Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cognitive avoidance'
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Klein, Rupert G. "Cognitive avoidance of health threats." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102518.
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Previous researchers have suggested that cognitive avoidance occurs for stimuli describing social threats but not for stimuli describing physical threats. The present research examined whether individuals can cognitively avoid physically threatening stimuli, such as the words 'HIV' or 'cancer'. Three studies investigated (a) personality characteristics that predict cognitive avoidance of physically threatening stimuli, (b) whether the stimuli have to be relevant to the avoider and (c) circumstances that may disrupt the avoidance mechanism.Study 1 was an exploratory study examining the personality characteristics that predict avoidance of thoughts concerning physical threats, specifically, sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The study found that lower sexual self-efficacy and less assertiveness predicted greater self-reported avoidance of thoughts concerning STIs. The more participants tended to avoid thoughts concerning STIs the less likely they were to discuss safer sex practices with their partner and the less consistent they were in their condom use. The findings suggest that individuals can avoid thoughts of physical threats (i.e., STIs) and that this avoidance can have consequences such as engaging in riskier sexual behaviours (i.e., not consistently using condoms).
In study 2, participants were presented threatening words on a computerized task (the emotional Stroop task) to assess if they would automatically attend to or avoid physically threatening words. Dispositionally avoidant participants (participants low in anxiety and high in repressive defensiveness) avoided physically threatening words but only if they were perceived to be self-relevant, otherwise the avoidance mechanism was not elicited.
Study 3 examined if the avoidance of physical threats may be disrupted when there is a temporary reduction in dopamine, such as when cigarette smokers abstain from smoking. Results showed that non-abstaining smokers with an avoidant disposition superficially processed (avoided) threatening words related to smoking on an emotional Stroop task. Abstainers however did not demonstrate this superficial processing suggesting that the avoidance mechanism was disrupted.
The three studies demonstrate that individuals avoid physical threats if they perceive them to be self-relevant and that this avoidance mechanism can be disrupted by a temporary reduction in dopamine.
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Hamdi, Karama. "Interference avoidance in cognitive radio networks /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202007%20HAMDI.
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Newell, Robert. "Facial disfigurement and avoidance : a cognitive behavioural approach." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3764.
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闐, 田. "Signal detection and interference avoidance in cognitive radio." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12614652/?lang=0, 2013. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12614652/?lang=0.
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Murawski, Robert. "Practical Interference Avoidance Protocols for Cognitive Radio Networks." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1314632531.
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Chien, Sharon. "Understanding Anger through the Framework of Experiential Avoidance." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3643923.
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This study examined the application of experiential avoidance to understanding anger, a universal emotion that is not presently well-understood despite its pervasiveness in both clinical symptomatology and general experience. Theories including the anger avoidance model (Gardner & Moore, 2008) and the cognitive-neoassociationistic perspective (Berkowitz, 1983) proposed that anger is related to avoidant behaviors and lack of control. Experiential avoidance (EA), a concept introduced in Relational Frame Theory (Hayes, 2004b), describes the avoidance of unpleasant thoughts and negative emotional experiences. Historically, EA has primarily been used to examine anxiety, but may also present a valuable theoretical approach to other emotional experiences, including anger.
To clarify the link between experiential avoidance and anger, correlations between subjects' scores on subtypes of anger and levels of experiential avoidance were examined. A non-clinical sample of 215 graduate students completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Scores were analyzed for correlations between levels of experiential avoidance and types of anger experiences. Results suggest that experiential avoidance is related to higher levels of trait anger, increased inward expressions of anger, and decreased control over anger experiences. Implications for research, theory, and clinical approaches to anger and aggression are discussed.
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Wang, Qi. "Linking goals to avoidance in interpersonal conflict situations a cognitive approach /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3866.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Communication. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Fawzy, Tamer I. "The Relationship between Cognitive Avoidance and Attentional Bias for Snake-Related Thoughts." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/FawzyTI2004.pdf.
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Sporle, Diana Maria. "Cognitive processing of threat information in female eating disorder patients : the role of attentional bias and cognitive avoidance." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/1601.
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This study considers and explores the relationship between eating disorders and the cognitive processes of attentional bias and cognitive avoidance. These processes are also considered in terms of their contribution to the current theoretical conceptualisations of eating disorders and how this may potentially inform treatment. Previous research in the field is limited yet indicates that attentional biases exist in eating disorders, at least for disorder-specific stimuli using well recognised experimental paradigms. The research into cognitive avoidance is scarce yet has indicated that those with bulimic tendencies may use this cognitive strategy. A modified emotional Stroop task and an anagram solution task were used to evaluate experimental hypotheses postulating that attentional bias to and cognitive avoidance of disorder relevant and self-esteem threat stimuli would be present in a group of patients with an eating disorder (N=23) in comparison with a control group (N=34). Using the emotional Stroop, the results showed limited support for the presence of attentional biases in eating disorders. For the anagram solution task, some limited evidence was found for the presence of cognitive avoidance in the clinical eating disorder sample. The limitations of the study were considered and discussed, with an emphasis on improvements for future research using these experimental paradigms. The findings of the study were also discussed in relation to the implications for eating disorder theory and treatment.
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Anderson, Nicholas L. "Avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty| Precipitants of rumination and depression." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618936.
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The primary goal of the present study was to examine whether avoidance and intolerance of uncertainty predict depression and anxiety through rumination over a two week time period. Results indicated that cognitive, behavioral, and experiential avoidance all individually predicted depressive and anxious symptoms over two weeks. Cognitive, behavioral, and experiential avoidance all predicted rumination one week later. Intolerance of uncertainty predicted higher levels of anxiety and depression but not rumination. No evidence emerged that rumination acted as a mechanism of action between any of the hypothesized mediational models for depressive symptoms. Only the cognitive and experiential avoidance mediational models indicated mediation for anxiety.
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Ainsworth, Chris. "Cognitive process in bulimic disorders : the role of schema avoidance and impulsivity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326579.
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Quach, Minh thao. "Cross-layer framework for interference avoidance in cognitive radio ad-hoc networks." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0489/document.
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Le plan d’attribution du spectre présente un problème de déficit de ressources dans les réseaux sans fil. En 2002, la FCC (Federal Communication Commission) a rapporté que le spectre radioélectrique était de 20% à 85% sous-utilisé. L’utilisation inefficace du spectre est un problème majeur qui doit être résolu si l’on veut que les communications radio se développent. La FCC a ensuite changé la politique de gestion du spectre pour la rendre plus souple en s’interessant à l’approche radio cognitive (CR). La radio cognitive est un type de radio intelligente qui explore l’environnement de fréquences radio, apprend et décide d’utiliser la partie inutilisée du spectre. Les principales fonctions de la CR sont la détection, la prise de décision, et le partage. Cependant, ces radios doivent respecter les infrastructures sans fil standards en minimisant leur impact sur les appareils prioritaires, également appelés systèmes primaires. La coexistence entre les systèmes CR et les systèmes primaires nécessite des processus d’observation et de gestion des interférences dédiés. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la phase d’observation du point de vue CR. La zone de chevauchement entre un émetteur CR et l’émetteur primaire (PR) est analysée et prise en compte. L’impact de cette zone est appris par simulation et présenté dans le chapitre 4. En conséquence, des interférences potentielles sont envisagées. Durant la phase d’observation, nous étudions un mécanisme permettant de mieux prévenir la perturbation sur les dispositifs PR en utilisant le Grey Model et le filtre de Kalman comme modèle de prédiction de la densité des récepteurs primaires. En complément à cette observation, nous fournissons une stratégie visant à combiner les observations obtenues en une mesure qui pourra être utilisée par le routage dans le cadre de la coexistence entre réseaux radio cognitive (CRN) et réseaux primaires. La stratégie proposée utilise la logique floue et est présentée dans le chapitre 5. Dans ce chapitre, nous étudions comment la couche réseau réagit et prend les bonnes décisions pour maximiser l’utilisation des ressources du spectre, tout en évitant les interférences avec les récepteurs primaires. Par exemple, un noeud CR peut fonctionner dans une zone de recouvrement, si les récepteurs primaires sont inactifs dans cette zone. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un mécanisme de routage basé sur le protocole de routage DYMO qui prend en compte l’impact relatif observé. Dans ce même chapitre, nous avons également présenté des scénarios pratiques illustrant l’utilité de notre proposition. L’interconnexion des noeuds CR dans le CRN est aussi un problème crucial pour la mise en place du réseau. C’est pourquoi nous présentons un processus de diffusion par balises au chapitre 6. Dans ce chapitre, nous décrivons également un dispositif pratique conçu pour des expériences en radio cognitive. Même si notre travail se rapporte à différentes couches de la pile protocolaire, le cadre général que nous avons conçu est multicouches. En effet, les composants accèdent aux différentes couches pour récupérer l’information, la traiter et réagir en conséquence. Ainsi, notre travail constitue un environnement inter-couches pour un dispositif radio cognitive local visant à minimiser les interférences et à maximiser les ressources réseau dans les réseaux radio cognitiveA fixed spectrum assignment scheme has a problem with resource deficiency in a wireless network. In 2002, the US Federal Communication Commission (FCC) reported that the radio spectrum was 20% to 85% under-utilized. The insufficient use of the spectrum is a critical issue for radio communication; as communication grows, a fixed spectrum becomes more limiting. The FCC then changed its spectrum management policy to make it more flexible by investigating the cognitive radio (CR) approach. Cognitive radio is a type of intelligent radio that explores the radio frequency environment, learns, and decides to use the unused portion of the frequency. The main functions of a CR are sensing, decision making, and sharing. However, these radios have to respect the standard wireless infrastructures by ensuring the least impact with their devices, also known as primary radios. Coexistence between CR systems and primary systems requires dedicated observation processes and interference management. In this thesis, observation from a CR point of view is presented. The overlapping area between a CR transmitter and primary radio (PR) transmitter is analysed so that it can be taken into account. The impact of this area is learnt by simulation and presented in Chapter 4. As a consequence, potential interference is envisaged. Along with observation, we investigate a proper mechanism to better prevent perturbation on PR devices using the Grey model and Kalman filter as a prediction model for predicting the density of primary receivers. In addition, we provide a strategy to combine the obtained observations into a metric that can be used in routing design in the context of coexistence between Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) and primary networks. The proposed strategy, using fuzzy logic, is presented in Chapter 5. In this chapter, we investigate how the routing layer reacts and makes the right decisions to maximise the spectrum resources, while avoiding interference with the primary receivers. For instance, a CR node can operate in an overlap region if primary receivers are inactive within this area. Also, we propose a routing mechanism based on the DYMO routing protocol that takes into account the observed relative impact. In the same chapter, we provide some practical scenarios illustrating the usefulness of our proposal. Interconnecting the CR nodes in CRNs is also a critical problem for the establishment of the network. We therefore present a beacon-based dissemination process in Chapter 6. In this chapter, we also describe a practical device designed for cognitive radio experiments. Even though our work affects different protocol layers, the designed framework is cross-layered. Indeed, the different components of the proposed framework access the various layers to retrieve information, process it, and react accordingly. Thus, our work constitutes a cross-layer framework for a local cognitive radio that aims to minimise the interference and maximise the network resources in cognitive radio networks
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Sabes, Philip N. (Philip Neal). "The planning of visually guided arm movements : feedback perturbation and obstacle avoidance studies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10618.
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Williams, Alishia Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Experiential features of intrusive memories in depression and the role of cognitive avoidance in intrusion maintenance." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/36794.
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Although recent research has demonstrated that intrusive memories of negative autobiographical events are an overlapping cognitive feature of depression and PTSD, there is still a general paucity of research investigating the prevalence and maintenance of these memories in depression. Accordingly, the current thesis represented a much-needed program of empirically-driven research that delineated the cognitive processes that underpin the manifestation, experience, and persistence of intrusive memories in depression. Firstly, Study 1 used descriptive and correlational methodologies to outline the content and features of these memories, and explored whether intrusion characteristics linked to intrusive memories in PTSD are also features of intrusive memories in depression. In accord with studies in PTSD samples, sensory features accounted for unique variance in the prediction of depression severity, over and above that accounted for by intrusion frequency. This commonality raised the possibility that cognitive management strategies linked to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD may also play a role in depression. Accordingly, Study 2 utilized a cross-sectional and prospective design to investigate whether negative appraisals and cognitive avoidance strategies, which are key to the persistence of intrusive memories in PTSD, similarly play a role in depression. The results demonstrated that assigning negative appraisals to one???s intrusive memory, and attempts to control the memory, were positively associated with intrusion-related distress, level of depression, and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. Additionally, negative appraisals and the use of cognitive mechanisms were predictive of depression concurrently, but not prospectively. Studies 3, 4, and 5 further investigated avoidant intrusion- response strategies by assessing the role of recall vantage perspective in mediating the effects of intrusion-related distress. Study 3 found that although field memories were not experienced as more distressing than observer memories, the results supported an association between an observer vantage perspective and cognitive avoidance mechanisms. As this study employed a correlational design, Study 4 addressed the question of directionality by experimentally manipulating mode of recall to ascertain whether shifting participants into a converse perspective would have differential effects on the reported experience of their intrusive memory. Results indicated that shifting participants from a field to an observer perspective resulted in decreased experiential ratings; specifically, reduced distress and vividness and increased detachment and observation. Also, as anticipated, the converse shift in perspective (from observer to field) did not lead to a corresponding increase in experiential ratings, but resulted in reduced ratings of observation. Study 5 attempted to investigate the stability of this memory orientation phenomenon by investigating mode of recall vantage perspective prospectively. Attrition of participants across the 12-month study limited analyses to the descriptive level, but illustrated that, at least for some individuals, recall vantage perspective remained stable across assessments periods. Collectively, the findings supported the notion that recall perspective has a functional role in the regulation of intrusion-related distress and represents a cognitive avoidance mechanism. Studies 6 and 7 employed experimental methodologies to investigate whether adopting an abstract/analytical mode of processing following a negative event would result in poor emotional processing, or increased distress associated with intrusive memories. Study 6 found no differences in either intrusion frequency or associated levels of distress across the processing conditions, as hypothesized. The results of Study 6 suggested that the predicted effects of ruminative self-focus on intrusion severity may be dependent upon the self-referential nature of the material being processed. Results of Study 7 indicated that inducing an analytical ruminative mode of processing resulted in participants rating their naturally occurring, self-referential intrusive memories as more negative, more distressing, and evoking a more negative emotional response compared to inducing distraction. Taken together, Studies 6 and 7 suggest the possibility that depressed individuals may get caught up in a ruminative cycle that, due to the documented effects of analytical self-focus, may exacerbate the emotional response elicited by the intrusions and perpetuate biased attentional focus towards them. Finally, Studies 8 and 9 explored suppression as a cognitive avoidance mechanism and addressed some methodological concerns regarding the measurement of this construct. Study 8 investigated the effects of repeated suppression using a method to index the frequency, duration, and associated levels of distress of an experimentally-induced intrusive memory, and assessed whether any observed effects were differentially linked to depressive symptomatology. Results supported a secondary rebound effect in those participants who were most successful at suppressing target intrusions. Study 9 was an investigation of the English version of the TCAQ (Luciano, Algarabel, Tom??s, & Mart??nez, 2005), an index of cognitive control. Study 9 evaluated the association between this measure and performance on a thought suppression task. The results indicated that low TCAQ-20 scorers experienced intrusions of a longer duration and rated these intrusions as more distressing than high TCAQ-20 scorers, supporting the validity of the measure. These findings highlight the role of suppression as a maladaptive mental control strategy and the potential for elevated intrusion-distress to perpetuate its use. Together, the findings of this program of research confirm the importance of intrusive memories in depression, and underscore the need for an empirically-supported model to account for the occurrence and maintenance of these memories.
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Ross, Alasdair Iain. "The effects of perceptual, motor and cognitive constraints on obstacle avoidance during reaching." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230168.
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Performing goal-directed hand-movements in the presence of obstacles is a task that we usually complete successfully many times a day without much conscious consideration. Yet, little is known about the underlying processes. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of perceptual, motor and cognitive constraints on obstacle avoidance during reaching. To do this a tabletop-based obstacle avoidance setup and motiontracking were used. In the first experimental chapter, the previously reported tendency of participants to select movement paths that pass roughly through the mid-point between two obstacles was examined. The starting position of the hand and the availability of visual feedback were manipulated and evidence was found that movement path selection depends on both a collision-avoidance strategy and the associated biomechanical costs; even when visual feedback is unavailable. The second experimental chapter investigated an action-blindsight phenomenon, specifically the ability of cortically blind patients to avoid unseen obstacles. It was found that only two out of the six patients tested potentially showed some residual sensitivity to obstacles in their blind visual field. The final two experimental chapters went further to examine the role of perceptual information and attentional mechanisms respectively. It was found that during obstacle avoidance participants predominantly look at the movement target and rarely towards any obstacles or their moving hand. Furthermore, they tend to move their hand away from obstacles that are fixated. Finally, it was also found that a concurrent attentional task affected movement path selection in a similar way. At present it is unclear whether these perceptual and attentional effects are additive or independent of each other. Overall, these findings suggest that both conscious visual information and attentional mechanisms are crucial factors in determining movement path selection during obstacle avoidance in reaching.
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Fikretoglu, Deniz. "An Examination of a Potential Moderator of the Relationship Between Thought Suppression and Preoccupation with Previously Suppressed Thoughts." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27197.
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Findings from numerous laboratory studies on thought suppression suggest that engaging in deliberate thought suppression may lead to the ironic effects of becoming preoccupied by the very same thoughts one wishes to avoid. Based on the results of these laboratory studies, a sophisticated model of thought suppression (i.e., Ironic Process Theory) has been developed. It has been argued that Ironic Process Theory can inform our understanding of the processes involved in the development and maintenance of clinical disorders such as PTSD. Unfortunately, to date, several important issues that are relevant to the successful application of this model specifically to PTSD have not been explored in detail. One such issue has to do with whether different types of thought suppression strategies that use different types of distracters lead to different levels of preoccupation.
The current investigation examined whether the use of minor worries as distracters would lead to greater levels of preoccupation than the use of positive thoughts (Study 1). Eighty-one female undergraduates were assigned to one of three experimental conditions (suppress-worry, suppress-positive, control). Those in the suppression groups were asked to distract themselves from target thoughts using minor worries vs. positive thoughts whereas the participants in the control condition were asked to think about anything they liked. This was followed by instructions to think about anything for all three groups. Results indicated that although the two suppression groups differed on later preoccupation with previously suppressed thoughts, they did not do so in a significant manner. Study 1 also examined the potential mediating role of mental load when mental load is measured. No support for the mediational role of mental load was found.
Study 2 further investigated the mediational role of mental load, this time through experimental manipulation. Forty female undergraduates were assigned to one of four experimental conditions (suppress-worry/no load, suppress-worry/load, suppress-positive/no load, suppress-positive/load). The same instructions used in Study 1 were given with the addition of a 10-digit number-recall task for those in the load condition. No support for the mediational role of mental load was found. Results are discussed in relation to theory and practice.Ph. D.
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Rock, Mindi S. "Where Do We Draw Our Lines?: Approach/Avoidance Motivation, Political Orientation, and Cognitive Rigidity." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/230/.
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Cecile, Anna Sarabian. "Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242653.
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付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第21615号
理博第4522号
新制||理||1649(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻
(主査)准教授 Andrew MacIntosh, 教授 古市 剛史, 教授 髙井 正成
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Narhi-Martinez, William. "Feature avoidance: An effect of probabilistic attentional guidance on feature reporting." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595623613588543.
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Thompson, David. "Adjustment to chronic neck pain : the important role of cognitive factors." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/adjustment-to-chronic-neck-pain--the-important-role-of-cognitive-factors(11161f26-a707-40f9-9721-87b8cf2614c6).html.
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Chronic neck pain (CNP) is a common and disabling condition, accounting for substantial healthcare and societal costs. Previous studies have demonstrated that certain cognitive factors are related to levels of adjustment (levels of disability, pain and depression) in chronic pain conditions. However, this association has not been adequately explored in patients with CNP. The aim of study one was to determine the relationship between specific cognitive factors and levels of adjustment in participants with CNP. Furthermore, study two explored whether the relationship between the cognitive factors and levels of adjustment differed between those patients with idiopathic CNP and those with Chronic Whiplash Associated Disorder (CWAD). Finally, study three compared the efficacy of a physiotherapy led intervention, specifically designed to modify cognitive factors to a conventional physiotherapy intervention.Study one: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed. Greater catastrophizing and lower functional self-efficacy beliefs were associated with greater levels of pain and disability. Additionally, lower functional self-efficacy beliefs were also associated with greater levels of depression. Study two: Data were dichotomised into two groups: those with CWAD and those with idiopathic CNP. T-tests were performed to compare differences in the cognitive scores and the same regression analyses as study one were performed for each sub-group. No significant differences existed between the two groups in terms of levels of pain, disability, depression or the cognitive factors. In both groups greater catastrophizing and lower functional self-efficacy beliefs were related to levels of disability. Likewise, lower self-efficacy beliefs were related to levels of depression in those participants with idiopathic CNP and those with CWAD. However, amongst those with idiopathic CNP, greater levels of catastrophizing and lower levels of pain vigilance and awareness were related to greater pain intensity. In contrast, amongst those with CWAD, none of the cognitive measures were significantly related to levels of pain intensity.Study three: Participants were randomly allocated to either a progressive neck exercise programme or an intervention which specifically targeted the modification of cognitive factors. T-tests revealed that treatment targeting cognitive factors resulted in greater improvements in pain and pain-related fear. Moreover, Χ2 tests revealed that a greater proportion of patients made clinically meaningful reductions in pain and disability in the group targeting cognitive factors. This thesis highlights that cognitive factors play an important role in determining levels of adjustment in patients with CNP. Furthermore, treatments designed to specifically target these factors result in superior clinical outcomes when compared to conventional physiotherapy interventions.
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Halliburton, Amanda E. "Piloting the Use of Acceptance, Cognitive Defusion, and Values, in Reducing Experiential Avoidance and its Consequences Among Youth Rejected by Peers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81404.
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Peer rejection (PR) can be damaging to cognitive and emotional well being and lead to risky behavioral consequences (e.g., violence, increased peer pressure susceptibility), particularly for adolescents (Sebastian et al., 2010; Williams, 2007). Interventions designed to minimize the impact of and repair damage related to PR in youth have been somewhat successful (e.g., Mikami et al., 2005), although the need for further research into potentially pliable mechanisms underlying adolescent peer relationships remains. One suggested mediating factor is experiential avoidance (EA), which is the major target of acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; see Hayes, 2004 for a review). The present study built on the recommendations of Biglan et al. (2008) and Theodore-Oklota et al. (2014) in designing and implementing a prevention program aimed at reducing EA of PR experiences, with the hope of minimizing cognitive, emotional and behavioral consequences of PR. For this initial pilot, selected ACT components (acceptance, cognitive defusion, and values) were presented in age-appropriate form to six participants over five individual intervention sessions. The program was successful in reducing EA and cognitive fusion and/or improving mindfulness and acceptance for most participants, with some exceptions. Additionally, results showed a decrease in existing symptomatology for several participants (e.g., anger, depression, poor self-concept, overall stress). However, value congruence was not significantly improved for any of the six completers. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications and recommendations for further research, particularly in terms of how the existing pilot intervention could be altered and augmented to maximize effectiveness.Ph. D.
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Viswanathan, Pooja. "Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance Help (NOAH) for elderly wheelchair users with cognitive impairment in long-term care." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42950.
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Cognitive impairments prevent older adults from using powered wheelchairs because of safety concerns, thus reducing mobility and resulting in increased dependence on caregivers. An intelligent powered wheelchair system (NOAH) is proposed to help restore mobility, while ensuring safety. Machine vision and learning techniques are described to help prevent collisions with obstacles, and provide reminders and navigation assistance through adaptive audio prompts. The intelligent wheelchair is initially tested in various controlled environments and simulated scenarios. Finally, the system is tested with older adults with mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment through a single-subject research design. Results demonstrate the high diversity of the target population, and highlight the need for customizable assistive technologies that account for the varying capabilities and requirements of the intended users. We show that the collision avoidance module is able to improve safety for all users by lowering the number of frontal collisions. In addition, the wayfinding module assists users in navigating along shorter routes to the destination. Prompting accuracy is found to be quite high during the study. While compliance with correct prompts is high across all users, we notice a distinct difference in the rates of compliance with incorrect prompts. Results show that users who are unsure about the optimal route rely more highly on system prompts for assistance, and thus are able to improve their wayfinding performance by following correct prompts. Improvements in wheelchair position estimation accuracy and joystick usability will help improve user performance and satisfaction. Further user studies will help refine user needs and hopefully allow us to increase mobility and independence of several elderly residents.
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Budhani, Salima. "Neuro-cognitive processes implicated in passive avoidance learning, probabilistic reversal learning and the development of psychopathic tendencies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445331/.
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Chapter 1 introduced psychopathy and evaluated theories attempting to explain this disorder. Experiment 1 assessed passive avoidance learning in children with psychopathic tendencies. Results replicated previous findings with psychopathic adults indicating that this disorder is associated with poor passive avoidance learning. Experiment 2 developed a connectionist model of passive avoidance learning, the output of which was compared with the results obtained in experiment 1. The intact model successfully simulated performance of the comparison children whilst a model impaired in the formation of stimulus- punishment associations most successfully captured the performance of the children with psychopathic tendencies. Experiment 3 assessed the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) responses associated with passive avoidance learning in healthy adults. Results revealed that successful passive avoidance learning was associated with activation within rostral anterior cingulate cortex, insula, caudate, hippocampus, and the amygdala. Experiment 4 assessed the performance of children with psychopathic tendencies on a novel probabilistic reversal learning paradigm. Results revealed that children with psychopathic tendencies presented with impairment only on the probabilistic contingencies. Further, it was revealed that the children with psychopathic tendencies committed more win-shift errors in the reversal phases. Experiment 5 assessed the performance of adult individuals with psychopathy using a similar task. Results revealed that adults with psychopathy were impaired in both the simple and probabilistic conditions. The adults with psychopathy also committed more win-shift responses in the reversal phases. Experiment 6 assessed the BOLD responses associated with probabilistic reversal learning in healthy adults. Results revealed that errors in both acquisition and reversal phases were associated with activations within dorsomedial and ventrolateral PFC and caudate, and deactivations within medial OFC cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. Chapter 6 re-evaluated the theories of psychopathy in light of the empirical work presented in this thesis, and discussed the implications of these results along with future research directions.
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Giles, Clover. "A replicated, single case, feasibility study of group cognitive behavioural therapy+ for provoked vulvodynia." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-73359.
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Otto, Ashley S. "Why We Decide Not to Decide." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470043165.
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Sweeney, Mhairi Louise. "An examination of self-defining memories, cognitive avoidance and metacognitive processes in depressed and non-depressed older adults." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6748/.
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Background: Self-defining memories (SDMs) are key memories that describe how a person has come to be the person they currently are. Key events in one’s life, and the way that they are recalled can have a dramatic impact on sense of self, and this can contribute to depression. Therefore understanding SDMs and the processes that affect their recall is of important clinical value. This research extends Singer et al.’s (2007) research by examining OAs with depression. Research questions: This study examined the characteristics of depressed and non-depressed OAs SDMs along the dimensions of content, affective valence, memory specificity and the ability to derive meaning from memories. Additionally, the study explored contributors to overgeneral memory by measuring cognitive avoidance and assessing metacognitive factors in meaning making ability. Methods: A cross-sectional between groups study of 16 depressed and 19 non-depressed OAs. Participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, the White Bear Suppression Inventory, the Self-defining Memory Task and the Self-defining Memory Rating Sheet. The groups were reasonably well matched on demographic variables except for education, gender and physical health problems. Results: Depressed OAs recalled fewer specific memories than non-depressed OAs and were less able to derive meaning from their memories. However, when years of education was controlled for in a partial correlation, the correlations between depression scores, memory specificity and meaning making ability were no longer significant. Cognitive avoidance was not significantly correlated with memory specificity and metacognition was not significantly correlated with meaning making ability. Conclusions: These results are broadly consistent with previous studies of overgeneral memory in individuals with depression. The results raise the possibility that years of education also contributed to the differences between the two groups and so potential interpretations of this finding are also presented. None of the psychological mechanisms investigated were significantly correlated with memory specificity or integrative meaning. Larger samples and demographically matched groups are required to conduct mediation analyses on factors influencing over general memory and meaning making ability in SDMs. Keywords: Depression; self-defining memories; memory specificity; avoidance; and metacognition.
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Toh, Gim Y. "Why Does Effortful Control Moderate the Relationship between Worry and Subjective Reports of Physiological Hyperarousal?" The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406042382.
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Bettonville, Brian Peter. "COPING AND THE UNIVERSITY: ACADEMIC SATISFACTION AND COPING STYLE IN SOCIAL COGNITIVE CAREER THEORY." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1760.
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This study investigated the relationship between coping style and academic satisfaction, as well as the role each plays in overall life satisfaction. Further, this study examined the potential utility of coping style within Lent and Brown’s (2006) social cognitive career theory (SCCT) model of work satisfaction. A sample of students in a university setting took a measure to assess coping style, academic satisfaction, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and goal progress. Results indicated that both problem-focused and avoidance coping styles predicted academic satisfaction individually. Only for problem-focused coping was this relation strong enough for academic satisfaction to partially mediate the direct effect on life satisfaction. Coping styles did not explain variance above and beyond the SCCT variables of goal progress and self-efficacy. This study supports the existing model of work satisfaction in SCCT, and offers preliminary evidence for full mediation of coping styles’ effects on satisfaction by stress and goal progress.
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Şahin, Mustafa Emin. "Towards the Realization of Cognitive Radio: Coexistence of Ultrawideband and Narrowband Systems." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3817.
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Ultrawideband and cognitive radio are two of the most important approaches that are shaping the future of wireless communication systems. At a first glance, the aims of UWB and cognitive radio do not seem to be overlapping significantly, however, there is a strong synergy between the capabilities of UWB and the goals of cognitive radio. One of the objectives of this thesis is to shed the first light on the marriage of these two important approaches.Ultrawideband (UWB) is a promising technology for future short-range, high-data rate wireless communication networks. Along with its exciting features including achieving high data rates, low transmission power requirement, and immunity to multipath effects, UWB is unique in its coexistence capability with narrowband systems.In this thesis, the details of practical UWB implementation are provided. Regarding the coexistence of UWB with licensed narrowband systems, narrowband interference (NBI)avoidance and cancelation techniques in the literature are investigated. It is aimed to emphasize that UWB is a strong candidate for cognitive radio, and this fact is proven by providing two different approaches in which ultrawideband is combined with cognitive radio to maximize the performance of unlicensed communications.
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Lindell, Kristina, and Lina Schönfeldt. ""Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood": Förlossningsrädslans innehåll och koppling till nivå av rädsla samt undvikande." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48563.
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Bura, S. Andreea. "New animals models to evaluate therapeutic targets for pain, cognitive and eating disorders." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31821.
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Animal models are crucial to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the different pathological processes. These models are also excellent tools to facilitate the research of new targets for the treatment of different diseases and to evaluate the benefit/risk ratio of the potential new treatments. We have focussed this research work in the study of a new potential targets for pain, cognitive and eating disorders using new animal models developed in our laboratory. We first investigated the effects of the interaction between cannabinoids and nicotine on cognitive processes and metabolism using different behavioural models and new experimental devices. In a second part of this work, we investigated new therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain and for this purpose we developed a new behavioural model to improve the study of the therapeutic potential and possible side-effects of novel compounds.Los modelos animales son cruciales para mejorar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos que constituyen la base de los diversos procesos patológicos. Estos modelos representan también excelentes herramientas para facilitar la investigación de nuevas dianas para el tratamiento de estas enfermedades y para evaluar el cociente beneficio/riesgo de los nuevos tratamientos potenciales. Este trabajo de investigación se encuentra centrado en el estudio de nuevos dianas terapéuticas para el dolor, los procesos cognitivos y los desórdenes alimentarios utilizando nuevos modelos animales desarrollados en nuestro laboratorio. En primer lugar, hemos investigado los efectos de la interacción entre los cannabinoinoides y la nicotina a nivel los procesos cognitivos y del metabolismo usando diversos modelos comportamentales y nuevos dispositivos experimentales. En una segunda parte de este trabajo, hemos estudiado nuevas dianas terapéuticas para el dolor neuropático y hemos desarrollado para este propósito un nuevo modelo comportamental que permite evaluar el potencial terapéutico y los posibles efectos secundarios de nuevos compuestos.
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Weir, John M. "Subtyping psychopathy : exploring the roles of degree of punishment, cognitive dissonance and optimism." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001907.
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Hesser, Hugo. "Tinnitus in Context : A Contemporary Contextual Behavioral Approach." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88416.
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Tinnitus is the experience of sounds in the ears without any external auditory source and is a common, debilitating, chronic symptom for which we have yet to develop sufficiently efficacious interventions. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has evolved over the last 20 years to become the most empirically supported treatment for treating the adverse effects of tinnitus. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of individuals do not benefit from CBT-based treatments. In addition, the theoretical underpinnings of the CBT-model are poorly developed, the relative efficacy of isolated procedures has not yet been demonstrated, and the mechanisms of therapeutic change are largely unknown. These significant limitations preclude scientific progression and, as a consequence, leave many individuals with tinnitus suffering. To address some of these issues, a contextual multi-method, principle-focused inductive scientific strategy, based on pragmatic philosophy, was employed in the present thesis project. The overarching aim of the thesis was to explore the utility of a functional dimensional process in tinnitus: Experiential avoidance—experiential openness/acceptance (EA). EA is defined as the inclination to avoid or alter the frequency, duration, or intensity of unwanted internal sensations, including thoughts, feelings or physical sensations. The thesis is based on experimental work (Study II, VI), process and mediation studies (Study I, III, V), and on randomized controlled trials (Study III, IV). Three main sets of findings supported the utility of EA in tinnitus. First, an acceptance-based treatment (i.e.,Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) was found to be effective in controlled trials. Study III demonstrated that face-to-face ACT was more effective than a wait-list control and a habituation-based sound therapy. Study IV showed that internet-delivered ACT was more effective than an active control condition (internet-discussion forum) and equally effective as an established internet-delivered CBT treatment. Second, processes research (Study I, III, V) showed that key postulated processes of change were linked to the specific technology of ACT and that these changes in processes were associated with therapeutic outcomes. Specifically, Study V found evidence to that decreases in suppression of thoughts and feelings over the course of treatment were uniquely associated with therapeutic gains in ACT as compared with CBT. Third, experimental manipulations of experiential avoidance and acceptance processes provided support to the underlying dimension (Study II, VI). That is, Study II, employing an experimental manipulation, found that controlling background sounds were associated with reduced cognitive efficiency and increased tinnitus interference over repeated experimental trials. In addition, in normal hearing participants, experimentally induced mindfulness counteracted reduced persistence in a mentally challenging task in the presence of a tinnitus-like sound stemming from initial effortful suppression of the same sound (Study VI). It is concluded that a principle-, contextual-focused approach to treatment development may represent an efficient strategy for scientific progression in the field of psychological treatments of tinnitus severity.Tinnitus är upplevelsen av ljud i frånvaro av en extern ljudkälla och är ett vanligt, långvarigt och svårbehandlat hälsotillstånd. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) har det starkaste forskningsstödet för att behandla de negativa konsekvenserna av tinnitus. Detta till trots svarar inte en stor andel på KBT-baserade behandlingar för tinnitus. Behandlingsutvecklingen av KBT försvåras som konsekvens av att teorier som behandlingen vilar på är dåligt utvecklade, effekten av isolerade tekniker har inte bevisats, och att förändringsmekanismer är till största del okända. Föreliggande avhandling avsåg att adressera några av ovanstående problem genom att tillämpa en induktiv, flermetod, principstyrd vetenskaplig strategi baserad på pragmatisk kontextuell filosofi. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka användbarheten i en funktionell processdimension vid tinnitus: upplevelsemässigt undvikande—upplevelsemässig acceptans (EA). EA definieras som benägenheten att undvika eller förändra frekvensen, durationen eller intensiteten av icke-önskade inre sensationer som tankar, känslor och fysiologiska sensationer. Avhandlingen är baserad på experimentella studier (Studie II, VI), process och mediationsstudier (Studie I, III, V) och randomiserade kontrollerade studier (Studie III, IV). Tre övergripande fynd bekräftade användbarheten av EA vid tinnitus. För det första kunde det påvisas i randomiserade, kontrollerade studier att en acceptans-baserad behandling (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) hade effekt på tinnitusbesvär. Studie III fann stöd för att ACT var mer effektiv än en väntelistekontroll och en habitueringsfokuserad ljudterapi. Studie IV fann stöd för att internet-förmedlad ACT var mer effektiv än en aktiv kontrollbetingelse (internet-diskussionsforum) och lika effektiv som en etablerad internet-förmedlad KBT-behandling. För det andra kunde processforskning (Studie I, III, V) påvisa att teoretiskt viktiga processer var relaterade till specifika tekniker i ACT och att dessa processer var i sin tur associerade med behandlingsutfall. Exempelvis kunde Studie V styrka att minskning i individers benägenhet att tränga undan tankar och känslor i relation till tinnitus var unikt associerat med behandlingsutfall i ACT i jämfört med KBT. För det tredje påvisade experimentella manipulationer av acceptans- och undvikande-processer användbarheten av EA (Studie II, VI). Studie II fann stöd för att kontroll över maskeringsljud var associerad med minskad kognitiv prestationsförmåga och ökade besvära av tinnitus över upprepade experimentella manipulationer i jämfört med att inte ha kontroll över maskeringsljudet. Slutligen visade Studie VI att bland normalhörande kunde experimentellt inducerad mindfulness motverka minskad förmåga att hålla ut i en mentalt krävande uppgift i närvaro av ett tinnitusliknande ljud till följd av initial suppression av samma ljud. Den övergripande konklusionen av vetenskapliga arbeten som sammanfattas i avhandlingen var att en principstyrd och kontextuell vetenskaplig strategi kan vara en framkomlig väg för att utveckla psykologiska behandlingar för tinnitusbesvär.
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Cludius, Barbara [Verfasser], and Steffen [Akademischer Betreuer] Moritz. "Cognitive Biases in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : Manifestation in Implicit Measures of Attention, Approach-Avoidance and Aggression / Barbara Cludius ; Betreuer: Steffen Moritz." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1140166646/34.
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Cernvall, Martin. "Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress in Parents of Children on Cancer Treatment : Factor Structure, Experiential Avoidance, and Internet-based Guided Self-help." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234518.
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Having a child diagnosed with cancer is stressful and many parents of children on treatment for cancer report symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSS). The overall purpose was to, among parents of children on treatment for cancer, investigate the factor structure of PTSS; investigate the relationships between experiential avoidance (EA), rumination, PTSS and depression; and to develop, test, and evaluate a guided self-help intervention provided via the internet. In a longitudinal study with three assessments (n = 249-203) results indicated that a four-factor solution of PTSS including the factors re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyper-arousal provided best fit and that the pattern and size of factor loadings were equivalent across the three assessments (Study I). In a case study with pre-, post-, and follow-up assessments a guided self-intervention was well received with clinical significant and reliable improvements in PTSS, depression, and quality of life (Study II). Furthermore, in cross-sectional analyses (n = 79) EA and rumination were positively associated with PTSS and depression and provided incremental explanation in depression while controlling for demographic characteristics, anxiety, and PTSS. In longitudinal analyses (n = 20), EA but not rumination predicted PTSS and depression while controlling for initial levels (Study III). Finally, in a randomized controlled trial with parents fulfilling the modified symptom criteria on the PTSD-Checklist allocated to guided self-help via the internet (n = 31) or to a wait-list control condition (n = 27) there was a significant intervention effect with a large effect size for the primary outcome PTSS. Similar results were observed for the secondary outcomes depression and anxiety, but not for EA and rumination. Exploratory analyses suggested that the relationships between EA and PTSS and between EA and depression were weakened in the intervention group (Study IV). The studies included in the current thesis suggest that a four-factor solution should be used when assessing PTSS in parents of children on cancer treatment. Furthermore, rumination and EA in particular seem to be important constructs to consider when understanding PTSS and depression in this population. Finally, guided self-help via the internet shows promise in reducing PTSS and depression among parents of children on cancer treatment who report a high level of PTSS.
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Graves, O'Haver Laura M. "THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE PERSEVERATIVE THINKING QUESTIONNAIRE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1097.
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Research suggests rumination and worry, which have typically been considered as strongly linked to depression and anxiety, respectively, may be better conceptualized through a transdiagnostic construct. According to Ehring and colleagues (2011), a construct broader than worry or rumination might be considered as Repetitive Negative Thinking. Ehring notes three key characteristics of repetitive negative thinking: the thinking is repetitive; it is at least partly intrusive; and it is difficult to disengage from. Two additional features include: individuals perceive it as unproductive and it captures mental capacity. This working definition of these five features formed the basis for the initial development and validation of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (Ehring, Zetsche, Weidacker, Wahl, Schönfeld, & Anke, 2011) which is intended to be a content-independent measure of RNT. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire includes 15 total items with three items for each of the assumed characteristics of repetitive negative thinking (repetitive, intrusive, difficult to disengage from, unproductive, and capturing mental capacity). The PTQ is designed to assess for a common process found not only in individuals with prominent worry (as seen in GAD) or rumination (as seen in depression) but also in other diagnoses such as obsessive compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In its current state, the PTQ remains largely untested, leaving its utility in the changing field questionable. The current study intended to assess the psychometric quality of the PTQ to ensure its usefulness as a potential diagnostic tool and as a reflection of Ehring’s model of RNT. The current study administered the PTQ to a large and diverse group of college students located at a Midwestern university. Additional measures were administered to assess the psychometric properties of the measure. Construct and convergent reliability were demonstrated through comparison between the PTQ and the other measures. Unexpectedly, the PTQ and Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire demonstrated a positive correlation, suggesting the measures are tapping into similar constructs. The factor structure of the PTQ was of particular interest in the current study. Further assessment of the factors reportedly contained in the PTQ was valuable, not just to assess the quality of the measure, but also because doing so would provide support for or undermine the proposed definition and key characteristics believed to underlie the construct of repetitive negative thinking. In this study, a two factor model was best supported for the current data, through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. This finding prompts further consideration and research for the construct of repetitive negative thinking.
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Busch, Hillevi. "When pain remains : Appraisals and adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6992.
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Fechtner, Julia [Verfasser], and Ewald [Akademischer Betreuer] Naumann. "The Role of Cognitive Control and Approach-Avoidance Motivation in the Relationship between Stress and Aggression - A Psychophysiological Investigation / Julia Fechtner ; Betreuer: Ewald Naumann." Trier : Universität Trier, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1197698922/34.
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Bennis, M. (Mehdi). "Spectrum sharing for future mobile cellular systems." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514260582.
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Abstract
Spectrum sharing has become a high priority research area over the past few years. The motivation behind this lies in the fact that the limited spectrum is currently inefficiently utilized. As recognized by the World radio communication conference (WRC)-07, the amount of identified spectrum is not large enough to support large bandwidths for a substantial number of operators. Therefore, it is paramount for future mobile cellular systems to share the frequency spectrum and coexist in a more efficient manner.
The present dissertation deals with the problem of spectrum scarcity by examining spectrum sharing paradigms where a migration from fixed to flexible resource allocation is investigated. First, a radio resource management (RRM) architecture is proposed where advanced spectrum functionalities accounting for the short-term variations of the spectrum are examined. The achievable gains are shown in a multi-cell, multi-network environment with realistic traffic patterns from a European operator, enhancing thereby spectrum utilization. Second, inter-operator resource sharing in a broadband network is considered where a packet-based cellular network is developed. It is shown that the obtained gains in terms of quality-of-service (QoS), number of operators and different data rates requirements improve the overall efficiency of the network. Besides and in order to cope with the stringent data rate requirements, direct terminal-to-terminal (T2T) communication is examined in which a realistic algorithm is proposed advocating resource reuse in a cellular system with simultaneous communications between mobiles. Numerical results confirm the advantages of resource reuse in terms of throughput, average frame delays and power consumption.
In this thesis, a proposal is made as how to enhance spectrum sharing. The concept of hierarchy is proposed in which wireless competitive operators share the same spectrum band. The decentralized hierarchical approach is shown to bridge the gap between the selfish and centralized approach.
Interference avoidance is studied for point-to-point communication in a selforganized network where different optimal power allocation strategies are examined along with the impact of frequency reuse on the ergodic capacity of the network.
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Cocksey, Joanne Margaret. "Contextual factors associated with psychological inflexibility and distress in adults." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/7026.
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It is widely accepted in the literature that adverse experiences in childhood, such as abuse and emotional invalidation, pose a major risk factor for the development of psychopathology later in life. What is less known, however, is what processes mediate these associations. This study investigated whether psychological inflexibility – that is, cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance - play a role in mediating these relationships. Although abuse and experiential avoidance have featured prominently in the literature, emotional invalidation and cognitive fusion have been comparatively neglected. 518 adults currently experiencing self-reported psychological distress were recruited from online mental health support forums. They completed questionnaires measuring experiences of abuse and maternal/paternal emotional invalidation in childhood and current levels of cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance and psychopathology in an online survey. Given the interpersonal nature of the childhood experiences, and the impact these may have on attachment relationships, participants were also asked to complete a measure of adult attachment. Regression and path analyses indicated that whilst childhood abuse had a direct impact on adult psychopathology, experiences of maternal and paternal emotional invalidation had indirect relationships with psychopathology via cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance. In terms of predicting current levels of psychopathology, cognitive fusion made the most significant contribution, both directly, and indirectly via experiential avoidance. No reliable predictive relationships were observed between adult attachment and any other variable. The results add novel findings to the literature regarding the role of childhood emotional invalidation and cognitive fusion in the development and/or maintenance of distress. They suggest that clinical interventions aimed at cognitive defusion may be of particular benefit to people currently experiencing psychological distress and, perhaps, those with a history of emotional invalidation. However, the cross-sectional nature of this study limits the causal conclusions that can be made and future research should consider the use of longitudinal designs to extend these findings.
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Riedel, Anett [Verfasser], and Anna Katharina [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun. ""Differential metabolic recruitment of cognitive, emotional and modulatory brain regions in infant and adolescent rats undergoing two-way active avoidance training" / Anett Riedel. Betreuer: Anna Katharina Braun." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1047561808/34.
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CARLITZ, ADAM. "The Impact of Video Advertisement Placement and Video Advertisement Transparencyon Video Advertisement Avoidance: Pre-Rolls, Mid-Rolls, and Psychological Reactance." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1594903640715315.
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Boulie, Elizabeth M. "The Impact of Friendships and Mutual Antipathies on Children's Social Behavior and Social Cognition." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/89/.
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Baquedano, Larrain Constanza. "De-automatization through awareness of subjective realism : a neurophenomenological account of meditative states and their effect on cognitive bias." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1341.
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L'une des caractéristiques principales de la méditation de pleine conscience est la réalisation que les événements perçus ou imaginés ne sont pas nécessairement une représentation exacte de la réalité, un processus connu sous le nom de déréification. La déréification est aussi l'objectif de nombreuses approches psychothérapeutiques, puisque l'on sait que l'immersion excessive dans le mental peut être liée à la détresse psychologique et à certains troubles psychiatriques. L'objectif de notre étude était d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la réification des contenus mentaux (réalisme subjectif) contribue aux dispositions automatiques et de comprendre les mécanismes permettant aux pratiques de méditation de les modifier. Notre hypothèse principale était que la reconnaissance du réalisme subjectif grâce aux pratiques méditatives de pleine conscience réduit le biais cognitif. Nous avons mené deux études auprès de méditants novices et expérimentés. Dans la première nous avons exploré l'effet d'une instruction brève de pleine présence sur l'attitude envers la nourriture, pour étudier comment le réalisme subjectif module les tendances automatiques d'approche et d'évitement. La seconde étude nous a permis d'explorer l'impact de la méditation sur la modulation des attentes sémantiques automatiques dans un paradigme de narration. Nous avons adopté une approche neurophénoménologique, combinant des données moléculaires, physiologiques, électroencéphalographiques et comportementales, avec des données à la première personne recueillies à l'aide d'auto-évaluations et d'entretiens qualitatifs. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats multimodaux ont confirmé notre hypothèse selon laquelle la déréalisation peut entraîner la réduction du biais cognitif. Les résultats de l'exploration phénoménologique indiquent que les participants ont utilisé différentes stratégies cognitives pour réaliser la déréification, et que de telles stratégies varient en fonction de l'expérience en méditation. Les participants novices utilisent plus souvent des stratégies de type réévaluation cognitive et régulation émotionnelle, qui se reflètent dans la modulation des composantes tardives des potentiels évoqués (PE) cérébraux. En revanche les méditants utilisent moins souvent des stratégies élaboratives, en accord avec la modulation de composantes plus précoces des PEOne of the key features of Mindful meditation is realizing that imagined or perceived events are not necessarily an accurate depiction of reality, a process known as dereification. Dereification is also a target of many psychotherapeutic approaches, as excessive immersion into one's mental contents has been related to psychological distress and several psychiatric conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent engagement with mental content as being real (i.e. subjective realism) can bias automatic tendencies toward the world, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which meditation practices can modulate it. Our main hypothesis was that recognizing subjective realism during mindfulness-related practices de-automatizes cognitive bias.We ran two studies in naïve and experienced meditators: Firstly, we explored the effect of a brief mindful-attention instruction on a food engagement paradigm to investigate how subjective realism modulates automatic approach-avoidance tendencies. Secondly, we explored whether mindful-attention meditation could modulate automatic semantic expectations in a modified storytelling paradigm. We used a neurophenomenological approach, combining molecular, physiological, electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral data, with first-person data collected using self-reports and qualitative interviews.Overall, behavioral, physiological and EEG results supported our hypothesis that derealization can prompt des-automatization of cognitive bias. Neurophenomenological accounts indicate that participants used different cognitive strategies to achieve dereification, and that such strategies vary as a function of meditation expertise, among others. Naïve participants use more often cognitive reappraisal/emotional regulation-type strategies, which are reflected in the modulation of late ERP components. In contrast, meditators used less often elaborative strategies as reflected by the modulation of early sensory ERPs
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Devin, Anne-Laure. "Les perturbations de la récupération des évènements autobiographiques chez les usagers réguliers de cannabis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0330/document.
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La littérature indique que les consommateurs de cannabis sont fragilisés, tant au niveau émotionnel que cognitif. Nous pensions que ces dysfonctionnements pouvaient être associés à un appauvrissement du rappel autobiographique. Nous observons en effet, au travers cette étude exploratoire, que les usagers réguliers de cannabis éprouvent des difficultés à récupérer des évènements autobiographiques spécifiques, ce qui est révélateur d’un biais de surgénéralité. Il apparaît que la fonction adaptative que revêt l’usage de cannabis influence le rappel d’évènements généraux chez les usagers, bien plus que ne le font les facteurs représentatifs de leur fonctionnement émotionnel. Par conséquent, nous suggérons qu’au sein de cette population, la fonction «adaptative de l’usage, illustre, bien plus que d’autres facteurs prédicteurs, l’hypothèse d’évitement fonctionnel (Williams, 2006) afin d’expliquer la survenue de ce biais de surgénéralité. Au regard, à présent, de la valence émotionnelle des évènements autobiographiques rappelés par les usagers, cette recherche ne nous a pas permis de mettre en évidence de surreprésentation des évènements négatifs au sein du rappel autobiographique des usagers, contrairement à ce que nous envisagions au regard de la littérature. Il est possible de penser que ces résultats sont dus, entre autre, à l’effet des cannabinoïdes sur la modulation des émotions. Toutefois, afin de nous en assurer, nous aurions besoin que d’autres recherches s’attèlent à répondre sur cette questionThe literature indicates that cannabis users are vulnerable, both emotionally and cognitively. We expected that these dysfunctions may be associated with a loss of autobiographical recall. Indeed, through this exploratory study, we observe that regular cannabis users have difficulties to retrieve specific autobiographical events, which is indicative of a surgenerality bias. It appears that adaptive use motivation influences the recall of general events in users, much more than the representative factors of their emotional functioning. Therefore, we suggest that, in this population, adaptive use motive, illustrate, much more than other predictors, the functional avoidance assumption (Williams, 2006) to explain the occurrence of this surgenerality bias. Given, now, the emotional valence of autobiographical events recalled by the users, this research does not allow to demonstrate overrepresentation of negative events in the autobiographical recall of users, contrary to what we envisaged in the light of literature. It is possible to think that these results are due, among other things, to the effect of cannabinoids on the modulation of emotions. However, to confirm this, we need more research gets done to answer this question
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Phillips, Jennifer M. "Effects of clozapine and alprazolam on cognitive deficits and anxiety-like behaviors in a ketamine-induced rat model of schizophrenia /." Download the dissertation in PDF, 2005. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Phillips2005.pdf/.
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Dorfan, Nicole Michelle. "Danger appraisals as prospective predictors of disgust and avoidance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/935.
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Recent theories posit that cognitive factors explain the development and maintenance of contamination fears associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Few studies to date have aimed to establish causality or temporal precedence for cognitions predicting OCD-relevant distress and avoidance. The current study used a prospective design to assess threat appraisals, personality traits, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in an unselected sample of university students and community members (N = 105) several days prior to a contamination behavioural approach task (BAT) in a public washroom. Results of the hierarchical regressions demonstrated that prospective danger appraisals significantly predicted both disgust and avoidance on the BAT, even when controlling for neuroticism, disgust sensitivity, and OCD symptoms. In contrast, looming germ spread appraisals and responsibility appraisals were not significant predictors of the BAT. Results from in vivo distress ratings and implicit reaction time data indicated that disgust is more strongly associated with contaminants compared with anxiety. The findings of this research suggest that psychological treatment for contamination concerns should include monitoring of disgust as a process and outcome variable in exposure paradigms, and focus on reappraisal of danger estimates related to disease in cognitive paradigms.
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Schuettler, Darnell. "Posttraumatic Growth: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Demographic Predictors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84273/.
Full textAbstract:
Recent trauma research argues trauma results in distinct positive and negative consequences, however; many trauma variables positively correlate with both outcomes. This study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as positive and negative trauma outcomes. Behavioral, cognitive, and demographic correlates and predictors were assessed to help clarify differences between the two outcomes. While several behavioral factors were common to both PTG and PTSD symptoms, centrality of event and problem focused coping were the strongest PTG predictors, whereas centrality of event and avoidant coping were the strongest PTSD predictors. These findings indicate while greater incorporation of a trauma/stressful event into one’s identity is a key component of both PTG and PTSD development, behavioral response may be a determining factor between growth or debilitation.
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Smith, Daniel R. "Implicit personality and leadership in stressful and dangerous situations: a first step." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43693.
Full textAbstract:
Leadership in stressful and dangerous situations is vitally important in terms of lives, property, and national strategic objectives. But our understanding of effective leadership in these and other contexts is limited. Part of the problem is that interactionist theoretical perspectives are not reflected in contemporary leadership thinking. In addition, the impact of individual differences on leadership is often misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions conducted on continuous scores. This study employed new, innovative, indirect conditional reasoning measures to assess the personalities of 627 leaders entering the militaryâ s most challenging and stressful combat leader development course (the US Army Ranger School). These innovative measures predicted compelling differences in leadership, attrition, and in the peer evaluations made during the training. Analyses conducted on the continuous personality scores demonstrate that these findings are misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions. As an alternative, I present a configural scoring scheme, couched in a poker analogy, to explain how these individual differences combine to predict the odds of success for each of the 18 personality types studied.
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Rougier, Marine. "Mesure des tendances comportementales d'approche/évitement : le rôle des processus sensorimoteurs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS029/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ces travaux portent sur les processus à l’œuvre dans la réactivation des tendances comportementales d’approche et d’évitement. Dans cette thèse, nous défendons l’idée que la réactivation de ces tendances comportementales dépend de l’information sensorimotrice présente et de sa similarité avec l’information sensorimotrice passée ayant été associée à des comportements d’approche/évitement. Dans une première partie, nous avons testé si reproduire dans la tâche d’approche/évitement l’information sensorimotrice (en l’occurrence, visuelle) la plus représentative de l’approche/évitement permettait une meilleure réactivation de ces tendances comportementales. A travers huit expériences, nous avons pu montrer que lorsque l’information visuelle de la tâche était représentative, les effets d’approche/évitement étaient plus forts que lorsque cette information visuelle n’était pas présente. Qui plus est, les effets produits lorsque cette information était présente étaient forts et réplicables. Dans les deux parties suivantes, nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle la réactivation des tendances à l’approche/évitement dépend de spécificités personnelles associées au comportement des individus. A travers sept expériences, nous avons pu montrer que les tendances d’approche/évitement réactivées variaient en fonction de caractéristiques personnelles, théoriquement associées au comportement réel des individus envers des groupes sociaux et envers un produit de consommation. De manière générale, ces travaux sont cohérents avec l’idée que la réactivation des tendances à l’approche/évitement prend sa base sur l’information sensorielle ayant accompagné ces actions passéesThis work focuses on the processes underlying approach/avoidance tendencies reactivation. In this thesis, we defend the idea that these tendencies reactivation depends on the present sensorimotor information and its similarity with past sensorimotor information associated with approach/avoidance behaviors. In the first part, we tested if reproducing the most representative sensorimotor (here, visual) approach/avoidance information led to a better reactivation of approach/avoidance tendencies. Through eight experiments, when the visual information displayed in the task was representative of these actions, approach/avoidance effects were stronger than when this visual information was absent. Moreover, the effects we produced (with this visual information in the task) were strong and replicable. In the two next parts, we tested if the reactivation of approach/avoidance tendencies depends on personal characteristics theoretically associated with approach/avoidance behaviors. Through seven experiments, we showed that approach/avoidance tendencies varied as function of these personal characteristics theoretically associated with intergroup behaviors and consumption behaviors. Overall, this work is in line with the idea that approach/avoidance tendencies reactivation rely on sensory information associated with past approach/avoidance actions