Journal articles: 'Cognitive avoidance'

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Allen, M. Todd. "A computer-based avatar task designed to assess behavioral inhibition extends to behavioral avoidance but not cognitive avoidance." PeerJ 6 (July 31, 2018): e5330. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5330.

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Avoidance is a common feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as anxiety and depressive disorders. Avoidance can be expressed behaviorally as well as cognitively. Most personality assessments for avoidance involve self-report inventories which are susceptible to biased responding. The avatar task (Myers et al., 2016a) was developed as an objective measure of behavioral inhibition (BI) which is defined as a tendency for avoidance of unfamiliar people and situations. The avatar task has been demonstrated to screen avoidant behaviors related to BI, PTSD, as well as harm avoidance (HA) as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). In the current work, the avatar task was tested with cognitive as well as behavioral avoidance as measured by the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit & Dobson, 2004). The CBAS includes four subscales which measure behavioral social (BS) avoidance, behavioral non-social (BN) avoidance, cognitive social (CS) avoidance, and cognitive non-social (CN) avoidance. It was hypothesized that avatar scores would be significantly positively related to behavioral, but not cognitive, avoidance. In addition, it was also hypothesized that performance on the avatar task would be more related to social than non-social behavioral avoidance. Participants completed the avatar task, the HA scale of the TPQ and the CBAS. Pearson’s product moment correlations revealed that avatar scores were significantly related to CBAS total scores as well as BS and BN scores, but not CS and CN scores. In addition, BS has a stronger relationship with avatar scores than BN avoidance which fits with the social aspects of the scenarios in the avatar task. A median split of the avatar scores produced a significant difference in scores on the behavioral but not the cognitive subscales. Overall, the current results supported the idea that the avatar task is measuring behavioral avoidance, specifically in social situations, rather than cognitive avoidance. Future work could adapt the avatar task to include scenarios similar to the cognitive items on the CBAS to create an objective measure of cognitive avoidance which may be relevant in measuring avoidance in depression and behavioral avoidance associated with PTSD as well as anxiety disorders.

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Latorre Postigo, José Miguel, Marta Nieto López, María Antonia Font Payeras, Laura Ros Segura, Jesús Heras, and Jorge Javier Ricarte Trives. "Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: Factor structure and psychometric properties." Anales de Psicología 36, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.397711.

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La evitación cognitiva se refiere a las estrategias y esfuerzos dirigidos a prevenir experiencias negativas y eventos aversivos que provocan ansiedad. El presente estudio analizó la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de evitación cognitiva (CAQ; Sexton & Dugas, 2008), un instrumento que evalúa cinco estrategias de evitación cognitiva relacionadas con la preocupación. La traducción al español se administró a una muestra no clínica de 614 participantes (18-82 años). La escala total y las subescalas mostraron una consistencia interna de buena a excelente. Utilizando el análisis factorial confirmatorio, un modelo de cinco factores mostró un buen ajuste entre la estructura teórica y los datos empíricos. Se obtuvo evidencia de validez convergente y discriminante a través del análisis de las correlaciones del cuestionario con medidas de preocupación, supresión del pensamiento, rumiación y estilos de afrontamiento. Los resultados arrojaron datos preliminares satisfactorios sobre la adaptación española del CAQ, que podría proporcionar mayores avances en la práctica clínica y la investigación sobre procesos cognitivos y trastornos de ansiedad. Cognitive avoidance refers to strategies and efforts toward prevention of aversive experiences and events that provoke anxiety. The present study analyzed the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ; Sexton & Dugas, 2008), an instrument that assesses five worry-related cognitive avoidance strategies. The Spanish translation was administered to a non-clinical sample of 614 participants (18-82 years). The total scale and subscales showed good to excellent internal consistency. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a five-factor model showed a good fit between the theoretical structure and the empirical data. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was obtained through analysis of the correlations of the questionnaire with measures of worry, thought suppression, rumination and coping styles. The results yielded satisfactory preliminary data on the Spanish adaptation of the CAQ, which could provide for further advances in clinical practice and research on cognitive processes and anxiety disorders.

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Tuan, Pham Van, Pham Sy Phuc, Tran Van Nguyen, Tran Thi Thu Trang, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, Hoang Thi Nga, Pham Thi Hong Nhung, and Bui Thi Hong Chinh. "The Effect of Awareness on the Behavior of Advertisement on Social Network Basis for Cosmetic Products Line." Journal La Bisecoman 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v3i2.569.

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The study examines the factors affecting the perception and interaction behavior with advertising cosmetic products. The authors used SPSS and Smart PLS software to conduct statistics and analyze survey results. The results of data analysis show that there are 5 factors that directly affect the perception of avoidance: Health concerns; Doubts about advertising intermediaries; Privacy concerns; Information value; Obstructing cognitive goals. The factor that directly affects Avoidant Behavior is Perception of avoidance, there are 5 factors that indirectly affect Avoidant Behavior: Health concerns; Doubts about advertising intermediaries; Privacy concerns; Information value; Obstructing cognitive goals. At the same time, the research also shows that negative experiences do not affect the impact process from Avoidant Perception to Avoidant Behavior. This study has important practical elements for businesses, managers and even social network users in reducing users' awareness and avoidance of advertising.

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Nestler, Steffen, and Boris Egloff. "Interactive Effect of Dispositional Cognitive Avoidance, Magnitude of Threat, and Response Efficacy on the Persuasive Impact of Threat Communications." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 2 (January 2012): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000077.

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This internet study investigated the effect of individual differences in cognitive avoidance on the persuasive impact of threat communications. A total of 289 participants completed a measure of dispositional cognitive avoidance and read either a high- or a low-threat communication that provided either an effective response to reduce the threat or not. We found that cognitive avoidance did not moderate the effect of magnitude of threat when response efficacy was low. By contrast, cognitive avoidance was relevant when efficacy was high: After a high-threat message, low cognitive avoiders reported more favorable attitudes toward and intentions to adopt the action recommendation than high cognitive avoiders. Further analyses showed that severity perceptions mediate this effect of avoidance on attitudes and intentions. Individual differences in cognitive avoidance are thus an important moderator of the effectiveness of threat communications.

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Buades-Rotger, Macià, Anne-Kristin Solbakk, Matthias Liebrand, Tor Endestad, Ingrid Funderud, Paul Siegwardt, Dorien Enter, Karin Roelofs, and Ulrike M. Krämer. "Patients with Ventromedial Prefrontal Lesions Show an Implicit Approach Bias to Angry Faces." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 6 (May 1, 2021): 1069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01706.

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Abstract Damage to the ventromedial PFC (VMPFC) can cause maladaptive social behavior, but the cognitive processes underlying these behavioral changes are still uncertain. Here, we tested whether patients with acquired VMPFC lesions show altered approach–avoidance tendencies to emotional facial expressions. Thirteen patients with focal VMPFC lesions and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed an implicit approach–avoidance task in which they either pushed or pulled a joystick depending on stimulus color. Whereas controls avoided angry faces, VMPFC patients displayed an incongruent response pattern characterized by both increased approach and reduced avoidance of angry facial expressions. The approach bias was stronger in patients with higher self-reported impulsivity and disinhibition and in those with larger lesions. We further used linear ballistic accumulator modeling to investigate latent parameters underlying approach–avoidance decisions. Controls displayed negative drift rates when approaching angry faces, whereas VMPFC lesions abolished this pattern. In addition, VMPFC patients had weaker response drifts than controls during avoidance. Finally, patients showed reduced drift rate variability and shorter nondecision times, indicating impulsive and rigid decision-making. Our findings thus suggest that VMPFC damage alters the pace of evidence accumulation in response to social signals, eliminating a default, protective avoidant bias and facilitating a dysfunctional approach behavior.

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Sayalı, Ceyda, and David Badre. "Neural systems of cognitive demand avoidance." Neuropsychologia 123 (February 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.016.

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Froböse, Monja I., and Roshan Cools. "Chemical neuromodulation of cognitive control avoidance." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 22 (August 2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.027.

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Ottenbreit, Nicole D., and Keith S. Dobson. "Avoidance and depression: the construction of the Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale." Behaviour Research and Therapy 42, no. 3 (March 2004): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00140-2.

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Dickson, Kelsey S., Jeffrey A. Ciesla, and Laura C. Reilly. "Rumination, Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, and Behavioral Avoidance: Examination of Temporal Effects." Behavior Therapy 43, no. 3 (September 2012): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.11.002.

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Dimitrova, Darinka, Damianka Getova, and Vesselin Belovezdov. "Effects of cholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate on naive rats and rats with a model of hypoxia-induced impaired memory." Open Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-007-0037-z.

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AbstractCholinesterase inhibitors are currently used in the therapy of different kind of dementia to improve brain memory functions. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate was studied in naive rats and in rats with a model of sodium nitrite-induced hypoxia. One active avoidance test and in two passive avoidance tests were used. In the active avoidance test metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session only. In both passive avoidance tests, metrifonate prolonged latency differently during the learning session and in short-term or in long-term memory retention. Hypoxic rats showed lower numbers of avoidances in learning and memory retention sessions. Metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session for hypoxic rats. In the step-through passive avoidance test, metrifonate increased the latency of reactions in the learning session and in long-term memory retention tests. In the step-down passive avoidance test, the groups with hypoxia and metrifonate did not change the latency of reaction in the learning and long-term memory retention sessions, but increased the latency of reactions in the short-term memory retention test. Morphological data showed a significant impaired neuronal structure in a CA1 zone of the hippocampus in hypoxic rats and a tendency to preserving in rats treated with metrifonate. Our results suggest that metrifonate improves cognitive functions in naive and in hypoxic rats.

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Nagel, Arvid, and Horst Biedermann. "Attendance Without Presence: Measuring Cognitive Class Avoidance Among Students." Central European Journal of Educational Research 3, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37441/cejer/2021/3/3/9786.

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While the term “school absenteeism” refers to a student’s withdrawal from the reach of classroom instruction, we explicitly opt for the term “class avoidance.” Existing studies on this phenomenon have primarily dealt with unauthorized physical absence from class. However, in our contribution, we extend the scope to cognitive absence. The behavior of students who are physically present but cognitively disengaged has largely been neglected in educational research thus far. This deficit stands in contrast to the widely accepted importance of cognitive activation in the classroom. The core of our contribution consists in the presentation and the construct validation of a newly developed scale for measuring cognitive class avoidance (inattention in class). We evaluated this measurement instrument in a cross-sectional study with a sample of 171 seventh- to ninth-grade students (M = 14.3 years, SD = .94). Our data confirmed a theoretically founded g-factor model. The results of the analysis point to a limited prevalence of cognitive class avoidance. Such forms of behavior were significantly more frequently reported by boys than by girls, however.

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Altavilla, Daniela, Chiara Ciacchella, Gaia Romana Pellicano, Marco Cecchini, Renata Tambelli, Navkiran Kalsi, Paola Aceto, and Carlo Lai. "Neural correlates of sex-related differences in attachment dimensions." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (February 2021): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00859-5.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate sex-related differences in the electrophysiological response to socioemotional stimuli (positive, negative, and ambiguous) depicting couple interactions. The associations between anxiety and avoidance attachment dimensions (measured with the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised questionnaire) and the strength of cortico-limbic circuit intensity was explored, recorded using a 256-Hydrocel Geodesic Sensor-Net. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) data were analyzed for a total sample of 74 participants. Regression analyses showed that the women presented increased brain intensity compared with that in men, and the avoidance score was positively associated with brain intensity, particularly in response to negative socioemotional stimuli. The interaction sex per avoidance was a significant predictor of intensity in many brain areas, with women displaying significantly more pronounced positive associations between avoidance and brain intensity than men. In conclusion, the findings of the present study showed that women appeared to be more emotionally involved during the socioemotional task. Avoidance was positively associated with intensity of the cingulate and prefrontal regions, and these associations were more pronounced in women than in men. These findings suggested that avoidance seems to represent two different socioemotional strategies, in which women appear to activate an avoidant strategy to modulate increased emotional involvement in relationships, whereas men appear to adopt avoidance with a more intense emotional suppression.

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Bogdanov, Mario, Jonas P. Nitschke, Sophia LoParco, Jennifer A. Bartz, and A. Ross Otto. "Acute Psychosocial Stress Increases Cognitive-Effort Avoidance." Psychological Science 32, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211005465.

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Adverse effects following acute stress are traditionally thought to reflect functional impairments of central executive-dependent cognitive-control processes. However, recent evidence demonstrates that cognitive-control application is perceived as effortful and aversive, indicating that stress-related decrements in cognitive performance could denote decreased motivation to expend effort instead. To investigate this hypothesis, we tested 40 young, healthy individuals (20 female, 20 male) under both stress and control conditions in a 2-day study that had a within-subjects design. Cognitive-effort avoidance was assessed using the demand-selection task, in which participants chose between performing low-demand and high-demand variants of a task-switching paradigm. We found that acute stress indeed increased participants’ preference for less demanding behavior, whereas task-switching performance remained intact. Additional Bayesian and multiverse analyses confirmed the robustness of this effect. Our findings provide novel insights into how stressful experiences shape behavior by modulating our motivation to employ cognitive control.

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Butler, G. "Avoidance of affect: a cognitive-behavioural approach." Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive 17 (December 2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1155-1704(07)74060-0.

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Lavy, Edith H., and Marcel A. van den Hout. "Cognitive avoidance and attentional bias: Causal relationships." Cognitive Therapy and Research 18, no. 2 (April 1994): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02357223.

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Krahe, Barbara. "Cognitive Coping With the Threat of Rape: Vigilance and Cognitive Avoidance." Journal of Personality 73, no. 3 (June 2005): 609–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00323.x.

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von Spreckelsen, Paula, Nienke C. Jonker, Jorien Vugteveen, Ineke Wessel, Klaske A. Glashouwer, and Peter J. de Jong. "Individual differences in avoiding feelings of disgust: Development and construct validity of the disgust avoidance questionnaire." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): e0248219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248219.

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We developed and examined the construct validity of the Disgust Avoidance Questionnaire (DAQ) as a measure of people’s inclination to prevent experiencing disgust (disgust prevention) and to escape from the experience of disgust (disgust escape). In a stepwise item-reduction (Study 1; N = 417) using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on a 4-subscale distinction (behavioral prevention, cognitive prevention, behavioral escape, cognitive escape), we selected 17 items from a pool of potential items. In order to incorporate the conceptual overlap between dimensions of disgust avoidance, focus (prevention vs. escape), and strategy (behavioral avoidance vs. cognitive avoidance), we specified an adapted model. In this model, we allowed each item to load on one type of dimension and one type of strategy, resulting in four overlapping factors (prevention, escape, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Evaluation of this overlapping 4-factor model (Study 2; N = 513) using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed promising model fit indices, factor loadings, factor correlations, and reliability estimates for three of the four factors (prevention, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Those three subscales also showed good convergent validity. In contrast, the results related to the escape factor may call the suitability of self-report to assess disgust escape into question. In light of the exploratory nature of the project, future examinations of the DAQ’s validity and applicability to more diverse samples are essential. A critical next step for future research would be to examine the DAQ’s criterion validity and the distinctive roles of the DAQ subscales in (clinical) psychological constructs and processes.

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Leahy, Robert L. "Cognitive Development and Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 9, no. 3 (January 1995): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.9.3.173.

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Beck’s cognitive theory of psychopathology is integrated with Piaget’s and Bowlby’s structural cognitive-developmental theories. Automatic thought distortions, maladaptive assumptions, and early maladaptive schemas are formed at the preoperational level of intelligence and are marked by structural limitations of moral realism, imminent justice, dichotomous and intuitive thinking, and magical causality. The specific negative content of self-other schemas is based on early object representations reflecting pathology in the attachment process. Personality disorders are described as the persistence of preoperational structure and early object representations which are submitted to compensation and avoidance through maladaptive life-scripts. A case formulation based on this model is described.

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Tanaka, Ayumi, Takuhiro Okuno, and Hirotsugu Yamauchi. "Achievement Motives, Cognitive and Social Competence, and Achievement Goals in the Classroom." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 2 (October 2002): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.445.

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This study investigated the interrelations of approach and avoidance achievement motives (Motive to Achieve Success and Motive to Avoid Failure), two types of competence (Cognitive and Social competence), achievement goals (Mastery, Performance-approach, Performance-avoidance, and Work Avoidance goals), of 131 eighth and ninth grade students from a Japanese junior high school. Multiple regression analysis indicated positive relations between Mastery goals and the Motive to Achieve Success and Cognitive Competence. Performance-approach goals and both the Motive to Achieve Success and the Motive to Avoid Failure, and Performance-avoidance Goals and both the Motive to Achieve Success and the Motive to Avoid Failure. Negative relations were found between Work Avoidance goals and the Motive to Achieve Success and Cognitive Competence. Several interactions between achievement motives and competence on achievement goals were also found. The different antecedents of four achievement goals were discussed.

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Georgieva-Kotetarova, Maria T., and Ivanka I. Kostadinova. "Effect of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Learning and Memory in Rats with Diazepam-Induced Amnesia." Folia Medica 55, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2013-0018.

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ABSTRACT During the past decade, evidence has emerged that statins have neuroprotective effects. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on learning and memory in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Experiments were carried out on 48 white male Wistar rats, divided into 6 groups, each of 8 rats. The experimental animals were treated per os for 14 days with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. To induce amnesia diazepam was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg bw. Cognitive skills of the animals were examined after the induction of amnesia with active avoidance test using autonomic reflex conditioner (shuttle box) and passive avoidance tests (step-through and step down) (Ugo Basile, Italy). The following parameters were assessed: number of conditioned responses (avoidances), number of unconditioned responses (escapes) and number of intertrial crossings in the active avoidance test; latency of reactions was measured in the passive avoidance tests. RESULTS: We found a significant increase of conditioned responses in atorvastatin treated animals (in a dose of 10 mg/kg bw) in active avoidance training. In the animals treated with rosuvastatin in both doses there was a statistically significant increase of unconditioned responses. In the step-through passive avoidance test there was significant improvement of short-term and long-term memory following administration of atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw). Rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) preserves long-term memory. In the step-down passive avoidance test, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg bw and 20 mg/kg bw) preserve long-term memory. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) and rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bw) improve cognitive functions in rats with diazepam-induced amnesia and preserve longterm memory.

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Phanindhra, Bashetty, Akondi Butchi Raju, Gadiyaram Vikas, Repala Anusha, and Donapati Deepika. "Effect of Nyctanthes arbor tristis leaf extract against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats." Herba Polonica 60, no. 4 (March 1, 2015): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hepo-2015-0003.

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Summary Nyctanthes arbor tristis (NATE) ethanol extract (150 mg/kg, orally) was evaluated for its protective effect against scopolamine-induced (1 mg/kg i.p.) cognitive impairments in rats using behavioral models like radial arm maze test, Morris water maze test and active avoidance test. NATE effect was evaluated and compared with the standard piracetam (200mg/kg i.p.). NATE (p<0.005) significantly reversed the impairment produced by the scopolamine in radial arm maze test. In addition, NATE also decreased the time period taken to find the hidden platform in Morris water maze test and increased number of avoidances in active avoidance paradigm. Acetylcholinesterase activity and thiobarbituric acid levels were significantly (p<0.005) decreased along with the rise in activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. This might suggest that the NATE has protective effect against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats through acetylcholine muscarinic receptor pathway and also antioxidant activity. No significant changes were found in histopathological studies of brain.

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Tariq, Sarosh, and Adnan Adil. "Rigidity as mediator between temperaments and social adjustment: A comparative study of teachers of madaris and schools of Pakistan." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 42, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0084672420921956.

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This study assessed the mediating role of cognitive rigidity between temperament and social adjustment in teachers of schools and religious madaris of Pakistan while controlling for the influence of teaching experience. A purposive sample of 300 teachers (150 from public schools and 150 from religious madaris with equal representation of both the genders) was recruited from Sargodha and Lahore. Teachers of schools and madaris were matched in terms of their gender, age, and educational qualification. Urdu translated versions of the Approach–Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ), Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), and Social Adjustment Scale were used to operationalize the focal constructs of this study. Path analysis revealed that approach temperament negatively and avoidance temperament positively predicted cognitive rigidity, which in turn led to lowered levels of social adjustment. Approach temperament positively and avoidance temperament negatively predicted social adjustment. The negative association between approach temperament and cognitive rigidity was stronger in the group of school teachers, whereas the positive association between avoidance temperament and cognitive rigidity was stronger among teachers of religious madaris. The positive indirect effect of approach temperament on social adjustment through rigidity was stronger for school teachers. Significant differences were observed in the mean scores of teachers of madaris and schools on avoidance temperament, social adjustment, and cognitive rigidity. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research have been reflected upon.

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van Zuuren, Florence J. "Cognitive confrontation and avoidance during a naturalistic medical stressor." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 5 (December 1994): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080503.

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This study was undertaken to shed some light on problems that have arisen in measuring cognitive confrontation (monitoring) and cognitive avoidance (blunting) with a self‐report questionnaire, the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS; Miller, 1987). For this purpose, variants of both coping styles were studied in a naturalistic setting: 37 women who underwent prenatal diagnosis were interviewed at home about their ways of coping with different stages of the procedure, a few days before they expected the diagnostic results. Interview fragments pertaining to cognitive confrontation and avoidance were selected and analysed by two investigators in order to generate categories of avoidance and confrontation coping strategies. For some of the fragments, inter judge reliability was assessed using new judges. A comparison between the categories found and the kinds of items used in the MBSS shows that in real life more coping variants occur than those represented in the MBSS, in particular variants that involve a combination of cognitive confrontation and avoidance. Implications for the dimensionality of both concepts and for their measurement are discussed.

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Ruiz, Francisco J., and Paula Odriozola-González. "A longitudinal comparison of metacognitive therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy models of anxiety disorders." Anales de Psicología 33, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.227041.

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Metacognitive therapy (MCT) suggests that anxiety disorders are caused by the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS), which is supported by dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) emphasizes the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in the development of these disorders. In this study, it was hypothesized that the ACT concepts of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance would mediate the relationship between dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and anxiety/stress symptoms. A longitudinal design was employed. One hundred and six nonclinical participants responded twice to an online survey with a lapse of nine months. Cognitive fusion at Time 2 mediated the effect of negative metacognitive beliefs at Time 1 on anxiety symptoms at T2, whereas both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance mediated the effect on stress symptoms. Cognitive fusion mediated the effect of positive metacognitive beliefs only on stress symptoms. These results warrant further comparison of the MCT and ACT models.

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Maclean, Rory H., Peter Jacob, Pratik Choudhary, Simon R. Heller, Elena Toschi, Dulmini Kariyawasam, Augustin Brooks, et al. "Hypoglycemia Subtypes in Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploration of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II." Diabetes Care 45, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1120.

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OBJECTIVE The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II) is a well-validated measure of fear of hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between hypoglycemia worries, behaviors, and cognitive barriers to hypoglycemia avoidance and hypoglycemia awareness status, severe hypoglycemia, and HbA1c. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants with type 1 diabetes (n = 178), with the study population enriched for people at risk for severe hypoglycemia (49%), completed questionnaires for assessing hypoglycemia fear (HFS-II), hyperglycemia avoidance (Hyperglycemia Avoidance Scale [HAS]), diabetes distress (Problem Areas In Diabetes [PAID]), and cognitive barriers to hypoglycemia avoidance (Attitudes to Awareness of Hypoglycemia [A2A]). Exploratory factor analysis was applied to the HFS-II. We sought to establish clusters based on HFS-II, A2A, Gold, HAS, and PAID using k-means clustering. RESULTS Four HFS-II factors were identified: Sought Safety, Restricted Activity, Ran High, and Worry. While Sought Safety, Restricted Activity, and Worry increased with progressively impaired awareness and recurrent severe hypoglycemia, Ran High did not. With cluster analysis we outlined four clusters: two clusters with preserved hypoglycemia awareness were differentiated by low fear/low cognitive barriers to hypoglycemia avoidance (cluster 1) versus high fear and distress and increased Ran High behaviors (cluster 2). Two clusters with impaired hypoglycemia awareness were differentiated by low fear/high cognitive barriers (cluster 3) as well as high fear/low cognitive barriers (cluster 4). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to define clusters of hypoglycemia experience by worry, behaviors, and cognitive barriers to hypoglycemia avoidance. The resulting subtypes may be important in understanding and treating problematic hypoglycemia.

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Wang, Xinyan, Yen Hsu, and Rui Xu. "Effects of Approach–Avoidance Swiping Interactions on the Valence Estimation Using Tablet AAT." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244098.

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Bodily activity may influence subjects’ cognitive processing against embodied cognition. Approaching positive objects and avoiding negative ones facilitate the cognitive processing of emotional information by enhancing valence estimation. The effect may be termed the “Approaching positive and Avoiding negative Compatibility Effect (AACE)”. Implicit approach–avoidance behavior towards stimuli can be measured using the Approach–Avoidance Task (AAT). We recently expanded a touchscreen tablet AAT which seems a more flexible tool for measuring approach–avoidance effects on the valence estimation. In addition, the impact of emotional information on physical behavior might vary depending on the level of arousal. Therefore, we here integrated affective arousal with the AACE to investigate the change of valence estimations of emotional pictures with different (high/low) arousal levels before and after swiping them (toward/away) directly by hand on a touchscreen tablet. Eighty participants evaluated the valence of 40 emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) twice, first after watching them and second after swiping them, either toward or away from their bodies. As hypothesized, the results are consistent with the AACE, that is, swiping positive pictures toward the body or swiping negative ones away on the touchscreen tablet directly by hand led to a positive change in their valence estimation. Additionally, the change of the valence estimation was significantly enlarged when approaching emotional pictures with higher affective arousal. However, this higher arousal effect was not found when swiping pictures away. We argue that the effect of affective arousal and valence on approach–avoidance behavior seems to be separated. The approaching movement (toward) was more susceptible to the higher arousal of the stimuli, while the avoidance movement (away) was more sensitive to the valence. Furthermore, the touchscreen tablet AAT seems efficient and can reliably measure known approach–avoidance behavior toward cognitive processing testing both in the laboratory and in the field.

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Devine, Sean, and A. Ross Otto. "Information about task progress modulates cognitive demand avoidance." Cognition 225 (August 2022): 105107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105107.

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Froböse, Monja I., Jennifer C. Swart, Jennifer L. Cook, Dirk E. M. Geurts, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, and Roshan Cools. "Catecholaminergic modulation of the avoidance of cognitive control." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 147, no. 12 (December 2018): 1763–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000523.

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Vanderveren, Elien, Elise Debeer, Miet Craeynest, Dirk Hermans, and Filip Raes. "Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire." Psychologica Belgica 60, no. 1 (2020): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.522.

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Kool, Wouter, Joseph T. McGuire, Zev B. Rosen, and Matthew M. Botvinick. "Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 139, no. 4 (2010): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020198.

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Koch, Severine, Rob W. Holland, and Ad van Knippenberg. "Regulating cognitive control through approach-avoidance motor actions." Cognition 109, no. 1 (October 2008): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.014.

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Telch, Michael J., Mary Brouillard, Christy F. Telch, W. Stewart Agras, and C. Barr Taylor. "Role of cognitive appraisal in panic-related avoidance." Behaviour Research and Therapy 27, no. 4 (1989): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(89)90007-7.

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Givon, Noa. "The Effects of Psychosocial Stress and Sex Differences on Cognitive Effort Avoidance." McGill Science Undergraduate Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v15i1.7.

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Background: Recent research suggests stress may affect cognitive performance including memory, executive functioning, decision-making, and task-switching. However, it is unknown whether these effects are aversive or advantageous for effort exertion. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of acute psychosocial stress on willingness to exert cognitive control processes in a cognitive-effort-based decision-making task.Methods: To test this, 40 participants (20 female) in a within-subject, fully crossed, randomized design, were exposed to both a psychosocial stress induction condition (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST) and a control condition. Subsequently, they underwent the Demand Selection Task (DST) that tests for participants’ effort aversion by manipulating switch probabilities in a task-switching paradigm. Results and Conclusion: The induction of stress did not lead to significant error or accuracy rates, or significant differences in cognitive effort avoidance. Previous research indicated sex differences in response to stress. However, there is a lack of data on sex differences in the avoidance of demanding cognitive processes. Therefore, we assessed sex differences in the DST and found that women were more likely to avoid cognitive effort, choosing the less cognitively demanding cue more often than men. Limitations: A limitation of this study is the small sample size. Future research should increase the sample size and take individual differences in stress responders, type of stressor, and biases on effort exertion into account.

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Dhakal, Prajwal, Christopher S. Wichman, Bunny Pozehl, Meaghann Weaver, Alfred L. Fisher, Julie Vose, R. Gregory Bociek, and Vijaya R. Bhatt. "Preferences of adults with cancer for systemic cancer treatment: do preferences differ based on age?" Future Oncology 18, no. 3 (January 2022): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0260.

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Background: We used the Therapy Preference Scale, a 30-item questionnaire, to determine cancer treatment preferences of adults with cancer. Methods: We used Wilcoxon’s rank sum test and Fisher’s exact test to compare the preferences of younger (<60 years) versus older adults (≥60 years). Results: While 56% of patients would accept treatment offering increased life expectancy at an expense of short-term side effects, 75% preferred maintenance of cognition, functional ability and quality of life to quantity of days. Oral instead of intravenous treatment (p = 0.003), shorter hospital stay (p = 0.03), preservation of cognitive function (p = 0.01) and avoidance of pain (p = 0.02) were more important to older patients compared with younger patients. Conclusion: Many patients prioritized maintenance of cognition, functional ability and quality of life; older patients valued oral treatment, shorter hospital stay, preservation of cognitive function and avoidance of pain.

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Robinson, Susan, and Max Birchwood. "The Relationship Between Catastrophic Cognitions and the Components of Panic Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 5, no. 3 (January 1991): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.5.3.175.

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Cognitive models of panic postulate that panic attacks arise from the catastrophic misinterpretation of somatic symptoms. Hitherto, research has concentrated on the link between cognitions and the somatic sensations experienced during panic attacks; little attention has been directed towards the relationship between cognitions and other critical components of Panic Disorder (e.g., avoidance behavior). Fifty-eight patients presenting with Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (DSM-III-R) rated their degree of belief in nine “core” catastrophic cognitions and completed self-report measures of the critical symptoms of Panic Disorder. Results demonstrated a link between cognitions of physical catastrophe and somatic symptoms. Additionally, strong links were detected between the cognitions of losing control and “experiential” symptoms, between the cognition of insanity and depressive symptoms, and between the cognition of social embarrassment and avoidance behavior. Implications for the cognitive model and treatment of Panic Disorder are discussed.

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May, Christine N., Nora L. Nock, Devon Bentley, and Heath A. Demaree. "Acute aerobic exercise increases implicit approach motivation for dessert images." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 6 (July 10, 2016): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316657404.

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We examined the effect of acute exercise compared to a cognitive task on implicit approach/avoidance motivation to dessert food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task. Participants randomized to exercise had a greater increase in approach motivation to dessert images compared to those completing cognitive tasks ( p=0.046), adjusting for disordered eating, task difficulty, and changes in negative affect. This study provides the first evidence for the use of the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on implicit motivations for dessert images. Future studies should examine implicit response to food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task in response to chronic exercise.

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Cribb, Gemille, Michelle L. Moulds, and Sally Carter. "Rumination and Experiential Avoidance in Depression." Behaviour Change 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.23.3.165.

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AbstractRecent investigations have demonstrated a renewed interest in the role of avoidance in depression; however, little is known of which specific forms of avoidance — cognitive, behavioural or experiential — are important in this context. This study examined (a) the relationship between depression, rumination and these subtypes of avoidance, and (b) the proposal that the abstract/analytical nature of ruminative thought is linked to experiential avoidance. A nonclinical sample (N = 101) of undergraduate students completed self-report measures of depression, rumination, avoidance and mood state and viewed a low mood emotion-eliciting video stimulus. Participants' written summary of the film clip was independently rated for the degree to which it was abstract or concrete. Rumination, depression and cognitive, behavioural and experiential avoidance were all significantly correlated and remained so when anxiety was controlled. Further, reduced concreteness of description of the film clip was associated with experiential avoidance and rumination. Taken together, the findings underscore the value of clinicians being attentive to experiential avoidance in the assessment and treatment of depression.

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McFall, Richard M., Teresa A. Treat, and Richard J. Viken. "Contributions of Cognitive Theory to New Behavioral Treatments." Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (May 1997): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00406.x.

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Although clinical, social, and cognitive psychologists all use the concept of ‘cognition’, they often use it in different ways to refer to different phenomena We offer a heuristic framework for distinguishing among three general uses of the word cognition, and apply this framework to an evaluation of the experiential avoidance concept presented by Hayes and Gifford (this issue) While acknowledging the promise of such work, we raise concerns about its possible limitations We recommend that clinical applications of the cognition concept be grounded in the theories and methods of contemporary cognitive and neural sciences In support of our recommendation, we present three examples from experiments from our own research

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García-Gómez, María, Joan Guerra, Víctor M. López-Ramos, and José M. Mestre. "Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Relationship between Dispositional Mindfulness and Negative Affects: A Study in a Sample of Spanish Children and Adolescent School Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 4687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234687.

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Nowadays, mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have experienced a remarkable development of studies among childhood and adolescent interventions. For this reason, dispositional mindfulness (DM) measures for children and adolescents have been developed to determine the effectiveness of MBI at this age stage. However, little is known about how key elements of DM (for example, cognitive de/fusion or experiential avoidance that both confirm psychological inflexibility) are involved in the mechanisms of the children and adolescents’ mental health outcomes. This research examined the mediating effect of cognitive fusion between DM and anxiety and other negative emotional states in a sample of 318 Spanish primary-school students (aged between 8 and 16 years, M = 11.24, SD = 2.19, 50.8% males). Participants completed the AFQ-Y (Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for youth), which is a measure of psychological inflexibility that encompasses cognitive defusion and experiential avoidance; CAMM (DM for children and adolescents), PANAS-N (positive and negative affect measure for children, Spanish version of PANASC), and STAIC (an anxiety measure for children). The study accomplished ethical standards. As MBI relevant literature has suggested, cognitive defusion was a significant mediator between DM and symptoms of both negative emotions and anxiety in children and adolescents. However, experiential avoidance did not show any significant mediating relationship. Probably, an improvement of the assessment of experiential avoidance is needed. MBI programs for children and adolescents may include more activities for reducing effects of the cognitive defusion on their emotional distress.

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Millner, Alexander J., Samuel J. Gershman, Matthew K. Nock, and Hanneke E. M. den Ouden. "Pavlovian Control of Escape and Avoidance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 10 (October 2018): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01224.

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To survive in complex environments, animals need to have mechanisms to select effective actions quickly, with minimal computational costs. As perhaps the computationally most parsimonious of these systems, Pavlovian control accomplishes this by hardwiring specific stereotyped responses to certain classes of stimuli. It is well documented that appetitive cues initiate a Pavlovian bias toward vigorous approach; however, Pavlovian responses to aversive stimuli are less well understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of aversive Pavlovian responses, such as active avoidance, is important given the critical role these behaviors play in several psychiatric conditions. The goal of the current study was to establish a behavioral and computational framework to examine aversive Pavlovian responses (activation vs. inhibition) depending on the proximity of an aversive state (escape vs. avoidance). We introduce a novel task in which participants are exposed to primary aversive (noise) stimuli and characterized behavior using a novel generative computational model. This model combines reinforcement learning and drift-diffusion models so as to capture effects of invigoration/inhibition in both explicit choice behavior as well as changes in RT. Choice and RT results both suggest that escape is associated with a bias for vigorous action, whereas avoidance is associated with behavioral inhibition. These results lay a foundation for future work seeking insights into typical and atypical aversive Pavlovian responses involved in psychiatric disorders, allowing us to quantify both implicit and explicit indices of vigorous choice behavior in the context of aversion.

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Tuominen, Lauri, Johanna Salo, Jussi Hirvonen, Kjell Någren, Pauliina Laine, Tarja Melartin, Erkki Isometsä, et al. "Serotonin and harm avoidance revisited." NeuroImage 52 (August 2010): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.074.

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Sohaib, Osama, Kyeong Kang, and Iwona Miliszewska. "Uncertainty Avoidance and Consumer Cognitive Innovativeness in E-Commerce." Journal of Global Information Management 27, no. 2 (April 2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2019040104.

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This article describes how despite the extensive academic interest in e-commerce, an investigation of consumer cognitive innovativeness towards new product purchase intention has been neglected. Based on the stimulus–organism–response (S–O–R) model, this study investigates the consumer cognitive innovativeness and the moderating role of the individual consumer-level uncertainty avoidance cultural value towards new product purchase intention in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. Structural equation modelling, such as partial least squares (PLS) path modelling was used to test the model, using a sample of 255 participants in Australia who have had prior online shopping experience. The findings show that the online store web atmosphere influences consumers' cognitive innovativeness to purchase new products in countries with diverse degrees of uncertainty avoidance such as Australia. The results provide some guidance for a B2C website design based on how individual's uncertainty avoidance and cognitive innovativeness can aid the online consumer purchasing decision-making process.

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Eftekari, Asie, and Maryam Bakhtiari. "Comparing the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Cognitive Avoidance in GAD patients." Practice in Clinical Psychology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.10.1.593.1.

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Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy with exposure techniques on cognitive avoidance in female patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Methods: 10 women with generalized anxiety disorder were selected through purposeful sampling with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-5). To determine the absence of Personality disorder Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) (Millon and Groosman, 2005) was used. Schema therapy was conducted for 20 weekly sessions and ACT with exposure techniques for 12 weeks and follow-up 6 weeks. The Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) (Sexton and Douglas, 2004) was used as pre-test and post-test, and to track the results. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results showed that schema therapy is more effective than ACT in the subscales of thought suppression (F=12.80, p=0.037) and avoidance of threatening (F=25.61, p=0.015), but they have no significant statistical difference in other subscales and total score. Both treatments significantly reduced the total score of cognitive avoidance, but they did not have a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: It is concluded that Schema therapy and ACT with exposure techniques are effective in reducing the severity of symptoms and improving cognitive avoidance in females with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

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Falsetti, Sherry A., and Heidi S. Resnick. "Treatment of PTSD Using Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 3 (January 2000): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.14.3.261.

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This article reviews the assessment and cognitive behavioral treatment of patients with civilian trauma related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and presents a case example to illustrate the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. Areas of importance for assessment include thorough trauma history, PTSD symptomatology, comorbid disorders, coping skills, distorted cognitions, and level of behavioral avoidance. There are now several cognitive behavioral therapies available for the treatment of PTSD that have been empirically validated. These treatments will be briefly described and the extant treatment outcome literature will be reviewed. A case example, highlighting cognitive strategies within cognitive behavioral therapy, is presented.

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Seebeck, Renée F., Malcolm H. Johnson, and Ross A. Flett. "The Nature and Extent of Social Anxiety and Avoidance in Patients with Chronic Pain." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000508.

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The present study explored the nature and extent of social anxiety and avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety and avoidance in 46 clinic-referred chronic pain patients, compared with a community-based group reporting pain (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 57). The chronic pain patients consistently reported higher levels of social distress, social avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety and avoidance as compared with controls. Group differences in social distress, social avoidance, fear of negative evaluation, pain-related cognitive anxiety, and fear of cognitive and emotional dyscontrol, remained stable when pain severity was controlled for. Anxiety sensitivity was strongly related to both social and pain-related fears. The source of these social fears is examined in relation to the elevated pain-related fear and anxiety sensitivity also exhibited by chronic pain patients, and implications for treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.

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Kwak, Jin-Young, and Eun-Hye Ha. "The Effects of Cognitive Avoidance and Behavioral Avoidance on Depressive Symptoms of Female College Students." Health & Welfare 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23948/kshw.2019.09.21.3.29.

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Nur Hidayah, Muhammad. "COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY UNTUK MENURUNKAN PERILAKU MENGHINDAR." Al-ATHFAL: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak 1, no. 2 (July 25, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46773/al-athfal.v1i2.159.

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13-year-old subject that is experiencing the avoidance behavior problem. The assessment method is carried out on the subject of observation, interviews, graphic tests, and standard prgressive matrices (SPM) intelligence tests. A given intervention is using the cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) approach with cognitive restructuring techniques, respiratory relaxation, and 8-session exposure. The goal of this intervention is to lower the avoidance behavior of chickens. The result of this intervention is that the subject is no longer dodge to the chickens and can interact directly with the chickens by holding and carrying it. It does not release because of the strong desire of the subject not to shy away from dealing with chickens and the support of parents and class guardians in school.

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Schulz, Philipp, Thomas Beblo, Stefan Spannhorst, Kirsten Labudda, Thomas Wagner, Volkmar Bertke, Sebastian Boedeker, Martin Driessen, Stefan H. Kreisel, and Max Toepper. "Avoidance Behavior Is an Independent Indicator of Poorer On-road Driving Skills in Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 2152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz063.

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Abstract Objectives The aim of the current work was to investigate the relationship between avoidance of specific driving situations and on-road driving skills in older drivers considering factors found to be related to both avoidance behavior and driving skills. Method Seventy-two older drivers (M = 76 years) from the general population were included in this study. Self-reported avoidance behavior, driving practice, perceived driving difficulties, driving-related cognitive functions, as well as medical conditions were assessed within two sessions. Standardized on-road assessments served for assessing on-road driving skills in a third session. Results Self-reported avoidance behavior was associated with reduced driving skills (r = −.41), and this relationship remained significant beyond the influence of cognitive skills, self-reported health, driving practice, and perceived driving difficulties. Specifically, avoidance of driving in bad weather, poor visibility and complicated parking was found to be associated with reduced driving skills. Discussion This study suggest that avoidance behavior is an independent indicator of impaired driving skills in older drivers. Our results argue against the assumption that avoidance behavior may be a reasonable strategy for safe traffic participation. Longitudinal studies are urgently needed to get more evidence on safety aspects of avoidance behavior.

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Shu, Kunyao. "The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the release of interpersonal stress." Work 69, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-213504.

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BACKGROUND: interpersonal communication in workplace is a problem that is faced by every employee. It is common in all industries and increasingly lethal. When they are unable to bear such overload of psychological pressure, they tend to suffer from anxiety, irritability, depression, and other psychological disorders and even mental diseases. It is urgent to explore how to help employees relieve psychological stress. OBJECTIVE: the study aimed to analyze the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on workplace interpersonal stress, and provide help for professionals, especially newcomers, to relieve social pressure. METHODS: 125 employees of Internet enterprises were given multi-baseline designed CBT (with baseline phase, treatment phase, and post-baseline phase). 43 subjects who did not finish the therapist program were set as the control group and 82 subjects who finished the treatment program were set as the experimental group. First, the differences of interpersonal stress of subjects with different gender, age, educational background, and monthly salary were analyzed. Then, social avoidance, distress, anxiety, and depression scores in baseline, treatment, and post-baseline periods were compared. Finally, the effects of gender, age, educational background, and monthly salary on social avoidance, distress, anxiety, and depression scores of the experimental group were analyzed by multiple regression. and the influence paths of the workplace interpersonal pressure was constructed. RESULTS: Social avoidance, distress, anxiety, and depression of employees earning 10000 or more per month were less than those earning 10000 or more per month. Social avoidance, distress, anxiety, and depression of employees aged 30–50 were higher than those aged < 30 and > 50 (P < 0.05). Social avoidance, social distress, and depression in males were lower than those in females (P < 0.05). Social distress, anxiety, and depression of employees with master’s degree or above were less than those with bachelor’s degree or junior college degree. There were significant differences between the two groups in the post baseline phase. The monthly salary had the greatest influence on the social avoidance and distress, anxiety, and depression scores of the employees after treatment, with the path coefficients of –0.183, –0.169, and –0.184, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CBT can effectively relieve social avoidance and distress of workplace employees and can improve the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Educational level, age, and monthly salary had a certain influence on the improvement of social avoidance, distress, anxiety and depression.

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Bjørnebekk, Gunnar, and Torgrim Gjesme. "Motivation and Temporal Distance: Effect on Cognitive and Affective Manifestations." Psychological Reports 105, no. 2 (October 2009): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.105.2.339-360.

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The implications of temporal distance on motivation-related concepts were examined. The results of an experiment, based on 585 Grade 6 students, indicated that both positive (approach) and negative (avoidance) motivation increased as the future goal or event approached in time. This increase in approach and avoidance motivation influenced the performance of the pupils differently. For pupils with success orientation, the performance increased. For pupils with failure orientation, the performance remained about the same.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive avoidance'

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