Journal articles: 'Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience'

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Graybiel, Ann M., and Richard Morris. "Behavioural and cognitive neuroscience." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2011.06.005.

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Quartz, Steven R. "FROM COGNITIVE SCIENCE TO COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE TO NEUROECONOMICS." Economics and Philosophy 24, no. 3 (November 2008): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267108002083.

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As an emerging discipline, neuroeconomics faces considerable methodological and practical challenges. In this paper, I suggest that these challenges can be understood by exploring the similarities and dissimilarities between the emergence of neuroeconomics and the emergence of cognitive and computational neuroscience two decades ago. From these parallels, I suggest the major challenge facing theory formation in the neural and behavioural sciences is that of being under-constrained by data, making a detailed understanding of physical implementation necessary for theory construction in neuroeconomics. Rather than following a top-down strategy, neuroeconomists should be pragmatic in the use of available data from animal models, information regarding neural pathways and projections, computational models of neural function, functional imaging and behavioural data. By providing convergent evidence across multiple levels of organization, neuroeconomics will have its most promising prospects of success.

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Leslie, Julian C. "Meanings of “function” in neuroscience, cognition, and behaviour analysis." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00373368.

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Different sciences approach the brain-behaviour system at various levels, but often apparently share terminology. “Function” is used both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. Within the ontogeny it has various meanings; the one adopted by Arbib et al. is that of mainstream cognitive psychology. This usage is relatively imprecise, and the psychologists who are sceptical about the ability of cognitive psychology to predict behavioural outcomes may have the same reservations about Arbib et al.'s cognitive neuroscience.

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Javor, Andrija, Carolina Ciumas, Danielle Ibarrola, Philippe Ryvlin, and Sylvain Rheims. "Social cognition, behaviour and therapy adherence in frontal lobe epilepsy: a study combining neuroeconomic and neuropsychological methods." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 8 (August 2019): 180850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180850.

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Social behaviour of healthy humans and its neural correlates have been extensively studied in social neuroscience and neuroeconomics. Whereas it is well established that several types of epilepsies, such as frontal lobe epilepsy, lead to social cognitive impairments, experimental evidence on how these translate into behavioural symptoms is scarce. Furthermore, it is unclear whether social cognitive or behavioural disturbances have an impact on therapy adherence, which is critical for effective disease management, but generally low in these patients. In order to investigate the relationship between social cognition, social behaviour, and therapy adherence in patients with frontal lobe epilepsies (FLE), we designed a study combining conventional neuropsychological with behavioural economic and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methodology. Fifteen patients and 15 healthy controls played a prisoners' dilemma game (an established game to operationalize social behaviour) while undergoing fMRI. Additionally, social cognitive, basic neuropsychological variables, and therapy adherence were assessed. Our results implicate that social behaviour is indeed affected and can be quantified using neuroeconomic methods in patients with FLE. Impaired social behaviour in these patients might be a consequence of altered brain activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and play a role in low therapy adherence. Finally, this study serves as an example of how to integrate neuroeconomic methods in neurology.

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Freeman, Michael. "Introduction: law and neuroscience." International Journal of Law in Context 2, no. 3 (September 2006): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552306003016.

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The articles in this Special Issue of the journal explore diverse issues, but all in different ways are stimulated by developments in our understanding of the brain. It is coming to be understood that developments in neuroscience can help those who make the law and those who study it use the insights of scientific knowledge to assist in the understanding of human behaviour. Developments in cognitive neuroscience offer new insights into the nature of normative judgement. As Casebeer and Churchland (2003, p. 170) have noted, ‘the neurobiology of moral cognition is a justifiably hot topic’. As Goodenough and Prehn (2004, p. 1713) note, ‘the great advantage of the cognitive neuroscience approach is that we can now bring together psychological models of cognitive and affective process, experimental paradigms, various behavioural and psychophysiological measurements and functional brain imaging techniques’. Greene and Cohen have argued (2004, p. 1775) that neuroscience will probably have a transformative effect on the law, even though existing legal doctrine can, in principle, accommodate its findings. They foresee, and indeed recommend, a shift away from punishment rooted in retribution towards one adopting a consequentialist approach to the criminal law. That the US Supreme Court in 2005 (see Roper v. Simmons) eventually came to view the death penalty as unconstitutional for offenders who committed their offences when under 18 is in part the product of this shift in thinking. Steinberg and Scott (2003) had shown that adolescents did not meet the law’s requirements for rationality and so were unsuitable candidates for the death penalty.

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Han, Yu, Xuezheng Li, Zhida Feng, Ruoyu Jin, Joseph Kangwa, and Obas John Ebohon. "Grounded Theory and Social Psychology Approach to Investigating the Formation of Construction Workers’ Unsafe Behaviour." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 18, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3581563.

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There have been limited studies analyzing the causes of construction workers’ unsafe behaviour from the social psychology perspective. Based on a Grounded Theory approach, this study first identified and defined seven coded categories related to workers’ dangerous behaviour on construction sites. The original qualitative data were obtained from individual site interviews conducted with 35 construction professionals. These main categories were found connected to workers’ status of safety awareness and sense of danger, which affected the type of unsafe behaviours, i.e., proactive, passive, or reactive behaviour. By further integrating social cognitive psychology theories into workers’ behavioural decision-making process, the formation mechanism framework and diagram were developed to describe construction workers’ unsafe behaviours based on the dynamic process of balancing the individual desires and perceived safety risks. This study advances the body of knowledge in construction safety behavioural management by performing in-depth theoretical analysis regarding workers’ internal desires, activated by external scenarios and intervened by a personal safety cognition system, which could result in different motivations and various behavioural outcomes. It is argued that safety cognition serves as a mediated moderation system affecting behavioural performance. Practical suggestions on developing a proper safety management system incorporating safety education in guiding construction workers’ site behaviours are presented.

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Duncan, John. "Converging levels of analysis in the cognitive neuroscience of visual attention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1373 (August 29, 1998): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0285.

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Experiments using behavioural, lesion, functional imaging and single neuron methods are considered in the context of a neuropsychological model of visual attention. According to this model, inputs compete for representation in multiple visually responsive brain systems, sensory and motor, cortical and subcortical. Competition is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Across systems competition is integrated such that the same, selected object tends to become dominant throughout. The behavioural studies reviewed concern divided attention within and between modalities. They implicate within–modality competition as one main restriction on concurrent stimulus identification. In contrast to the conventional association of lateral attentional focus with parietal lobe function, the lesion studies show attentional bias to be a widespread consequence of unilateral cortical damage. Although the clinical syndrome of unilateral neglect may indeed be associated with parietal lesions, this probably reflects an assortment of further deficits accompanying a simple attentional imbalance. The functional imaging studies show joint involvement of lateral prefrontal and occipital cortex in lateral attentional focus and competition. The single unit studies suggest how competition in several regions of extrastriate cortex is biased by advance priming of neurons responsive to current behavioural targets. Together, the concepts of competition, priming and integration allow a unified theoretical approach to findings from behavioural to single neuron levels.

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Rizq, Rosemary. "Tread softly: Counselling psychology and neuroscience." Counselling Psychology Review 22, no. 4 (November 2007): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2007.22.4.5.

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Advances in the fields of neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience and behaviour genetics pose a significant philosophical and epistemological challenge to the models of mind and psychotherapeutic practice advocated by counselling psychology. Drawing on contemporary work within psychoanalysis, however, I argue that a marriage of neuroscientific and psychotherapeutic research is not only possible but necessary. This paper discusses current research in the fields of memory, mental state understanding and behavioural genetics and examines some of the inherent methodological and conceptual problems facing interdisciplinary research within counselling psychology. The paper concludes with a brief discussion about the ways in which counselling psychology may be well-placed to contribute to a psychotherapeutically-informed neuroscience.

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Gobet, Fernand, and Amanda Parker. "Evolving Structure-Function Mappings in Cognitive Neuroscience Using Genetic Programming." Swiss Journal of Psychology 64, no. 4 (December 2005): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.64.4.231.

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A challenging goal of psychology and neuroscience is to map cognitive functions onto neuroanatomical structures. This paper shows how computational methods based upon evolutionary algorithms can facilitate the search for satisfactory mappings by efficiently combining constraints from neuroanatomy and physiology (the structures) with constraints from behavioural experiments (the functions). This methodology involves creation of a database coding for known neuroanatomical and physiological constraints, for mental programs made of primitive cognitive functions, and for typical experiments with their behavioural results. The evolutionary algorithms evolve theories mapping structures to functions in order to optimize the fit with the actual data. These theories lead to new, empirically testable predictions. The role of the prefrontal cortex in humans is discussed as an example. This methodology can be applied to the study of structures or functions alone, and can also be used to study other complex systems.

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McAndrews, Mary Pat, and Melanie Cohn. "Neuropsychology in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Influences from Cognitive Neuroscience and Functional Neuroimaging." Epilepsy Research and Treatment 2012 (January 30, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/925238.

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Neuropsychologists assist in diagnosis (i.e., localization of dysfunction) and in prediction (i.e., how cognition may change following surgery) in individuals being considered for temporal lobe surgery. The current practice includes behavioural testing as well as mapping function via stimulation, inactivation, and (more recently) functional imaging. These methods have been providing valuable information in surgical planning for 60 years. Here, we discuss current assessment strategies and highlight how they are evolving, particularly with respect to integrating recent advances in cognitive neuroscience.

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Grant, Anthony M. "Coaching the brain: Neuro-science or neuro-nonsense?" Coaching Psychologist 11, no. 1 (June 2015): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2015.11.1.21.

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This paper discusses some myths and misconceptions that have emerged in relation to neuroscience and coaching, and explores the notion that neuroscience provides a foundational evidence-base for coaching, and that neurocoaching is a unique or original coaching methodology. It is found that much of the insights into coaching purported to be delivered by neuroscience are long-established within the behavioural sciences. Furthermore, the empirical and conceptual links between neuroscientific findings and actual coaching practice are tenuous at best. Although at present there is no convincing empirical support for a neuroscientific foundation to coaching, there are important ways in which coaching and neuroscience can interact. There is good evidence that solution-focused cognitive-behavioural (SF-CB) coaching can reliably induce specific behavioural and cognitive changes. SF-CB coaching could thus be used as a methodology to experimentally induce specific changes including greater self-insight and better relations with others. Subsequent changes in brain structure or brain activity could then be observed. This has potential to be of great value to the neuroscience enterprise by providing more hard evidence for concepts such as neuroplasticity and brain-region function-specificity. It may well be that coaching can be of greater use to the field of neuroscience than the field of neuroscience can be to coaching. In this way we can address many neuromyths and misconceptions about brain-based coaching, and begin to author a more accurate and productive narrative about the relationship between coaching and neuroscience.

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Nestor, P. J. "Neurology of Cognitive and Behavioural Disorders." Neuropsychologia 42, no. 13 (January 2004): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.019.

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Taylor, Joanne S. H., Matthew H. Davis, and Kathleen Rastle. "Informing methods of reading instruction with cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience." Cognitive Psychology Bulletin 1, no. 4 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscog.2019.1.4.11.

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Reading acquisition requires learning the associations between visual symbols and the sounds and meanings they represent. In alphabetic languages, the relationship between visual and spoken forms is relatively systematic, whereas the relationship between visual form and meaning is relatively arbitrary. Reading instruction that emphasises the relationship between spelling and sound (phonics) is therefore thought to be most effective, but opponents argue that this method does not improve reading comprehension. We simulated the process of reading acquisition by teaching adults to read artificial orthographies in two different ways, either focusing on spelling-to-sound or spelling-to-meaning mappings. Behavioural testing following nine days of training showed convincingly that the spelling-to-sound focus improved both reading aloud and comprehension, relative to the spelling-to-meaning focus. Neuroimaging data provided insight into why this is the case. Specifically, spelling-meaning training increased neural effort in dorsal pathway brain regions typically involved in reading aloud, and did not provide any benefit in terms of reduced neural effort in ventral pathway brain regions typically involved in reading comprehension. I conclude by discussing the broader contribution that cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience can make to education policy and practice.

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Ewing, Gillian. "From Neuroplasticity to Scaffolding." International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijudh.2012040104.

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This paper is a review of cognitive aging research centred on the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC), a theory which brings together much of the previous research into cognitive aging over the past century and suggests directions for future work. From Santiago Ramon y Cajal, with his microscope and talented drawings, to today’s researchers with psychological and neurobiological methods and technology, particularly neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, sMRI, PET, etc., enormous progress has been made, through cognitive reserve, dedifferentiation, compensation, hemispherical asymmetry, inhibition and neurotransmission, to the Scaffolding theory of aging and cognition and beyond. Prior to 1990, research was almost entirely behavioural, but the advent of neuroimaging has boosted research and given rise to a new domain known as cognitive neuroscience, combining behavioural and neurobiological approaches to investigate structural and functional changes in the aging brain. Having reviewed the existing literature on cognitive aging research, the author concludes that although the scaffolding theory brings together a significant body of work and ideas, it is not yet the single, unifying theory for researchers. However, it does represent a giant step toward that theory.

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Varga, S. "The philosophical underpinnings of the Cognitive-Behavioural approach to depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72765-1.

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After the “cognitive revolution” the Cognitive-Behavioural Model has become something like the predominant paradigm in understanding and treating depression and range of other conditions. First, I will argue that such approach is in part based on misleading philosophical assumptions concerning the relation between emotions and beliefs and the nature of mental states. Second, drawing on new developments in the philosophy and neuroscience of emotions, I will attempt to construct more coherent theoretical framework for understanding depressive experience and work out some of the practical consequences.

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Schweinfurth, Manon K., and Josep Call. "Reciprocity: Different behavioural strategies, cognitive mechanisms and psychological processes." Learning & Behavior 47, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-019-00394-5.

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Abstract Reciprocity is probably one of the most debated theories in evolutionary research. After more than 40 years of research, some scientists conclude that reciprocity is an almost uniquely human trait mainly because it is cognitively demanding. Others, however, conclude that reciprocity is widespread and of great importance to many species. Yet, it is unclear how these species reciprocate, given its apparent cognitive complexity. Therefore, our aim was to unravel the psychological processes underlying reciprocity. By bringing together findings from studies investigating different aspects of reciprocity, we show that reciprocity is a rich concept with different behavioural strategies and cognitive mechanisms that require very different psychological processes. We reviewed evidence from three textbook examples, i.e. the Norway rat, common vampire bat and brown capuchin monkey, and show that the species use different strategies and mechanisms to reciprocate. We continue by examining the psychological processes of reciprocity. We show that the cognitive load varies between different forms of reciprocity. Several factors can lower the memory demands of reciprocity such as distinctiveness of encounters, memory of details and network size. Furthermore, there are different information operation systems in place, which also vary in their cognitive load due to assessing the number of encounters and the quality and quantity of help. We conclude that many species possess the psychological processes to show some form of reciprocity. Hence, reciprocity might be a widespread phenomenon that varies in terms of strategies and mechanisms.

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Esposito, Anna, Alessandro Vinciarelli, Simon Haykin, Amir Hussain, and Marcos Faundez-Zanuy. "Cognitive Computation Special Issue on Cognitive Behavioural Systems." Cognitive Computation 3, no. 3 (August 20, 2011): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-011-9107-2.

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Zmigrod, Leor, and Manos Tsakiris. "Computational and neurocognitive approaches to the political brain: key insights and future avenues for political neuroscience." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1822 (February 22, 2021): 20200130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0130.

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Although the study of political behaviour has been traditionally restricted to the social sciences, new advances in political neuroscience and computational cognitive science highlight that the biological sciences can offer crucial insights into the roots of ideological thought and action. Echoing the dazzling diversity of human ideologies, this theme issue seeks to reflect the multiplicity of theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the nature of the political brain. Cutting-edge research along three thematic strands is presented, including (i) computational approaches that zoom in on fine-grained mechanisms underlying political behaviour, (ii) neurocognitive perspectives that harness neuroimaging and psychophysiological techniques to study ideological processes, and (iii) behavioural studies and policy-minded analyses of such understandings across cultures and across ideological domains. Synthesizing these findings together, the issue elucidates core questions regarding the nature of uncertainty in political cognition, the mechanisms of social influence and the cognitive structure of ideological beliefs. This offers key directions for future biologically grounded research as well as a guiding map for citizens, psychologists and policymakers traversing the uneven landscape of modern polarization, misinformation, intolerance and dogmatism. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms'.

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Gordon, Wendy. "Behavioural Economics and Qualitative Research – A Marriage Made in Heaven?" International Journal of Market Research 53, no. 2 (March 2011): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-53-2-171-186.

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Behavioural economics draws on many different academic disciplines from cognitive psychology and social theory through to the newer disciplines of (social) neuroscience, evolutionary anthropology and genetics. Marketing and communications practitioners are now embracing it because it puts human behaviour centre stage rather than attitudes, beliefs and opinions. Contemporary qualitative research also draws on many of the same disciplines, and also others such as semiotics, linguistics and epidemiology. However, it has always been more comfortable describing motivations, attitudes, beliefs and opinions rather than behaviour itself. Many of the principles described in behavioural economics (BE) challenge the very nature of qualitative thinking and practice. This paper examines the relationship between the two models of thinking and how each can benefit from a greater understanding of the other.

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Calvo, R., and V. Schluessel. "Neural substrates involved in the cognitive information processing in teleost fish." Animal Cognition 24, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 923–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-021-01514-3.

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AbstractOver the last few decades, it has been shown that fish, comprising the largest group of vertebrates and in many respects one of the least well studied, possess many cognitive abilities comparable to those of birds and mammals. Despite a plethora of behavioural studies assessing cognition abilities and an abundance of neuroanatomical studies, only few studies have aimed to or in fact identified the neural substrates involved in the processing of cognitive information. In this review, an overview of the currently available studies addressing the joint research topics of cognitive behaviour and neuroscience in teleosts (and elasmobranchs wherever possible) is provided, primarily focusing on two fundamentally different but complementary approaches, i.e. ablation studies and Immediate Early Gene (IEG) analyses. More recently, the latter technique has become one of the most promising methods to visualize neuronal populations activated in specific brain areas, both during a variety of cognitive as well as non-cognition-related tasks. While IEG studies may be more elegant and potentially easier to conduct, only lesion studies can help researchers find out what information animals can learn or recall prior to and following ablation of a particular brain area.

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Sloman, Aaron, and Jackie Chappell. "Computational cognitive epigenetics." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 4 (August 2007): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07002336.

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AbstractJablonka & Lamb (J&L) refer only implicitly to aspects of cognitive competence that preceded both evolution of human language and language learning in children. These aspects are important for evolution and development but need to be understood using the design-stance, which the book adopts only for molecular and genetic processes, not for behavioural and symbolic processes. Design-based analyses reveal more routes from genome to behaviour than J&L seem to have considered. This both points to gaps in our understanding of evolution and epigenetic processes and may lead to possible ways of filling the gaps.

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Allen, Philip A., Mei-Ching Lien, and Eric Ruthruff. "Cognition and emotion: Neuroscience and behavioural perspectives." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 6 (September 2011): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.568284.

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Toba, Monica N., Olivier Godefroy, R. Jarrett Rushmore, Melissa Zavaglia, Redwan Maatoug, Claus C. Hilgetag, and Antoni Valero-Cabré. "Revisiting ‘brain modes’ in a new computational era: approaches for the characterization of brain-behavioural associations." Brain 143, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 1088–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz343.

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Abstract The study of brain-function relationships is undergoing a conceptual and methodological transformation due to the emergence of network neuroscience and the development of multivariate methods for lesion-deficit inferences. Anticipating this process, in 1998 Godefroy and co-workers conceptualized the potential of four elementary typologies of brain-behaviour relationships named ‘brain modes’ (unicity, equivalence, association, summation) as building blocks able to describe the association between intact or lesioned brain regions and cognitive processes or neurological deficits. In the light of new multivariate lesion inference and network approaches, we critically revisit and update the original theoretical notion of brain modes, and provide real-life clinical examples that support their existence. To improve the characterization of elementary units of brain-behavioural relationships further, we extend such conceptualization with a fifth brain mode (mutual inhibition/masking summation). We critically assess the ability of these five brain modes to account for any type of brain-function relationship, and discuss past versus future contributions in redefining the anatomical basis of human cognition. We also address the potential of brain modes for predicting the behavioural consequences of lesions and their future role in the design of cognitive neurorehabilitation therapies.

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Garfinkel, Sarah. "7 Dissociating dimensions of interoception in neuropsychiatry." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, no. 12 (November 14, 2022): e3.40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-bnpa.7.

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Sarah Garfinkel is Professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), where she leads the Clinical and Affective Neuroscience Group. She completed her PhD at the University of Sussex, a training fellowship in Psychiatry and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan and her first faculty position at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Her research focuses on brain-body interactions in different clinical conditions. In 2018, Sarah was named by the journal Nature as one of 11 ‘Rising Star’ researchers and in 2021 she was awarded the Mid-Career Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience by the British Association for Cognitive Neuroscience.AbstractCognitive and emotional processes are shaped by the dynamic integration of brain and body. A major channel of interoceptive information comes from the heart, where phasic signals are conveyed to the brain to indicate how fast and strong the heart is beating. This talk will detail how cardiac afferent signals can interact with neuronal mechanisms to alter emotion processing. This interoceptive channel is disrupted in distinct ways in neuropsychiatric conditions; specific interoceptive disturbances may contribute to our understanding of symptoms in these clinical conditions, including changes in emotion, dissociation and anxiety. The discrete cardiac effects on emotion and cognition have broad relevance for clinical neuroscience, with implications for peripheral treatment targets and behavioural interventions focused on the heart.

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Frederickson, Norah, Alice P. Jones, Laura Warren, Tara Deakes, and Geoff Allen. "Can developmental cognitive neuroscience inform intervention for social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD)?" Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 18, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.757097.

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Adolphs, Ralph. "Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4, no. 3 (March 2003): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1056.

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Uddin, Lucina Q. "Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 22, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w.

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Premi, Enrico, Valentina Garibotto, Stefano Gazzina, Mario Grassi, Maura Cosseddu, Barbara Paghera, Marinella Turla, Alessandro Padovani, and Barbara Borroni. "Beyond cognitive reserve: Behavioural reserve hypothesis in Frontotemporal Dementia." Behavioural Brain Research 245 (May 2013): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.030.

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Woolford, Felix MG, and Matthew D. Egbert. "Behavioural variety of a node-based sensorimotor-to-motor map." Adaptive Behavior 28, no. 6 (April 10, 2019): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319839061.

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The iterant deformable sensorimotor medium (IDSM) is a controller that has been used to study habits construed as self-sustaining patters of sensorimotor activity. To understand the dynamics of this controller, we investigate a heavily simplified variation of it called a node-based sensorimotor-to-motor map (NB-SMM). This deterministic, stateless, continuous-time controller coupled to a minimalistic robot and environment demonstrates six distinct categories of behaviour, including an ability to distinguish between the two sides of a symmetric stimulus, suggesting that controllers based purely on sensorimotor-state to motor mappings may be more capable than intuition first suggests. As the number of nodes increases, the potential behavioural complexity also increases. With two nodes, cycles become possible, along with systems which produce multiple behaviours depending upon initial conditions. This hints at the potential behavioural complexity of a system with many more nodes and provides insight into the kinds of behaviours that might be accomplished by IDSM-controlled robots or virtual agents.

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Ismafairus Abd Hamid, Aini, Jafri Malin Abdullah, and Norsiah Fauzan. "The Future of Cognitive Neuroscience." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.22 (August 8, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.22.17111.

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Cognitive neuroscience is an interdisciplinary area focusing on the application of neuroscience knowledge in areas such as neuroimaging studies, computer science, psychology, marketing, business, general and special education, social sciences, engineering, biology, learning science, health, etcetra. It is a new emerging field that may help Malaysia in the move towards 2050 for the development of economic, improve levels of knowledge and education, intensify healthcare, enhance people’s well-being and expand network collaboration. Academicians, scientists, industry and educators must concentrate on the application cognitive neuroscience in their field of studies. There is a lack of neuroscientists in these fields, and concentrated efforts must come from the top down as well as the bottom up. We need to bring brain and mind sciences and neuroscience to a reputable level that will improve physical and mental health and increase creativity and innovation in Malaysia: A national institute to amalgamate the creative and innovative mind, behaviour, and brain sciences and neuroscience must be established.

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Healy, S. D., I. E. Bacon, O. Haggis, A. P. Harris, and L. A. Kelley. "Explanations for variation in cognitive ability: Behavioural ecology meets comparative cognition." Behavioural Processes 80, no. 3 (March 2009): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.10.002.

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Cimarelli, Giulia, and Friederike Range. "Is dogs’ heritable performance in socio-cognitive tasks truly social?" Learning & Behavior 50, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-021-00498-x.

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SummaryRecently, Bray et al. (2021) showed that behavioural performance in cognitive tasks involving humans is highly heritable in dog puppies. Although the paper shows substantial heritability of specific behavioural traits, the absence of control conditions does not allow for strong support of the authors’ claim that the cognitive performance they measured represents a special sensitivity to human cooperative-communicative acts.

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Huang, Kaixin, and Claire J. Foldi. "How Can Animal Models Inform the Understanding of Cognitive Inflexibility in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092594.

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Deficits in cognitive flexibility are consistently seen in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This type of cognitive impairment is thought to be associated with the persistence of AN because it leads to deeply ingrained patterns of thought and behaviour that are highly resistant to change. Neurobiological drivers of cognitive inflexibility have some commonalities with the abnormal brain functional outcomes described in patients with AN, including disrupted prefrontal cortical function, and dysregulated dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) model recapitulates the key features of AN in human patients, including rapid weight loss caused by self-starvation and hyperactivity, supporting its application in investigating the cognitive and neurobiological causes of pathological weight loss. The aim of this review is to describe the relationship between AN, neural function and cognitive flexibility in human patients, and to highlight how new techniques in behavioural neuroscience can improve the utility of animal models of AN to inform the development of novel therapeutics.

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Cirulli, F., G. Laviola, and L. Ricceri. "Risk factors for mental health: Translational models from behavioural neuroscience." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 33, no. 4 (April 2009): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.006.

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Smith-Ferguson, Jules, and Madeleine Beekman. "Who needs a brain? Slime moulds, behavioural ecology and minimal cognition." Adaptive Behavior 28, no. 6 (January 30, 2019): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319826537.

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Although human decision making seems complex, there is evidence that many decisions are grounded in simple heuristics. Such heuristic models of decision making are widespread in nature. To understand how and why different forms of information processing evolve, it is insightful to study the minimal requirements for cognition. Here, we explore the minimally cognitive behaviour of the acellular slime mould, Physarum polycephalum, in order to discuss the ecological pressures that lead to the development of information processing mechanisms. We discuss evidence for memory, basic forms of learning and economically irrational choice in P. polycephalum. We compare P. polycephalum’s behaviour with a number of other non-neuronal organisms in order to question the evolutionary need for complex nervous systems to develop cognitive traits. By highlighting a few examples of common mechanisms, we conclude that all organisms contain the building blocks for more complex information processing. Returning the debate about cognition to the biological basics demystifies some of the confusion around the term ‘cognition’.

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Gagné, Nathan, and Léon Franzen. "How to Run Behavioural Experiments Online: Best Practice Suggestions for Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience." Swiss Psychology Open 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/spo.34.

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Dr. Mahima Gupta, Ms Kamal Gulati Manwani,. "THE NEUROSCIENCE ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (December 25, 2020): 6489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.3202.

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Education is considered to be a tool for providing knowledge, building character and promising a comfortable lifeto its learners. To ensure desired learning outcomes, a lot is being done in the areas of developing better curriculum, making state of the art institutions, improving teacher quality, providing digital platforms, enhancing parental involvement etc. However, when it comes to designing Pedagogical Tools based on the learning patterns of the brain, there is seen a wide gap between what is researched in laboratories and what is witnessed in our classrooms. Pedagogical practices not based on an understanding of how a learner’s brain works and what are its needs can lead to undesired behavioural consequences in them. This becomes more pronounced as learners enter into adolescence, a period in development marked with rapid changes at mental, physical, emotional and psychological levels. This paper looks into various researches that have been done in Cognitive Neuroscience and their educational implications on adolescent learners. It explores why educational practices must take into consideration the cognitive aspects of an adolescent’s brain like role of reward system, enhancing Working Memory, providing multisensory stimulus, using memory strategies, understanding learner behavior and needs etc. This paper concludes by providing insights on how learnings from these Neuroscience researches can address the issue of high risk behaviour tendencies and mental disorders amongst adolescent learners.

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Chawla, Jasneek K., Anne Bernard, Helen Heussler, and Scott Burgess. "Sleep, Function, Behaviour and Cognition in a Cohort of Children with Down Syndrome." Brain Sciences 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101317.

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Objective: To describe the sleep problems experienced by children with Down syndrome attending a tertiary sleep clinic and relationship with behaviour, function and cognition. Methods: Data were collected from children with Down syndrome aged 3–18 years old. Carers completed the Abbreviated Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Child Behaviour Checklist and Life-Habits Questionnaire at enrolment. Cognitive assessment (Stanford-Binet 5) was undertaken by a trained psychologist. Children received management for their sleep problem as clinically indicated. Results: Forty-two subjects with a median age of 6.8 years (Interquartile Range-IQR 4.5, 9.8) were enrolled. A total of 92% were referred with snoring or symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), with 79% of those referred having had previous ENT surgery. Thus, 85% of all participants underwent a sleep study and 61% were diagnosed with OSA (OAHI ≥ 1/h). Based on questionnaires, 86% of respondents indicated that their child had a significant sleep disorder and non-respiratory sleep problems were common. Non-respiratory problems included: trouble going to sleep independently (45%), restless sleep (76%), night-time waking (24%) and bedtime resistance (22%). No significant correlations were found between sleep measures (behavioural and medical sleep problems) and the behavioural, functional or cognitive parameters. Conclusion: Sleep disorders were very common, especially non-respiratory sleep problems. OSA was common despite previous surgery. No association was found between sleep-related problems (snoring, sleep-study-confirmed OSA or non-respiratory sleep problem) and parent-reported behavioural problems, functional impairments or intellectual performance. This may reflect limitations of the measures used in this study, that in this population ongoing problems with daytime function are not sleep related or that a cross-sectional assessment does not adequately take into account the impacts of past disease/treatments. Further research is required to further evaluate the tools used to evaluate sleep disorders, the impact of those disorder on children with Down syndrome and interventions which improve both sleep and daytime function.

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Goodwin, Amy, Alexandra Hendry, Luke Mason, Tessel Bazelmans, Jannath Begum Ali, Greg Pasco, Tony Charman, Emily Jones, and Mark Johnson. "Behavioural Measures of Infant Activity but Not Attention Associate with Later Preschool ADHD Traits." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050524.

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Mapping infant neurocognitive differences that precede later ADHD-related behaviours is critical for designing early interventions. In this study, we investigated (1) group differences in a battery of measures assessing aspects of attention and activity level in infants with and without a family history of ADHD or related conditions (ASD), and (2) longitudinal associations between the infant measures and preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Participants (N = 151) were infants with or without an elevated likelihood for ADHD (due to a family history of ADHD and/or ASD). A multi-method assessment protocol was used to assess infant attention and activity level at 10 months of age that included behavioural, cognitive, physiological and neural measures. Preschool ADHD traits were measured at 3 years of age using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Across a broad range of measures, we found no significant group differences in attention or activity level at 10 months between infants with and without a family history of ADHD or ASD. However, parent and observer ratings of infant activity level at 10 months were positively associated with later preschool ADHD traits at 3 years. Observable behavioural differences in activity level (but not attention) may be apparent from infancy in children who later develop elevated preschool ADHD traits.

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Calabrò, Rocco Salvatore, and Antonino Naro. "Understanding Social Cognition Using Virtual Reality: Are We still Nibbling around the Edges?" Brain Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10010017.

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Virtual Reality (VR) has a variety of applications in various fields of study, including social work and human performance training. Useful information regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of social cognition (SC) has been obtained from the use of VR. This was mainly achieved by substituting the use of simple and static stimuli (that lack many of the potentially important aspects of real-world activities and social interactions) with fully interactive, three-dimensional computerized models of social situations that can be fully controlled by the experimenter, and can simulate a real-world setting as recently pointed out by Parsons et al. (Virtual Reality for Research in Social Neuroscience. Brain Sciences, 2017). As a consequence, the cognitive training in the field of SC and, broadly, social neuroscience, has greatly benefited from the use of VR. However, specific issues concerning the VR neurophysiological underpinnings remain to be clarified, as well as the social and cultural consequences of VR technologies focusing on the processing of social information and the consequences arising from the understanding of self and others. Notwithstanding, it is important to remark that VR-based social neuroscience scenarios can reliably enhance the affective experience and social interactions, whether added to or coupled with traditional cognitive behavioural therapy.

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Kumfor, Fiona, Lincoln M. Tracy, Grace Wei, Yu Chen, Juan F. Domínguez D., Sarah Whittle, Travis Wearne, and Michelle Kelly. "Social and affective neuroscience: an Australian perspective." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 9 (September 2020): 965–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa133.

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Abtract While research in social and affective neuroscience has a long history, it is only in the last few decades that it has been truly established as an independent field of investigation. In the Australian region, despite having an even shorter history, this field of research is experiencing a dramatic rise. In this review, we present recent findings from a survey conducted on behalf of the Australasian Society for Social and Affective Neuroscience (AS4SAN) and from an analysis of the field to highlight contributions and strengths from our region (with a focus on Australia). Our results demonstrate that researchers in this field draw on a broad range of techniques, with the most common being behavioural experiments and neuropsychological assessment, as well as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Australian region has a particular strength in clinically driven research, evidenced by the types of populations under investigation, top cited papers from the region, and funding sources. We propose that the Australian region has potential to contribute to cross-cultural research and facilitating data sharing, and that improved links with international leaders will continue to strengthen this burgeoning field.

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Hill, Elisabeth L., and Uta Frith. "Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1430 (February 28, 2003): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1209.

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Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. The consequences of this disorder for everyday life adaptation are extremely variable. The general public is now more aware of the high prevalence of this lifelong disorder, with ca . 0.6% of the population being affected. However, the signs and symptoms of autism are still puzzling. Since a biological basis of autism was accepted, approaches from developmental cognitive neuroscience have been applied to further our understanding of the autism spectrum. The study of the behavioural and underlying cognitive deficits in autism has advanced ahead of the study of the underlying brain abnormalities and of the putative genetic mechanisms. However, advances in these fields are expected as methodological difficulties are overcome. In this paper, recent developments in the field of autism are outlined. In particular, we review the findings of the three main neuro–cognitive theories of autism: theory–of–mind deficit, weak central coherence and executive dysfunction.

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O'Connor, Claire M., Lindy Clemson, Emma Flanagan, Cassandra Kaizik, Henry Brodaty, John R. Hodges, Olivier Piguet, and Eneida Mioshi. "The Relationship between Behavioural Changes, Cognitive Symptoms, and Functional Disability in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Longitudinal Study." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 3-4 (2016): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000449283.

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Background: The contribution of behavioural changes to functional decline is yet to be explored in primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Objectives: (1) investigate functional changes in two PPA variants [semantic (svPPA) and non-fluent (nfvPPA)], at baseline and after 12 months; (2) investigate baseline differences in behavioural changes between groups, and (3) explore predictors of functional decline after a 12-month period. Methods: A longitudinal study involving 29 people with PPA (18 svPPA; 11 nfvPPA) seen annually in Sydney/Australia was conducted. A total of 114 functional and behavioural assessments were included for within-group (repeated-measures ANOVA; annual rate of change; multiple regression analyses) and between-group analyses (pairwise comparisons). Results: Functional profiles in svPPA and nfvPPA were similar in people with up to 5 years of disease duration. Behavioural changes were marked in svPPA patients (stereotypical behaviour and apathy) but did not predict annual rate of change of functional abilities; global cognitive scores at baseline did. Despite mild behavioural changes in nfvPPA (disinhibition, apathy), these were significant predictors of annual rate of functional change. Conclusions: The presentation and interplay of behavioural changes and functional disability differ in svPPA and nfvPPA. These varying factors should be taken into account when considering prognosis, disease management, and selection of outcome measures for interventions.

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Heyes, Cecilia. "Evolution, development and intentional control of imitation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1528 (August 27, 2009): 2293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0049.

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Imitation is at the heart of social cognitive neuroscience. It is a neurocognitive process that bridges the gap between minds; powers cognitive and social development; promotes cooperation and well-being; and provides a channel of cultural inheritance. The papers in this theme issue review cutting-edge research on imitation and report original data using all of the principal methodologies, including comparative, developmental, cognitive-behavioural and neurological techniques. This paper introduces these interdisciplinary contributions and, proposing that the field currently has four inter-related foci—correspondence, control, cooperation and cultural inheritance—offers an overview of the state-of-the-art in research on the mechanisms and functions of imitation.

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Dyson, Benjamin J. "Behavioural Isomorphism, Cognitive Economy and Recursive Thought in Non-Transitive Game Strategy." Games 10, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10030032.

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Game spaces in which an organism must repeatedly compete with an opponent for mutually exclusive outcomes are critical methodologies for understanding decision-making under pressure. In the non-transitive game rock, paper, scissors (RPS), the only technique that guarantees the lack of exploitation is to perform randomly in accordance with mixed-strategy. However, such behavior is thought to be outside bounded rationality and so decision-making can become deterministic, predictable, and ultimately exploitable. This review identifies similarities across economics, neuroscience, nonlinear dynamics, human, and animal cognition literatures, and provides a taxonomy of RPS strategy. RPS strategies are discussed in terms of (a) whether the relevant computations require sensitivity to item frequency, the cyclic relationships between responses, or the outcome of the previous trial, and (b) whether the strategy is framed around the self or other. The negative implication of this taxonomy is that despite the differences in cognitive economy and recursive thought, many of the identified strategies are behaviorally isomorphic. This makes it difficult to infer strategy from behavior. The positive implication is that this isomorphism can be used as a novel design feature in furthering our understanding of the attribution, agency, and acquisition of strategy in RPS and other game spaces.

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Cutsuridis, Vassilis. "Behavioural and computational varieties of response inhibition in eye movements." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1718 (February 27, 2017): 20160196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0196.

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Response inhibition is the ability to override a planned or an already initiated response. It is the hallmark of executive control as its deficits favour impulsive behaviours, which may be detrimental to an individual's life. This article reviews behavioural and computational guises of response inhibition. It focuses only on inhibition of oculomotor responses. It first reviews behavioural paradigms of response inhibition in eye movement research, namely the countermanding and antisaccade paradigms, both proven to be useful tools for the study of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology. Then, it briefly reviews the neural mechanisms of response inhibition in these two behavioural paradigms. Computational models that embody a hypothesis and/or a theory of mechanisms underlying performance in both behavioural paradigms as well as provide a critical analysis of strengths and weaknesses of these models are discussed. All models assume the race of decision processes. The decision process in each paradigm that wins the race depends on different mechanisms. It has been shown that response latency is a stochastic process and has been proven to be an important measure of the cognitive control processes involved in response stopping in healthy and patient groups. Then, the inhibitory deficits in different brain diseases are reviewed, including schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, new directions are suggested to improve the performance of models of response inhibition by drawing inspiration from successes of models in other domains. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.

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LANCEE, JAAP, VICTOR I. SPOORMAKER, and JAN VAN DEN BOUT. "Long-term effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural self-help intervention for nightmares." Journal of Sleep Research 20, no. 3 (December 5, 2010): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00894.x.

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Czekóová, Kristína, Daniel Joel Shaw, Martin Lamoš, Beáta Špiláková, Miguel Salazar, and Milan Brázdil. "Imitation or Polarity Correspondence? Behavioural and Neurophysiological Evidence for the Confounding Influence of Orthogonal Spatial Compatibility on Measures of Automatic Imitation." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00860-y.

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AbstractDuring social interactions, humans tend to imitate one another involuntarily. To investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms driving this tendency, researchers often employ stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) tasks to assess the influence that action observation has on action execution. This is referred to as automatic imitation (AI). The stimuli used frequently in SRC procedures to elicit AI often confound action-related with other nonsocial influences on behaviour; however, in response to the rotated hand-action stimuli employed increasingly, AI partly reflects unspecific up-right/down-left biases in stimulus-response mapping. Despite an emerging awareness of this confounding orthogonal spatial-compatibility effect, psychological and neuroscientific research into social behaviour continues to employ these stimuli to investigate AI. To increase recognition of this methodological issue, the present study measured the systematic influence of orthogonal spatial effects on behavioural and neurophysiological measures of AI acquired with rotated hand-action stimuli in SRC tasks. In Experiment 1, behavioural data from a large sample revealed that complex orthogonal spatial effects exert an influence on AI over and above any topographical similarity between observed and executed actions. Experiment 2 reproduced this finding in a more systematic, within-subject design, and high-density electroencephalography revealed that electrocortical expressions of AI elicited also are modulated by orthogonal spatial compatibility. Finally, source localisations identified a collection of cortical areas sensitive to this spatial confound, including nodes of the multiple-demand and semantic-control networks. These results indicate that AI measured on SRC procedures with the rotated hand stimuli used commonly might reflect neurocognitive mechanisms associated with spatial associations rather than imitative tendencies.

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Lane, Chloe, Katrina Tatton‐Brown, and Megan Freeth. "Tatton‐Brown‐Rahman syndrome: cognitive and behavioural phenotypes." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 62, no. 8 (December 17, 2019): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14426.

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Brakoulias, Vlasios, Robyn Langdon, Gordon Sloss, Max Coltheart, Russell Meares, and Anthony Harris. "Delusions and reasoning: A study involving cognitive behavioural therapy." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 13, no. 2 (March 2008): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546800801900587.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience'

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