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1
Clarke, Charlotte. "Cognitive bias modification & exercise." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23593/.
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This doctoral thesis investigates the complex relationship between mental well-being, cognitive bias and physical exercise. The introduction of this thesis begins with a perspective of the relationship between cognitive interpretation bias, physical exercise and mental well-being, specifically anxiety. The thesis begins with two studies which measure the effect of physical exercise on typical individual’s interpretation biases and measures of mental well-being. Study three begins to develop an exercise orientated Cognitive Interpretation Bias Modification (CBM-I) training programme that’s positively valanced and incorporating a dual method of CBM-I and exercise training against a rest control group. Study four uses the same methodological paradigm as study three whilst introducing a more robust control condition and recruiting a high anxiety sample. Study four uses a neutral CBM-I training program instead of a rest control condition, along with a positive CBM-I training program and physical exercise and measures the effect of these on interpretation bias and measures of mental well-being. Study five focuses on developing the neutral CBM-I training in direct contrast to the positive CBM-I training over the course of two sessions with a high anxiety sample of participants. Study Six and seven both recruited a high anxiety sample and were the only studies conducted completely online. Study Six consisted of six sessions of positive or neutral CBM-I training over six weeks. Whilst study seven consisted of three sessions of positive CBM-I, positive CBM-I & exercise, exercise or neutral CBM-I training over a three-week period. The results from these seven studies suggest support for positive CBM-I training which is exercise valanced and physical exercise for reducing self-report anxiety and depression. Implications for mental well-being in cases of sub-clinical anxiety are discussed, limitations addressed and future directions are considered.
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Rodgers, Naomi Hertsberg. "Cognitive bias and stuttering in adolescence." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/7021.
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Purpose: The tendency to prioritize negative or threatening social information, a cognitive process known as cognitive bias, has been linked to the development of social anxiety. Given the increased risk for social anxiety among adolescents who stutter (aWS), this project extended the research on cognitive bias to aWS to inform our understanding of the psychosocial factors associated with stuttering in adolescence – the period of development when social anxiety typically emerges. The purpose of this two-part study was to examine group and individual differences in two forms of cognitive bias among aWS and typically fluent controls (TFC) – attentional and interpretation biases.
Methods: A sample of 102 adolescents (49 aWS and 53 TFC; 13- to 19-years-old) completed a self-report measure of social anxiety, a computerized attentional bias task, and a computerized interpretation bias task. To assess attentional bias, neutral-negative face pairs were presented in a modified dot-probe paradigm in which response times to engaging and disengaging from neutral, fearful, and angry expressions were measured. To assess interpretation bias, ambiguous verbal and nonverbal social scenarios were presented in a vignette-based recognition task, after which participants endorsed possible negative and positive interpretations of those scenarios.
Results: The aWS and TFC reported comparable degrees of social anxiety, although female aWS reported higher levels than male aWS. For the attentional bias task, aWS were faster to engage with fearful faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also faster to disengage from fearful and angry faces than to maintain attention on those negative faces. TFC did not demonstrate an attentional preference for any particular face type. For the interpretation bias task, while aWS and TFC rated negative and positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios similarly, social anxiety moderated the effect of interpretation characteristics on endorsement of those interpretations; participants with greater social anxiety endorsed negative interpretations of verbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with lower social anxiety, and participants with lower social anxiety endorsed positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with higher social anxiety.
Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing literature in several meaningful ways. First, this sample of aWS and TFC demonstrated comparable rates of social anxiety, which counters many other reports of group differences in social anxiety in this population. Second, it supports previous preliminary accounts of attentional bias among individuals who stutter. The present findings are novel in that aWS’ rapid engagement with and rapid disengagement from negative faces were observed in the absence of group differences in social anxiety. Third, the results challenge the speculation that stuttering is associated with negative interpretation bias – a relationship that has been proposed in the literature but never empirically investigated. Taken together, these findings provide the groundwork for continued investigation into the role of social information processing on psychosocial outcomes for aWS.
3
Blasi, Pau. "Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED041/document.
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L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’analyser comment les biais cognitifs et émotionnels affectent les décisions des investisseurs lorsqu’ils achètent ou vendent des immeubles de bureaux. Pour atteindre cet objectif, cette recherche adopte, dans un premier temps, une démarche qualitative. Les entretiens semi-structurés permettent de détecter et d’analyser les biais les plus importants qui apparaissent au cours de la transaction. Parmi les différents biais décelés « l’oubli de la fréquence de base » a été sélectionné. Ce biais peut apparaître avant l’acquisition lorsque les investisseurs évaluent la performance attendue d’un immeuble. Une analyse quantitative suit pour développer une échelle qui mesure l’effet du biais. Les résultats ont montré que l’incertitude conduit certains investisseurs à supposer que le rendement qu’ils obtiendront à la fin de leur investissement sera égal à celui du rendement initial. En d’autres termes, certains investisseurs estiment que les conditions du marché resteront les mêmes qu’aujourd’huiThe main objective of this thesis is to analyse how cognitive and emotional biases affect investor decisions when buying or selling office buildings. To meet this aim, this research embarks on a qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews permit to detect and analyse the most important biases that appear in the transactions. Among the different biases discovered, the "base-rate fallacy" was selected. This bias may appear before the acquisition when investors evaluate the expected performance of a building. A quantitative analysis follows to develop a scale that tries to measure the effect of the bias. The results showed that uncertainty leads some investors to assume that the yield they will obtain at the end of their investment will be equal to that of the initial yield. In other words, some investors believe that market conditions will remain the same as today
4
Pereira, Ana Ribeiro. "Cognitive bias and welfare in shelter cats." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21306.
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Welfare has traditionally focused on assessing physiological parameters, but over the last
decades there has been growing interest in finding scientific and objective methods to
evaluate emotional states and mental health of animals. Cognitive bias measures have
emerged as tools to assess animal emotion. This preliminary study was undertaken at the
Municipal Animal Shelter (MAS) of Sintra and aimed at evaluating if cats subject to
environmental enrichment showed more optimistic responses towards ambiguous stimuli
in a cognitive bias test. Of an initial group of twenty-four cats, divided into three groups
(Enrichment using Training (EuT), Enrichment using Play (EuP) and not Enriched (nE)),
eight completed the test (three EuT, two EuP and three nE) as the other were excluded
primarily because they were adopted (nine). Latency to reach the unrewarded-near
position was similar in the three groups. More differences were found in the latency to
reach rewarded-near position, where trained cats showed a shorter latency, which could
be indicative of more optimism; Resumo:
Viés Cognitivo e Bem-estar em Gatos de Gatil
Tradicionalmente a avaliação de bem-estar tem-se focado em parâmetros fisiológicos,
mas ao longo das últimas décadas tem surgido interesse crescente em encontrar métodos
científicos e objetivos para avaliar estados emocionais e saúde mental animal. Medidas
de viés cognitivo têm se assumido como ferramentas de avaliação de emoções animais.
Este estudo preliminar foi efetuado no Centro de Recolha Oficial (CRO) de Sintra e teve
como objetivo avaliar se gatos sujeitos a enriquecimento ambiental teriam respostas mais
otimistas perante estímulos ambíguos num teste de viés cognitivo. De um grupo inicial
de vinte e quatro gatos, divididos em três grupos (Enriquecidos com Treino (EuT),
Enriquecidos com Brincadeira (EuP) e Não Enriquecidos (nE)), oito completaram o teste
(três EuT, dois EuP e três nE) tendo os restantes sido excluidos predominantemente
devido a adopção (nove). A latência de chegada à posição próxima da não-recompensada
foi semelhante nos três grupos. Na latência de chegada à posição próxima da
recompensada foram encontradas mais diferenças, com os gatos treinados a mostrarem
latências menores o que poderá ser indicativo de maior otimismo.
5
Ard, Carter. "Eliminating Sex Bias through Rater Cognitive Processes Training." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2122.
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The success of Rater Cognitive Processes Training as a strategy for eliminating sex bias in ratings of performance in a physically demanding job was investigated in the present study. One hundred undergraduate students from a mid -sized regional university served as subjects. The independent variables were type of training and sex of the ratee. resulting in a two by two factorial design. The dependent variable was the performance ratings assigned by the subjects. Subjects in the experimental condition were trained to recognize the important dimensions of performance for the lob of feed handler and received one Practice/feedback session. Subjects in the control condition completed a case study exercise in lieu of training. All subjects then viewed a videotape showing a feed handler moving and stacking what appeared to be 25 lb. bags, and afterward assigned ratings using a graphic rating scale. An ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for sex (p < .026 , and a significant main effect for training (p < .013). The interaction between sex and training was not significant. Results indicated that Rater Cognitive Processes Training was not effective in eliminating sex bias. Instead. a clear contrast effect emerged. Potential implications of this study and future research directions are subsequently explored.
6
Chan, Stella. "Vulnerability to depression and cognitive bias modification." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41397/.
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Background and Aims. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) has been found to be effective in promoting positive interpretations and mood in adults, including those with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, only four studies have been conducted in adolescent populations. This study therefore aimed to further investigate the effects of CBM in adolescents, including those who have higher risk for developing depression by virtue of neuroticism. Method. This study adopted a between-groups experimental design across three time points. Seventy-four adolescents aged 16 – 18 were randomised into receiving either two sessions of CBM or control intervention. Their interpretation bias and mood were measured at baseline, immediately post-training and one week afterwards. Stress vulnerability was assessed using a novel experimental stressor; participants were also asked to report their daily mood and stressful events over one week. Feedback was collected. Results. The CBM group showed a greater reduction in negative affect than the control. In addition, the CBM group did not show the increase in state anxiety as seen in control participants. However, CBM did not show superior benefits in other outcome measures. Both groups displayed an increase in positive interpretations, a decrease in negative interpretations, and a reduction in depressive symptoms. The two groups did not differ in their responses to stress. Participants with higher scores on neuroticism showed higher levels of negative interpretation bias, mood symptoms and stress vulnerability. However, there was no evidence to suggest that neuroticism acts as a moderator of training effects. Feedback from participants was mostly positive. Conclusion. Overall, this study has not yielded strong supportive evidence for the use of CBM in healthy or vulnerable adolescents. Despite methodological limitations, this study has broadened the evidence base of CBM in adolescent populations. It also represents an important step in developing CBM as a preventive intervention for vulnerable adolescents.
7
Turkel, William J. (William Joseph) 1967. "Anthropomorphic bias in naming." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84771.
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Büsser, Ralf. "Cognitive Biases and Investment Behavior." St. Gallen, 2004. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00635086001/$FILE/00635086001.pdf.
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Lang, Tamara Jane. "Cognitive bias modification in the context of depression : interpretation bias and mental imagery." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:23e218bf-c546-4b84-ba09-1545a3d538a4.
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The aim of this thesis was to develop a positive Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) technique using imagery in the context of depressed mood. CBM targets biases associated with emotional disorders. CBM modifying interpretation bias (CBM-I) has been investigated for anxiety, but not depression. Whilst many cognitive processes contribute to depression, the current focus was on mental imagery and interpretation bias. In a series of six studies a positive, imagery-oriented CBM-I was developed, culminating in a final test in a clinically depressed population. Prior research had demonstrated that for positive CBM-I, a verbal rather than imagery condition was not only less effective at promoting positive mood, but led to mood deterioration. Experiment 1 investigated what aspect of verbal processing might be responsible for the paradoxical increase in negative emotion. Results suggested that unfavourable comparisons between the self and the positive CBM-I material was driving the increased negativity. Experiment 2 investigated whether making such comparisons in an imagery mode would yield similar effects and whether field perspective imagery instructions would enhance positive CBM-I. Results indicated that optimal instructions for CBM-I should include field perspective imagery whilst discouraging comparative processing. Studies 3a and 3b investigated the relationship between interpretation bias, mental imagery and depressive symptoms in a large sample. Interpretation bias discriminated between low and high dysphoric participants, who had a greater frequency of negative intrusive images. To target negative intrusive images, a new CBM-I technique was developed in Study 4 and Experiment 5 - "CBM of appraisals". Compared to negative CBM of appraisals training, positive training led to fewer intrusive memories and less intrusive symptomatology concerning a depressive film after one week. Finally in Experiment 6, a multi-component CBM-I package (including auditory CBM-I from Experiments 1 and 2; CBM of appraisals from Study 4 and Experiment 5; plus a picture-word technique) was tested in 24 participants with clinical depression. Positive compared to neutral multi-component CBM-I led to improvements in interpretation bias, appraisal bias, depressive and intrusive symptoms. This suggests the potential clinical benefit of a multi-component positive imagery-oriented CBM-I package.
10
Rowsell-Docherty, M. "Cognitive bias modification in children : the effect on interpretation bias, anxiety and mood." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617080.
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Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation Bias (CBM-I) is a newly developed intervention for anxiety disorders. Based upon cognitive theory, the intervention arises from research connecting interpretation bias towards threat, with the development of anxiety, and uses computer-based training paradigms to modify interpretation bias. Research supporting these training paradigms has mainly been performed with adults, with only a few published studies exploring CBM-I for children. The current study created a new CBM-I training paradigm devised to modify interpretation biases in children 10 to 11 years old. Children were randomly allocated to a training group with feedback or a control group undertaking the training without feedback. A new version of the Scrambled Sentences measure was used to investigate if the effects of training could be generalised. Self-report and parent-report measures were used, with interpretation bias, anxiety and mood measured at pre-training, post-training and a one-week follow-up. Results showed that children in the training group made significantly fewer negative interpretations and reductions in self-reported social anxiety symptoms following training, in comparison to the control group. Symptoms of depression showed no change for either of the groups, suggesting the training paradigm was specifically targeting social anxiety. Similar trends were observed in parents' reported symptoms of their child's anxiety and depression scores; however effect sizes were much smaller. The effects of training on interpretation bias were maintained , with those in the training group continuing to make fewer negative interpretations at the one-week follow-up. The effects of training on interpretation bias were not generalised to the new Scrambled Sentences measure. The study supports the use of CBM-I paradigms in children and suggests further research to develop successful interventions for prevention and treatment. The study additionally highlights parent's limited awareness of their children's social anxiety, suggesting the need for more psycho-education for parents and teachers.
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Ataya, Alia. "Assessment of cognitive bias in social alcohol users." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555655.
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Aims: The presence of cognitive bias towards drug-related cues is thought to play a pivotal role in the maintenance of substance use related psychopathologies. The aims of this thesis were to investigate 1) the presence of cognitive bias; 2) the effects of acute alcohol consumption (0.0 g/kg, 0.13 g/kg, 0.40 glkg) on the presence of cognitive bias; 3) whether lexical or pictorial cues are more effective in eliciting cognitive bias 4) whether the pictorial cue (active, passive) employed influences the presence of cognitive bias; 5) the psychometric properties of cognitive bias measurements (modified Stroop task, visual probe task). Methods: Healthy, heavier and lighter social alcohol users (n = 412) were examined in a series of between-and-within subjects designs examining the presence of cognitive bias among social alcohol users. Results: A priming dose of alcohol influences the presence of cognitive bias on the modified Stroop task but not on the visual probe task contradictory to prior research. Cognitive bias was observed among passive stimuli in the pictorial version of the modified Stroop task only; tentatively suggesting that the presence of cognitive bias varies according to task (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), stimuli (lexical, pictorial) and pictorial cue (active, passive). Our data are also the first to indicate that the modified Stroop task is preferable to the visual probe task as a measure of alcohol-related cognitive bias, on the basis of its psychometric properties. Conclusions: Our data suggest the presence of cognitive bias varies according to the task employed (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), task design (presentation time, blocked or unblocked designs, and stimuli) and the psychometric properties of cognitive bias tasks (internal, test-retest reliability). Future research needs to focus on ensuring the construct validity of cognitive bias measurements. Studies using cognitive bias tasks should not assume they are reliable, and should routinely report reliability estimates where possible.
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Porter, James F. (James Franklin). "Cognitive Processing Bias in Sexually Aggressive College Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278729/.
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The study of cognitive factors in sexual aggression has, for the most part, been limited to beliefs and attitudes. The present study sought to detect a rape-supportive schema of sexual relationships that organizes and guides information processing in several cognitive domains: cognitions arising in the context of a simulated sexual situation, memory, person perception, and social reasoning.
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Falcomer, Federica <1988>. "Tra razionalità e distorsioni cognitive: l'Home Bias Puzzle." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3246.
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Da diversi studi emerge che gli individui non sempre si comportano in modo perfettamente razionale, anzi, spesso tendono ad agire sulla base di componenti emotive ed istintive violando quanto enunciato dalla teoria tradizionale della finanza. Con questo elaborato si intende quindi presentare un nuovo approccio per comprendere al meglio la teoria della finanza: la finanza comportamentale, che non vuole sostituirsi ai paradigmi classici, ma piuttosto colmarne le lacune.
Diventa questo il punto di partenza per lo studio del fenomeno dell’home bias. Infatti, la tendenza degli investitori a privilegiare l’acquisto di titoli mobiliari nazionali costituisce uno degli elementi di maggiore apparente contrasto con i dettami della teoria finanziaria, manifestando un’apparente irrazionalità nel comportamento degli investitori, poiché l’insufficiente diversificazione internazionale comporta l’assunzione di un maggior rischio, a parità di rendimento atteso.
Si vuole quindi indagare sui fattori da cui scaturisce attraverso una revisione della letteratura presente e un esperimento sottoposto ad un campione di studenti sotto forma di questionario.
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Starling, Melissa Jane. "Cognitive bias, personality and arousal in the domestic dog." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10467.
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The domestic dog has lived alongside humankind for many thousands of years, and in that time has undergone extensive selective breeding that has altered both morphology and behaviour. Our close relationship with dogs may to some extent be characterised by inter-specific communication, but this communication may lead to both understandings and misunderstandings. This thesis looks in part at how inter-specific misunderstandings may arise in the dog-human dyad, and how we may be able to both minimise misunderstandings and maximise understandings through our behaviour, the choices we make in training and husbandry practices, and the associations we expose dogs to. Also explored is dog personality, how this can be measured, and what measures of dog personality may mean for the health and welfare of individual dogs as well as patterns in behavioural tendencies. This is explored by way of a personality survey as well as with a cognitive bias task. Cognitive bias in animals has been investigated in recent years as a possible objective measure of positive and negative welfare by measuring the direction (positive or negative) of judgement bias – which refers to whether ambiguous signals are interpreted as predicting a positive or a negative outcome. Interpretation of cognitive bias results was explored and an index of judgement bias developed. The possible applications of a judgement bias index in conjunction with arousal to look at the role of emotional state on operant training procedures is also discussed.
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Todd, Jemma Lauren. "Exploring the Role of Attention and Interpretation Biases in Understanding and Treating Pain." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17033.
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The processes that lead to the development and maintenance of chronic pain are still not well understood, however prominent theories and growing empirical research indicate that cognitive processes are likely to be relevant to pain. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the role of attentional bias and interpretation bias in the experience of pain. Chapter 2 presents a meta-analysis of dot-probe studies investigating whether attentional biases exist, and found attentional biases towards sensory pain words for chronic pain patients compared to healthy individuals. Chapter 3 presents a systematic review investigating the clinical relevance of attentional bias to pain through prospective and intervention research. This review found that changes in pain outcomes occur when attentional biases are successfully modified, and that avoidance of affective pain information appears particularly relevant for pain chronicity. This review formed the basis for a new theory, the threat interpretation model, which proposes a specific pattern of attentional bias dependent on threat interpretation. This model was tested experimentally. Chapters 4 and 5 explored the effect of threat on interpretation bias, attentional bias and pain using different paradigms accompanied by eye-tracking. Chapter 6 tested an attentional bias modification (ABM) procedure using a randomised controlled trial design. Together, the results suggest that avoidance of affective pain words predicts pain outcomes and can be modified, however mechanisms of change were not established. Overall, attentional biases appear important for pain; sensory pain biases are most reliably detected although avoidance of affective pain information may be more clinically relevant to pain development and maintenance. The clinical and theoretical implications of this research will be beneficial in advancing this field, so that novel interventions can be developed to improve the experience of pain.
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Carreras, Ubach Ricard. "The cognitive bias test as a measure of emotional state in pigs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392711.
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L'avaluació de les emocions és un dels principals objectius de la ciència del benestar animal. El test del biaix cognitiu (BC) s'ha proposat com una mesura per avaluar la valència (positiu vs. negatiu) i la intensitat de les emocions en animals i es basa en la premissa que els subjectes amb un estat emocional negatiu jutjaran un estímul ambigu més negativament que els subjectes amb un estat emocional positiu. L'objectiu del primer estudi va ser avaluar l'aplicabilitat i la consistència del test del BC (TBC) en porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs eren capaços d'aprendre la tasca de discriminació necessària per posteriorment realitzar el TBC. Malgrat tot, es va observar una inconsistència entre el TBC dut a terme en dos moments diferents. Aquest resultat suggereix que els porcs van canviar la percepció de l’estímul ambigu degut a la capacitat de recordar el resultat d’aquest estímul durant el segon TBC. Els objectius del segon estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del gènere i del genotip halotà en el BC (utilitzant el TBC) i en el nivell de por (utilitzant el test d’objecte novedós, TON), 2) avaluar la relació entre el BC i el nivell de por i 3) contrastar els resultats del TBC i els del TON amb les concentracions d’una sèrie de neurotransmissors. No es van trobar diferencies entre gèneres i genotips respecte el BC i respecte la por, però es va observar una correlació positiva entre els resultats del TBC i el TON, suggerint que la por juga un paper important en la presa de decisió. A més, els porcs amb més por van presentar concentracions més baixes de dopamina, constatant la relació entre aquest neurotransmissor i la resposta de por. Els objectius del tercer estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en el BC (avaluat pel TBC), en la por (avaluat per el TON) i en la resposta de cascada defensiva (avaluat per el test de cascada defensiva, TCD), 2) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en la concentració de cortisol en sèrum, saliva i pel i 3) avaluar la relació entre els testos de comportament (TBC, TON i TCD) i amb les concentracions de cortisol. No es van trobar diferencies entre porcs amb maneig positiu i negatiu respecte els testos de comportament i les concentracions de cortisol, suggerint que el maneig dut a terme no va ser prou intens o que les mesures utilitzades no eren valides o no prou sensibles per avaluar aquestes diferencies. Malgrat tot, es van trobar correlacions positives entre els resultats dels diferents testos de comportament constatant que factors individuals com ara el nivell de por o la motivació van tenir un efecte en l’estat afectiu dels porcs. El quart estudi realitzat tenia per objectiu avaluar l’efecte de les condicions d’allotjament en el TBC, en l’avaluació qualitativa de comportament (AQC), en la concentració sèrica de cortisol i en el número de ferides en les canals dels porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs allotjats en condicions enriquides tenien millors puntuacions en l’AQC, concentracions de cortisol sèric més baixes i un número més baix de ferides a la canal que els porcs criats en condicions empobrides. Malgrat tot, els resultats del TBC no van mostrar aquestes diferències suggerint que el test no és vàlid o prou sensible per detectar les alteracions emocionals en aquests porcs. En resum, és factible aplicar el TBC en porcs, ja que van realitzar correctament la tasca d’aprenentatge requerida, tot i així, el test no va presentar ni consistència ni validesa qüestionant-ne la utilitat per avaluar l’estat emocional en porcs.The assessment of animal emotions is a crucial goal in the study of animal welfare science. The cognitive bias (CB) test has been proposed as a measure to assess the valence (positive vs. negative) and the intensity of animal emotions and is based on the premise that subjects in negative emotional state will judge an ambiguous stimulus more negatively than subjects in positive emotional state. The aims of our first study were to assess the applicability and the consistency of the CB test (CBT) in pigs. Our results showed that pigs were able to learn the spatial discrimination task necessary to subsequently perform the CBT. However, there was lack of consistency between the responses of the CBT performed twice, leaving 5 weeks between them. This result suggests that pigs changed the perception of the ambiguous stimulus due to its ability to remember the outcome of the ambiguous stimulus during the second CBT or due to uncontrolled factors such as their age or hunger state over time. The aims of our second study were 1) to assess the effect of the gender and the halothane genotype on CB (using the CBT) and on the level of fear (using a novel object test, NOT), 2) to assess the relationship between the CB and the level of fear and 3) contrast the results of the CBT and the NOT with the concentrations of several brain neurotransmitters. No differences were found between genders and genotypes regarding the CB and regarding the level of fear but a positive correlation was found between the CBT and the NOT results, suggesting that fear plays an important role in the decision taken by the pig dealing with ambiguous stimuli. Moreover, more fearful pigs had lower concentration of dopamine on the prefrontal cortex, supporting the relationship between this neurotransmitter and the fear response. The aims of the third study were 1) to assess the effect of handling on the CB (assessed by a CBT), on the fear (assessed by NOT) and on the defence cascade response (assessed by the defence cascade test; DCT), 2) to assess the effect of handling on serum, saliva and hair cortisol concentration and 3) to assess the relationship between behavioural tests (CBT, NOT and DCT) and between these tests and cortisol concentrations. No differences between positive and negative handling were found regarding the behavioural tests and cortisol concentrations, suggesting that the handling treatment carried out was not powerful enough to induce such differences or that the measures used were not valid or not sensitive enough to assess such differences. Nevertheless, positive correlations were found between behavioural tests supporting that individual factors such as the fear level, the motivation or the coping style had an effect on pigs’ affective state. The fourth study carried out was aimed to assess the effect of housing conditions on the CBT, on the qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA), on the serum cortisol concentration and on the number of wounds on pigs’ carcass. The results showed that pigs raised in enriched housing conditions had better QBA scores, lower serum cortisol concentration and lower number of carcass lesions than pigs raised in barren housing conditions. However, the results of the CBT did not showed those differences suggesting that the test is not valid or not sufficiently sensitive to detect emotional variation in those pigs. In conclusion, is feasible to apply the CBT in pigs, as they performed correctly the required learning process, however, the test showed no consistency and no validity questioning its utility to assess the emotional state in pigs.
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Ackelman, Emma. "Cognitive Judgement Bias as an Indicator for Animal Welfare." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166576.
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Animal welfare has long been a subject under debate. Since animals are unable to voice concerns about their living standards it is of interest to find other ways to secure their wellbeing. A new measurement has been introduced where animals’ own judgement can act as an indicator for their emotional state and welfare. This study summarizes key elements from previous literature and research in order to explain the connection between welfare and judgement bias. Emotions have been defined as either an observable reaction to a stimulus or a subjective conscious experience of the stimulus. The second has been difficult to assess in animals since they cannot vocalise their own interpretations, hence emotions in animals are assessed based on the first definition. The study of animal welfare is in short the study of animal’s judgement of the world, which in turn indicate how animals feel. Cognitive judgement bias has been defined as whether an animal assess an ambiguous stimulus as negative or positive, a common method used to demonstrate this concept is the go no-go method. Animals learn to discriminate between two stimuli and is then presented with an ambiguous stimulus. The response to the ambiguous stimulus is recorded and determine if the animal is optimistic or pessimistic in its judgement. Research has been rather successful in determining factors which can affect animal welfare, opening up for deeper discussions concerning animal cognition, awareness and their effect on welfare, but further refinements are required to assess the influence of judgement bias.
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Jeffrey, Sian. "Attentional and interpretive bias manipulation : transfer of training effects between sub-types of cognitive bias." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0234.
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[Truncated abstract] It is well established that anxiety vulnerability is characterised by two biased patterns of selective information processing (Mathews & MacLeod, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). First anxiety is associated with an attentional bias, reflecting the selective allocation of attention to threatening stimuli in the environment (Mathews & MacLeod, 1985; MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; MacLeod & Cohen, 1993). Second anxiety is associated with an interpretive bias, reflecting a disproportionate tendency to resolve ambiguity in a threatening manner (Mogg et al., 1994). These characteristics are shown by normal individual high in trait anxiety (Mathews, Richards & Eysenck, 1989; Mogg, Bradley & Hallowell, 1994; Mathews & MacLeod, 1994), and by examining clinically anxious patients who repeatedly report elevated trait anxiety levels (MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). '...' Two alternative hypotheses regarding this relationship are proposed. One hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are concurrent expressions of a single underlying biased selectivity mechanism that characterises anxiety vulnerability (the Common Mechanism account). In contrast, a quite different hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are independent cognitive anomalies that represent separate pathways to anxiety vulnerability (the Independent Mechanisms account). The present research program was designed to empirically test the predictions that differentiate the Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts. The general methodological approach that was adopted was to employ bias manipulation tasks from the literature that have been developed and validated to directly modify one class of processing bias (i.e. attentional bias or interpretive bias). The effect of these direct bias manipulation tasks on a measure of the same class of processing bias or the other class of processing bias was then examined. The Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts of the relationship between attentional and interpretive bias generate differing predictions concerning the impact of directly manipulating one class of processing bias upon a measure of the other class of processing bias. The central difference between the alternate accounts is their predictions regarding cross-bias transfer, that is the transfer of training effects from direct manipulation of one class of processing bias to a measure of the other class of processing bias. Whereas the Common Mechanism account predicts that such cross-bias transfer will occur, the Independent Mechanisms account does not predict such transfer. A series of seven studies is reported in this thesis. There was some difficulty achieving successful bias modification using bias manipulation approaches established in the literature; however when such manipulation was achieved no cross-bias transfer was observed. Therefore the obtained pattern of results was consistent with the Independent Mechanisms (IM) account, and inconsistent with the Common Mechanism (CM) account. A more detailed version of the IM account is developed to more fully accommodate the specific results obtained in this thesis.
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Harrop, Christopher Paul. "Early experiences and cognitive bias in adolescent aggressive behaviour." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487731.
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In the present research it was hypothesised that biases in attention for threat and aggression stimuli would be present amongst aggressive youth and that these would be related to angry or anxious traits because these too are proposed to be resultant of early maltreatment experiences.
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Paetzel, Fabian, and Rupert Sausgruber. "Cognitive Ability and In-group Bias: An Experimental Study." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6448/1/WP265.pdf.
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We study the role of performance differences in a task requiring cognitive effort on in-group bias. We show that the in-group bias is strong in groups consisting of high-performing members, and it is weak in low-performing groups. This holds although high-performing subjects exhibit no in-group bias as members of minimal groups, whereas low-performing subjects strongly do. We also observe instances of low-performing subjects punishing the in-group favoritism of low-performing peers. The same does not occur in high-performing or minimal groups where subjects generally accept that decisions are in-group biased.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Rao, Rashmi Jayathirtha. "Modeling learning behaviour and cognitive bias from web logs." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492560600002105.
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Nightingale, Zoe C. "Cognitive rehearsal, cognitive bias and the development of fear in high trait-anxious children." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6944/.
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Previous research has shown that high trait-anxious children, relative to low trait-anxious children, are at an increased risk of developing fear due to threatening information (Field, 2006b; Field and Price-Evans, 2009). However, the mechanism that underlies this relationship remains unknown. Cognitive models of vulnerability to anxiety propose that biases in the processing of threat-relevant material play a part in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Beck and Clark, 1997; Eysenck, 1992) and as such could potentially explain the relationship between trait-anxiety and fear development in the face of ambiguous information in children. For example, high-anxious children tend to interpret ambiguous information in a more negative manner (interpretation bias) and remember ambiguous information as being more threatening than it was originally (memory bias) (see Hadwin and Field, 2010, for a review). Additionally, high-anxious children have been found to engage in negative cognitive rehearsal (Comer, Kendall, Franklin, Hudson, and Pimental, 2004). The experiments in this thesis investigated whether these cognitive biases underlie the relationship between trait anxiety and fear development in non-clinical children. In a series of three experiments, children (aged 8-11 years) were presented with some ambiguous information regarding two novel animals (the quoll and the cuscus) and before completing a cognitive rehearsal task were told that they would soon be asked to approach the animals. There were several findings: 1) High trait-anxious children were not significantly more likely than low trait-anxious children to display any of the cognitive biases tested (i.e., interpretation bias, memory bias or cognitive rehearsal). However, tentative evidence suggested that interpretation bias exacerbated the relationship between trait anxiety and fear; 2) Whether children cognitively rehearsed the ambiguous information or not had no significant impact on their fear for the animals, nor did the valence of their thoughts; 3) Children who interpreted the ambiguous information more negatively were more likely to become fearful of the animals and were also more likely to remember more negatively-biased and less positively-biased pieces of ambiguous information; 4) It was the lack of positively-biased memories not the increased number of negatively-biased memories that led children who interpreted the information more negatively to become more fearful of the animals as a result. The findings are discussed with reference to their implications for the theory and prevention of childhood fear: that positive interpretation and memory bias training may act to decrease or even help to prevent fear development in children.
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Pryor, Jennifer Maureen. "The Positivity Effect: Is it a Memory Retrieval Bias?" W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626674.
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Ciuca, Diana M. "Reducing Subjectivity: Meditation and Implicit Bias." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1213.
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Implicit association of racial stereotypes is brought about by social conditioning (Greenwald & Krieger, 2006). This conditioning can be explained by attractor networks (Sharp, 2011). Reducing implicit bias through meditation can show the effectiveness of reducing the rigidity of attractor networks, thereby reducing subjectivity. Mindfulness meditation has shown to reduce bias from the use of one single guided session conducted before performing an Implicit Association Test (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). Attachment to socially conditioned racial bias should become less prevalent through practicing meditation over time. An experimental model is proposed to test this claim along with a reconceptualization of consciousness based in meditative practice.
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Thrash, Tyler. "Categorical bias in transient and enduring spatial representation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1302800868.
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Palazon, Tiphaine. "Cognitive bias and welfare of egg-laying chicks: Impacts of commercial hatchery procedures on cognition." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170777.
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Egg-laying hens coming from commercial hatchery go through hatchery procedures considered as stressful and engaging prolonged stress response in adult chickens. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of commercial hatching procedure on the affective state of chicks, on their short- and long-term memory and on their need for social reinstatement. To assess the affective state of the chicks we used a cognitive bias protocol integrating the ecological response of a chick to the picture of another chick, to an owl and to an ambiguous cue mixing features of both the chickand the owl pictures. Short-term memory was evaluated by using a delayed matching-to-sample experiment (with 10, 30,60 and 120 s delays), with conspecifics as sample stimuli. We assessed long-term memory with an arena containing multiple doors leading to conspecifics, in which a chick had to remember which door was open after a delay of one hour or three hours. Finally, we observed the need for social reinstatement through a sociality test arena allowing a chick to be more or less close to conspecifics. We found that chicks coming from commercial hatchery were in a depressive affective state compare to control group. Those chicks also showed higher need for social reinstatement and loss weight. No differences were found regarding short- and long-time working memory between the two groups, but the methods used during these experiments will be discussed. Studying how commercial procedures impact the cognition and more specifically the emotions and state of mind of chickens, is a necessary step forward into the understanding of farm animals’ welfare.
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Schlegel, Erin F. "Moderators of the relationship between cognitive bias and depressive symptoms." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28368.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 34 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-27). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Yu, Shiu-man. "Cognitive bias in grief and depression a Hong Kong Report /." Click to view E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3710536X.
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Parker, Richard M. A. "Cognitive bias as an indicator of emotional state in animals." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500448.
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余筱敏 and Shiu-man Yu. "Cognitive bias in grief and depression: a Hong Kong Report." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3710536X.
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Parker, Richard Munro Aubury. "Cognitive bias as an indicator of emotional states in animals." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/f1664bcf-1826-4bb5-a99b-3665cf5bfb80.
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An important objective of animal welfare science is the development of indicators of putative subjective emotional (affective) states. To this end, Paul et al (2005) have proposed devising animal-based measures sensitive to changes in certain cognitive processes found to be biased in characteristic ways across affective state in humans. This thesis investigates the application of this approach. The first three experimental chapters examine judgements of ambiguous stimuli in rodents. In the first two of these studies, it was hypothesised that a treatment designed to induce a positive, or negative, change in affect would be associated with a higher, or lower, probability (respectively) of responding to ambiguous stimuli in a manner in keeping with a bias towards optimism; such biases, across affect, have been found in humans. These hypotheses were not supported, at least not in simple terms, with the results revealing counter-intuitive treatment effects, and variation in response accuracy and efficiency. In the last of these three experimental chapters, we applied a treatment designed to induce a change in food motivation. This altered rats' operant responses in a manner suggesting their behaviour was a least partly goal-directed, and also suggesting that the possibility of motivation-related confounds, when studying responses to ambiguity, was real. The final experimental chapter investigated affect-related biases in the foraging behaviour of domestic chicks. We hypothesised that chicks undergoing a treatment designed to induce a negative change in affect would attack fewer red crumbs (a colour commonly associated with aposematism), and more green crumbs, than a control group. We found the opposite: i. e. the former treatment group attacked significantly more red crumbs. This curious finding was reconciled with reference to the functional architecture of the attentional processes implicated in foraging behaviour. In the final chapter, the implications of these, and related, findings are discussed
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Brännmark, Emma. "Cognitive Bias as a Measurement of Emotional States in Dogs." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166551.
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Cognitive bias can be used when determining emotional states in animals by assessing the animal’s perception of an ambiguous stimulus. In the concept of animal welfare, both physical health as well as mental health of animals are involved. Therefore, cognitive bias can be a valuable tool in order to measure the mental health of an animal. The aim of this paper is to summarize and discuss how cognitive bias tests have been used to assess emotional states in dogs. Cognitive bias tests in dogs have been used to evaluate the emotional state of a dog with behavioural problems. It has also been shown to be useful when studying the effect of enrichment in the form of natural behaviour, such as being allowed to use its olfactory sense to a greater extent. Additionally, the connection between personality and cognitive bias is discussed. Hence, assessing the emotional state of dogs can be valuable in a welfare perspective.
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Ji, Julie. "Emotional mental imagery : investigating dysphoria-linked bias." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267883.
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Mental representations can be consciously experienced in mental imagery format, and verbal-linguistic format. Mental imagery representations of emotional information can evoke more powerful emotional responses than verbal-linguistic representations of the same information. Biases in mental imagery-based cognition are postulated to play a role in the maintenance of emotional disturbance in depression. Despite growing research, two questions remain: 1) is dysphoria (mild to moderate depression symptoms) associated with mood-congruent bias in the frequency of mental imagery generation; and 2) are such biases related to state emotional experience and emotional response to emotional information in dysphoria? To examine question one, participants varying in levels of dysphoria reported the occurrence of mental imagery in real time under task contexts that were emotional (negative and positive verbal cues) and unemotional (neutral verbal cues). Mental imagery generation was assessed under two task conditions: a) when participants were instructed to generate mental imagery in response to verbal cues (Study 1 & 2); and b) when participants were not instructed to generate mental imagery (or verbal-linguistic representations) during exposure to similar verbal cues (Study 2, 3, & 4). Results from all studies, across both instruction types, showed that dysphoria was associated with a loss of positive bias in mental representation generation, driven by reduced positive representation generation (Study 1, 2 & 4), but also by elevated negative representation generation (Study 1, 2 & 3). Interestingly, evidence of a loss of positive bias was most consistently observed when given neutral verbal cues, but also when given positive verbal cues. However, such dysphoria-linked effects were not disproportionately evident for mental imagery relative to verbal-linguistic representations, when both were allowed to naturally occur in Study 2, 3, & 4. Unexpectedly, dysphoria was associated with reduced tendency to generate negative imagery relative to negative verbal-linguistic representations in Study 2, though this finding was not replicated in Study 3 or Study 4. To examine question two, participants provided state mood ratings in addition to reporting mental representation occurrence during exposure to auditory emotional information (Study 3: verbal cues; Study 4: news stories). Dysphoria and mental representation generation was found to be unrelated to emotional response on negative trials (Study 3 & 4). However, greater occurrence of mental imagery, but not verbal-linguistic representation generation was related to greater positive emotional response on positive trials for individuals with dysphoria (Study 3), and all participants (Study 4). Study 5 analysed existing clinical trial data and found that the vividness of positive future event imagery is related to optimism in depression, such that those able to envision a brighter future are relatively more optimistic, and regain optimism more quickly, than those less able to do so, even when currently depressed. In summary, dysphoria was associated with loss of positive bias in mental representation generation, though such effects were not unique to imagery. Importantly, greater occurrence of mental imagery-based, but not purely verbal-linguistic, representations were associated with greater positive emotional response to positive information, and may hold value as a target for future translational research.
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Thomas, Richard. "A comparison of methodologies in a diagnostic overshadowing study : clinical impressions of short case presentations." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288441.
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Borthwick, Geoffrey Ludlow. "Confirmation Bias and Related Errors." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/128.
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This study attempted to replicate and extend the study of Doherty, Mynatt, Tweney, and Schiavo (1979), which introduced what is here called the Bayesian conditionals selection paradigm. The present study used this paradigm (and a script similar to that used by Doherty et al.) to explore confirmation bias and related errors that can appear in both search and integration in probability revision. Despite selection differences and weak manipulations, this study provided information relevant to four important questions. First, by asking participants to estimate the values of the conditional probabilities they did not learn, this study was able to examine the use of "intuitive conditionals". This study found evidence that participants used intuitive conditionals and that their intuitive conditionals were affected by the size of the actual conditionals. Second, by examining both phases in the same study, this study became the first to look for inter-phase interactions. A strong correlation was found between the use of focal search strategies and focal integration strategies (r=.81, p
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Gomez, Melissa Anne. "Influences of Science Fiction and Fantasy Fandom on Bias." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626814.
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Dippenaar, Andre. "The Dangers of Speaking a Second Language: An Investigation of Lie Bias and Cognitive Load." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32623.
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Today's world is an interconnected global village. Communication and business transactions are increasingly conducted in non-native languages. Literature suggests that biases are present when communicating in non-native languages; that a truth bias is present in first language communication, and a lie bias in second language communication. Less than 10% of South Africa's population identifies with English, the lingua franca of the country, as a first language. Not much research in the presence of bias in second language communication has been published in the South African multi-lingual context. This study evaluated the presences of bias within deception frameworks such as the Truth Default State and the veracity effect. This study investigated whether deception detection can be improved by modifying the conditions under which statements are given by placing statement providers under cognitive load. The accuracy of veracity judgment language profiling software, LIWC2015, using published deception language profiles was compared against the results of the participating veracity judges. Results of the study were mixed. It was consistent with extant literature in a presence of a truth bias overall, but mixed in terms of a lie bias. The results supported the Truth Default Theory and veracity effect frameworks. LIWC2015 performed marginally better than human judges in evaluating veracity.
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Brodrick, Paul Matthew. "Cognitive bias in generalised anxiety disorder and its relationship with the effect od SSRI treatment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270352.
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Gretton, Jeremy David. "Perceived Breadth of Bias as a Determinant of Bias Correction." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499097376679535.
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Louw, Robert Hendrik. "Entrepreneurial Search Principles : How to save time and avoid bias." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168923.
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When entrepreneurs are searching for more information to develop their business ideas, they generally do not have enough time to do extensive research and thus are inclined to take shortcuts. This could undermine the rationality of their decisions, depending on what information is not found. However, one popular shortcut offers an interesting opportunity. By consulting experts, entrepreneurs can save time and, if they apply the search principles identified in this study, they can further avoid search obstacles, such as cognitive biases and poor decision framing. For example, by consulting skeptics of a technology, entrepreneurs can counteract their own optimism. While the right mitigation techniques for bias may seem obvious once the bias has been identified, acting pro-actively is not obvious and seems to require experience or prior learning. The results of this study were obtained by applying grounded theory on data obtained from semi-structured interviews. Nine interviews were done in Stockholm, Sweden. The interviewees included founders of companies, a business developer and a business coach for entrepreneurs.
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Findlay, Leanne C. "The name game: Is there a reputation bias in figure skating judging?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9076.
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Expectations for performance, such as an expectation set by within team order in gymnastics (Scheer & Ansorge, 1975; 1980), have been shown to create a non-performance bias in terms of sport performance evaluation. Plessner (1999) found such a bias to influence both the encoding and evaluation phases of gymnastics judgement. In the sport of figure skating, the encoding phase is considered the period during which a judge perceives elements and any errors that may occur. After the performance is complete, judges evaluate the merit of the performance by providing two marks that are combined to create an ordinal rank, which is considered the evaluation phase of judging. The current study investigated whether or not expectations created by the reputation, or name, of an athlete occurs in the sport of figure skating, and if so, in what phase of the process, encoding or evaluation. Fourteen female figure skaters' short programs were viewed by judges to whom the athletes were either known or unknown. Judges were asked to provide technical base marks, technical merit, and artistic impression marks (all indicative of the evaluation phase), as well as to identify the elements and associated deductions (the encoding phase variables). Post-experiment, the ordinal placements of the skaters were calculated and used to define whether biases do exist at a basic level. Indeed, the skaters' average ordinal placement was higher when they were known by the judge as compared to unknown (t = 2.43, p < .05). A more in-depth analysis revealed that skaters received higher technical merit and artistic impression marks, as well as technical base marks when known to the judges. No significant differences, however, were found for deductions allocated for errors or for the judges' percent correctness in perceiving the elements performed. Thus, the findings suggest that a reputation bias exists at the level of the evaluation phase, but not during the encoding phase, of figure skating judging.
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Browning, Michael. "The mechanisms and effects of modifying attentional biases to threatening information." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26959079-8f02-4347-b398-1b8347b64a92.
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Patients with both depression and anxiety show an increased tendency to deploy attention towards negative information. Cognitive models of the illnesses predict that these negative attentional biases are causally related to the symptoms of the disorders. Consistent with this, modifying attentional bias using either antidepressant medication or simple, computer based training tasks has previously been associated with altered symptomatology in both non-clinical and clinical populations. The current thesis aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which attentional bias training tasks alter attention. The investigations were conducted within an experimental neuroscience framework which has previously been successfully deployed in studies of antidepressant medication. The thesis then sought to use these initial results to improve the basic understanding of attentional control processes and, ultimately, guide the development of novel treatment strategies. The initial studies of the thesis characterised the behavioural and neural effects of attentional bias training. Behaviourally, a high degree of generalisation of the training effect was found across a range of emotional stimuli. Neurally, training was found to alter activity in a network of prefrontal regions known to be involved in the control of attention. Further analysis, utilising a computational learning model, suggested that the attentional control systems identified in this study could be understood in terms of expectation based processes. These studies therefore indicated that, in contrast to the predominately limbic effects of antidepressant medication, training initially altered the response of frontal control circuitry. The later studies of the thesis investigated possible strategies for extending the use of attentional bias training. Firstly, combining training with antidepressant medication was found to produce an interference effect on emotional memory suggesting that administering both interventions concurrently is likely to erode their cognitive impact. Lastly, attentional bias training was found not to alter attention in patients with bipolar disorder, with the results of the study indicating that standard assessments of attentional bias in this clinical population are likely to be unreliable. Overall, these studies indicate that attentional bias training may be used to alter the top-down control of attention to emotional information and suggest that such effects may interfere with the bottom-up effects of antidepressant drugs. More generally the work demonstrates the utility of using a cognitive-neuroscientific framework to explore the mechanisms and impact of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Pantazi, Myrto. "False Words Seem True: The Power of Truth Bias in shaping Memory and Judgment ." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/245868.
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Language is one of the main means of acquiring information about the world. An important debate in social psychology, linguistics and philosophy is how we come to believe information contained in statements we hear and read. Are we capable of assessing it and filtering it out, in case it is erroneous? Or do we rather tend to believe it? The experimental studies described in this thesis suggest that we strongly tend to believe statements we hear and read, even if we are aware of their falsity. Truth bias, as this tendency has been called, was detected both at the level of people’s memory and at the level of their judgments. Specifically, in a fake judicial context participants who read or listened to statements explicitly designated as true or false about a perpetrator tended to misremember false statements as true. Additionally, they were influenced by the false statements’ content in judgments they made about the perpetrators. Chapter 1 encompasses 5 Studies, all pointing to a strong truth bias, that, contrary to what is often assumed, may operate even in the absence of increased cognitive load (Studies 1–2). Studies 3–5 in Chapter 1 were methodologically-oriented, primarily aimed at testing the validity of the generalized truth bias established in Studies 1–2. Chapter 2 examines potential vigilance triggers that may reduce the truth bias. Manipulating the source of the false information (by informing participants that the speaker is either a defense attorney or prosecutor; Study 1), rendering participants accountable for their judgments (Study 2) or asking real judges to accomplish our experimental task (Study 3) did not reduce the truth bias. Nevertheless, offering participants financial incentives for providing an accurate judgment, eliminated both the memory-based and the judgment-based truth bias (Study 4). Based on the present experimental findings, I develop a model predicting that the truth bias is an intrinsic element of linguistic communication and hard to override.Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
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Bessette-Symons, Brandy. "Recognition accuracy and response bias for emotional words and pictures." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Rigrish, Renee Nicole. "Investigation of Cultural Bias Using Physiological Metrics: Applications to International Business." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1440672493.
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Rohrbacher, Heike. "Interpretation Bias in the Context of Depressed Mood: Assessment Strategies and the Role of Self-Generation in Cognitive Bias Modification." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-207298.
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Negatively biased interpretation has been hypothesized as an important factor in the aetiology and maintenance of depression. Recently developed cognitive bias modification paradigms, intending to change these biases towards a more optimistic interpretation tendency (CBM-I), seem to offer new promising implications for cognitive therapy innovation. Surprisingly, the increasing interest in the modifiability of interpretation bias is contrasted by a severe lack of methodological and measurement development studies. A review of current research revealed 1) a severe lack of psychometrically evaluated measures for depressionrelated interpretation bias and its modification, 2) inconsistent findings for the existence of depression-related interpretation bias depending on the (direct or indirect) assessment paradigm, 3) a demand for profound knowledge about the underlying work mechanisms and best ingredients for CBM-I procedures, and 4) a lack of measures and CBM-I training materials in the German language. With these considerations in mind, the objectives of this dissertation were 1) to develop and evaluate an internally consistent and valid measure for the assessment of depression-related interpretation bias and its modification, 2) to validate an indirect priming task to assess interpretation bias and to further examine the interrelations of four different direct and indirect assessment paradigms, 3) to evaluate a new and more active CBM-I variant and test its effectiveness in comparison with guided CBM-I and a control group, and 4) to provide valid test and CBM-I training materials in German. The aim of study 1 was to develop and evaluate a pragmatic assessment instrument, consisting of a 30-item questionnaire (long version) and two 15-item parallel short versions (A and B). Items were generated as ambiguous sentences, reflecting three relevant content areas based on Beck’s cognitive triad (Beck et al., 1979). All three versions of the instrument were found to be structurally stable, internally consistent and valid. In line with Beck’s cognitive triad (Beck et al., 1979) in depression, confirmatory factor analyses determined a three factor solution (self, experiences, future). Significant correlations were found between all scales and depressive mood. The two short versions represent the same underlying constructs, share identical psychometric properties and possess high parallel-test reliability. The study was the first to evaluate and confirm the factorial validity as well as the parallel-test reliability, and therefore suitability to measure modification of interpretation bias measure in the context of depressed mood. The aim of study 2 was to evaluate an indirect affective priming task using homophones as ambiguous material and to compare this task to three different already established interpretation bias paradigms, namely an ambiguous scenarios test, a scrambled sentences test under cognitive load, as well as a homophone paradigm. No empirical support for mood-related interpretation bias was found for the newly developed affective priming task as well as the homophone task, which both did not differentiate between dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals. The ambiguous scenarios test and the scrambled sentences test under cognitive load were shown to be internally consistent and valid instruments that were also highly intercorrelated. These findings emphasize the challenge to create valid ambiguous test stimuli for the measure of depression-related interpretation bias as well as the inequality of different assessment paradigms. Study 2 was the first study to examine the relatedness of four different direct and indirect assessment paradigms for the measure of depression-related interpretation bias in one sample. The aim of study 3 was to compare the efficacy of CBM-I requiring participants to imagine standardized positive resolutions to a novel, more active training version that required participants to generate the positive interpretations themselves. Participants were randomly allocated to (1) standardized CBM-I, (2) self-generation CBM-I or (3) a control group. Outcome measures included self-report mood measures and a depression-related interpretation bias measure. Both positive training variants significantly increased the tendency to interpret fresh ambiguous material in an optimistic manner. However, only the standardized imagery CBM-I paradigm positively influenced mood. Study 3 successfully evaluated a new CBM-I variant, gained insights about the role of self-generation and added further support to the potential therapeutic significance of imagery-based cognitive bias modification strategies. Altogether, this dissertation significantly contributed to the research field of depressionrelated interpretation bias by 1) filling a gap in measure development studies, 2) increasing the knowledge of the relatedness of different assessment paradigms, 3) increasing the knowledge about the working mechanisms and optimal ingredients of successful CBM-I, and 4) evaluating and providing assessment as well as CBM-I training materials for the German language contextEin negativer Interpretationsbias bezieht sich auf die Tendenz, mehrdeutige Reize (z.B. Situationen, Gesichtsausdrücke, Rückmeldung von anderen Personen) in einer pessimistischen Art und Weise zu interpretieren. Diese kognitive Verzerrung im Rahmen der Informationsverarbeitung wird als wichtiger Faktor für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von depressiven Störungen diskutiert. Insbesondere die Modifikation dieser Tendenz zu einem positiveren Interpretationsstil (Cognitive bias modification targeting interpretation; CBM-I) erweckte in den vergangenen Jahren großes Forschungsinteresse, da diese innovativen, computergestützten Techniken wirkungsvolle Behandlungsansätze für die Therapie von Depressionen bedeuten könnten. Nach aktuellem Forschungsstand besteht jedoch 1.) ein Mangel an hinreichend evaluierten Instrumenten für die Erhebung von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen und insbesondere deren Veränderbarkeit, 2.) eine inkonsistente Befundlage für die Existenz von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen in Abhängigkeit von der (direkten oder indirekten) Erhebungsmethode, 3.) ein Bedarf an genaueren Erkenntnissen über die zugrunde liegenden Wirkmechanismen und effektivsten Komponenten von CBM-I und 4.) ein Fehlen von CBM-I Materialien und Erhebungsmethoden in deutscher Sprache. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden die Ziele dieser Dissertation formuliert, die neben einer kurzen Einführung in das Themengebiet und einer abschließenden Diskussion aus drei Studien besteht. Das Ziel der ersten Studie war die Entwicklung und Validierung eines pragmatischen Erhebungsinstrumentes zur Messung von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen, bestehend aus einem Fragebogen (Langfassung, 30 Items) und zwei Kurz- bzw. Parallelversionen (A und B, jeweils 15 Items). In den Items werden emotional mehrdeutig interpretierbare Szenarien beschrieben, deren Inhalte Beck‘s kognitive Triade (Beck et al., 1979) widerspiegeln. Den Ergebnissen zufolge können alle drei Versionen des Instruments als strukturell stabil, internal konsistent und valide bewertet werden. In Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie der kognitiven Triade (Beck et al., 1979) wurde mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse eine Dreifaktorenlösung (Selbst, Erfahrungen, Zukunft) festgestellt. Signifikante Korrelationen wurden zwischen allen Skalenwerten und depressiver Symptomatik gefunden. Die beiden Parallelversionen weisen ähnliche psychometrische Eigenschaften sowie eine hohe Paralleltest-Konsistenz auf. Das Ziel der zweiten Studie war die Validierung eines indirekten, affektiven Priming- Verfahrens, in dem homophone Wörter als emotional zweideutige Stimuli eingesetzt wurden. Dieser Test wurde zusätzlich mit drei bereits etablierten Erhebungsparadigmen (Ambiguous Scenarios Test; Scrambled Sentences Test, Homophone-Test) verglichen. Hinsichtlich der Ergebnisse konnte keine empirische Unterstützung für den affektiven Priming-Test sowie für den Homophone-Test gefunden werden; beide Tests zeigten keinen Zusammenhang mit depressiven Symptomen. Der Ambiguous Scenarios Test und der Scrambled Sentences Test erwiesen sich als internal konsistent und valide und wiesen außerdem eine hohe Interkorrelation auf. Die Ergebnisse geben Aufschluss über die Vergleichbarkeit der unterschiedlichen Erhebungsparadigmen. Das Ziel der dritten Studie war die Entwicklung und Evaluation einer neuen, aktiveren CBM-I Variante, in der die Teilnehmer mittels eines computergestützten Trainings aufgefordert wurden, positive Interpretationen auf emotional mehrdeutige Szenarien eigenständig zu generieren. Die Ergebnisse der neuen CBM-I-Variante wurden mit den Ergebnissen einer herkömmlichen CBM-I-Variante (Standard-CBM-I) sowie den Ergebnissen einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass sowohl die neue CBM-I-Variante als auch Standard-CBM-I die Interpretationstendenz signifikant in eine positive Richtung verbesserten. Darüber hinaus konnte durch Standard-CBM-I eine stimmungsaufhellende Wirkung erzielt werden
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Cane, James E. "Smoking Attentional bias : The Role of Automaticity, affect and cognitive control." Thesis, University of Kent, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509647.
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Knight, Helen Camilla. "A cognitive exploration of the development and control of attentional bias." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10760/.
Full textAbstract:
Human behaviour is shaped by what we attend to in the visual world. This visual attention can be internally guided by behavioural goals, which forms the basis of attentional bias. Attentional bias is a phenomenon where certain items capture and hold visual attention over others, and is a driving force of many behaviours (e.g. seeking food when hungry). However despite the obvious links between visual cognition and attentional bias, much of the research relating to attentional bias is actually based in psychopathology, examining drivers for addictive substances. Consequently, little is known of the shared, cognitive aspects of attentional bias. This thesis addresses this by firstly examining the cognitive mechanisms that underlie attentional biases in a normative sample. It was found to be possible to induce an attentional bias towards an arbitrary stimulus. This induced bias is both highly persistent and robust. The cognitive basis of this induced bias is believed to be altered attentional control settings, which can form in the absence of emotion or motivation. Since attentional bias most often manifests in abnormal populations, the effects of these altered attentional control settings was then examined in a controlled, sub-clinical population of heavy social drinkers. This offered a means to examine the role of existing attentional biases yet free from confounds of using a clinical sample. No difference in the establishment of an attentional bias between light and heavy drinkers was found, however heavy social drinkers were less distracted by irrelevant, bias-related information suggesting previous experience controlling for attentional biases aids the cognitive control of bias-related distractions albeit with limited capacity. Finally, a neural substrate of attentional bias was probed via neurostimulation, finding a causal role of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the establishment of attentional control settings, and the control we have over distractions resulting from these settings.
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Wallace-Bell, M. A. "Cognitive and attentional bias in the processing of smoking-related stimuli." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13437/.
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The aim of the present thesis was to examine the cognitive and attentional processing of smoking-related stimuli in abstinent, active and non-smokers. The initial research reported here is directed at establishing appropriate experimental and questionnaire materials for the main studies. This included the development of a valid list of smoking-related words with frequency-matched controls, and revising the Smoking Motivation Questionnaire based on analyses of structure and reliability. Generalised cognitive biases were assessed through a series of modified Stroop experiments. Although the findings suggested that abstinence alters cognition with respect to smoking-related stimuli an assessment of the results suggested that there were some inconsistencies in the findings. Only when a blocked-format Stroop with vocal responses was used was there evidence of a cognitive bias for smoking-related words in abstinent smokers. In order to specifically examine attentional bias in abstinent, active and nonsmokers, a final study assessed performance on a Dot Probe task. Results showed no shift in attention towards smoking words in abstinent smokers. However, a subsidiary analysis revealed that smokers who reported an awareness of smoking shifted their attention towards smoking words. These findings may suggest that different formats of attentional tasks provide differing outcomes in terms of smokers processing of smoking-related information, and that awareness is an important aspect of this processing. Finally, analyses of self-report measures revealed that smokers were more state anxious than smokers and that abstinence increased state anxiety and cigarette craving. The results from this thesis have provided some useful indicators of successful smoking cessation and may assist in the development of a cognitive model of smoking. However, the development of the work will be dependent on modifications and extensions needed to address the anomalies in the findings. Specifically the smoking-related words used and the type of attentional task employed.
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Martin, Richard Joseph. "Planning for Decisional Incapacity: Resistance to Cognitive Bias in Older Adults." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1562347931852291.
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