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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive behaviour system'
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Chernov, A. Yu. "SELF-REGULATION IN THE COGNITIVE SYSTEM OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR." Научное мнение, no. 11 (2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/pbh.22224378.2019.11.25.32.
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Goodale, Paula, Paul David Clough, Samuel Fernando, Nigel Ford, and Mark Stevenson. "Cognitive styles within an exploratory search system for digital libraries." Journal of Documentation 70, no. 6 (October 7, 2014): 970–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-03-2014-0045.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of cognitive style on navigating a large digital library of cultural heritage information; specifically, the paper focus on the wholist/analytic dimension as experienced in the field of educational informatics. The hypothesis is that wholist and analytic users have characteristically different approaches when they explore, search and interact with digital libraries, which may have implications for system design. Design/methodology/approach – A detailed interactive IR evaluation of a large cultural heritage digital library was undertaken, along with the Riding CSA test. Participants carried out a range of information tasks, and the authors analysed their task performance, interactions and attitudes. Findings – The hypothesis on the differences in performance and behaviour between wholist and analytic users is supported. However, the authors also find that user attitudes towards the system are opposite to expectations and that users give positive feedback for functionality that supports activities in which they are cognitively weaker. Research limitations/implications – There is scope for testing results in a larger scale study, and/or with different systems. In particular, the findings on user attitudes warrant further investigation. Practical implications – Findings on user attitudes suggest that systems which support areas of weakness in users’ cognitive abilities are valued, indicating an opportunity to offer diverse functionality to support different cognitive weaknesses. Originality/value – A model is proposed suggesting a converse relationship between behaviour and attitudes; to support individual users displaying search/navigation behaviour mapped onto the strengths of their cognitive style, but placing greater value on interface features that support aspects in which they are weaker.
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Kicher, T. "The mirror neuron system in social interactions and schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73814-7.
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The term social cognition comprises of the perception and cognitive processing of stimuli of the social environment that is necessary to understand one's own behaviour and that of others. Social cognition is important for conscious and unconscious behaviour in social interactions and is composed of the recognition and interpretation of emotions in faces, body language and speech, reflection of one's own mental state and intentions as well as the realization of others’ intentions, thoughts and feelings. The mirror neuron system is involved in empathetic processes. Several aspects of the neural correlates of social interaction, embodiment and the mirror neuron system in schizophrenia and autism will be reported.
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Feller, Liviu, Gal Feller, Theona Ballyram, Rakesh Chandran, Johan Lemmer, and Razia Abdool Gafaar Khammissa. "Interrelations between pain, stress and executive functioning." British Journal of Pain 14, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463719889380.
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Aim: The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the interrelations between pain, stress and executive functions. Implications for practice: Self-regulation, through executive functioning, exerts control over cognition, emotion and behaviour. The reciprocal neural functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system allows for the integration of cognitive and emotional neural pathways and then for higher-order psychological processes (reasoning, judgement etc.) to generate goal-directed adaptive behaviours and to regulate responses to psychosocial stressors and pain signals. Impairment in cognitive executive functioning may result in poor regulation of stress-, pain- and emotion-related processing of information. Conversely, adverse emotion, pain and stress impair executive functioning. The characteristic of the feedback and feedforward neural connections (quantity and quality) between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system determine adaptive behaviour, stress response and pain experience.
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Clark, Luke. "Decision-making during gambling: an integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1538 (January 27, 2010): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0147.
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Gambling is a widespread form of entertainment that may afford unique insights into the interaction between cognition and emotion in human decision-making. It is also a behaviour that can become harmful, and potentially addictive, in a minority of individuals. This article considers the status of two dominant approaches to gambling behaviour. The cognitive approach has identified a number of erroneous beliefs held by gamblers, which cause them to over-estimate their chances of winning. The psychobiological approach has examined case-control differences between groups of pathological gamblers and healthy controls, and has identified dysregulation of brain areas linked to reward and emotion, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum, as well as alterations in dopamine neurotransmission. In integrating these two approaches, recent data are discussed that reveal anomalous recruitment of the brain reward system (including the vmPFC and ventral striatum) during two common cognitive distortions in gambling games: the near-miss effect and the effect of personal control. In games of chance, near-misses and the presence of control have no objective influence on the likelihood of winning. These manipulations appear to harness a reward system that evolved to learn skill-oriented behaviours, and by modulating activity in this system, these cognitive distortions may promote continued, and potentially excessive, gambling.
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Ruiz-Gayo, Mariano, and Nuria D. Olmo. "Interaction Between Circadian Rhythms, Energy Metabolism, and Cognitive Function." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 20 (June 21, 2020): 2416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200310145006.
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The interaction between meal timing and light regulates circadian rhythms in mammals and not only determines the sleep-wake pattern but also the activity of the endocrine system. Related with that, the necessity to fulfill energy needs is a driving force that requires the participation of cognitive skills whose performance has been shown to undergo circadian variations. These facts have led to the concept that cognition and feeding behaviour can be analysed from a chronobiological perspective. In this context, research carried out during the last two decades has evidenced the link between feeding behaviour/nutritional habits and cognitive processes, and has highlighted the impact of circadian disorders on cognitive decline. All that has allowed hypothesizing a tight relationship between nutritional factors, chronobiology, and cognition. In this connection, experimental diets containing elevated amounts of fat and sugar (high-fat diets; HFDs) have been shown to alter in rodents the circadian distribution of meals, and to have a negative impact on cognition and motivational aspects of behaviour that disappear when animals are forced to adhere to a standard temporal eating pattern. In this review, we will present relevant studies focussing on the effect of HFDs on cognitive aspects of behaviour, paying particular attention to the influence that chronobiological alterations caused by these diets may have on hippocampaldependent cognition.
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Davidson, Gabrielle L., Amy C. Cooke, Crystal N. Johnson, and John L. Quinn. "The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1756 (August 13, 2018): 20170286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0286.
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Research into proximate and ultimate mechanisms of individual cognitive variation in animal populations is a rapidly growing field that incorporates physiological, behavioural and evolutionary investigations. Recent studies in humans and laboratory animals have shown that the enteric microbial community plays a central role in brain function and development. The ‘gut–brain axis’ represents a multi-directional signalling system that encompasses neurological, immunological and hormonal pathways. In particular it is tightly linked with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), a system that regulates stress hormone release and influences brain development and function. Experimental examination of the microbiome through manipulation of diet, infection, stress and exercise, suggests direct effects on cognition, including learning and memory. However, our understanding of these processes in natural populations is extremely limited. Here, we outline how recent advances in predominantly laboratory-based microbiome research can be applied to understanding individual differences in cognition. Experimental manipulation of the microbiome across natal and adult environments will help to unravel the interplay between cognitive variation and the gut microbial community. Focus on individual variation in the gut microbiome and cognition in natural populations will reveal new insight into the environmental and evolutionary constraints that drive individual cognitive variation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Causes and consequences of individual differences in cognitive abilities’.
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Ben Mocha, Yitzchak, Roger Mundry, and Simone Pika. "Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers ( Turdoides squamiceps ): a consequence of cooperative breeding?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 3, 2019): 20190147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0147.
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Human cooperation strongly relies on the ability of interlocutors to coordinate each other's attentional state: joint attention. One predominant hypothesis postulates that this hallmark of the unique cognitive system of humans evolved due to the combination of an ape-like cognitive system and the prosocial motives that facilitate cooperative breeding. Here, we tested this hypothesis by investigating communicative interactions of a cooperatively breeding bird species, the Arabian babbler ( Turdoides squamiceps ). The behaviour of 12 wild social groups was observed focusing on two distinct communicative behaviours: object presentation and babbler walk . The results showed that both behaviours fulfilled the criteria for first-order intentional communication and involved co-orientation of recipients' attention. In turn, recipients responded with cooperative and communicative acts that resulted in coordinated joint travel between interlocutors. These findings provide the first evidence that another animal species shows several key criteria traditionally used to infer joint attention in prelinguistic human infants. Furthermore, they emphasize the influence of cooperative breeding on sophisticated socio-cognitive performances, while questioning the necessity of an ape-like cognitive system underlying joint attentional behaviour.
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Sharp, Timothy J. "Cognitive-behaviour Therapy: Towards the New Millennium!" Behaviour Change 14, no. 4 (December 1997): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900003296.
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Following on from the American Psychological Association's (1993) findings regarding empirically validated treatments, a British task force (Roth & Fonagy, 1996) arrived at similar conclusions. Both publications strongly endorsed the superior efficacy of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) over placebos, waiting list controls and other psychological treatments. These findings, although not new, are becoming increasingly important as new ways of funding health care become more likely. With these probable changes in health system funding, organisations such as the Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy will almost certainly be asked to provide evidence supporting the efficacy of certain interventions for certain problems, but also to decide who can implement such treatments. This article attempts to present the well known findings within the current framework, and poses an important question: Who can ethically and competently practice CBT?
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McGivern, Patrick. "Active materials: minimal models of cognition?" Adaptive Behavior 28, no. 6 (December 27, 2019): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319891742.
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Work on minimal cognition raises a variety of questions concerning the boundaries of cognition. Many discussions of minimal cognition assume that the domain of minimal cognition is a subset of the domain of the living. In this article, I consider whether non-living ‘active materials’ ought to be included as instances of minimal cognition. I argue that seeing such cases as ‘minimal models’ of (minimal) cognition requires recognising them as members of a class of systems sharing the same basic features and exhibiting the same general patterns of behaviour. Minimal cognition in this sense is a very inclusive concept: rather than specifying some threshold level of cognition or a type of cognition found only in very simple systems, it is a concept of cognition associated with very minimal criteria that pick out only the most essential requirements for a system to exhibit cognitive behaviour.
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Ciompi, Luc. "Affects as Central Organising and Integrating Factors a New Psychosocial/Biological Model of the Psyche." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 1 (July 1991): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.1.97.
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A new psychosocial/biological model of the psyche is proposed, in which the affects play a central role in organising and integrating cognition. The psyche is understood here as a complex hierarchical structure of affective/cognitive systems of reference (or ‘programmes for feeling, thinking, and behaviour’), generated by repetitive concrete action. These systems store past experience in their structure, and provide the functional basis for further cognition and communication. Affects endow these programmes with a specific qualitative value (such as motivation), connect cognitive elements synchronically and diachronically, and contribute to their storage and mobilisation according to context. They also participate in differentiating cognitive systems at higher levels of abstraction. These assumptions are supported by recent findings on the role of the limbic and hypothalamic system for the regulation of emotion, on neuronal plasticity, and on the phenomenon of state-dependent learning and memory. Refutable hypotheses are formulated for further research on the interaction of emotion and cognition.
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Catani, Marco, and Dominic H. ffytche. "On ‘the study of the nervous system and behaviour’." Cortex 46, no. 1 (January 2010): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.03.012.
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Leslie, Julian C. "Meanings of “function” in neuroscience, cognition, and behaviour analysis." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00373368.
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Different sciences approach the brain-behaviour system at various levels, but often apparently share terminology. “Function” is used both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. Within the ontogeny it has various meanings; the one adopted by Arbib et al. is that of mainstream cognitive psychology. This usage is relatively imprecise, and the psychologists who are sceptical about the ability of cognitive psychology to predict behavioural outcomes may have the same reservations about Arbib et al.'s cognitive neuroscience.
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Khrennikov, Andrie. "p-Adic discrete dynamical systems and collective behaviour of information states in cognitive models." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 5, no. 1 (2000): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1026022600000406.
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We develop a model of functioning of complex information systems (in particular, cognitive systems) in that information states are coded byp-adic integers. An information state evolves by iterations of a discretep-adic dynamical system. Thep-adic utrametric on the space of information states (p-adic homogeneous tree) describes the ability of an information system to operate with associations. The main attention is paid to the collective dynamics of families of associations.
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Hesselberg, Thomas. "Exploration behaviour and behavioural flexibility in orb-web spiders: A review." Current Zoology 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.2.313.
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Abstract Orb-web spiders and their webs constitute an ideal model system in which to study behavioural flexibility and spatial cognition in invertebrates due to the easily quantifiable nature of the orb web. A large number of studies demonstrate how spiders are able to modify the geometry of their webs in response to a range of different conditions including the ability to adapt their webs to spatial constraints. However, the mechanisms behind this impressive web-building flexibility in these cognitively limited animals remain poorly explored. One possible mechanism though may be spatial learning during the spiders’ exploration of their immediate surroundings. This review discusses the importance of exploration behaviour, the reliance on simple behavioural rules, and the use of already laid threads as guidelines for web-building in orb-web spiders. The focus is on the spiders’ ability to detect and adapt their webs to space limitations and other spatial disruptions. I will also review the few published studies on how spatial information is gathered during the exploration phase and discuss the possibility of the use of ‘cognitive map’-like processes in spiders. Finally, the review provides suggestions for designing experimental studies to shed light on whether spiders gather metric information during the site exploration (cognitive map hypothesis) or rely on more simple binary information in combination with previously laid threads to build their webs (stigmergy hypothesis).
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Linden, Michael. "Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy Under Conditions of Routine Treatment in the General Health Care System." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 24, no. 1 (January 1996): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800016829.
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The range of areas where cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) is applied has been considerably extended over the previous decade. This paper describes the application of CBT in the German health care system as typified by a random sample of 1,344 cases. Content analysis was used, and indicates a generally appropriate pattern of treatment strategy. Cognitive components were more prominent than behavioural ones in the description of treatments used.
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Harmati, István Á., and László T. Kóczy. "On the Convergence of Sigmoidal Fuzzy Grey Cognitive Maps." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amcs-2019-0033.
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Abstract Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are recurrent neural networks applied for modelling complex systems using weighted causal relations. In FCM-based decision-making, the inference about the modelled system is provided by the behaviour of an iteration. Fuzzy grey cognitive maps (FGCMs) are extensions of fuzzy cognitive maps, applying uncertain weights between the concepts. This uncertainty is expressed by the so-called grey numbers. Similarly as in FCMs, the inference is determined by an iteration process which may converge to an equilibrium point, but limit cycles or chaotic behaviour may also turn up. In this paper, based on the grey connections between the concepts and the parameters of the sigmoid threshold function, we give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of sigmoid FGCMs.
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Dragsted, Barbara. "Computer-aided translation as a distributed cognitive task." Distributed Cognition 14, no. 2 (September 21, 2006): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.14.2.17dra.
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The present article examines the potential effects on the translation process of working interactively with a translation memory (TM) system, a tool for storing and sharing previous translations. A TM system automatically divides the source text into sentences presented to the translator one-by-one. Based on observations made in an empirical study of six professional translators and six translation students, it is argued that full sentences do not constitute a central cognitive processing category in translation, and that the sentence-by-sentence presentation inherent in TM systems therefore creates an unnaturally strong focus on the sentence, which affects the very task of translation (as well as the translation product). Particular attention is given to the impact of the use of TM systems on the informants’ revision behaviour and their tendency to change the sentence structure.
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Awa, Hart O., and Sunday C. Eze. "Analysis and Applicability of Cognitive Theories In Solving Inconsistency Among Cognitive Elements." International Journal of Business and Management Review 1, no. 4 (December 7, 2013): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijbmr.vol1.no4.p72-82.2021.
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This paper critically analyses the major theoretical and empirical body of knowledge of the various schools of thought of cognitive consistency with a view of proffering a tripartite approach (involving the consumers, the organizations and the government) to solving inconsistency among cognitive elements (e.g., values, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes). The Heider’s balance theory, Osgood’s congruity model and Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory were specifically looked into and assessed in terms of their real world application and/or empirical fertility. Each of these theorists emphasizes psychological tension and the urge to achieving consistency within and between the cognitive system and overt/covert behaviour
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Bleker, Laura S., Susanne R. de Rooij, and Tessa J. Roseboom. "Malnutrition and depression in pregnancy and associations with child behaviour and cognitive function: a review of recent evidence on unique and joint effects." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 97, no. 3 (March 2019): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0381.
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Accumulating studies suggest that prenatal experiences can shape a child’s neurodevelopment. Malnutrition and depression occur in pregnancy relatively often and may affect child neurodevelopment independently as well as synergistically. We aimed to provide an overview of recent studies that have examined malnutrition and (or) depression in pregnancy and associations with child behavioural problems and cognitive function. We conducted a literature search in PubMed, using the following main search terms: “depression”, “nutrition”, “BMI”, “pregnancy”, “offspring”, “cognition”, and “behaviour”. We included studies in human populations published from 2013 onwards. The literature search yielded 1531 articles, of which 55 were included in the current review. We presented the evidence on the associations between prenatal markers of nutritional status and (or) depression and child behaviour and (or) cognitive function. We additionally discussed interventions and mechanisms. Both malnutrition and depression in pregnancy are associated with increased externalizing behavioural problems and attentional deficits, and to some extent with poorer cognitive function in the child, but the evidence is not conclusive. Studies on synergistic effects of both factors on child behaviour and cognitive function are still scarce, and more research is needed. Potential shared mechanisms include the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the immune system, epigenetics, and oxidative stress.
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Crone, David, Penelope Sanderson, and Neelam Naikar. "Studying Complex Human-System Behaviour: Human-in-the-loop Simulation Requirements." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 26 (October 2007): 1603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102601.
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The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) is required to provide advice to customers for the procurement of future military systems using the high fidelity human-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) facility housed in the Air Operations Simulation Centre (AOSC). A program of research is under way that compares two work analysis techniques (traditional task analysis and Cognitive Work Analysis) on the basis of whether the human-system performance measures that they suggest are sensitive to system modifications and so may be used for system evaluation. In this paper we show that representing aircrew's tactical environment as a series of concentric “rings” resulted in the development of HILS requirements that let us evaluate the measures derived from both work analysis approaches. Using the rings to frame the experiment and develop simulation requirements was beneficial for several reasons including participant involvement, validity of the system and operator behaviour observed, and completeness of the study.
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Li, Minjia, Lun Xie, Anqi Zhang, and Fuji Ren. "Reinforcement Emotion-Cognition System: A Teaching Words Task." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8904389.
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The goal of this paper is to suggest a system for intelligent learning environments with robots modeling of emotion regulation and cognition based on quantitative motivation. A detailed interactive situation for teaching words is proposed. In this study, we introduce one bottom-up collaboration method for emotion-cognition interplay and behaviour decision-making. Integration with gross emotion regulation theory lets the proposed system adapt to natural interactions between students and the robot in emotional interaction. Four key ideas are advocated, and they jointly set up a reinforcement emotion-cognition system (RECS). First, the quantitative motivation is grounded on external interactive sensory detection, which is affected by memory and preference. Second, the emotion generation triggered by an initial motivation such as external stimulus is also influenced by the state in the previous time. Third, the competitive and cooperative relationship between emotion and motivation intervenes to make the decision of emotional expression and teaching actions. Finally, cognitive reappraisal, the emotion regulation strategy, is introduced for the establishment of emotion transition combined with personalized cognition. We display that this RECS increases the robot emotional interactive performance and makes corresponding teaching decision through behavioural and statistical analysis.
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Fink, Gerhard, and Maurice Yolles. "Affect and cognition, part 1: “cross-fire” interaction model." Kybernetes 47, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2017-0262.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a generic cultural socio-cognitive trait theory of a “plural affect agency” (the emotional organisation). Interaction between the cognitive and the affective personality is modelled. Design/methodology/approach James Gross’ (1988) model of Emotion Regulation is integrated with Normative Personality Theory in the context of Mindset Agency Theory: The agency has a “cognitive system” and an emotion regulating “affective system” which interact (Fink and Yolles, 2015). Findings Processes of emotion regulation pass through three stages: “Identification”, “Elaboration” and “Execution”. In a social environment, emotions are expressed through actions. The results of actions (feedback, goal achievement) are assessed through affective operative intelligence in the light of pursued goals. Research limitations/implications The theory will provide guidance for analysis of cultural differentiation within social systems (e.g. societies or organisations), with reference to identification, elaboration and execution of “emotion knowledge”. Practical implications Understanding interdependencies between cognition and emotion regulation is a prerequisite of managerial intelligence and strategic cultural intelligence, in demand for interaction and integration processes across social systems. Originality/Value The model provides a framework which links emotion expression and emotion regulation with cognition analysis. In part 2 of this paper, based on this theory a typology can be developed which for given contexts allows ex ante expectations of typical patterns of behaviour to be identified.
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Queiroz, João, and Pedro Atã. "Intersemiotic Translation, Cognitive Artefact, and Creativity." Adaptation 12, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apz001.
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Abstract Intersemiotic translation (IT) can be described as a cognitive artefact designed as a predictive, generative, and metasemiotic tool that distributes artistic creativity. Cognitive artefacts have a huge variety of forms and are manipulated in many different ways and domains. As a projective augmented intelligence technique, IT works as a predictive tool, anticipating new, and surprising patterns of semiotic events and processes, keeping under control the emergence of new patterns. At the same time, it works as a generative model, providing new, unexpected, surprising data in the target-system, and affording competing results which allow the system to generate candidate instances. As a metasemiotic tool, IT creates a metalevel semiotic process, a sign-action which stands for the action of a sign. It creates an ‘experimental laboratory’ for performing semiotic experiments. IT submits semiotic systems to unusual conditions and provides a scenario for observing the emergence of new and surprising semiotic behaviour as a result. We explore these ideas taking advantage of two examples of ITs to theatrical dance: (1) from one-point visual perspective to classical ballet and (2) from John Cage’s protocols of music indeterminacy to Merce Cunningham’s choreographic composition.
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Jeffery, Kate J. "Cognitive representations of spatial location." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281881068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818810686.
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Spatial memory has fascinated psychologists ever since the discipline began, but a series of findings beginning in the middle of last century propelled its study into the domain of neuroscience and helped bring about the cognitive revolution in psychology. Starting with the discovery that the hippocampus plays a central role in memory, particularly spatial memory, studies of the mammalian hippocampus and related regions over the latter half of the century slowly uncovered an extensive neural system involved in processing place, head direction, objects, speed and other spatially informative parameters. Meanwhile, the concurrent discovery of hippocampal synaptic plasticity allowed theoreticians and experimentalists to collaborate in linking spatial perception and memory, and genetic techniques developed towards the end of the century opened the door to circuit dissections of these processes. Building on these discoveries, spatial cognition and episodic memory may be the first cognitive competences understood across all levels from molecules to behaviour.
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Perrin, Tessa. "Single-System Methodology: A Way Forward in Dementia Care?" British Journal of Occupational Therapy 61, no. 10 (October 1998): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269806101003.
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Owing to the cognitive disability of people with dementia, the direct observation of behaviour is often the only means of evaluating the impact of therapeutic interventions. A number of standardised instruments of direct observation have been developed in recent years, but none offering the occupational therapist the flexibility with which to evaluate the diversity of physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural variables encountered in dementia care. Conventional group-comparison methodology is inadequate in the clinical setting. Single-system evaluation is able to address the highly individualised needs of people with dementia. This paper describes how an evaluation may be custom-built to identify the specific changes elicited in a specific individual by a specific intervention under specific conditions.
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Guevara, Miguel Angel, Mariana Martinez-Pelayo, Marcela Arteaga Silva, Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime, and Marisela Hernández-González. "Electrophysiological correlates of the mesoaccumbens system during male rat sexual behaviour." Physiology & Behavior 95, no. 4 (November 2008): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.025.
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Halford, W. Kim. "Behaviour Therapy and Schizophrenia in Context: Challenges and Opportunities Provided within the Changing Mental Health System." Behaviour Change 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081348390000437x.
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Research reported in the last two issues of Behaviour Change, and elsewhere, shows that cognitive behaviour therapy significantly improves a number of the problems suffered by people with schizophrenia. However, behaviour therapy alone does not constitute adequate care of schizophrenia, and inadequate mental health services undermine the effective implementation of behaviour therapy, in Australia, mental health services for people with severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are grossly inadequate, but are planned to change substantially in the late 1990s. Changes include a significant shift in resources toward community-based care, expansion of the range of treatment and rehabilitation services available, and increased integration of service provision across government and nongovernment sectors. These planned changes present a challenge to those interested in behaviour therapy to go beyond narrowly focused interventions to develop effective systems of rehabilitation.
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Catani, Marco, Flavio Dell’Acqua, and Michel Thiebaut de Schotten. "A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 37, no. 8 (September 2013): 1724–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001.
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Meenan, Suzanne, and Roger Lindsay. "Planning and the neurotechnology of social behaviour." International Journal of Cognition and Technology 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 233–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijct.1.2.03mee.
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The human brain has a remarkable ability to generate plans for sequences of actions that allow human agents to co-operate with and to manipulate the behaviour of others. It is widely claimed that the operations underlying plan developments, behaviour sequencing and inhibition of inappropriate responses to the environment are carried out in the prefrontal cortex. This implies that the prefrontal cortex is a natural system with the capacity to utilise cognitive technology. The present paper argues that social competence is a manifestation of action planning in which other agents feature as plan elements. Accordingly, plans that involve other agents are expected to be more complex than plans which do not. In the light of evidence that negative information makes particularly heavy processing demands, social judgements involving prohibition or unacceptability are expected to create most difficulty for the human action planning system. These assumptions were tested by measuring the ability of patients with prefrontal injuries to detect anomalous action sequences, using a specially constructed Action Acceptability Test. It was hypothesised that if the frontal lobes play a major role in action planning, patients with frontal lobe injuries should show impaired ability to detect faulty action plans, particularly when such plans relate to complex social action sequences, and action sequences involving unacceptable behaviours. The hypotheses were generally supported as frontal-injury patients proved to be worse at detecting both complex social sequences and deviant action sequences than participants with non-frontal injuries and normal control participants. The results of the study are consistent with the view that human social competence results from the cognitive processes associated with action planning and the data also supports the claim that action planning processes are specifically disrupted by damage to the prefrontal cortex. The findings provide some confirmation for the Cognitive Technology perspective, in that action planning does seem to be physically associated with a specific brain area, and including social agents and deviations from acceptability in action plans do seem to be manipulations that operate to make action plans more difficult to process, hence causing more errors in individuals with damage to the prefrontal cortex. The results also provide some encouragement for the belief that new cognitive tools can be constructed that link brain processes to other levels of description, such as social behaviour. The Action Acceptability Test, a prognostic tool developed to predict the social competence of frontal-injury patients, is offered as one such example.
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Lange, Alfred, and Marianne van Woudenberg. "Cognitive Restructuring in Behaviour Therapy and in Psychoanalytical Therapy: A Content Analysis of Therapy Sessions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800011814.
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This paper addresses the question of how psychodynamic psychotherapists and behaviour therapists attempt to influence the cognitions of their patients. Two independent judges rated audioregistrations of therapy sessions of eight psychodynamic and eight behaviour therapists with regard to various distinct categories of cognitive restructuring. The validity of the system of categories was established in a previous study. The interrater reliability of the present ratings was investigated and found to be satisfactory. Although psychoanalytic therapists carried out fewer interventions altogether, no differences were found between the groups in the percentage of cognitive restructuring. However, there were differences in the way the two groups tried to achieve cognitive restructuring.
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Arutyunova, K. R., I. M. Sozinova, and Yu I. Alexandrov. "Brain activity during moral judgement of action." Современная зарубежная психология 9, no. 2 (2020): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2020090206.
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Interdisciplinary studies of cognitive and neurophysiological mechanisms of moral judgement often combine tools borrowed from philosophy, psychology and neuroscience. In this work, we review the studies of brain activity during moral judgement at different stages of individual development. Generally, it has been shown that moral judgement is accompanied by activations in brain areas related to emotion and social cognition; and these activations may vary across individuals of different age groups. We discuss these data from the positions of the system-evolutionary theory and compare our view with the domain-general approach to cognitive processes and brain activity underlying moral judgement. We suggest that moral judgement, as part of individual behaviour, is supported by activity of functional systems formed at different stages of individual development; therefore brain activity during moral judgement is accounted for by the specificity of distribution of neural elements of functional systems across the brain structures, which is determined by the history of an individual’s interactions with the environment.
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Schneider, Werner X., Wolfgang Einhäuser, and Gernot Horstmann. "Attentional selection in visual perception, memory and action: a quest for cross-domain integration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1628 (October 19, 2013): 20130053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0053.
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For decades, the cognitive and neural sciences have benefitted greatly from a separation of mind and brain into distinct functional domains. The tremendous success of this approach notwithstanding, it is self-evident that such a view is incomplete. Goal-directed behaviour of an organism requires the joint functioning of perception, memory and sensorimotor control. A prime candidate for achieving integration across these functional domains are attentional processes. Consequently, this Theme Issue brings together studies of attentional selection from many fields, both experimental and theoretical, that are united in their quest to find overreaching integrative principles of attention between perception, memory and action. In all domains, attention is understood as combination of competition and priority control (‘bias’), with the task as a decisive driving factor to ensure coherent goal-directed behaviour and cognition. Using vision as the predominant model system for attentional selection, many studies of this Theme Issue focus special emphasis on eye movements as a selection process that is both a fundamental action and serves a key function in perception. The Theme Issue spans a wide range of methods, from measuring human behaviour in the real word to recordings of single neurons in the non-human primate brain. We firmly believe that combining such a breadth in approaches is necessary not only for attentional selection, but also to take the next decisive step in all of the cognitive and neural sciences: to understand cognition and behaviour beyond isolated domains.
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WOLKMER, PATRÍCIA, FRANCINE C. PAIM, CÁSSIA B. DA SILVA, BIBIANA M. GAI, FABIANO B. CARVALHO, ANA CRISTINA G. DA SOUZA, MICHELLE M. DA ROSA, et al. "Trypanosoma evansiinfection impairs memory, increases anxiety behaviour and alters neurochemical parameters in rats." Parasitology 140, no. 11 (August 21, 2013): 1432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201300108x.
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SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to investigate neurochemical and enzymatic changes in rats infected withTrypanosoma evansi, and their interference in the cognitive parameters. Behavioural assessment (assessment of cognitive performance), evaluation of cerebral L-[3H]glutamate uptake, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ca+2and Na+, K+-ATPase activity were evaluated at 5 and 30 days post infection (dpi). This study demonstrates a cognitive impairment in rats infected withT. evansi. At 5 dpi memory deficit was demonstrated by an inhibitory avoidance test. With the chronicity of the disease (30 dpi) animals showed anxiety symptoms. It is possible the inhibition of cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity, AChE and synaptosomal glutamate uptake are involved in cognitive impairment in infected rats byT. evansi. The understanding of cerebral host–parasite relationship may shed some light on the cryptic symptoms of animals and possibly human infection where patients often present with other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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VOLLMER-CONNA, UTÉ. "Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?" Psychological Medicine 31, no. 5 (July 2001): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003841.
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Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al. 1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g. stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie & Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996; Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood non-specific symptom clusters.
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Hull, A., J. Swan, and R. McVicar. "Treating Chronic Depression with Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70255-x.
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Background:Patients with Chronic Depression present particular challenges to psychological therapists and the evidence base for CBT with this disorder is weak. However, a large multi-centre clinical trial has demonstrated that Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) can be an effective therapy for chronic depression. In CBASP, patients learn how their cognitive and behavioural patterns produce and perpetuate interpersonal problems and how to alter maladaptive patterns of interpersonal behaviour. CBASP focuses primarily on problematic interpersonal situations in the everyday lives of people with chronic depression using a structured intervention called situational analysis. In addition, it places considerable emphasis on the therapeutic relationship as a vehicle for change using a methodology termed disciplined personal involvement. Clinical experience to date suggests that CBASP can be a very effective approach for a difficult to treat disorder.Objectives:In this didactic workshop combining opportunities to hear/see actual CBASP therapy carried out individuals will learn about the model and therapy process and key mechanisms of change will be discussed with role-play used where appropriate to illustrate specific techniques. The theoretical model underpinning CBASP and the empirical evidence will be outlined.
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Abdul Rasam, Abdul Rauf, Noresah Mohd Shariff, and JilorisF Dony. "The Invention of Geospatial Decision Support System for Malaysian Tuberculosis Surveillance Data Management." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, SI3 (December 28, 2020): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5isi3.2564.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the capabilities of a health information tool for disease preparedness and emergency responses. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Health (MOH) has been using MyTB system to support the national tuberculosis (TB) control program through data decision-making management. However, this present system does not seem to be considering geospatial element which is one of the important factors affecting TB control. Integrating the MyTB system with geospatial functions would enhance the explicit cognitive and behavior analyses of TB by proposing a MyGeoTBIS© to assist the local health authorities in exploring TB dynamics and multi-level infection control. Keywords: Geospatial, GIS, MyGeoTBIS, MyTB, tuberculosis disease eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bsby e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI3.2564
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Wystrach, Antoine, Sebastian Schwarz, Alice Baniel, and Ken Cheng. "Backtracking behaviour in lost ants: an additional strategy in their navigational toolkit." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1677.
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Ants use multiple sources of information to navigate, but do not integrate all this information into a unified representation of the world. Rather, the available information appears to serve three distinct main navigational systems: path integration, systematic search and the use of learnt information—mainly via vision. Here, we report on an additional behaviour that suggests a supplemental system in the ant's navigational toolkit: ‘backtracking’. Homing ants, having almost reached their nest but, suddenly displaced to unfamiliar areas, did not show the characteristic undirected headings of systematic searches. Instead, these ants backtracked in the compass direction opposite to the path that they had just travelled. The ecological function of this behaviour is clear as we show it increases the chances of returning to familiar terrain. Importantly, the mechanistic implications of this behaviour stress an extra level of cognitive complexity in ant navigation. Our results imply: (i) the presence of a type of ‘memory of the current trip’ allowing lost ants to take into account the familiar view recently experienced, and (ii) direct sharing of information across different navigational systems. We propose a revised architecture of the ant's navigational toolkit illustrating how the different systems may interact to produce adaptive behaviours.
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Syrokvashina, K. V., and E. G. Dozortseva. "Psychological factors of risk of suicidal behavior in adolescents." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 24, no. 3 (2016): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2016240302.
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Modern approaches towards analysis of the main psychological risk factors of ado- lescents’ suicidal behaviour with consideration of external and internal develop- mental conditions in adolescence are discussed. The role of mass-media and social networks in the Internet in the genesis of suicidal behaviour is indicated. Personality factors of suicidal behaviour in the system of problems of an adolescent’s identity forming, his/ her dispositional traits, as well as of personality disorders are described. The contribution of cognitive beliefs and thoughts in suicidal behaviour is noted. Typical trajectories of suicidal behaviour development are delineated.
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Bown, Oliver, and Geraint Wiggins. "From maladaptation to competition to cooperation in the evolution of musical behaviour." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2_suppl (September 2009): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864909013002171.
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We propose a model of how a maladaptive and competitive system of musical interaction, based on a notion of enchantment, can evolve towards a cooperative system. This model supports our position that social competitive models comprise an important domain of theoretical investigation in the evolution of musical behaviour, and that this area deserves more attention. The model is based on the biocultural theory of Boyd and Richerson (1985), which provides a basis for runaway cultural evolutionary processes, and we argue that our model offers an alternative runaway process to the sexual selection theory of the evolution of human musical behaviour. We present computer simulations in which a population of artificial agents engage in a competitive game of interaction in a context in which fitness is socially determined. These simulations demonstrate cases of the genetic evolution of perceptual systems and increasing susceptibility to manipulation by stimuli generated by other individuals. However, this latter outcome generally reduces to a standard kin selection model. We discuss these results and propose ways in which the model could be developed to consider more complex contexts and modes of interaction.
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Swan, John S., and Alastair M. Hull. "The cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy: a new psychotherapy for chronic depression." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13, no. 6 (November 2007): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003376.
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The cognitive behavioural analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) is a new therapy specifically designed to treat chronic depression. Conceptually the bio-psychosocial signs and symptoms of chronic depression are viewed as the result of either arrested maturational development at a Piagetian preoperational stage (in early-onset patients) or heightened emotionality and general functional regression (in late-onset patients). In this therapy, patients learn how their cognitive and behavioural patterns produce and perpetuate interpersonal problems and how to alter maladaptive patterns of interpersonal behaviour. The focus is primarily on interpersonal interactions, including with the therapist, through the latter's disciplined personal involvement. In this article we outline the therapy process and key mechanisms of change using examples to illustrate specific techniques. We also outline the theoretical model underpinning CBASP and summarise the evidence from a large clinical trial.
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Golonka, Sabrina, and Andrew D. Wilson. "Ecological mechanisms in cognitive science." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 5 (October 2019): 676–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319877686.
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In 2010, Bechtel and Abrahamsen defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process and challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This article takes on that challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studied. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct scale and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real-time interaction with our environments—here we show that the correct scale to guide decomposition is picked out by the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena.
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Malchanau, Andrei, Volha Petukhova, and Harry Bunt. "Towards Integration of Cognitive Models in Dialogue Management: Designing the Virtual Negotiation Coach Application." Dialogue & Discourse 9, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 35–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2018.202.
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This paper presents an approach to flexible and adaptive dialogue management driven by cognitive modelling of human dialogue behaviour. Artificial intelligent agents, based on the ACT-R cognitive architecture, together with human actors are participating in a (meta)cognitive skills training within a negotiation scenario. The agent employs instance-based learning to decide about its own actions and to reflect on the behaviour of the opponent. We show that task-related actions can be handled by a cognitive agent who is a plausible dialogue partner. Separating task-related and dialogue control actions enables the application of sophisticated models along with a flexible architecture in which various alternative modelling methods can be combined. We evaluated the proposed approach with users assessing the relative contribution of various factors to the overall usability of a dialogue system. Subjective perception of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction were correlated with various objective performance metrics, e.g. number of (in)appropriate system responses, recovery strategies, and interaction pace. It was observed that the dialogue system usability is determined most by the quality of agreements reached in terms of estimated Pareto optimality, by the user's negotiation strategies selected, and by the quality of system recognition, interpretation and responses. We compared human-human and human-agent performance with respect to the number and quality of agreements reached, estimated cooperativeness level, and frequency of accepted negative outcomes. Evaluation experiments showed promising, consistently positive results throughout the range of the relevant scales.
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Byrne, R. W. "A Formal Notation To Aid Analysis of Complex Behaviour: Understanding the Tactical Deception of Primates." Behaviour 127, no. 3-4 (1993): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00038.
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AbstractA formal notation is argued to be useful in representing theories of complex animal behaviour. This "production system" approach, originally derived from artificial intelligence, is explained with a series of examples of tactical deception in primates. These examples are controversial, since they might suggest intentionality and thinking in non-humans, and their interpretation is not straightforward. The ease of representing competing explanations of sophisticated behaviour (for instance those used in behaviourist psychology, animal ethology, and cognitive science) in the single formalism of production systems, may eventually aid a rapprochement between disciplines with interests in the evolution of intelligence.
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Bellini, Gloria, Marco Cipriano, Sara Comai, Nicola De Angeli, Jacopo Gargano, Matteo Gianella, Gianluca Goi, et al. "Understanding Social Behaviour in a Health-Care Facility from Localization Data: A Case Study." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062147.
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The most frequent form of dementia is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a severe progressive neurological pathology in which the main cognitive functions of an individual are compromised. Recent studies have found that loneliness and living in isolation are likely to cause an acceleration in the cognitive decline associated with AD. Therefore, understanding social behaviours of AD patients is crucial to promote sociability, thus delaying cognitive decline, preserving independence, and providing a good quality of life. In this work, we analyze the localization data of AD patients living in assisted care homes to gather insights about the social dynamics among them. We use localization data collected by a system based on iBeacon technology comprising two components: a network of antennas scattered throughout the facility and a Bluetooth bracelet worn by the patients. We redefine the Relational Index to capture wandering and casual encounters, these being common phenomena among AD patients, and use the notions of Relational and Popularity Indexes to model, visualize and understand the social behaviour of AD patients. We leverage the data analyses to build predictive tools and applications to enhance social activities scheduling and sociability monitoring and promotion, with the ultimate aim of providing patients with a better quality of life. Predictions and visualizations act as a support for caregivers in activity planning to maximize treatment effects and, hence, slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. We present the Community Behaviour Prediction Table (CBPT), a tool to visualize the estimated values of sociability among patients and popularity of places within a facility. Finally, we show the potential of the system by analyzing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown time-frame between February and June 2020 in a specific facility. Through the use of the indexes, we evaluate the effects of the pandemic on the behaviour of the residents, observing no particular impact on sociability even though social distancing was put in place.
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Pilotto, Andrea, Alberto Romagnolo, Jasmine A. Tuazon, Joaquin A. Vizcarra, Luca Marsili, Maurizio Zibetti, Michela Rosso, et al. "Orthostatic hypotension and REM sleep behaviour disorder: impact on clinical outcomes in α-synucleinopathies." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320846.
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ObjectiveReview the effect of orthostatic hypotension (OH) and rapid-eye-movement sleep behavioural disorder (RBD) on survival, cognitive impairment and postural stability, and discuss pathogenic mechanisms involved in the association of these two common non-motor features with relevant clinical outcomes in α-synucleinopathies.MethodsWe searched PubMed (January 2007–February 2019) for human studies of OH and RBD evaluating cognitive impairment, postural instability, and survival in Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and pure autonomic failure (PAF). Included studies were analysed for design, key results and limitations as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsOH and RBD showed a positive association with cognitive impairment in PD and DLB, conflicting association in PAF, and no association in MSA. OH was correlated with incident falls and postural instability in PD and DLB but not in MSA. The association between RBD and postural instability was inconclusive; positive in five studies, negative in seven. OH, but not RBD, correlated with reduced survival in PD, DLB and MSA. The combination of OH and RBD was associated with cognitive impairment and more rapid progression of postural instability.ConclusionsOH and RBD yielded individual and combined negative effects on disability in α-synucleinopathies, reflecting a ‘malignant’ phenotype of PD with early cognitive impairment and postural instability. Underlying mechanisms may include involvement of selected brainstem cholinergic and noradrenergic nuclei.
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Brass, Marcel, Perrine Ruby, and Stephanie Spengler. "Inhibition of imitative behaviour and social cognition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 (August 27, 2009): 2359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0066.
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There is converging evidence that the observation of an action activates a corresponding motor representation in the observer through a ‘mirror-matching’ mechanism. However, research on such ‘shared representations’ of perception and action has widely neglected the question of how we can distinguish our own motor intentions from externally triggered motor representations. By investigating the inhibition of imitative response tendencies, as an index for the control of shared representations, we can show that self–other distinction plays a fundamental role in the control of shared representations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that overlapping brain activations can be found in the anterior fronto-median cortex (aFMC) and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) area for the control of shared representations and complex social-cognitive tasks, such as mental state attribution. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, we functionally dissociate the roles of TPJ and aFMC during the control of shared representations. Finally, we propose a hypothesis stating that the control of shared representations might be the missing link between functions of the mirror system and mental state attribution.
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Moroz, Leonid L., Daria Y. Romanova, and Andrea B. Kohn. "Neural versus alternative integrative systems: molecular insights into origins of neurotransmitters." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1821 (February 8, 2021): 20190762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0762.
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Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and functions of neurotransmitter systems in basal metazoans as well as outline hypotheses of their origins. We explore the scenario that neurons arose from genetically different populations of secretory cells capable of volume chemical transmission and integration of behaviours without canonical synapses. The closest representation of this primordial organization is currently found in Placozoa, disk-like animals with the simplest known cell composition but complex behaviours. We propose that injury-related signalling was the evolutionary predecessor for integrative functions of early transmitters such as nitric oxide, ATP, protons, glutamate and small peptides. By contrast, acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, serotonin and histamine were recruited as canonical neurotransmitters relatively later in animal evolution, only in bilaterians. Ligand-gated ion channels often preceded the establishment of novel neurotransmitter systems. Moreover, lineage-specific diversification of neurotransmitter receptors occurred in parallel within Cnidaria and several bilaterian lineages, including acoels. In summary, ancestral diversification of secretory signal molecules provides unique chemical microenvironments for behaviour-driven innovations that pave the way to complex brain functions and elementary cognition.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
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Meulenbroek, Ruud G. J., David A. Rosenbaum, Arnold J. W. M. Thomassen, and Lambert R. B. Schomaker. "Limb-Segment Selection in Drawing Behaviour." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 2 (May 1993): 273–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401047.
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How do we select combinations of limb segments to carry out physical tasks? Three possible determinants of limb-segment selection are hypothesized here: (1) optimal amplitudes and frequencies of motion for the effectors; (2) preferred movement axes for the effectors; and (3) a tendency to continue using already-recruited limb-segments. We tested these factors in a graphic production task. Seven subjects produced back-and-forth drawing movements of gradually changing amplitude. The largest amplitude to be covered, trial duration, movement axis, and direction of amplitude change (from small to large or vice versa) were varied between trials. Selspot recordings were used to study the relative contributions of the fingers, hand, and arm to displacements of the pen. The temporal order of limb-segment involvement was also studied. The results confirmed the predicted effects of the three limb-segment selection factors. We conclude that limb-segment coordination is adaptively related to biomechanical features of the motor system and to the computational demands of movement selection itself.
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Capelo, Carlos, and Ana Lorga Silva. "Optimising the Learning Potential of Simulations Through Structural Transparency and Exploratory Guidance." Simulation & Gaming 51, no. 4 (May 8, 2020): 498–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878120916209.
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Background. Simulation-based learning environments are used extensively to support learning in complex business systems. Nevertheless, studies have identified problems and limitations due to cognitive processing difficulties. In particular, previous research has addressed some aspects of model transparency and instructional strategy and produced inconclusive results. Aim. This study investigates the learning effects of using transparent simulations (that is, showing users the internal structure of models) and exploratory guidance (that is, guiding learners so they are able to explore the simulation by themselves, supported by specific cognitive aids) from a mental models perspective. Method. A test based on a simulation experiment with a system dynamics model, representing a supply chain system, was performed. Participants are required to use the simulator to investigate some issues related to the bullwhip effect and other supply chain coordination concepts. Results. Participants provided with the more transparent strategy and offered the more exploratory guidance demonstrated better understanding of the structure and behaviour of the underlying model. However, our results suggest that while exploratory guidance is a beneficial method for understanding both model structure and behaviour, making only the model transparent is more limited in its effect.