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Books on the topic 'Cognitive avoidance'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

El-Marzouk, Ghiath. Avoidance defined: The psychology of linguistic determinism and the ontology of cognitive predeterminism. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Language and Communication Studies, 1998.

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2

Anxiety Relief for Kids: On-the-Spot Strategies to Help Your Child Overcome Worry, Panic, and Avoidance. ReadHowYouWant, 2018.

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3

Anxiety Relief for Kids: On-the-Spot Strategies to Help Your Child Conquer Worry, Panic and Avoidance. New Harbinger Publications, 2017.

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4

Tompkins, Michael A., and Bridget Flynn Walker. Anxiety Relief for Kids: On-The-Spot Strategies to Help Your Child Overcome Worry, Panic and Avoidance. Echo Point Books & Media, LLC., 2021.

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5

Tompkins, Michael A., and Bridget Flynn Walker. Anxiety Relief for Kids: On-The-Spot Strategies to Help Your Child Overcome Worry, Panic, and Avoidance. New Harbinger Publications, 2017.

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6

Tompkins, Michael A., and Bridget Flynn Walker. Anxiety Relief for Kids: On-The-Spot Strategies to Help Your Child Overcome Worry, Panic, and Avoidance. New Harbinger Publications, 2017.

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7

Hasenbring, Monika I., and Hanne P. J. Kindermans. Avoidance and Endurance in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on two vexing aspects of coping with daily activities while experiencing pain—the tendency to avoid actions that are perceived as exacerbating the pain (avoidance), and the tendency to endure pain by persistent engagement in ongoing activities (endurance). Based on theoretical approaches such as the fear-avoidance and the avoidance-endurance models of pain, the chapter provides insights into the wide variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral pain responses that are related to an avoidant or endurance pain response style and aspects of dysfunctionality. Several specific response patterns are identified that mirror dysfunctional avoidance or endurance in addition to an adaptive pattern. The chapter provides preliminary evidence from both clinical and experimental research and is based on selected models of goal striving as conceptualized within a broad self-regulation perspective.

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8

Consedine, Nathan S., Lisa M. Reynolds, and Charmaine Borg. Emotions, Delay, and Avoidance in Cancer Screening. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0019.

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Delay and avoidance are massive problems in cancer screening. While work continues to examine demographic and cognitive factors, emotions are central and likely causally implicated. In this chapter, a discrete emotions view of the origins of cancer screening is presented. After characterizing emotions, focus rests on evaluating the evidence regarding how and why three avoidance-promoting emotions (fear, embarrassment, and disgust) are implicated. The chapter describes the symptoms and medical examinations that elicit these emotions and suggests that people fail to screen for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers because screenings elicit (or are anticipated to elicit) these feelings. It concludes by assessing some of the measurement, design, and interpretative challenges in the area, considers the sexual nature of many screens, and discusses the fact that screenings may elicit multiple emotional responses.

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9

Anxiety and avoidance: A universal treatment for anxiety, panic, and fear. New Harbinger Publications, 2013.

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10

Iheb, Mesloub. Avoidance Doesn't Mean Arrogance: A Practical Journal Includes Diaries and Worksheets from the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Dialectical Therapy for Avoidant Personality Disorder. Independently Published, 2021.

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11

Cognitive Therapy of An Avoidant Personality. The Guilford Press, 1990.

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12

McLean, Peter D., and Sheila R. Woody. Anxiety Disorders in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195116250.001.0001.

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In this title, the authors review psychosocial treatments for anxiety disorders, focusing on the scientific basis and demonstrated outcomes of the treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapies are highlighted, as they have been the most frequently investigated approaches to treating anxiety disorders. Individual chapters feature specific phobias: social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The book is rich in clinical material and integrates science and clinical practice in an effort to help practitioners to improve the effectiveness of their work with anxious clients. Recently developed psychosocial treatments for anxiety disorders reflect the systematic influence of scientifically generated knowledge, and these new treatments yield strong results. Research in such areas as information processing, cognition, behavioral avoidance, and the physiological components of anxious arousal has increased our knowledge of mediators that cause and maintain anxiety disorders.

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13

Khouzam, Hani Raoul. Psychiatry and Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews some of the connections between psychiatry and chronic pain, highlighting the role that psychiatrists can play in diagnosing and treating chronic pain. Identifying and addressing the various psychiatric components of chronic pain can significantly contribute to successful rehabilitation, recovery, and improved overall functioning.Psychiatric models (gate control, diathesis/stress, biopsychosocial–spiritual approaches, cognitive-behavioral transactional and cognitive-behavioral fear avoidance) are described to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the development and the clinical management of chronic pain.This chapter also describes how psychiatrists can collaborate with primary care providers in managing chronic pain within the framework of multidisciplinary treatment teams.It is important for healthcare professionals, regulators, law enforcement personnel, and legislators to identify the connection between psychiatry and chronic pain in the context of its diagnosis, management, and treatment.

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14

Baehr, Jason. Intellectual Virtues and Truth, Understanding, and Wisdom. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.3.

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This chapter addresses the proper end or aim of intellectual virtues. After distinguishing between two fundamentally different conceptions of intellectual virtue, the author considers the plausibility, with respect to each conception, of the “binary thesis,” according to which the proper aim of intellectual virtues is true belief and the avoidance of cognitive error. The author goes on to argue that if one understands intellectual virtues (as many virtue epistemologists do) as admirable traits of personal character—for example, as traits like curiosity, open-mindedness, intellectual courage, and intellectual humility—then sophia or theoretical wisdom presents itself as a plausible way of understanding their aim.

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15

Barlow, David H., and Michelle G. Craske. Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic. 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197584095.001.0001.

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This edition of the Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic Workbook has been updated to include strategies and techniques for dealing with both panic disorder and agoraphobia. The program outlined is based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and is organized by skill, with each chapter building on the one before it. It covers the importance of recordkeeping and monitoring progress, as well as breathing techniques and thinking skills. The main focus of the treatment involves learning how to face agoraphobia situations and the often frightening physical symptoms of panic from an entirely new perspective. Self-assessment quizzes, homework exercises, and interactive forms allow patients to become active participants in treatment and to learn to manage panic attacks, anxiety about panic, and avoidance of panic and agoraphobic situations.

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16

Barlow, David H., Kristen K. Ellard, Christopher P. Fairholme, Todd J. Farchione, Christina L. Boisseau, Laura B. Allen, and Jill T. Ehrenreich-May. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199772674.001.0001.

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This online patient workbook is a radical departure from disorder-specific treatments of various emotional disorders, and is designed to be applicable to all anxiety and unipolar mood disorders, as well as other disorders with strong emotional components, such as many somatoform and dissociative disorders. It covers the Unified Protocol (UP), which capitalizes on the contributions made by cognitive-behavioral theorists by distilling and incorporating the common principles of CBT present in all evidenced based protocols for specific emotional disorders, as well as drawing on the field of emotion science for insights into deficits in emotion regulation. It discusses the seven modules of UP, and focuses on four core strategies: becoming mindfully aware of emotional experience; reappraising rigid emotion laden attributions; identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance; and facilitating exposure to both interoceptive and situational cues associated with emotional experiences.

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17

Small, Mario Luis. Theoretical Generalizability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the extent to which theories that the book has proposed to explain the graduate students’ behavior can be applied to other situations. It first considers the structural theory on which the rule of thumb about the separate benefits of strong and weak ties is based. It then highlights the theory’s limitations and offers an alternative. It shows that most of the book’s propositions can be organized around three core principles, none of which is reducible to the characteristics of the network structure. It also relates these principles to three key findings: the avoidance of strong ties, or people who might otherwise seem to be good confidants; the pursuit of cognitive empathy from weak ties; and the prevalence of incidental and spontaneous decisions about whom to confide in. Finally, it looks at other contexts where similar principles are at play.

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18

Thomas, Jennifer J., and Kamryn T. Eddy. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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19

Thomas, Jennifer, and Kamryn Eddy. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Children, Adolescents, and Adults. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2019.

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20

Thomas, Jennifer J., and Kamryn T. Eddy. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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21

Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.

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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.

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22

Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Christopher P. Fairholme, Kristen K. Ellard, Christina L. Boisseau, Laura B. Allen, and Jill T. Ehrenreich May. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199772667.001.0001.

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This online therapist guide is a radical departure from disorder-specific treatments of various emotional disorders, and is designed to be applicable to all anxiety and unipolar mood disorders, as well as other disorders with strong emotional components, such as many somatoform and dissociative disorders. It covers the Unified Protocol (UP), which capitalizes on the contributions made by cognitive-behavioral theorists by distilling and incorporating the common principles of CBT present in all evidenced based protocols for specific emotional disorders, as well as drawing on the field of emotion science for insights into deficits in emotion regulation. It covers the seven modules of UP, and focuses on four core strategies to help patients: becoming mindfully aware of emotional experience; reappraising rigid emotion laden attributions; identifying and preventing behavioral and emotional avoidance; and facilitating exposure to both interoceptive and situational cues associated with emotional experiences.

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23

Schneier, Franklin R., Hilary B. Vidair, Leslie R. Vogel, and Philip R. Muskin. Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Stress Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0006.

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Patients with generalized anxiety disorder experience anxiety related to multiple areas, such as work, finances, and illness. Discrete, unexpected panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety characterize patients with panic disorder. Patients with social anxiety disorder have fear of embarrassment in social situations. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are preoccupied with and distressed by inappropriate thoughts, urges, and images. The four cardinal features of posttraumatic stress disorder are intrusive reexperiencing of the initial trauma, avoidance, persistent negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and activity. One element common to patients suffering from most of the anxiety disorders is an elevated sensitivity to threat, which appears to involve brain systems identified to mediate “fear” responses, including the amygdala. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the first-line pharmacotherapy treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder and most of the anxiety and stress disorders. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders is an empirically validated time-limited treatment.

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24

Lis, Stefanie, Nicole E. Derish, and M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez. Social Cognition in Personality Disorders. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0009.

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Changes in social cognition are increasingly recognized as core illness features in the personality disorders with a broad impact on social functioning. Despite the significant disability caused by social cognitive dysfunction, treatments for this symptom dimension tailored to the specific deficits of a disorder are still missing. This chapter characterizes the different domains of social cognitive processing and describes different approaches and instruments for measuring impairments. It provides a short overview of the evidence demonstrating changes in social cognition in schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and antisocial and avoidant personality disorder, as well as the neurobiology of social cognition. During the recent past the number of studies addressing this topic increased tremendously. Nevertheless, research in this area is still young and requires approaches that study these functions while emphasizing the social context and associate deficits observed in experimental paradigms with interpersonal dysfunction during every-day life.

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25

Iheb, Mesloub. Avoidant Personality Disorder Workbook: Practical Worksheets Inspired by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for AVPD. Independently Published, 2021.

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26

Weersing, V. Robin, Araceli Gonzalez, and Michelle Rozenman. Brief Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Youth. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197541470.001.0001.

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Taken together, anxiety and depression are the most common mental health problems across the lifespan, with most adults dating the onset of their struggles to childhood and adolescence. The Brief Behavioral Therapy (BBT) program for youth is a transdiagnostic intervention for anxiety and depression designed to efficiently treat the cluster of internalizing symptoms most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence: feeling stressed, sad, bad, nervous, worried, moody, irritable, or scared. BBT works by targeting core processes implicated in both anxiety and depression. In BBT, youth learn to reduce their avoidance of situations that produce negative feelings and increase their approach toward and engagement with sources of reward and meaning. Of note, the BBT model eliminates cognitive restructuring, a central ingredient in cognitive-behavioral therapies for depression and anxiety. BBT is intended to be briefer and less complex to learn and to teach as compared to alternate transdiagnostic and disorder-specific interventions for pediatric anxiety and depression. This volume is the Therapist Guide, designed to be used in combination with the BBT Workbook for youth and families. Each session in this guide builds on skills taught in the previous session, and each session has matching material in the Workbook. The Therapist Guide also includes supplemental material for working with less common clinical situations and therapist reflection exercises designed to mimic the supervision style of research studies using BBT. Overall, the BBT program has been found to significantly reduce symptoms and improve functioning in daily life for youths with anxiety and depression.

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27

Norris, Anne Elizabeth. TOWARDS VALIDATION OF A COGNITIVE MODEL FOR PREGNANCY RISK TAKING AND RISK AVOIDANT BEHAVIOR. 1988.

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28

Hamilton, Nancy A., Ruth Ann Atchley, Lauren Boddy, Erik Benau, and Ronald Freche. Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Control in Pain Processing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0003.

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Chronic pain is a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by deficits at the behavioral, social, and affective levels of functioning. Depression and anxiety disorders are overrepresented among pain patients, suggesting that pain affects processes of emotion regulation. Conceptualizing the experience of chronic pain within a motivational organizing perspective offers a useful framework for understanding the emotional experiences of individuals living with chronic pain and how they balance harm-avoidant goals with generative approach oriented goals. To that end this chapter also integrates theories of emotion regulation (ER) and cognitive control to shed additional light on the problem of living with chronic pain, and it introduces a theory, consistent with findings from affective neuroscience, suggesting that painful flare-ups may be driven by anticipatory pain reactions in addition to somatic signals.

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29

Wilberg, Theresa, and Kenneth Silk. The Neurobiological Basis of Avoidant Personality Disorder. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0015.

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This chapter reports neurobiological findings relevant to avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) and focuses on several areas and dimensions assumed to be of special interest with respect to it. Because there are many different psychiatric disorders, cognitive styles, and interpersonal patterns that can overlap with AvPD, the chapter is selective in what areas are considered. The chapter begins with a discussion of biological findings that pertain to the diagnosis of AvPD, summarizing developments in genetics, neurotransmitters, and neuroimaging. It then turns to areas of temperament, emotional dysfunction, attachment, and stress regulation. Because these areas are applicable across all personality disorders, the chapter emphasizes how they apply more specifically to AvPD.

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30

Diets, Low Fat. Avoidant Personality Disorder Workbook: 100 Days Challenge Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Worksheets for Antisocial Personality Disorder. Independently Published, 2021.

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31

Heffernan, Margaret. Wilful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2019.

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32

Wilful Blindness. Simon & Schuster Ltd, 2012.

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33

Roy, Michael J., Albert Rizzo, JoAnn Difede, and Barbara O. Rothbaum. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0013.

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Expert treatment guidelines and consensus statements identified imaginal exposure therapy as a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) more than a decade ago. Subsequently, an Institute of Medicine report concluded that cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure therapy is the only therapy with sufficient evidence to recommend it for PTSD. Imaginal exposure has been the most widely used exposure approach. It requires patients to recall and narrate their traumatic experience repeatedly, in progressively greater detail, both to facilitate the therapeutic processing of related emotions and to decondition the learning cycle of the disorder via a habituation–extinction process. Prolonged exposure, one of the best-evidenced forms of exposure therapy, incorporates psychoeducation, controlled breathing techniques, in vivo exposure, prolonged imaginal exposure to traumatic memories, and processing of traumatic material, typically for 9 to 12 therapy sessions of about 90 minutes each. However, avoidance of reminders of the trauma is a defining feature of PTSD, so it is not surprising that many patients are unwilling or unable to visualize effectively and recount traumatic events repeatedly. Some studies of imaginal exposure have reported 30% to 50% dropout rates before completion of treatment. Adding to the challenge, some patients have an aversion to “traditional” psychotherapy as well as to pharmacotherapy, and may find alternative approaches more appealing. Younger individuals in particular may be attracted to virtual reality-based therapies.

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34

Iheb, Mesloub. ARFID Workbook for Kids: Practical Worksheets Inspied by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Avoidant / Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. Independently Published, 2021.

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35

Burris, Christopher T. Evil in Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197637180.001.0001.

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Evil in Mind: The Psychology of Harming Others offers readers an accessible, social-scientific understanding of the concept of evil and its various incarnations. Rather than simply using “evil” as an undefined synonym for human nastiness, Part 1 of the book first establishes when and why people apply the “evil” label to perpetrators and their misdeeds. It also addresses why most people do not want to see themselves—or be seen by others—as evil: Being labeled “evil” is the ultimate signifier of social rejection. Indeed, although dogged pursuit of good feelings and the effortful avoidance of bad feelings often causes suffering for others, people make use of an astounding array of cognitive reframing and self-presentation strategies to dodge the “evil” label. Part 2 illustrates how these core principles can aid comprehension of phenomena such as hate, sadism, serial killers, and group-based evil such as genocide, corporate wrongdoing, and familial abuse. Throughout, Evil in Mind attempts to nudge the reader toward a mindset that is self-reflective rather than ghoulish or self-congratulatory: Whether one’s actions result in harm that is horrifically irreparable or comparatively minor, the motives driving such actions and the menu of goals and strategies for deflecting condemnation are not really all that different. Thus, Evil in Mind presents the reader with a systematic, research-based psychological analysis of the phenomenon of evil that is compact, digestible, and potentially transformative.

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36

Jeyco, Dario. AVPD Workbook. CBT Therapy: Guided Worksheets Inspired by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Those Rcovering from Avoidant Personality Disorder. Independently Published, 2021.

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37

Iheb, Mesloub. Arfid Workbook for Kids: Practical Worksheets Inspied by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Avoidant / Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Ages 5-10. Independently Published, 2021.

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38

Iheb, Mesloub. ARFID Workbook for Kids: Practical Worksheets Inspied by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Avoidant / Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Ages 5-10. Independently Published, 2021.

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39

Diets, Low Fat. Avoidant Personality Disorder Journal: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Worksheets for APD , Borderline Personality Disorder, the Main Behavioral Treatment Steps Recommended by Clinicians . Independently Published, 2021.

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40

Iheb, Mesloub. AvPD Challenging Journal: Avoidant Personality Disorder Therapeutic Scheme Adapted from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Accustom the Subconscious Mind to the Social Life. Independently Published, 2021.

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41

Puntis, John. Eating disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0017.

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Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, and avoidant–restrictive food intake disorder are the main categories of eating disorder. They are associated with impairment of physical health and social, emotional, and cognitive development; outcomes are poor if untreated. Ten times more girls are affected than boys. The primary aim of management is to establish regular meals and snacks spread throughout the day. Severely malnourished children are at risk of refeeding syndrome and require expert care (outlined in the published guideline ‘Junior MARSIPAN’).

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42

Pace-Schott, Edward F., and Samuel Gazecki. The Role of Stress in the Etiology of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the biological features of stress and their correlation to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Over the past 15 years, advances in understanding the neurobiology of stress and anxiety have revealed underlying neural abnormalities that might help explain why posttraumatic symptoms—intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the event, persistent negativity of mood and cognition, and hyperarousal—persist in patients with PTSD. This chapter focuses on research that has discovered how abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, abnormalities of the catecholamingergic/autonomic system, and atypical physiologic and neural circuit responses during fear extinction recall may be important biological factors in the etiology and maintenance of PTSD symptoms.

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43

Feldman, Talya, Cristin D. Runfola, and James Lock. Feeding and Eating Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.23.

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Eating disorders are severe, life-threatening psychological disorders that frequently manifest in children and adolescents. This chapter provides an overview of the prevalence, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of the six child and adolescent feeding and eating disorders covered by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorder. Existing research is limited, but the most evidenced treatments, depending on disorder, are applied behavioral analysis; individualized behavior plans; family-based therapy; cognitive behavioral therapy; and self-help. Given the limited number of randomized controlled studies and the moderate (at best) recovery rates, future research should investigate possible adjunctive treatments (i.e., cognitive remediation therapy, dialectical behavior therapy); adaptations for specific populations; and dissemination and implementation improvements (i.e., phone or Internet delivered interventions).

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44

Benedek, David M., and Gary H. Wynn. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0002.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop after exposure to a traumatic event (or events) such as interpersonal violence, disasters, war, or terrorism. PTSD is characterized by specific symptoms organized into core clusters, including reexperience, hyperarousal, avoidance, and negative alterations in mood and cognition. Although these symptoms may resolve without any intervention, they may also progress to a chronic, debilitating state. The characteristics of the disorder as described, as are the incidence and prevalence of PTSD and subgroups that may be at greater risk. The fact that many persons exposed to traumatic events do not develop lasting symptoms of PTSD (or PTSD at all) is explained through a discussion of risk and protective factors. Last, brief reviews of diagnostic assessments and current noncomplementary/nonalternative treatments supported by practice guidelines and clinical consensus are described.

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45

Carter, C. Sue, Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal, and Eric C. Porges. The Roots of Compassion. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.14.

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Compassion for others and social support have survival value and health benefits. Although compassion is sometimes considered uniquely human, critical components of compassion have been described in nonhuman mammals. Studies originally conducted in social mammals and now in humans have implicated neuropeptide hormones, especially oxytocin, in social cognition, a sense of safety, and the capacity of sociality to permit compassionate responses. In contrast, the related peptide vasopressin and its receptor may be necessary for forming selective relationships and for the apparently paradoxical effects of oxytocin, which can include increases in fear and avoidance. Oxytocin and vasopressin may contribute to sex differences in compassion. Furthermore, among the processes through which oxytocin and vasopressin influence behavior and health are complex effects on the autonomic nervous system. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the benefits of compassion offers new insights into the healing power of positive social behaviors and social support.

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46

Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Shannon Sauer-Zavala, Heather Murray Latin, Kristen K. Ellard, Jacqueline R. Bullis, Kate H. Bentley, Hannah T. Boettcher, and Clair Cassiello-Robbins. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190685973.001.0001.

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The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Therapist Guide is a treatment programv applicable to all anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders and potentially other disorders with strong emotional components (e.g., eating disorders, borderline personality disorder). The UP for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders addresses neuroticism by targeting the aversive, avoidant reactions to emotions that, while providing relief in the short term, increase the likelihood of future negative emotions and maintains disorder symptoms. The strategies included in this treatment are largely based on common principles found in existing empirically supported psychological treatments—namely, fostering mindful emotion awareness, reevaluating automatic cognitive appraisals, changing action tendencies associated with the disordered emotions, and utilizing emotion exposure procedures. The focus of these core skills has been adjusted to specifically address core negative responses to emotional experiences.

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Espinel, Zelde, and Jon A. Shaw. PTSD in Children. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0012.

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This chapter reviews the psychobiological effects on children and adolescents upon exposure to a traumatic happening where there is a real or imaginary threat of bodily harm or death to the self and/or others. Morbidity may involve the classic symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder such as a readiness to re-experience the psychological and physiological effects of trauma exposure, autonomic arousal, somatic ills and subsequent avoidant behavior as well as a host of other psychological morbidities such as depression, mood dysregulation and other internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Multimodal treatment approaches implementing family and social supports, psychoeducation, and cognitive behavioral techniques have the strongest evidence base. Psychopharmacologic interventions are not generally used, but may be necessary as an adjunct to other interventions for children with severe reactions or coexisting psychiatric conditions.

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Kissane, David W., and Talia I. Zaider. Bereavement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0177.

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The phenomena and trajectory of mourning as a normal adaptive process are differentiated from clinical depression, avoidant and complicated grief, post-traumatic distress disorder, and other forms of pathological grief. Anticipatory grief can be a particular challenge during palliative care. The family is recognized as the major source of social support and the environment in which grief is shared with others. Key risk factors for pathological bereavement outcomes can be identified on admission to palliative care, permitting preventive models of psychological care to be used through palliative care into bereavement. Models of therapy include supportive-expressive, interpersonal, cognitive behavioural, family focused, and specific therapy for complicated grief. Pharmacotherapy can judiciously accompany psychotherapy. Life-cycle issues include bereaved children, siblings, parents, and grief for the very elderly. Grief can be stigmatized and ambiguous in special circumstances, yet positive growth is a desirable outcome from any loss.

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Black Becker, Carolyn, Nicholas R. Farrell, and Glenn Waller. Exposure Therapy for Eating Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190069742.001.0001.

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Exposure therapy is a core component of evidence-based treatments for eating disorders (EDs), including cognitive-behavioral therapy and family-based treatment. Despite this, existing treatment guides give relatively limited attention to the clinical issues associated with good implementation of exposure. This book is designed to augment a wide variety of treatment manuals by providing ED clinicians with practical advice for maximizing the effectiveness of exposure, regardless of which evidence-based treatment they use or the profession to which they belong. Written in an easy-to-understand format, this book not only translates the most up-to-date empirical research on exposure for EDs, it also extrapolates clinical advice from the anxiety disorders literature to help busy clinicians become more effective in treating EDs. Readers will walk away with a solid foundation in the theoretical underpinnings of exposure therapy, as well as an understanding of how to utilize this information to sell the rationale for exposure to their ED patients. Clinically rich chapters, with ample case material, demonstrate how to prepare to embark on exposure therapy with a wide range of ED patients, including those with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Specific types of ED exposure are covered in detail, including exposure to food and eating, cue exposure for binge eating, weighing and weight exposure, body image exposure, emotion and interpersonally focused exposure, and novel forms of exposure for EDs. Clinicians also will walk away with strategies for overcoming obstacles to implementation of exposure therapy, including institutional resistance.

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