Journal articles: 'Cognitive discrepancy'

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Bradshaw, Jessica, Scott Gillespie, Cheryl Klaiman, Ami Klin, and Celine Saulnier. "Early emergence of discrepancy in adaptive behavior and cognitive skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318815662.

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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and average IQ exhibit a widening discrepancy between lagging adaptive skills relative to their cognitive potential, but it is unknown when this discrepancy emerges in development. To address this important question, we measured adaptive and cognitive skills longitudinally, from 12–36 months, in 96 low-risk typically developing infants and 69 high-risk siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder who at 36 months were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder ( N = 21), the broader autism phenotype ( N = 19), or showed no concerns (unaffected; N = 29). Results indicate that both cognitive and adaptive communication skills remained stable over time for all four groups, but toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and the broader autism phenotype failed to keep pace with unaffected and typically developing toddlers with regard to adaptive socialization skills and, to a lesser extent, daily living skills. The odds of having a discrepant developmental profile, with average cognitive skills and below average adaptive skills, was significantly greater for socialization and daily living skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder or the broader autism phenotype and increased over time from 12 to 36 months. The discrepancy between adaptive skills and cognition emerges early and widens over time for infants with autism spectrum disorder symptomology, supporting early assessment and intervention of adaptive socialization and daily living skills.

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Jean Tsang, Stephanie. "Cognitive Discrepancy, Dissonance, and Selective Exposure." Media Psychology 22, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 394–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1282873.

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Edmonds, Emily C., Alexandra J. Weigand, Kelsey R. Thomas, Joel Eppig, Lisa Delano-Wood, Douglas R. Galasko, David P. Salmon, and Mark W. Bondi. "Increasing Inaccuracy of Self-Reported Subjective Cognitive Complaints Over 24 Months in Empirically Derived Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 8 (September 2018): 842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718000486.

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AbstractObjectives: Although subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) are an integral component of the diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), previous findings indicate they may not accurately reflect cognitive ability. Within the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we investigated longitudinal change in the discrepancy between self- and informant-reported SCC across empirically derived subtypes of MCI and normal control (NC) participants. Methods: Data were obtained for 353 MCI participants and 122 “robust” NC participants. Participants were classified into three subtypes at baseline via cluster analysis: amnestic MCI, mixed MCI, and cluster-derived normal (CDN), a presumptive false-positive group who performed within normal limits on neuropsychological testing. SCC at baseline and two annual follow-up visits were assessed via the Everyday Cognition Questionnaire (ECog), and discrepancy scores between self- and informant-report were calculated. Analysis of change was conducted using analysis of covariance. Results: The amnestic and mixed MCI subtypes demonstrated increasing ECog discrepancy scores over time. This was driven by an increase in informant-reported SCC, which corresponded to participants’ objective cognitive decline, despite stable self-reported SCC. Increasing unawareness was associated with cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s disease biomarker positivity and progression to Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, CDN and NC groups over-reported cognitive difficulty and demonstrated normal cognition at all time points. Conclusions: MCI participants’ discrepancy scores indicate progressive underappreciation of their evolving cognitive deficits. Consistent over-reporting in the CDN and NC groups despite normal objective cognition suggests that self-reported SCC do not predict impending cognitive decline. Results demonstrate that self-reported SCC become increasingly misleading as objective cognitive impairment becomes more pronounced. (JINS, 2018, 24, 842–853)

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Hatt, Cassandra R., Christopher R. Brydges, Jacqueline A. Mogle, Martin J. Sliwinski, and Allison A. M. Bielak. "Evaluating the Consistency of Subjective Activity Assessments and Their Relation to Cognition in Older Adults." Geriatrics 6, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6030074.

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(1) Background: Research examining whether activity engagement is related to cognitive functioning in older adults has been limited to using retrospective reports of activity which may be affected by biases. This study compared two measurements (estimated weekly versus reported daily), and whether these activity assessments were related to cognition in older adults; (2) Methods: Participants from US (n = 199) and Australian (n = 170) samples completed a weekly estimate of activity, followed by 7 consecutive days of daily reporting. Differences between weekly estimates and daily reports were found, such that estimations at the weekly level were lower than self-reported daily information. Multivariate multiple regression was used to determine whether total activity, activity domains and the discrepancy between assessment types (i.e., weekly/daily) predicted cognitive performance across three cognitive domains (fluid, verbal, memory); (3) Results: When activity assessments were totaled, neither predicted cognition; however, when activity was grouped by domain (cognitive, social, physical), different domains predicted different cognitive outcomes. Daily reported cognitive activity significantly predicted verbal performance (β = 1.63, p = 0.005), while weekly estimated social activity predicted memory performance (β = −1.81, p = 0.050). Further, while the magnitude of discrepancy in total activity did not significantly predict cognitive performance, domain specific differences did. Differences in physical activity reported across assessments predicted fluid performance (β = −1.16, p = 0.033); (4) Conclusions: The significant discrepancy between the measurement types shows that it is important to recognize potential biases in responding when conducting activity and cognition research.

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Nahm, Michael, David Rousseau, and Bruce Greyson. "Discrepancy Between Cerebral Structure and Cognitive Functioning." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 205, no. 12 (December 2017): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000752.

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Lima, F., T. Cardoso, C. Bonnin, A. Martinez-Aran, E. Vieta, and A. Rosa. "Concordance and Discrepancy Between Subjective and Objective Cognitive Assessment in Bipolar Disorder: What is Influencing this Discrepancy?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2168.

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IntroductionEvidence has shown that some patients with bipolar disorder have a relatively accurate sense of their cognitive abilities, whereas others may overreported or underreported cognitive difficulties, which causes a discrepancy in this measures.ObjectivesTo investigate concordance and discrepancy between subjective and objective cognitive measures, as well as to identify factors that could influence this discrepancy.MethodsPatients who met DSM IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder in partial or full remission (HDRS-17 score ≤ 12; YMRS score ≤ 7) were recruited from outpatient clinic at Barcelona and Porto Alegre. Objective cognitive assessment was performed by the Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS-WAIS III). Cognitive Complaints in Bipolar Disorder Rating Scale (COBRA) was used as a subjective cognitive measure.ResultsWere included 179 patients. We found a concordance between COBRA and LNS in 62 cases, and discrepancy in 117 cases (Fig. 1). The incongruent group (COBRA–and LNS + ) have less years of study (8.10 ± 4.01) than the incongruent group (COBRA+ and LNS–) (13.44 ± 4.05, P = 0.001), and than congruent group (COBRA–and NLS–) (13.75 ± 4.04, P = 0.003). Finally, the congruent group (COBRA+ and LNS + ) was the group with higher functioning impairment.ConclusionsA few number of false-negative cases were detected, suggesting that COBRA can be used as a screening instrument. A special attention should be provided for subjects with a few years of study, because possibly these subjects presents more difficulty in express its cognitive difficulties.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Musich, Madison, Karina Liu, Amy Costa, Christina McCrae, David Beversdorf, and Ashley Curtis. "0079 Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in Older Adults: Does Cognitive Functioning Matter?" SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A35—A36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0079.

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Abstract Introduction Differences between subjective and objective sleep [subjective-objective sleep discrepancy (SOSD)] is prevalent in insomnia and older adults. Despite associations between cognition and sleep parameters, the impact of cognitive functioning on SOSD is unclear. We examined associations between various cognitive domains and SOSD in older adults and whether insomnia status moderates these associations. Methods Older adults with (N=47, Mage=68.85, 66% women) and without (N=32, Mage=67.41, 78% women) insomnia [met DSM-5 criteria plus reported >30 mins sleep onset latency (SOL) and/or wake time after sleep onset (WASO) on 3+nights/7] completed measures of subjective sleep (7-days of sleep diaries), objective sleep (one-night polysomnography, PSG), and objective cognitive tasks: Dimensional Change Card Sort (executive functioning, EF), List Sorting (working memory, WM), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (episodic memory), Flanker (inhibitory control), Pattern Comparison (processing speed). SOSD direction (average sleep diary variable – PSG variable) was computed. Moderated regressions determined independent and interactive (with insomnia status) associations between cognitive performance and SOSD for SOL, WASO, total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency, controlling for age, sex, apnea-hypopnea index, and sleep medication usage. Results For insomnia, longer self-reported than PSG TST was associated with better WM (b=27.90, SE=9.05, p=.003, episodic memory (b=12.83, SE=2.77, p=.01), processing speed (b=9.50, SE=2.00, p<.01), and inhibitory control (b=118.40, SE=54.09, p=.03). Similarly for insomnia, better self-reported than PSG sleep efficiency was associated with better WM (b=5.58, SE=2.12, p=.01), episodic memory (b=2.66, SE=1.08, p=.02), and processing speed (b=2.11, SE=0.47, p<.01). For non-insomnia, reports of SOSD were not associated with cognitive functioning (ps>.05). Conclusion Better diffuse cognitive functioning may be a contributing SOSD mechanism in older adults with insomnia. We speculate that better cognitive functioning may suppress cognitive arousal symptoms that are prevalent in insomnia patients, leading to better self-reported sleep relative to what is objectively measured. Prospective studies examining independent and interactive associations between cognition functioning and arousal, and insomnia on SOSD may inform underlying mechanisms of poor sleep health and the temporal impact on cognition. Support (if any) This research project was made possible by awards (PI: Curtis) from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, a foundation of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

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Ankenman, Katy, Jenna Elgin, Katherine Sullivan, Logan Vincent, and Raphael Bernier. "Nonverbal and Verbal Cognitive Discrepancy Profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Influence of Age and Gender." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.1.84.

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Abstract Research suggests that discrepant cognitive abilities are more common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may indicate an important ASD endophenotype. The current study examined the frequency of IQ discrepancy profiles (nonverbal IQ > verbal IQ [NVIQ > VIQ], verbal IQ > nonverbal IQ [VIQ > NVIQ], and no split) and the relationship of gender, age, and ASD symptomatology to IQ discrepancy profile in a large sample of children with ASD. The NVIQ > VIQ profile occurred at a higher frequency than expected, had more young males, and showed more autism symptoms than the other groups. Results suggest that the NVIQ > VIQ profile may be less likely to represent a subtype of ASD, but rather a common developmental pathway for children with ASD and other disorders.

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Reznik, Inga, and Susan M. Andersen. "Agitation and despair in relation to parents: activating emotional suffering in transference." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 3 (May 2007): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.628.

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Affect and motivation are known to arise in the social‐cognitive process transference, which occurs when a new person minimally resembles a significant other, implicitly activating the mental representation of this significant other (Andersen, Reznik, & Manzella, 1996) and indirectly, the relational self (i.e. Andersen & Chen, 2002). Triggering the significant‐other representation should also indirectly activate any self‐discrepancy held from this other's perspective, resulting in shifts in discrete affect and self‐regulation. Participants (n = 110; 34 men, 76 women) with an actual‐ideal or actual‐ought self‐discrepancy from their parent's perspective (Higgins, 1987) learned about a new person who did or did not minimally resemble this parent. As predicted, this evoked positive evaluation of the new person, that is, a positive transference, and yet, as a function of self‐discrepancy, also increased discrete negative mood with ideal‐discrepant individuals becoming more dejected and ought‐discrepant individuals more hostile and less calm. Self‐regulatory focus shifted as well in terms of motivation to avoid emotional closeness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Gotra, Milena Y., Elmma Khalid, Madison M. Dykins, and Scot K. Hill. "A-8 Developmental Cognitive Phenotypes in First-Episode Psychosis and Longitudinal Cognitive Change Following Antipsychotic Treatment." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.09.

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Abstract Objective The present study applied a developmentally based subgrouping procedure previously examined in chronic psychosis patients to a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and examined change in cognition following treatment with antipsychotic medication. Method Medication naïve FEP patients (n = 119; age = 27.96; 63.9% male; 62.2% White, 32.8% Black, 5.0% Other) recruited during initial hospitalization were categorized into groups based on 1) estimated premorbid intellectual ability and 2) the discrepancy between predicted (modeled on 151 healthy controls) and current cognitive ability. Consistent with findings from chronic psychosis samples, groups were characterized as Preserved (n = 46; average premorbid, no discrepancy), Deteriorated (n = 44; average premorbid, significant discrepancy), and Compromised (n = 29, low premorbid and current cognitive ability). A mixed analysis of variance was used to examine change in a composite cognitive score derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 months. Results There was a significant group by time interaction [Figure 1; F(5.4142.4) = 2.81, p = 0.02] in which the Preserved group performed similar to healthy controls across all time points, the Compromised group demonstrated stable deficits after treatment, and the Deteriorated group diverged from the Compromised group at 6 weeks and 12 months. Discussion There is considerable cognitive heterogeneity in FEP at baseline and after initiation of antipsychotic medication. Findings of cognitive improvement in the Deteriorated group after treatment initiation suggests a differential response to antipsychotic medications that was not found in the Compromised or Preserved groups. Future work may benefit from examining medication and symptom severity as potential factors contributing to the unique change observed in the Deteriorated group.

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Hanyu, Haruo, Yumi Koyama, Haruka Horita, Toshinori Aoki, Tomohiko Sato, Hidekazu Kanetaka, Soichiro Shimizu, and Kentaro Hirao. "Discrepancy Between Cognitive Test and Brain Imaging Results in Alzheimer’s Disease Associated with Diabetes." Current Alzheimer Research 19, no. 2 (February 2022): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205019666220228152655.

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Background/Objective: Although a large number of studies have been performed on the association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), the underlying pathophysiology of AD associated with DM has not been fully elucidated to date. We compared cognitive functions and brain imaging findings between AD patients with and without DM to characterize the association between cognition and imaging findings in AD patients with DM. Methods: Cognitive functions and brain imaging findings, including medial temporal lobe atrophy analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging, and hypoperfusion in the parietal, posterior cingulate, and frontal regions analyzed by single-photon emission computed tomography were compared between 126 AD patients without DM ([AD-DM]) and 51 AD patients with DM ([AD+DM]). Factors associated with cognitive-imaging associations, including education, occupation, leisure activity, comorbidity, frailty, and other demographics, were analyzed. Results: The [AD+DM] group showed significantly more severe cognitive dysfunction than the [ADDM] group, despite a similar degree of brain imaging abnormalities. Among the factors associated with cognitive-imaging associations, the level of leisure activity was significantly lower in the [AD+DM] group than in the [AD-DM] group, but no significant differences in other factors were observed between the 2 groups. Conclusion: The cognitive-imaging discrepancy observed in AD patients with DM may be associated with their low cognitive reserve, possibly caused by their low amount of leisure activities. Our findings suggest that lifestyle interventions, including physical, cognitive, and social activities, may reduce cognitive decline in AD patients with DM.

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Callinan, Sarah, Everarda Cunningham, and Stephen Theiler. "Revisiting Discrepancy Theory in Learning Disabilities: What Went Wrong and Why We Should Go Back." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 23, no. 1 (November 16, 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.22.

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The rise in popularity of Response to Intervention (RTI) as a method of identifying Learning Disabilities (LD) is partially due to the psychometric and theoretical issues inherent to the use of IQ tests in the once popular discrepancy method of identification. However, both RTI and discrepancy theories have their shortcomings, and criticisms directed at either method are usually applicable to both. This conceptual article puts forward a justification for using tests of the cognitive processes that are implicated in LD as a better method of LD identification. Although the unsuitability of the discrepancy method to accurately identify LD students is well established, it does represent the construct of LD well. Therefore, the discrepancy method can be used as an effective baseline measure against which improved identification procedures based on cognitive processes can be measured. Once these cognitive processes are more clearly defined, tests of these processes offer promise for LD identification.

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Kero, Katherine, Colt M. Halter, John L. Woodard, Bruno Giordani, Ana Daugherty, and Voyko Kavcic. "METACOGNITION AND EMOTIONS IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICAN ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2069.

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Abstract Older adults in the earliest stages of cognitive decline often present with subjective cognitive complaints which may not be fully reflected in objective measures of cognition. Previous research suggests that a relationship exists between negative emotions, stress and metacognition, but these relationships have not yet been examined in the context of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of stress and emotions in perceived cognition in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telephone screenings were administered to 206 older African Americans (aged 64–94 years). Objective cognition (Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [TICS]), subjective cognition (Cognitive Change Questionnaire [CCQ]), perceived stress scale 4 (PSS-4), and survey questions about affective responses to COVID-19 experiences were measured. Objective TICS scores predicted subjective CCQ executive function scores (F(1, 197)=4.37, p=.038, R2=.022). Discrepancy scores were calculated as the standardized residual variance between objective and subjective measures. Survey items describing emotional states were summarized with emodiversity scores following Quoidbach and colleagues’ (2014) formula. Discrepancy scores were correlated with perceived stress, as well as global and negative emodiversity (Spearman r=.294, .279, .318, p<.001). In conclusion, we have shown that objective and subjective measures of cognition are related, but discrepancies exist between objectively-measured and self-perceived cognition. Increased stress and greater negative emotions are associated with greater overestimation of cognitive difficulties relative to one’s objective level of cognition. As stress and negative emotions have increased for many during the pandemic, individuals may also have depreciated their self-appraisal of cognitive abilities in the present climate.

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Klin, Ami, Warren Jones, Robert Schultz, and Fred Volkmar. "The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1430 (February 28, 2003): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1202.

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Normative–IQ individuals with autism are capable of solving explicit social cognitive problems at a level that is not matched by their ability to meet the demands of everyday social situations. The magnitude of this discrepancy is now being documented through newer techniques such as eye tracking, which allows us to see and measure how individuals with autism search for meaning when presented with naturalistic social scenes. This paper offers an approach to social cognitive development intended to address the above discrepancy, which is considered a key element for any understanding of the pathophysiology of autism. This approach, called the enactive mind (EM), originates from the emerging work on ‘embodied cognitive science’, a neuroscience framework that views cognition as bodily experiences accrued as a result of an organism's adaptive actions upon salient aspects of the surrounding environment. The EM approach offers a developmental hypothesis of autism in which the process of acquisition of embodied social cognition is derailed early on, as a result of reduced salience of social stimuli and concomitant enactment of socially irrelevant aspects of the environment.

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Whitmire, Kathleen. "Cognitive Referencing and Discrepancy Formulae: Comments From ASHA Resources." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 7, no. 1 (July 2000): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle7.1.13.

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Del Campo Martínez, Nuria. "Cognitive modeling in illocutionary meaning." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 2 (October 24, 2011): 392–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.2.03del.

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The present contribution argues that illocutionary interpretation is not only metonymic (Panther & Thornburg, 1998, 2003), but also a matter of active zone/profile discrepancy (Langacker, 1987, 1999). The theoretical framework is the Lexical Constructional Model propounded by Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal (2008, 2011) and Mairal & Ruiz de Mendoza (2009). In this study I examine active zone/profile discrepancy in a number of expressions that are constructionally polysemous from an illocutionary perspective. Such is the case of the utterance Stay away from me if you don’t want to get in trouble, which profiles an instruction to avoid some negative consequences and can be understood either as a threat or a warning depending on the active zone. The results of the analysis provide evidence of the need to consider cognitive construal operations in the approach to illocution adopted by the Lexical Constructional Model.

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Finley, John-Christopher, Andrea Cladek, and Michael Brook. "52 Internalizing Psychopathology is Highly Related to Subjective Cognitive Impairment and the Discrepancy Between Objective and Subjective Cognitive Impairment: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772301038x.

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Objective:Eliciting perceived cognitive complaints is a routine part of a clinical neuropsychological evaluation, presumably because complaints are informative of underlying pathology. However, there is no strong empirical support that subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is actually related to objective cognitive impairment as measured by neurocognitive tests. Instead, internalizing psychopathology is thought to predominately influence the endorsement of SCI. Specifically, individuals with greater symptoms of depression and anxiety, when accounting for comorbidities, have a higher disposition to overestimate their degree of cognitive impairment as compared to objective testing. Yet, there are few existing studies that have determined which factors influence both SCI and the discrepancy between subjective and objective cognitive impairment in general outpatient populations. The current study examined the relationship between subjective and objective cognitive impairment in a clinically diverse sample of outpatients. We additionally explored the associations between SCI and relevant intrapersonal factors including internalizing psychopathology, number of medical comorbidities, and demographics. Finally, we quantified the degree of discrepancy between subjective and objective impairment and examined this discrepancy in relation to the intrapersonal factors.Participants and Methods:The sample comprised 142 adult women and men (age range 18–79 years) seen in an outpatient neuropsychology clinic for a diverse range of referral questions. Scores on the cognition portion of the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) were used to index SCI. A composite score from 14 measures across various domains of cognitive functioning served as an objective measure of cognitive functioning. Internalizing psychopathology was measured via a standardized composite of scores from screening measures of anxiety and depression. Medical comorbidities were indexed by the number of different ICD diagnostic categories documented in patients' medical records. Demographics included age, sex, race, and years of formal education. Objective-subjective discrepancy scores were computed by saving standardized residuals from a linear regression of neurocognitive test performance on the WHODAS 2.0 scores.Results:A hierarchical linear regression revealed that objective cognitive impairment was not significantly related to SCI (p > .05), explaining less than 2% of the variance in SCI ratings. Likewise, participants' demographics (age, sex, education, race) and number of comorbidities were not significantly related to their SCI ratings, explaining about 6% of the variance. However, participants' level of internalizing psychopathology was significantly associated with SCI (F[10, 131] = 4.99, p < .001), and explained approximately 20% of the variance in SCI ratings. Similarly, the degree of discrepancy between subjective and objective cognitive impairment was primarily influenced by internalizing psychopathology (F[9, 132] = 5.20, p < .001, R2 = 21%) and largely unrelated to demographics and number of comorbidities, which explained about 6% of the variance.Conclusions:These findings are consistent with prior research suggesting that SCI may be more indicative of the extent of internalizing psychopathology rather than actual cognitive impairment. Taken together, these results illuminate potential treatment and diagnostic implications associated with assessing perceived cognitive complaints during a neuropsychological evaluation.

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Zucchetto, Jillian Minahan. "Protective and Exacerbating Cognition and Attribution Factors From the Cognitive Discrepancy Theory of Loneliness." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.150.

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Abstract According to the cognitive discrepancy theory, although the discrepancy between actual and desired social resources may result in loneliness, Perlman and Peplau (1998) suggested that cognitive processing and attributional style also impact the interpretation of social information. Previous empirical research investigating predictors of loneliness have not assessed a wide range of cognition and attribution factors, so this study filled this gap by examining how protective (optimism, sense of mastery, and purpose in life) and exacerbating (depression, control constraints, negative self-perceptions of aging (SPA), and experiences of age-based discrimination) factors influence and moderate the experience of loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally using a sample of 3,345 Americans aged 50 years and older from the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Optimism (βs = -.15, -.13), mastery (βs = -.08, -.07), purpose in life (βs = -.19, -.18), depression (βs = .22,.14), control constraints (βs = .18, .17), negative SPA (βs = .13, .14), and experiences of ageism (βs = .07, .06) were significantly related to loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally, respectively. Optimism buffered the negative impact of poor functional social resources (e.g., low social support) on loneliness cross-sectionally while control constraints, negative SPA, and experiencing ageism exacerbated the relationship between low functional social resources and loneliness cross-sectionally. None of the protective or exacerbating factors modulated the relationship between functional social resources and loneliness longitudinally. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions that target loneliness. Targeting maladaptive cognitions may be particularly effective in reducing loneliness.

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Edmonds, Emily C., Lisa Delano-Wood, Douglas R. Galasko, David P. Salmon, and Mark W. Bondi. "Subjective Cognitive Complaints Contribute to Misdiagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 8 (August 22, 2014): 836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771400068x.

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AbstractSubjective cognitive complaints are a criterion for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), despite their uncertain relationship to objective memory performance in MCI. We aimed to examine self-reported cognitive complaints in subgroups of the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) MCI cohort to determine whether they are a valuable inclusion in the diagnosis of MCI or, alternatively, if they contribute to misdiagnosis. Subgroups of MCI were derived using cluster analysis of baseline neuropsychological test data from 448 ADNI MCI participants. Cognitive complaints were assessed via the Everyday Cognition (ECog) questionnaire, and discrepancy scores were calculated between self- and informant-report. Cluster analysis revealed Amnestic and Mixed cognitive phenotypes as well as a third Cluster-Derived Normal subgroup (41.3%), whose neuropsychological and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker profiles did not differ from a “robust” normal control group. This cognitively intact phenotype of MCI participants overestimated their cognitive problems relative to their informant, whereas Amnestic MCI participants with objective memory impairment underestimated their cognitive problems. Underestimation of cognitive problems was associated with positive CSF AD biomarkers and progression to dementia. Overall, there was no relationship between self-reported cognitive complaints and objective cognitive functioning, but significant correlations were observed with depressive symptoms. The inclusion of self-reported complaints in MCI diagnostic criteria may cloud rather than clarify diagnosis and result in high rates of misclassification of MCI. Discrepancies between self- and informant-report demonstrate that overestimation of cognitive problems is characteristic of normal aging while underestimation may reflect greater risk for cognitive decline. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–12)

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Choi, Sunah, Sung Bong Kim, and Woonok Kim. "The Relationship between Self-Discrepancy and Trait-Anxiety in College Students: Mediating Effects of Dispositional Self-focused Attention and Maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.05.45.05.417.

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This study aimed to verify the independent and sequential mediating effect of dispositional self-focused attention and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between self-discrepancy and trait-anxiety in college students. For this, data was collected about Self-Questionnaire, State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y(STAI-Y), Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social situation(SDSAS) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(K-CERQ) from 400 college students, and the Structural Equation Model analysis was conducted on the collected data using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. As a result of this analysis, it was confirmed that dispositional self-focused attention and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had significant independent and sequential mediating effects in the relationship between self-discrepancy and trait-anxiety. This study is significant in that it comprehensively confirmed the role of emotion regulation, which mediates the process of self-discrepancy leading to trait-anxiety, by dividing it into the dimension of emotional recognition and correction.

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Chung, Seockhoon, Inn-Kyu Cho, Dongin Lee, Jiyoung Kim, Kayoung Song, and Eulah Cho. "The Discrepancy-Cognitive Arousal Model of Insomnia Among the General Population." Sleep Medicine Research 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17241/smr.2023.01914.

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Background and Objective We aimed to explore the Discrepancy-Cognitive Arousal model among the general population, applying the discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time (DBST index), dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and sleep-related metacognitive processes.Methods An anonymous online survey study was conducted among the general population between January 10 and 18, 2022. The survey form included a questionnaire for demographic characteristics and rating scales such as Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep–16 items (DBAS-16), and Metacognition Questionnaire for Insomnia–14 items (MCQI-14). In addition, questions for measuring participants’ DBST index were included.Results A total of 374 participants’ responses were analyzed. The ISI score was predicted by the DBST index (β = 0.11, p = 0.008), DBAS-16 (β = 0.37, p < 0.001), and MCQI-14 (β = 0.30, p < 0.001) in the linear regression analysis. In the mediation model, the DBST index directly predicted insomnia severity, and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and sleep-related metacognitive processes mediated this relationship.Conclusions We observed that the Discrepancy-Cognitive Arousal model of insomnia was feasible among the general population.

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Huang, Yiming, Hang Lei, Xiaoyu Li, and Guowu Yang. "Quantum maximum mean discrepancy GAN." Neurocomputing 454 (September 2021): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.04.091.

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Mizuno, Akiko, Maria Ly, and Howard Aizenstein. "A Homeostatic Model of Subjective Cognitive Decline." Brain Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120228.

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Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) is possibly one of the earliest detectable signs of dementia, but we do not know which mental processes lead to elevated concern. In this narrative review, we will summarize the previous literature on the biomarkers and functional neuroanatomy of SCD. In order to extend upon the prevailing theory of SCD, compensatory hyperactivation, we will introduce a new model: the breakdown of homeostasis in the prediction error minimization system. A cognitive prediction error is a discrepancy between an implicit cognitive prediction and the corresponding outcome. Experiencing frequent prediction errors may be a primary source of elevated subjective concern. Our homeostasis breakdown model provides an explanation for the progression from both normal cognition to SCD and from SCD to advanced dementia stages.

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Zhao, Hongming, and Yanping Dong. "The early presence and developmental trend of interpreter advantages incognitive flexibility." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00043.zha.

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Abstract Findings about interpreter advantages in cognitive flexibility have been discrepant. To examine whether task differences and interpreters’ L2 proficiency contributed to the discrepancy, we tested two groups of university students (interpreting trainees vs. control participants) with two color-shape switching tasks differing in stimulus valence (univalent vs. bivalent). The results showed that: (1) only the univalent task detected a switch cost advantage for the interpreter group, indicating the task condition for observing interpreting trainees’ early advantage in local switching ability (as indexed by switch cost); (2) only the interpreter group with an advanced L2 proficiency showed a marginally significant mixing cost advantage over the control group, indicating a tendency toward an advantage in more global and sustained control. These findings suggest tentative explanations for the discrepant results in the literature and conditions for the presence and development of interpreter advantages in cognitive flexibility.

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Lapierre, D., C. M. J. Braun, and L. Le Pailleur. "A 54-Point Verbal-Performance IQ Discrepancy on the WISC-R: Cognitive Functioning of a Child from an Alternative School." Behavioural Neurology 5, no. 2 (1992): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/453721.

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Marked WISC-R verbal-performance discrepancy commonly leads to the assumption that such children have brain pathology or cognitive disorders. Children without brain dysfunction may also exhibit wide discrepancy, but a discrepancy score of 30 is assumed to occur in only 2% of the population. The actual investigation presents an 11-year-old child showing a 54-point discrepancy between the two scales of the WISC-R. Results of wide ranging testing and other considerations strongly suggested that this child didn't manifest any kind of brain dysfunction. It was concluded that the particular academic environment of the child, an alternative school, exerted a very strong influence on her results on the WISC-R. This conclusion is furthermore supported by the results of a follow-up evaluation, done 1 year after the child has been transferred to a traditional school, which revealed a WISC-R verbal-performance discrepancy of only 12 points.

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Hackett, Katherine, Rachel Mis, Deborah A. G. Drabick, and Tania Giovannetti. "Informant Reporting in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Sources of Discrepancy on the Functional Activities Questionnaire." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719001449.

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AbstractObjective:Relative to dementia, little is known about informant bias in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We investigated the influence of informant demographic and relational characteristics on reports of everyday functioning using the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ).Method:Four thousand two hundred eighty-four MCI participants and their informants from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set were included. Informants were stratified according to cohabitation, relationship, visit frequency, race/ethnicity, education, and sex. Informant-rated Mean FAQ score was compared across these groups using univariate general linear model analyses and post hoc tests. Interactions were tested between informant variables. The predictive contribution of informant variables to FAQ score was explored using hierarchical linear regression. Analyses covaried for participant cognition using a cognitive composite score, and for participant age, sex, and depression.Results:After controlling for participant cognition, depression, age, and sex, informant-rated FAQ scores varied significantly across all informant variables (p’s < .005, ηp2’s ≤ .033) except sex and visit frequency. FAQ scores were higher (more impaired) among informants who cohabitate with the participant, among paid caregivers, spouses, and adult children, and among informants with higher levels of education. Scores were lowest (less impaired) among Black/African American informants as compared to all other racial/ethnic groups.Conclusions:Demographic and relational characteristics of informants influence the perception and reporting of instrumental activities of daily living in adults with MCI. As everyday functioning is crucial for differential diagnosis and treatment outcome measurement, it is important to be aware of sources of informant report discrepancies.

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Iverson, Grant, Charles E. Gaudet, Alicia Kissinger-Knox, and Justin E. Karr. "A-222 Normative Reference Values for Crystallized-Fluid Discrepancy Scores for the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 37, no. 6 (August 17, 2022): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac060.222.

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Abstract Objective: To translate NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores into research and clinical practice with adults by providing normative data for discrepancy scores for both age-adjusted standard scores and demographic-adjusted T-scores. Method: We included adult participants from the NIHTB-CB standardization sample who completed all seven neuropsychological tests and who denied having neurodevelopmental, medical, psychiatric, or neurological conditions (n=730; M=47.4 years-old, SD=17.6, range: 18-85; 64.4% women; 63.1% White). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the Fluid and Crystallized composite scores and the Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy score, along with the correlation between the two composite scores. Percentiles were calculated for the discrepancy score, with stratifications by gender, education, and Crystallized composite for the age-adjusted standard scores (SSs) and only the Crystallized composite for the demographic-adjusted T-scores (T). Results: Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores ranged from -40 to 44 (M=-0.63, SD=14.89, Mdn =-1, interquartile range=-11-10) for age-adjusted SSs and from -29 to 27 (M=-0.39, SD=10.49, Mdn=-1, IQR=-8-7) for demographic-adjusted T-scores. Using age-adjusted SSs and demographic-adjusted T-scores, Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores of SS=15 and T=11 were at the 16th percentile (1 SD below the mean) and discrepancy scores of SS=21 and T=15 were at the 7th percentile (1.5 SDs below the mean). Conclusions: Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores might prove to be, with future research, a useful within-person interpretive approach for detecting decline from pre-injury or pre-disease levels of cognitive functioning. These normative reference values assist clinicians and researchers in determining the frequency at which given Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores occurred among healthy adults in the normative sample.

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Hirata, Shogo, Okuzumi Hideyuki, Yoshio Kitajima, Tomio Hosobuchi, and Mitsuru Kokubun. "Discrepancy between Motor and Cognitive Control in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 2, no. 2 (September 25, 2014): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2014.02.02.2.

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Cruitt, P. J., and T. F. Oltmanns. "PERSONALITY PATHOLOGY, SELF-OTHER DISCREPANCY AND COGNITIVE DECLINE IN LATER LIFE." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2765.

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Erb, Hans-Peter, Gerd Bohner, Knut Schmilzle, and Susanne Rank. "Beyond Conflict and Discrepancy: Cognitive Bias in Minority and Majority Influence." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24, no. 6 (June 1998): 620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167298246006.

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Zonta, Marise Bueno, Amâncio Ramalho-Júnior, Marilene Puppi, Isac Bruck, Neiva Magdalena, Sandra Regina B. Muzzolon, Arnolfo de Carvalho-Neto, and Lúcia H. Coutinho dos Santos. "Side-to-side growth discrepancies in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: association with function, activity and social participation." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 5 (May 2014): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140020.

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Objective:Evaluate side-to-side discrepancies in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP), and investigate associations of these discrepancies with patients’ age at initiation of physical therapy, motor and cognitive function, and degree of activities and social participation.Method:We obtained eight side-to-side measurements from 24 HCP children with mean age 49.3±5.2 months.Results:Early initiation of physical therapy was associated with lower discrepancy in hand length (p=0.037). Lower foot length discrepancy was associated with lower requirement for caregiver assistance in activities related to mobility. Increased side-to-side discrepancy was associated with reduced wrist extension and increased spasticity. Discrepancy played a larger role in children with hemineglect and in those with right involvement.Conclusion:Increased discrepancy in HCP children was associated with reduced degree of activity/social participation. These results suggest an association between functional use of the extremities and limb growth.

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Anguita, Davide, Alessandro Ghio, and Sandro Ridella. "Maximal Discrepancy for Support Vector Machines." Neurocomputing 74, no. 9 (April 2011): 1436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2010.12.009.

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Long, Carolyn, Matthew J. Gurka, and James Blackman. "Cognitive Skills of Young Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the BSID-III." Autism Research and Treatment 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/759289.

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Objective. The purpose of the study was to compare the cognitive skills of young children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to same-aged peers referred for possible developmental delays or behavioral concerns using theBayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition.Method. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 147 children ages 16 to 38 months who were referred to a diagnostic clinic for developmental evaluation. Children with ASD were compared to those without ASD with respect to cognition and language outcomes, both overall and by age.Results. While language skills in children with ASD were more significantly delayed than language skills in children without ASD, there was less discrepancy in the cognitive skills of children with and without ASD.Conclusion. Formal cognitive assessment of children with ASD can provide guidance for developmental expectations and educational programming. Cognitive skills of children with ASD may be underappreciated.

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Schild, Ann-Katrin, Daniel Scharfenberg, Lukas Kirchner, Kim Klein, Anton Regorius, Yasemin Goereci, Dix Meiberth, et al. "Subjective and Objective Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 34, no. 2 (June 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000374.

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Abstract: Cognitive impairment is a prominent symptom of the post-COVID syndrome (PCS). However, the correspondence between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and objective results is inconsistent. Here, we investigated this discrepancy. This longitudinal study included N = 42 individuals who reported SCC as PCS after mild infection at inclusion. Data collection comprised questionnaires and neuropsychological assessment at baseline and follow-up (FU). At FU – on average 15 months after acute COVID-19 – 88 % of patients reported persisting SCC. There was an approx. 40 % discrepancy between subjective report and test results at both visits. Patients with SCC and objective impairment indicated elevated fatigue and reduced quality of life compared to patients without SCC at FU. A growing number of patients is anticipated to request neuropsychological assessments even after mild infections.

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Gatsalova, Larisa, Tatyana Novikova, and Larisa Parsieva. "Cognitive Basis of Conceptual Borrowing." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001120.

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The conceptual discrepancy of various linguistic and cultural systems sets the problem of transferring concepts when translating. A translator should borrow concepts of the source language to fill conceptual and cultural gaps of the target language. Abstract concepts based on metaphor represent the specific task of conceptual and cultural gap filling. Conceptual borrowing is one of the most complicated processes of translation practice and complex theoretical problems. The problem of conceptual borrowing could be solved with the help of cognitive models. The cognitive model of conceptual metaphor is the most productive one. Conceptual metaphor presents an image providing conceptual borrowing and cultural gap filling in order to achieve an adequate translation.

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David, Daniel, Silviu Andrei Matu, Oana Alexandra David, and Antonio Terracciano. "The Role of Cognitive Discrepancy Between Perception of National Character and Personality in the Functioning and Adaptation of 46 Countries: An Exploratory Study." Cross-Cultural Research 51, no. 4 (January 18, 2017): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397116686732.

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The role of distorted cognitions in human functioning/adaptation is well-established at the individual level. We argue that the discrepancy between perceived national character and the actual national character (i.e., personality traits) is a form of distorted cognition at the group/country level and thus could have a negative impact on the functioning/adaptation of a given country. In this study, we computed this discrepancy score (the perceived national character minus the actual national character) and correlated it to indicators of functioning/adaptation in 46 countries. Results showed that the overestimation of national character (a higher score on the discrepancy measure) is associated with lower life satisfaction, lower autonomy, lower human development, and lower peacefulness at the country level. These results were maintained even after controlling for the effect of economic development, indexed as gross national income. Distorted cognitions related to national character shared by citizens are not only a scientific curiosity, but they might also have more practical implications for the country’s positioning on the global stage. These findings set the ground for a new topic of research investigating the role of such cognitive distortions.

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Charter, Richard A. "Reliability of the WMS–III Discrepancy Comparisons." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 2 (April 2002): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.387.

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MacDowell, Kathleen A., and George Mandler. "Constructions of emotion: Discrepancy, arousal, and mood." Motivation and Emotion 13, no. 2 (June 1989): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00992957.

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Shmukler, A. B., I. Y. Gurovich, M. Agius, and Y. Zaytseva. "Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview." European Psychiatry 30, no. 8 (October 28, 2015): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.005.

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AbstractBackgroundCognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness.MethodsWe bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes.ResultsA summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed.ConclusionsGiven the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.

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Beattie, Stuart, Lew Hardy, and Tim Woodman. "Precompetition Self-Confidence: The Role of the Self." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 3 (September 2004): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.3.427.

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Higgins’ (1987) self-discrepancy theory holds that certain emotions occur as a result of discrepancies between pairs of psychological entities called self-guides. The present study explored self-discrepancies in self-confidence in relation to performance and cognitive anxiety. Slalom canoeists (n = 81) reported ideal, ought, and feared levels of self-confidence 3 hours before a national ranking slalom tournament. Within a half-hour of the start of the race, canoeists reported their actual self-confidence and cognitive anxiety levels. Hierarchical multiple-regression analyses revealed that self-discrepancies predicted significantly more performance variance than actual self-confidence alone. Additionally, hierarchical multiple-regression analyses revealed that, contrary to the specific predictions of self-discrepancy theory, ideal and feared discrepancies (not “ought” and “feared” discrepancies) significantly predicted cognitive anxiety. Additional findings, implications, and directions for further research into the nature of the self in sport are discussed.

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WANG, Ran, Forrest Tin Wai Cheung, Xiao Li, Ngan Yin Chan, Joey Chan, Yun Kwok Wing, and Shirley Xin Li. "0364 The Role of Hyperarousal in Sleep-wake State Discrepancy in Youths with Insomnia." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0364.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep-wake state discrepancy, characterized by a difference in objectively and subjectively evaluated sleep, is common among individuals with insomnia. While it was hypothesized that hyperarousal might play a role, there has been limited research to examine self-reported pre-sleep arousal and objectively measured cortical arousal in youth insomnia. The current study aimed to explore the potential differences in subjective and objective hyperarousal between youths with insomnia and healthy sleepers, and to examine whether hyperarousal mediated the association between sleep-wake state discrepancy and insomnia severity. Methods Sixty-six youths with DSM-5 insomnia disorder (age:20.03±2.31; female: 62.12%) and 40 healthy controls (age:19.52±2.25; female: 65%) were included. Participants completed a 7-day prospective sleep diary and actigraphy monitoring, a single-night in-lab polysomnography assessment, and self-reported questionnaires including Insomnia Severity Index for the measure of insomnia severity and Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) for the measure of cognitive and somatic hyperarousal. The discrepancy sleep indices were computed by subtracting the data from 7-day actigraphy and sleep diary, where a positive value indicated a subjective underestimation. Results There was a significant group difference in sleep-wake state discrepancy in sleep onset latency (13.71 minutes overestimation in the insomnia group vs. 7.44 minutes underestimation in the control group). Moreover, relative to the healthy control group, the insomnia group showed significantly more severe insomnia (p<.01) and higher levels of pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal (p<.01), beta-band activity in non-rapid eye movement stage 1 (p<.05), stage 2 (p<.05), and rapid-eye movement stage (p<.05). Subjectively reported pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal, but not objective arousal indices, were found to mediate the association between sleep-wake state discrepancy in sleep onset latency and insomnia severity (ab=-0.39, p<.01 ). Conclusion Both subjectively and objectively measured hyperarousal is present in youth insomnia. The mediating effect of subjective pre-sleep arousal on the association between sleep-wake state discrepancy and insomnia severity warrants further neuroimaging research on its underlying mechanism. Future studies should also consider exploring the effects of insomnia treatment on self-perceived sleep-related arousal and sleep-wake state discrepancy in youth. Support (if any) This work was funded by General Research Fund (Ref. 17613820 and 17613321), Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong SAR, China

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Morton, Debbie L., Wael El–Deredy, Alex S. Morton, Rebecca Elliott, and Anthony K. P. Jones. "Optimism Facilitates the Utilisation of Prior Cues." European Journal of Personality 25, no. 6 (November 2011): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.805.

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It has been shown that optimists tend to rely more on their prior expectations than sensory input when making decisions of an intense nature (Geers & Lassiter, 2002). We investigated the degree to which this tendency persists over a range of discrepancies between prior cues and actual stimuli. Eighty–seven participants were shown a subset of happy, sad and fearful pictures drawn from the Ekman facial expressions of emotion (Ekman & Oster, 1979). Each picture was preceded by a verbal cue indicating the impending emotional expression and intensity. The displayed pictures were either in agreement, slightly discrepant or very discrepant with the cue. Participants rated the extent to which they agreed/disagreed with the expectation cue. Probit signal detection models were used to produce acquiescence for each subject at each level of discrepancy. Correlation analysis was performed on acquiescence and dispositional optimism scores. There was a significant correlation between all acquiescence scores for levels of discrepancies and dispositional optimism. Optimism appears to be a trait associated with acquiescence. The apparent tendency of optimists to comply may be due to a cognitive style that relies on expectations, such that it takes them longer to recognise the extent of discrepancy between expectations and incoming information. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Johns, Adam, and Lorna Peters. "Self-Discrepancies and the Situational Domains of Social Phobia." Behaviour Change 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2012.1.

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The present study explored whether particular discrepancies among an individual's self-beliefs, as described by Higgins’ (1987) Self-Discrepancy Theory, were differentially related to the two broad situational domains of social anxiety: performance and social interaction anxiety. Fifteen people (4 males) with a primary diagnosis of GSP from Macquarie University's Emotional Health Clinic, and 25 undergraduate psychology students from Macquarie University (8 males) with mean chronological ages of 31.7 and 20.6 years respectively, participated in the study. As predicted, the study found that the ‘actual/other:ought/other’ self-discrepancy was uniquely related to performance anxiety, the ‘actual/own:ought/other’ self-discrepancy was uniquely associated with social interaction anxiety, and the ‘actual/own:ideal/own’ self-discrepancy was uniquely associated with depression. The results are discussed in terms of their unique contribution to Self-Discrepancy Theory research, the current empirical debate regarding the existence of subtypes within social phobia, and their implications for the cognitive models and treatment of social anxiety.

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Mis, Rachel, Katherine Hackett, and Tania Giovannetti. "57 Financial Literacy in Older Adults: Cognitive, Demographic, and Personality Factors Related to Discrepancies between Objective Financial Knowledge and Subjective Financial Confidence." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723004939.

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Objective:Management of finances is one of the earliest domains of daily living to decline in the neurodegenerative disease process, and poorer financial literacy is associated with worse cognition even in healthy, normative aging. However, some studies have demonstrated that cognitively normal older adults demonstrate preserved real-world financial outcomes despite the presence of age-related cognitive decline. One account for this discordance posits that older adults rely on intact financial knowledge to circumvent negative effects of declining fluid cognitive abilities. Also important to real-world financial behavior is insight into one’s level of financial knowledge and expertise (i.e., subjective financial confidence), which in some studies has been shown to have an equal or stronger influence on real-world financial behaviors compared to objective financial knowledge. This study investigated older adults’ financial abilities by identifying groups of individuals with discrepancies between objective financial knowledge and subjective financial confidence and exploring cognitive and non-cognitive (demographic, personality) factors associated with discrepancy group membership.Participants and Methods:Participants were 4,610 older adults (M age 71.18 ± .91) from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study who answered 12 true-false questions on financial concepts (accuracy) and rated their confidence on each response. Standardized scores of accuracy and confidence were used to classify participants into three discrepancy groups (1) Overconfident (confidence >1 SD above accuracy), (2) Underconfident (accuracy >1 SD above confidence), and (3) Equal (accuracy and confidence within 1 SD). Logistic regression examined factors associated with discrepancy group membership.Results:Higher financial accuracy was moderately correlated with greater confidence (r=.42, p<.001). Approximately 29% of participants had standardized accuracy and confidence scores that differed by one standard deviation or more, with 14% of participants belonging to an “Overconfident” group and 15% to an “Underconfident” group. Lower likelihood of Overconfidence group membership was associated with higher levels of education (OR = .87, 95% CI [.82, .93], p<.001) and better cognitive performance on tests of delayed recall (OR = .90, 95% CI [.84, .97], p=.006) and numerical reasoning (OR = .94, 95% CI [.91, .97], p<.001), while higher extraversion was associated with increased likelihood of Overconfidence (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.00, 1.05], p=.04). Lower likelihood of Underconfident group membership was associated with better performance on cognitive tests of delayed recall (OR = .90, 95% CI [.84, .96], p=.002), male sex (OR = .60, 95% CI [.47, .77], p<.001), and lower levels of conscientiousness (OR = .95, 95% CI [.92, .99], p<.001), while better letter fluency performance was associated with increased likelihood of Underconfidence (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.00, 1.06], p=.04).Conclusions:Objective financial knowledge and subjective financial confidence are related yet distinct aspects of financial literacy. Discrepancies between financial knowledge and confidence are related to both cognitive and non-cognitive factors, such as personality and differing life experiences associated with educational attainment and sex-related social roles. Results may help clinicians identify profiles of older adults (e.g., high confidence and low knowledge/"Overconfident”) at risk for dysfunctional financial behaviors, including susceptibility to fraud and/or irresponsible financial decision-making.

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Maldjian, Joseph A., Paul J. Laurienti, and Jonathan H. Burdette. "Precentral gyrus discrepancy in electronic versions of the Talairach atlas." NeuroImage 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.032.

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Vlaev, Ivo, Neil Stewart, and Nick Chater. "Risk Preference Discrepancy: A Prospect Relativity Account of the Discrepancy Between Risk Preferences in Laboratory Gambles and Real World Investments." Journal of Behavioral Finance 9, no. 3 (September 8, 2008): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427560802336673.

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Calfee, Kristin, and Soomi Lee. "CON/DISCORDANCE BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE SLEEP PARAMETERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH COGNITIVE FUNCTION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1177.

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Abstract Studies report that subjective and objective sleep parameters often do not agree with each other. This study examined if discordance between subjective and objective sleep measures are associated with cognition. Participants from the Midlife in the United States study (n=627) provided subjective (self-report) and objective (actigraphy) sleep duration and sleep quality. Discordance was assessed by absolute difference between subjective and objective z-scores in each sleep variable. Cognitive function was measured by the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT). The correlations between subjective and objective sleep measures were weak-to-moderate (r=.43, .18 for duration and quality, respectively). Discordance scores in sleep duration and quality were each significantly associated with BTACT, such that greater discrepancy was associated with poorer cognitive function. These associations remained persistent after adjusting for sociodemographic differences. Results suggest that discordance between subjective and objective sleep parameters may relate to cognitive abilities needed to accurately monitor sleep characteristics.

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Fletcher, Jack M., Sally E. Shaywitz, Donald P. Shankweiler, Leonard Katz, Isabelle Y. Liberman, Karla K. Stuebing, David J. Francis, Anne E. Fowler, and Bennett A. Shaywitz. "Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions." Journal of Educational Psychology 86, no. 1 (March 1994): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.6.

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Taylor, W. Pat, Jeremy Miciak, Jack M. Fletcher, and David J. Francis. "Cognitive discrepancy models for specific learning disabilities identification: Simulations of psychometric limitations." Psychological Assessment 29, no. 4 (April 2017): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0000356.

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Dai, Shenghai, Xiaolin Wang, and Dubravka Svetina. "The application of minimum discrepancy estimation in implementation of cognitive diagnostic models." Behaviormetrika 46, no. 2 (September 17, 2019): 453–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41237-019-00094-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive discrepancy'

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