cultural capitalism and processes of urbanization.</p>
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Gamoneda Lanza, Amelia. "La chute dans la conscience. Animalité, philosophie et cognition dans l’oeuvre de Camus." Çédille, no. 18 (2020): 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2020.18.17.
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Camus’s work contains «blind and instinctive» aspects that the author himself pointed out as insufficiently considered by the critics. The questioning of conscience from a cognitive and moral point of view runs through his entire production, often trying to situate itself in the uncertain division that separates and brings together the animal and man. This epistemic critical axis –which straddles philosophy and the cognitive sciences– will serve in this article to analyze the articulation between L'Étranger and La Chute that makes Clamence into Meursault’s reverse. The nostalgia for an innocent paradise, the ethical and moral problem of violence and the consideration of death receive in Camus’ thought a cognitive treatment that links the phenomenological phylosophie of his time with the current biology of consciousness or evolutionary anthropology.
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Meier, Ninna. "Collaboration in Healthcare Through Boundary Work and Boundary Objects." Qualitative Sociology Review 11, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.3.05.
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This article contributes to our understanding of how boundary work is practiced in healthcare settings. Previous studies have shown how boundaries are constantly changing, multiple, and co-existing, and can also be relatively stable cognitive and social distinctions between individuals and groups. In highly specialized, knowledge-intensive organizations such as healthcare organizations, organizational, professional, and disciplinary boundaries mark the formal structure and division of work. Collaboration and coordination across these boundaries are essential to minimizing gaps in patient care, but also may be challenging to achieve in practice. By drawing on data from an ethnographic study of two hospital wards, this article investigates practices of cross-disciplinary and professional collaboration and adds to our knowledge of how this kind of boundary work is produced in context. Moreover, it adds to existing boundary literature by exploring the fast-paced, situational, micro-interactions in which boundaries are drawn, maintained, and dissolved. These mundane, brief exchanges are essential to the practice of collaboration through boundary work. I consider the implications of these findings for boundary theory and boundaries in healthcare and other related settings.
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Del Valle, Sagrario, Manuel Antonio Rubio-Palomino, and Jose María Nevado-Luna. "Teorías constructivistas, perspectiva funcional-estructural en el aprendizaje del fútbol base (Constructivist theories, functional-structural perspective in learning in initiation to football)." Retos, no. 38 (February 10, 2020): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.73823.
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Se presenta una revisión teórica de los estudios que se han realizado en fútbol desde el paradigma cognitivo. El artículo pretende argumentar la necesidad de distinguir bajo el paradigma cognitivo, dos líneas de trabajo diferentes ya que se pretende desarrollar la toma de conciencia en las acciones de juego. No es lo mismo enfocar un entrenamiento bajo las teorías del procesamiento de la información (perspectiva estructural-funcional), que bajo las teorías constructivistas (perspectiva funcional-estructural), centrando el interés en el conocimiento previo del jugador, el desarrollo evolutivo, la categoría y los distintos niveles de pensamiento. Por tanto se pretende bajo el paradigma cognitivo, teorías constructivistas, perspectiva funcional-estructural, dar respuesta a un modelo de aprendizaje en fútbol base eficaz, efectivo y eficiente, transferible a cualquier deporte de invasión.Abstract: A theoretical review was carried out in football under the cognitive paradigm. The article aims at demonstrating the need to distinguish two different lines of work under the cognitive paradigm as we try and develop awareness in game actions. It is very different to build a training through the framework of the theories of information processing (structural-functional perspective), or through constructivist theories (functional-structural perspective), which focus on players’ knowledge, development, division, and different levels of awareness. Thus, within the cognitive paradigm, constructivist theories, and functional-structural perspective, we intend to respond to an effective, efficacious, and efficient initiation-to-football training model, transferable to any invasion sport.
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Taylor, John C., and Paul E. Downing. "Division of Labor between Lateral and Ventral Extrastriate Representations of Faces, Bodies, and Objects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 12 (December 2011): 4122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00091.
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The occipito-temporal cortex is strongly implicated in carrying out the high-level computations associated with vision. In human neuroimaging studies, focal regions are consistently found within this broad region that respond strongly and selectively to faces, bodies, or objects. A notable feature of these selective regions is that they are found in pairs. In the posterior-lateral occipito-temporal cortex, focal selectivity is found for faces (occipital face area), bodies (extrastriate body area), and objects (lateral occipital). These three areas are found bilaterally and at close quarters to each other. Likewise, in the ventro-medial occipito-temporal cortex, three similar category-selective regions are found, also in proximity to each other: for faces (fusiform face area), bodies (fusiform body area), and objects (posterior fusiform). Here we review some of the extensive evidence on the functional properties of these areas with two aims. First, we seek to identify principles that distinguish the posterior-lateral and ventro-medial clusters of selective regions but that apply generally within each cluster across the three stimulus kinds. Our review identifies and elaborates several principles by which these relationships hold. In brief, the posterior-lateral representations are more primitive, local, and stimulus-driven relative to the ventro-medial representations, which in contrast are more invariant to visual features, global, and linked to the subjective percept. Second, because the evidence base of studies that compare both posterior-lateral and ventro-medial representations of faces, bodies, and objects is still relatively small, we seek to provoke more cross-talk among the research strands that are traditionally separate. We identify several promising approaches for such future work.
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Al-Absi, Mohammed Abdulhakim, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi, and Hoon Jae Lee. "A Secure Enhanced Non-Cooperative Cognitive Division Multiple Access for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041000.
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The growth of the Internet has led to the increasing usage of smart infotainment applications on the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). Preserving privacy and security regarding the provision of smart infotainment applications while on the go is most desired. Thus, a secure authentication scheme is required. Many privacy-preserving security schemes have been developed in recent times using cryptography approaches. However, these incur key management and communication overhead. The usage of third-party servers incurs the overhead of key computation, storage and distribution. Post completion of the initialization phase, the message is secured using cryptography and is shared among vehicles. The design of the proposed secure enhanced non-cooperative cognitive division multiple access ( S − ENCCMA ) aims to eliminate the need for the local message available with the parties to be released for provisioning secure safety-related applications. To overcome the research challenges, this work presents a novel security scheme, namely secure non-cooperative cognitive medium access ( S − ENCCMA ). The experiment is conducted to evaluate the overhead incurred in provisioning security to ENCCMA . The outcome shows that the overhead incurred by S − ENCCMA over ENCCMA was negligible to provide the real-time security requirements of smart infotainment applications, which is experimentally shown in this paper in terms of throughput, collision and successful packet transmission considering varied environmental models such as cities, highways and rural areas.
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Goel, Paurav, Avtar Singh, and Ashok Goel. "Transmit power control and data rate enhancement in cognitive radio network using computational intelligence." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp1602-1616.
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Underutilized radio frequencies are the chief apprehension in advance radio communication. The radio recourses are sparse and costly and their efficient allocation has become a challenge. Cognitive radio networks are the ray of hope. Cognitive radio networks use dynamic spectrum access technique to opportunistically retrieve and share the licensed spectrum. The licensed users are called primary users and the users that opportunistically access the licensed spectrum all called secondary users. The proposed system is a feedback system that work on demand and supply concept, in which secondary receivers senses the vacant spectrum and shares the information with the secondary transmitters. The secondary transmitters adjust their transmission parameters of transmit power and data rate in such a way that date rate is maximized. Two methods of spectrum access using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and Time division multiple access (TDMA) are discussed. Interference temperature limit and maximum achievable capacity are the constraints that regulate the entire technique. The aim of the technique is to control the transmitter power according to the data requirements of each secondary user and optimizing the resources like bandwidth, transmit power using machine learning and feed forward back propagation deep neural networks making full use of the network capacity without hampering the operation of primary network.
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Smith, Megan, Stefanie Ferreri, Rachel Stafford, Benjamin Teeter, Kea Turner, Stevie Veach, and Christopher Shea. "Development of Community Pharmacy Characteristics Questionnaire: Application of Cognitive Interviewing." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v9i3.1349.
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Background: A questionnaire specific to community pharmacy characteristics, such as staffing models for clinical activities and business operations, does not exist. As community pharmacy practice expands, it is important to characterize how pharmacies are changing for outcomes research. The aim of this study was to conduct cognitive interviewing with community pharmacists to gain feedback on the formatting, readability, and content of items measuring community pharmacy characteristics to develop such a questionnaire.
Methods: National surveys and previously developed survey work were reviewed to identify the following question categories: business operations, human resource management, division of clinical responsibilities, technology, and enhanced services. Questions for each domain were drafted and assessed for applicability across different states and level of importance by researchers in 3 different states. Using the “think aloud” method of cognitive interviewing to evaluate clarity in instructions, question items and response entry, an iterative process was established that included 3 rounds of interviews with discussion and modifications made by the research team between each round.
Results: A total of thirteen cognitive interviews across 3 rounds were conducted via telephone and lasted between 30 and 60 minutes. Time for participant pharmacists to complete the questionnaire ranged from 12 minutes to 30 minutes. The interviews revealed areas of ambiguity, and missing response options for the variety of business structures. The question categories with the most problematic items were business operations, human resource management, and division of clinical responsibilities.
Conclusion: Using cognitive interviewing, a community pharmacy questionnaire focusing on operational characteristics was developed. Future research is warranted to test the organizational characteristics defined in this paper with a larger sample size representing multiple states.
Article Type: Original Research
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Lee, Hyojin, and Kwangho Lee. "An analysis of 6th graders' cognitive structure about division of fraction - Application of Word Association Test(WAT) -." Mathematical Education 53, no. 3 (August 31, 2014): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7468/mathedu.2014.53.3.329.
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Kobayashi, Ricardo Tadashi, Aislan Gabriel Hernandes, Mario Lemes Proença, and Taufik Abrao. "Improved MB Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensing Using Wavelet Spectrum Filtering." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 08 (July 2019): 1950136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619501366.
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In cognitive radio (CR), the sensed aggregate bandwidth could be as large as several GHz. This is especially challenging if the bandwidths and central frequencies of the sensed signals are unknown and need to be estimated. This work discusses a new improved method for MB spectrum sensing (iMB-SS) based on edge detection and using Wavelet Spectrum Filtering. The proposed iMB-SS method uses a Welch power spectrum density (PSD) estimate and a multi-scale Wavelet approach to reveal the spectrum transition (edges), which is deployed to characterize the spectrum occupancy in CR scenarios where the operation frequencies of the primary users (PUs) are unknown. The focus of this work lies in improving the performance of the MB spectrum sensor, particularly by refining the spectral edge location and reducing misleading detection. A comprehensive analytical description and numerical analysis have been carried out by focusing on orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) signal applications in CR networks. Numerical results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed iMB-SS approach. The simulated results for the multiple-PU’s OFDM-based transmission CR system demonstrate that the proposed iMB-SS method can achieve high performance even under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, turning it out as an attractive choice for SS in the MB CR systems.
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Benedict, Ralph H. B., David W. Shucard, Michael P. Santa Maria, Janet L. Shucard, Jose P. Abara, Mary Lou Coad, David Wack, James Sawusch, and Alan Lockwood. "Covert Auditory Attention Generates Activation in the Rostral/Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045765.
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The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to mediate conscious information processing or high-capacity attention. However, previous functional imaging studies have largely relied on tasks that involve motor function as well as attention. The work from our group utilizing an auditory continuous performance task demonstrated increased activity in a caudal division of the ACC that borders the supplementary motor area (SMA). Activity in this region was attributed to motor responding as well as attention. In the present study, we used15O H2O positron emission tomography (PET) to map brain activation during nonmotor, covert auditory attention. Our hypothesis was that a different region within the ACC, anterior to the SMA, would be active during covert attention (CA). Six men and six women were asked to monitor aurally presented syllables presented at a 1-sec interstimulus interval. During the CA condition, subjects were asked to continuously discriminate target (.19 probability) from nontarget stimuli. Simultaneous recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) confirmed the discrimination of target and nontarget stimuli and the allocation of attention capacity. Comparison of the monitored versus nonmonitored presentation of stimuli demonstrated significant activity in a rostral/dorsal division of the right ACC, anterior to SMA. Other regions of activation included the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere, consistent with neurocognitive models of language and vigilance. We conclude that a rostral/dorsal subdivision of the right ACC is specific for conscious attention during auditory processing, in contrast to premotor response formation.
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ROMDHANE, LOTFI BEN. "AN ARTIFICIAL NETWORK FOR REASONING IN THE CANCELLATION CLASS WITH APPLICATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF CELLS DIVISION." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 13, no. 03 (June 2005): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488505003473.
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Causal reasoning is a hard task that cognitive agents perform reliably and quickly. A particular class of causal reasoning that raises several difficulties is the cancellation class. Cancellation occurs when a set of causes (hypotheses) cancel each other's explanation with respect to a given effect (observation). For example, a cloudy sky may suggest a rainy weather; whereas a shiny sky may suggest the absence of rain. In this work we extend a recent neural model to handle cancellation interactions. Simulation results are very satisfactory and should encourage research.
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Kozyreva, N. V. "Leveling the stigma in the pre-school group." Современная зарубежная психология 7, no. 1 (2018): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2018070109.
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The article is focused on the analysis of current research on stigma. A basic mechanism of stigmatization is its division into «insiders» and «outsiders» on the basis of cognitive, emotional and behavioral assumptions which arise already at pre-school age. The article presents the results of the psychological program of stigmatization leveling in the preschool group. The work of the teacher-psychologist and teacher of preschool education, aimed at the socialization of aggressiveness and conflict through the development of the moral qualities of the personality of preschoolers helps to neutralize the problem of stigmatization
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Altavilla, S., and E. Blanco. "ARE AI TOOLS GOING TO BE THE NEW DESIGNERS? A TAXONOMY FOR MEASURING THE LEVEL OF AUTOMATION OF DESIGN ACTIVITIES." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.286.
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AbstractThe digitalisation of the industry offers new opportunities to discuss design activities and support tools. Advancement in AI allows thinking about new Designer-AI tools interaction in the design process. The paper aims to initiate a characterisation of tools issued from researches in the application of AI in Design to rethink the division of work between Designer-AI tools. The paper is based on the literature on the concept of Levels of Automation in cognitive engineering, manufacturing and robotics, and proposes a grid of characterisation of the Level of Automation for the design process.
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Anyster, W., S. Goodman, and T. Wallis. "The formation of self-efficacy beliefs of skilled professional employees in a South African fruit export organisation." South African Journal of Business Management 37, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v37i4.610.
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This research explores the formation of self-efficacy beliefs from the perspective of individual employees occupying formal work roles within the supply chain division of an international fruit-marketing organisation. Bandura’s (1977; 1986; 1997) Social Cognitive Theory and research contributions on the formation of self-efficacy beliefs define the context in which this research is located. Qualitative data was obtained through in-depth interviews with fifteen subjects with more than two years work experience. Results indicate that employees derive efficacy information primarily through performance accomplishments, persuasive feedback from significant others and social comparative information. Specifically successful performance experiences appear to enhance perceptions of self-efficacy more than information derived from any other source.
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Sliwinska, Magdalena W., Alyson James, and Joseph T. Devlin. "Inferior Parietal Lobule Contributions to Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 3 (March 2015): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00721.
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This study investigated how the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) contributes to visual word recognition. We used repetitive TMS to temporarily disrupt neural information processing in two anatomical fields of the IPL, namely, the angular (ANG) and supramarginal (SMG) gyri, and observed the effects on reading tasks that focused attention on either the meaning or sounds of written words. Relative to no TMS, stimulation of the left ANG selectively slowed responses in the meaning, but not sound, task, whereas stimulation of the left SMG affected responses in the sound, but not meaning, task. These results demonstrate that ANG and SMG doubly dissociate in their contributions to visual word recognition. We suggest that this functional division of labor may be understood in terms of the distinct patterns of cortico-cortical connectivity resulting in separable functional circuits.
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Rodriguez-Colina, Enrique, Cesar A. Hernandez, Luis Fernando Pedraza, Alfonso Prieto-Guerrero, and Miguel Lopez-Guerrero. "Dynamic OFDM Transmission for a Cognitive Radio Device Based on a Neural Network and Multiresolution Analysis." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (August 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4392710.
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Cognitive radio communications depend on methods for sensing the spectrum as well as adapting transmission parameters to available resources. In this context, this work proposes a novel system that makes use of prediction to dynamically allocate subcarriers to different transmissions in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. To this end, the proposal is comprised of a predictive component which makes use of a neural network and multiresolution analysis and a second component, which uses wavelet analysis and cognitive radio functions to carry out a dynamic allocation of subcarriers in an OFDM system. The use of wavelets allows the system to split the data stream in blocks of information to be transmitted over multiple orthogonal subcarriers. This proposed system makes use of the decision-making functions of a cognitive radio device to select the number and position of the subcarriers used for communications without interference. Although there exist other OFDM systems using wavelets, they are not used in combination with the decision-making functions implemented in cognitive radio devices. In contrast, the proposed OFDM system operates using some of these functions, thus being able to better adapt its operational parameters. The use of wavelets combined with a neural network model improves the prediction of the bandwidth utilization as shown in this work. It is concluded that the proposed system improves spectral efficiency and data rate by using the decision-making functions of cognitive radios to select the appropriate OFDM subcarriers to be used during the data transmissions.
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Stampoulidis, Georgios. "Stories of resistance in Greek street Art: A cognitive-semiotic approach." Public Journal of Semiotics 8, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2018.8.19872.
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In line with cognitive semiotics, this paper suggests a synthetic account of the important but controversial notion of narrative (in street art, and more generally): one that distinguishes between three levels: (a) narration, (b) underlying story, and (c) frame-setting. The narrative potential of street art has not yet been considerably studied in order to offer insights into how underlying stories may be reconstructed from the audience and how different semiotic systems contribute to this. The analysis is mainly based on three contemporary street artworks and two political cartoons from the 1940s, involving the same frame-setting, which may be labeled as “Greece vs. Powerful Enemy.” The study is built on fieldwork research that was carried out during several periods in central Athens since 2014. The qualitative analyses with the help of insights from phenomenology show that single static images do not narrate stories themselves (primary narrativity), but rather presuppose such stories, which they can prompt or trigger (secondary narrativity). Notably, the significance of sedimented socio-cultural experience, collective memory and contextual knowledge that the audience must recruit in order to reconstruct the narrative potential through the process of secondary narrativity is stressed.
Author BiographyGeorgios Stampoulidis, Centre for Language and Literature, Division for Cognitive Semiotics, Lund University, Sweden
Georgios Stampoulidis is a PhD candidate at the Division for Cognitive Semiotics at Lund University. His research interests are in the fields of polysemiotic communication and multimodality, narrative and metaphor, and urban creativity. His work focuses on street art as a cross-cultural medium of meaning-making, cultural production and political intervention in urban space, and thus, he has previously conducted fieldwork in Athens, Greece. His most recent publications are “A Cognitive Semiotic Exploration of Metaphors in Greek Street Art” (Cognitive Semiotics, 2019) and “Urban Creativity in Abandoned Places. Xenia Hotels Project, Greece” (Nuart Journal, 2019). Currently, he is research fellow at Urban Creativity Lund and Scandinavian Metaphor networks.
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Pilch, Tadeusz. "Polish journal “Issues in Childhood Care and Education” facing the realities and educational policy of the Polish government." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 600, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9001.
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The aim of the author was to evaluate the cognitive, descriptive and diagnostic values of the social and educational reality presented in the monthly magazine by state and local government institutions in the practice of managing the country and the life of society. According to my estimates, during the 60 years of their editorial work, “Issues in Childhood Care and Education” has included in its monthly magazine over 5,000 publications of various nature, devoted to all phenomena and problems of education, upbringing, care and development of children and youth, as well as institutions implementing a great program for educating young generation. Professional experience allowed me to highly evaluate the cognitive and diagnostic reliability of the published texts. They provide a real image of educational institutions, their work, problems with everyday life, the remarkable work of organizers, instructors and educators. They allow to assess the development value of this work for children and youth. At the same time, the knowledge of the reality allows for a critical judgement on the way of using these diagnostic and cognitive values to improve the conditions in which a Polish child lives, to improve the work of schools and care and educational institutions. The dominant style of coexistence between science and the world of politics is the artificial principle of division into problems falling under the competence of the world of science (descriptive, cognitive, diagnostic...) and the second sphere – the world of management, decisions, distribution of resources – belonging to the world of politics and other governing bodies. These are two separate worlds, the contacts and mutual communication of which either does not exist or is only instrumental in nature. Politics does not use the achievements of science, its recognition and diagnosis. And here you can find the sources of many bad decisions, failed projects, and social and economic failures.
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Szabo, Ashley J., Michael L. Alosco, Andrew Fedor, and John Gunstad. "Invalid Performance and the ImPACT in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Players." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.6.20.
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Context: Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized cognitive test battery commonly used for concussion evaluation. An important aspect of these procedures is baseline testing, but researchers have suggested that many users do not use validity indices to ensure adequate effort during testing. No one has examined the prevalence of invalid performance for college football players. Objective: To examine the prevalence of invalid scores on ImPACT testing. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 159 athletes (age = 20.3 ± 1.41 years; range = 17.8–23.7 years) from a Division I collegiate football team participated. Intervention(s): An informational intervention regarding the importance of concussion testing to promote safety was administered before testing for the most recent season. Main Outcome Measure(s): We examined preseason ImPACT testing data across a 3-year period (total assessments = 269). Based on invalid and sandbagging indices denoted by the ImPACT manual, protocols were examined to indicate how many invalid indices each athlete had. Results: A total of 27.9% (n = 75) of assessments were suggestive of invalid scores, with 4.1% (n = 11) suggesting invalid responding only, 17.5% (n = 47) indicating “sandbagging” only, and 6.3% (n = 17) showing both invalid and sandbagging responding. The informational intervention did not reduce the prevalence of invalid responding. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for further information about the ImPACT validity indices and whether they truly reflect poor effort. Future work is needed to identify practices to reliably target and reduce invalid responding.
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Misurac-Zorica, Irena, and Maja Cindric. "Advantages of discussion and cognitive conflict as an instructional method in contemporary teaching of mathematics." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 44, no. 1 (2012): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1201092m.
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Contemporary theories of teaching and learning mathematics emphasise the importance of learner?s active participation in the teaching process, in which discovery and logical reasoning lead to the construction of student?s knowledge. In this form of teaching, it is important to detect students? misunderstandings and errors that can occur during learning. Uncovered tacit and false conceptions of students? knowledge can greatly contribute to the opposite effect in the construction of knowledge. In teaching mathematics, there are many situations which leave students with ambiguities and misunderstandings, and create an impression in children that teaching of mathematics and mathematical knowledge itself is something that is not possible. Discussion and cognitive conflict are methods which have their starting point in the theory of constructivism. The aim of our study has been to determine whether application of the method of discussion and cognitive conflict in learning to divide decimal numbers leads to the enhancement of student?s procedural knowledge and conceptual knowledge about the division of decimal numbers. Longitudinally, we monitored two groups of 117 pupils of the fifth grade. In the first group, which was taught according to the guidelines of contemporary mathematics education, students engaged in discussion, discovering their misunderstandings and errors, and the cognitive conflict resulted in correct concepts. The second group of students were taught traditionally, learning the procedure and then practicing it. The paper presents a descriptive analysis of the process of teaching and quantitative analysis of the performance based on the comparison of conceptual and procedural knowledge of both groups. Results of our work show that the application of contemporary methods of discussion and cognitive conflict affects the increase of procedural and conceptual knowledge of the division of decimal numbers.
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Rishi, Priti, and S. Tamilselvi. "Mitigation of Non Linear Effects Using Non Linear Transform in Dispersion Managed Coherent Optical OFDM Systems." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7121.
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It is very important to compensate the dispersion and non linearity present in the optical backhaul so that it is compatible with upcoming technologies. Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a physical layer, Multicarrier Modulation Technique (MCT) which is being widely used to design Back Bone (BB), Back Haul (BH) and Cognitive Optical Networks (CONs). Fiber nonlinearity present in dispersion managed links limits the capacity of an OFDM link, as it gets enhanced by high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value of the transmitted signal. This work aims to decrease the PAPR value and hence in turn reduce the non linear impairments present in the coherent OFDM optical fiber link. In this work L2-by-3 non linear transform has been implemented to mitigate various fiber non linear effects through PAPR reduction.
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Satya Wira Dananjaya, Ida Bagus Made. "Kedudukan Perempuan Dalam Hinduisme." Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawarti 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jic.v1i2.19.
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Women are the sex that gets the most attention in the world compared to the opposite sex, namely men. Cognitive maps “about women” seemed to be viral in all ages. Hardiman noted that the condition and position of women in pre-historic times related to the perception and division of gender-based work was far more egalitarian compared to the beginning of the century until now. Women in pre-history times are perceived to be the same as men, even though it has entered the domestic domain domestic work for women is only temporal-positional. Women are chosen to look after children, gather food because it requires energy for it, in short there is no exploitation.Likewise Fromm stated that before the Patriarchate period women appeared despite work- ing on domestic work but their social position was not asymmetrical. As the times pro- gressed in almost every country beginning in the 17th century there was an intellectual rebellion against women’s social position. Britain, France, America initiated intellectu- al movement through poetry, short stories, women’s associations and in Indonesia this movement was initiated by R.A Kartini, Dewi Sartika, Goesti Ayu Rai etc. Women feel that their position is not the same as that of men, this brings the excess of their weak so- cial position, gender-based division of labor is more exploitative than temporal-positional. This brief description brings a question formulation, does religion have a positive impact on women’s social position in society? This paper wants to provide one answer in the form of argumentation about the position of women in Hinduism.
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E, Guty, Riegler K, Thomas G, and Arnett P. "A-216 The Relationship Between Cognitive Performance on a Sports-Concussion Assessment Battery and the Motivation Behaviors Checklist (MBC)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.216.
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Abstract Objective The Motivation Behaviors Checklist (MBC) was designed as an observational rating scale to assess effort during baseline evaluations (Rabinowitz, Merritt, and Arnett, 2016). This study aims to explore the MBC in relation to a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including paper-and-pencil tests. Method Participants included 291 (M = 213, F = 78) student-athletes from a Division I University sports concussion program. Seventeen neuropsychological test indices were used to create a neurocognitive composite. The 18-item MBC was scored such that higher values indicate greater motivation/effort. Across test indices, the number of impaired scores (below the 80th percentile) was also calculated. Individuals were placed into impairment groups (Impaired ≥3 impaired scores) and motivation groups based on their MBC scores (High Motivation = score greater than the median of 49). Results Bivariate correlations demonstrated a significant relationship (ρ = .39, p < .001) between cognitive performance and the MBC total score. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that significantly more of the 81 individuals in the Impaired group were also in the Low Motivation group (n = 56, 69%), χ2 (1, N = 291) = 18.53, p < .001, Φ = −.25. Conclusions Higher motivation scores on the MBC are related to better cognitive performance. Compared with cognitively intact individuals, those who were cognitively impaired were significantly more likely to score below the cut off score of 49 on the MBC. Future work will explore different cutoff values that maximize sensitivity and specificity for test performance in order to provide guidelines for clinicians wishing to utilize the MBC.
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Dascal, Marcelo. "Mental diversity and unity." Pragmatics and Cognition 17, no. 2 (August 18, 2009): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17.2.09das.
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Geoffrey Lloyd, in his book Cognitive Variations (2007), addresses the puzzle of cognitive diversity vs. cognitive unity of our mental life by analyzing a number of debates related to it. Accounting for the fact that human mental life across cultures both shares many of its fundamental features and differs in many others, no less fundamental ones, apparently cannot but engender a dilemma, as long as only reductionist solutions are considered, for neither radical diversity is reducible to unity nor vice versa. The situation is further complicated by the fact that ‘division of labor’ solutions involving a sort of schizophrenic fragmentation of the mind, are also unlikely, since even the most diverse mental tasks complement each other in what appears to be a seamless unity. In this review article, I undertake to highlight what I take to be the cornerstone of Lloyd’s account, namely an approach that rejects the dichotomy ‘diversity vs. unity’ and thus creates an alternative, ‘pragmatic’ path for their essential cooperation-through- opposition. This proposal is supported by an analysis of Lloyd’s treatment of several of the debates discussed in the book’s chapters, as well as by references to my own work in pragmatics and controversies.
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Turunen, Vesa, Marko Kosunen, Sami Kallioinen, Aarno Pärssinen, and Jussi Ryynänen. "The effects of non-linearity in spectrum sensing receivers." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 7 (July 15, 2015): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001130.
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This paper analyses the effects of receiver non-linearity on the performance of the most commonly utilized signal detectors in cognitive radio systems. The analysis covers both self-modulation products of a single orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal and intermodulation(IM)products of two OFDM signals, and also their contribution to the probability of false detections. As a result, this work presents the linearity requirements for the spectrum sensor receiver front-end as a function of the sensitivity of the signal detector. Furthermore, we show that the cyclostationary feature detectors are more robust than the energy detectors against IM products of multiple interferers. Theoretical results are verified in measurements with a cyclostationary feature detector using digital video broadcasting – terrestrial (DVB-T) signals as an example.
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Лозова, Ольга, and Олена Литвиненко. "Narrative Indicators of Adolescents’ Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 26, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-26-1-228-245.
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Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of adolescents` personal narratives. The general aim of the study was to identify narrative indicators of adolescents’ maladaptive cognitive schemas. This aim was achieved by virtue of realization of such tasks as: to identify the specific text categories (indicators) that indicate the maladaptive schemas and to determine the predictive power of each category (indicator). In the course of theoretical analysis, there were systematized the approaches to the understanding of personal narratives and “self-texts”. There also was generalized the concept of maladaptive cognitive schemas, and were defined textual categories which can be reflected in the narratives of people who have certain maladaptive schemas.
Methods. The methods of the empirical study were Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children and the content-analysis of personal narratives. Statistical processing of the obtained data and determination of the predictive power of each narrative category were performed with the help of the method of recursive division trees.
Results. As a result of the empirical study was it was found that certain categories in the personal narratives of adolescents allow us to predict the manifestation of individual maladaptive schemas. There were identified narrative indicators, able to predict fourteen of the eighteen schemas. It was determined that the knowledge of narrative indicators of maladaptive cognitive schemas can be used within the psychological counseling and therapy at the stage of gathering primary information, as well as in the context of purposeful psychological impact.
Conclusions. There were described the topical prospects for further scientific development of the problem, which were to expand the categorical structure of content analysis, which would allow to find indicators of four schemas that remain unclear, as well as to widen the age range of respondents and to test the hypothesis about the existence of a link between the personal narratives of adults and their maladaptive schemas. There was made an assumption that modification of a personal narrative can accelerate therapeutic work aimed at eliminating the negative impact of maladaptive schemas on a person's life.
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Bjørndahl, Johanne Stege, Riccardo Fusaroli, Svend Østergaard, and Kristian Tylén. "Thinking together with material representations: Joint epistemic actions in creative problem solving." Cognitive Semiotics 7, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogsem-2014-0006.
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Abstract How do material representations such as models, diagrams, and drawings come to shape and aid collective, epistemic processes? This study investigated how groups of participants spontaneously recruited material objects (in this case, LEGO blocks) to support collective creative processes in the context of an experiment. Qualitative microanalyses of the group interactions motivate a taxonomy of different roles that the material representations play in the joint epistemic processes: illustration, elaboration, and exploration. Firstly, the LEGO blocks were used to illustrate already well-formed ideas in support of communication and epistemic alignment. Furthermore, the material concretization of otherwise abstract ideas in LEGO blocks gave rise to elaboration: discussions, requests for clarification, and discovery of unnoticed conceptual disagreements. Lastly, the LEGO blocks were used for exploration. That is, the material representations were experimented on and physical attributes were explored resulting in discoveries of new meaning potentials and creative solutions. We discuss these different ways in which material representations do their work in collective reasoning processes in relation to ideas about top-down and bottom-up cognitive processes and division of cognitive labor.
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Wang, Zhihong, and Yi Guo. "Rumor events detection enhanced by encoding sentimental information into time series division and word representations." Neurocomputing 397 (July 2020): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.01.095.
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Kachroo, Amit, Adithya Popuri, Mostafa Ibrahim, Ali Imran, and Sabit Ekin. "Interference Spreading through Random Subcarrier Allocation Technique and Its Error Rate Performance in Cognitive Radio Networks." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 5700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195700.
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In this letter, we investigate the idea of interference spreading and its effect on bit error rate (BER) performance in a cognitive radio network (CRN). The interference spreading phenomenon is caused because of the random allocation of subcarriers in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based CRN without any spectrum-sensing mechanism. The CRN assumed in this work is of underlay configuration, where the frequency bands are accessed concurrently by both primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs). With random allocation, subcarrier collisions occur among the carriers of primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs), leading to interference among subcarriers. This interference caused by subcarrier collisions spreads out across multiple subcarriers of PUs rather than on an individual PU, therefore avoiding high BER for an individual PU. Theoretical and simulated signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) for collision and no-collision cases are validated for M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) techniques. Similarly, theoretical BER performance expressions are found and compared for M-QAM modulation orders under Rayleigh fading channel conditions. The BER for different modulation orders of M-QAM are compared and the relationship of average BER with interference temperature is also explored further.
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Nurmahni Harahap. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA MOTIVASI DAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR SISWA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF SISWA DENGAN PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION PADA KONSEP EKOSISTEM." Visipena Journal 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/visipena.v5i1.221.
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One of the very important process in education is a learning process. The success of the learning process is necessary to motivate the student to be able to encourage their learning activities. STAD cooperative learning is a learning model that trains students to work together in a small group and help each other in solving problems, thus the gain mastery of subject matter understanding. STAD cooperative learning model is not much different from the usual lesson by the teacher. Teachers still contribute in the learning process so that not just released and expected students still easy to adaptable. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between motivation and student learning activities with the implementation of STAD. This study used quasi-experimental research method. The population of this study was all first grade students in Model Islamic State Junior High School (MTsN) of Banda Aceh amounting to 39 students chosen from 11 classrooms. Samples were collected by using random sampling technique. Instruments of this study were cognitive learning outcomes test, student motivation questionnaire, and student learning activity observation sheet. Data were analyzed by multiple correlation test at significant level of 0.05. The results of the analysis of research data shows the value of R = 0.56 with P 0.00 (< 0.05) then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. It can be concluded that there was a significant relationship on student motivation and learning activity toward student cognitive learning outcomes by the implementation of STAD. In order to improve the cognitive learning outcomes,motivation and learning activities optimally it is expected that biology teachers implemented STAD than can actively involve the students in learning process.
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Lorincz, Josip, Ivana Ramljak, and Dinko Begušić. "Analysis of the Impact of Detection Threshold Adjustments and Noise Uncertainty on Energy Detection Performance in MIMO-OFDM Cognitive Radio Systems." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020631.
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Due to the capability of the effective usage of the radio frequency spectrum, a concept known as cognitive radio has undergone a broad exploitation in real implementations. Spectrum sensing as a core function of the cognitive radio enables secondary users to monitor the frequency band of primary users and its exploitation in periods of availability. In this work, the efficiency of spectrum sensing performed with the energy detection method realized through the square-law combining of the received signals at secondary users has been analyzed. Performance evaluation of the energy detection method was done for the wireless system in which signal transmission is based on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output—Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Although such transmission brings different advantages to wireless communication systems, the impact of noise variations known as noise uncertainty and the inability of selecting an optimal signal level threshold for deciding upon the presence of the primary user signal can compromise the sensing precision of the energy detection method. Since the energy detection may be enhanced by dynamic detection threshold adjustments, this manuscript analyses the influence of detection threshold adjustments and noise uncertainty on the performance of the energy detection spectrum sensing method in single-cell cognitive radio systems. For the evaluation of an energy detection method based on the square-law combining technique, the mathematical expressions of the main performance parameters used for the assessment of spectrum sensing efficiency have been derived. The developed expressions were further assessed by executing the algorithm that enabled the simulation of the energy detection method based on the square-law combining technique in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output—Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing cognitive radio systems. The obtained simulation results provide insights into how different levels of detection threshold adjustments and noise uncertainty affect the probability of detection of primary user signals. It is shown that higher signal-to-noise-ratios, the transmitting powers of primary user, the number of primary user transmitting and the secondary user receiving antennas, the number of sampling points and the false alarm probabilities improve detection probability. The presented analyses establish the basis for understanding the energy detection operation through the possibility of exploiting the different combinations of operating parameters which can contribute to the improvement of spectrum sensing efficiency of the energy detection method.
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Ma, Maggie. "Exploring Student Engagement With Computer-Mediated Peer Feedback on L2 Writing." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.305828.
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From a sociocultural perspective, this case study explored two intermediate-level Chinese university EFL students’ multi-dimensional engagement with asynchronous computer-mediated mode of peer feedback. Data sources included student drafts, peer feedback, think-aloud protocols, stimulated recall, and semi-structured interviews. The two students displayed different responses to asynchronous computer-mediated peer feedback with different foci when engaging with it affectively, cognitively, and behaviorally. In particular, their cognitive engagement was characterized by noticing and interpretation, evaluation, and decision-making. The two student writers’ engagement was not just related to the computer-mediated mode of peer feedback, but also to their motives and roles adopted in the activity of engaging with peer feedback, both of which may be influenced by the community (i.e., the classroom instructional context), its rule (i.e., word limit), and the division of labour in the community (i.e., the role adopted by student reviewer). Pedagogical implications are discussed.
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Ben-Yehuda, Miriam, and Varda Sharoni. "Number Sense Makes All the Difference: Calculation Using Number Sense by Pupils With and Without Learning Difficulties in Math." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcep-d-20-00029.
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The research examined the calculation methods used by pupils in Grades 3–6 when they were presented with problems that could be worked out efficiently and flexibly by applying number sense. The study was conducted with a convenience sample of 179 pupils between the ages 7 years and 10 months to 12 years and 10 months. in mainstream education in Israel, who attended schools belonging to different sectors and situated in different areas of the country with varied socioeconomic profiles. The test included addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems that pupils were asked to solve mentally, in writing and by identifying correctly and incorrectly solved problem. Some of the problems presented pupils with opportunities to apply number sense. As expected, the research findings showed significant differences in calculation accuracy between pupils with and without learning difficulties, especially in multiplication and division tasks. Still, the performance of pupils with difficulties in the accuracy variable was above average, and there was high variance within this group. We found significant differences between pupils with and without difficulties in the calculation-speed variable in all tasks and in all calculation modalities. One of the implications is that pupils, and especially those with difficulties, should be afforded enough time to work out problems, and should be presented with tasks that would enable them to use number sense in order to retrieve prior knowledge and apply it.
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Naumenko, Liudmyla, and Оksana Оliynyk. "The Cognitive Approach to Teaching Students English Terminological Lexis of the Subject Field of “Microeconomics”." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 24, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 236–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-2-236-253.
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The paper is devoted to study of prerequisites of applying cognitive approach to teaching English terminological lexis of the subject field of “microeconomics” of students of non-special higher educational establishments. Such notions as “cognition”, “memory”, “attention”, “thinking”, “intelligence” that provide student’s mental activity in the process of studying have been considered. The system of cognitive exercises on learning English economic terminology that contains seven types, i.e.: exercises on choice of proper lexical information, grouping, guesswork from the context, logic thinking, formulating scientific definitions, language game, associative thinking, problem-solving, and is based on logic operations of comparison, identification, division / disjuncture, integration / conjuncture, analysis and synthesis, deduction, abstraction, generalization, classification, typology, categorization, conceptualization, formulation of notions and judgements. The exercises have been chosen according to thematic principle (the topic “Marketing’ from the author’s manual ‘Business English Course’) and include the following kinds: identifying a key word, identifying an odd word, multiple choice, finding out a particular name, grouping the words according to their semantic combinability, guesswork from the context, formulation of definitions, solving the crossword, filling in the radial diagram of the mental map by language reactions-associations to the word ‘marketing’, problem-solving of the real-like situation dealing with marketing activity in small groups and proposing a business solution. The selected exercises develop heuristic capabilities, analytic skills, logics of thinking and creative imagination of students, facilitate memorizing, strengthen attention, intensify subject and foreign languages knowledge, help to acquire new knowledge, structure information in verbal and visual forms, motivate research activity.
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Pierce, Linda G. "Barriers to Adaptability in a Multinational Team." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 3 (September 2002): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600302.
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The majority of current military missions require collaboration among multiple nations. For example, the military presence established in Bosnia-Herzegovina (B-H) following the end of their civil war included participants from over 38 nations. U.S. Army forces were assigned to the headquarters element and to Multinational Division North (MND(N)). We reviewed processes of the U.S. Army force commanding MND(N) to assess the degree to which army forces were being prepared to adapt their warfighting skills to conduct multinational peacekeeping missions. Barriers to adaptability were identified in their approach to deployment training and the organization of the military headquarters. U.S. forces were not trained to work with multinational partners and multinational staff members were not integrated into staff planning processes. Methods to improve team adaptability and a framework for considering the relationship among cultural, social cognitive processes and multinational teamwork are proposed.
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Wang, Wu, Yao, and Qin. "Wideband Spectrum Sensing Method Based on Channels Clustering and Hidden Markov Model Prediction." Information 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10110331.
Full textAbstract:
Spectrum sensing is the necessary premise for implementing cognitive radio technology. The conventional wideband spectrum sensing methods mainly work with sweeping frequency and still face major challenges in performance and efficiency. This paper introduces a new wideband spectrum sensing method based on channels clustering and prediction. This method counts on the division of the wideband spectrum into uniform sub-channels, and employs a density-based clustering algorithm called Ordering Points to Identify Clustering Structure (OPTICS) to cluster the channels in view of the correlation between the channels. The detection channel (DC) is selected and detected for each cluster, and states of other channels (estimated channels, ECs) in the cluster are then predicted with Hidden Markov Model (HMM), so that all channels states of the wideband spectrum are finally obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed method could effectively improve the wideband spectrum sensing performance.
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Ramljak, Ivana, Dinko Begušić, and Josip Lorincz. "Operational Characteristics of Square-Law Combining Energy Detector in MIMO-OFDM Cognitive Radio Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 4684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094684.
Full textAbstract:
To ensure effective spectrum usage, cognitive radio networks (CRNs) are being investigated extensively. The important function of CRNs is spectrum sensing (SS). This is the process of sensing the unused frequency spectrum and deciding whether the signal transmission of a primary user (PU) exists. In this work, the results of a performance analysis related to detecting PU signals using the energy detection (ED) SS method realized by employing the square-law combining (SLC) technique are presented. The assessment of the effectiveness of the ED method is performed in relation to prominent communication technology based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmissions. Due to the impact of changes in the noise power of the PU signal, referred to as noise uncertainty (NU), the MIMO-OFDM transmission in a real communication environment cannot guarantee accurate sensing performed by employing ED based on the SLC method at the secondary user (SU). More precise SS can be achieved if dynamic detection threshold (DDT) changes are employed according to the channel conditions impacted by NU. Thus, this work investigated the effect of NU variations and DDT adjustments on the detection probability for various levels of false alarm probability. This interdependence is presented as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A mathematical model including different operational parameters was developed to define the fundamental parameters of the ED method based on the SLC approach. Using the developed mathematical model, an algorithm was created which simulates SLC ED processes using DDT in single-input single-output (SISO)- and MIMO-OFDM communication systems affected by NU. Based on the simulation results, comprehensive analyses of the impact of versatile DDT adaptations and NU variations on the shape of the ROC curves for the ED process performed with different numbers of transmitting and receiving antenna, modulation techniques, detection sample numbers, PU transmitting powers, and SNR values are presented.
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Romero, Felipe. "Who Should Do Replication Labor?" Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 516–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245918803619.
Full textAbstract:
Scientists, for the most part, want to get it right. However, the social structures that govern their work undermine that aim, and this leads to nonreplicable findings in many fields. Because the social structure of science is a decentralized system, it is difficult to intervene. In this article, I discuss how we might do so, focusing on self-corrective-labor schemes (i.e., ways of distributing replication efforts within the scientific community). First, I argue that we need to implement a scheme that makes replication work outcome independent, systematic, and sustainable. Second, I use these three criteria to evaluate extant proposals, which place the responsibility for replication on original researchers, consumers of their research, students, or many labs. Third, on the basis of a philosophical analysis of the reward system of science and the benefits of the division of cognitive labor, I propose a scheme that satisfies the criteria better: the professional scheme. This scheme has two main components. First, the scientific community is organized into two groups: discovery researchers, who produce new findings, and confirmation researchers, whose primary function is to do confirmation work (i.e., replication, reproduction, meta-analysis). Second, a distinct reward system is established for confirmation researchers so that their career advancement is separated from whether they obtain positive experimental results.