Journal articles: 'Cognition – Physiology'

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Culpepper, Larry. "Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Cognition." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 76, no. 07 (July 22, 2015): e900-e900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.13086tx3c.

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Iacoboni, Marco. "Social Cognition, Accuracy, and Physiology." Psychological Inquiry 22, no. 3 (August 26, 2011): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2011.559629.

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Gao, Wen, Kelley L. Baumgartel, and Sheila A. Alexander. "The Gut Microbiome as a Component of the Gut–Brain Axis in Cognitive Health." Biological Research For Nursing 22, no. 4 (July 17, 2020): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800420941923.

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Introduction: The human microbiome, the microorganisms living in and on the body, plays a vital role in brain physiology and pathophysiology. The gut microbiome (GMB) has been identified as a link in the gut–brain axis moderating cognitive development and health. Objectives: The objectives of this scoping review are to discuss mechanisms of the microbiome–gut–brain axis in cognition, review the existing literature on the GMB and cognition, and discuss implications for nursing research. Methods: We searched Pubmed using the terms “gut microbiome,” “brain,” and “cognition” and the terms “gut brain axis,” “microbiome,” and “cognition”; removed duplicates, studies not published in English, and unrelated publications; and added additional articles identified through references. We retained the 85 most relevant publications for this review. Results: Common themes in the current literature include GMB components; interactions on cognitive development; effects of GMB–gut–brain interactions on cognition, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease; effects of GMB interactions with physiologic stress on cognition in critical care; and GMB modification for improved cognition. Review of the literature on each of these topics reveals multiple theoretical mechanisms of action for GMB–gut–brain interaction that modify cognitive development and function across the lifespan. Discussion: GMB components and dysbiosis have been implicated in many cognitive states, and specific microbiota constituents contribute to cognitive development, stability, and impairment. The study of these interactions is relevant to nursing research as it addresses the holistic human experience and microbiome constituents are modifiable, facilitating translation into the clinical setting.

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Bundesen, Claus. "Mathematics bridging cognition and single-cell physiology." Neural Networks 19, no. 9 (November 2006): 1461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2006.09.009.

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Weerth, Carolina de, Jan K. Buitelaar, and Eduard J. H. Mulder. "Prenatal programming of behavior, physiology and cognition." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29, no. 2 (April 2005): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.011.

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Morris, Edward K. "The Molloy-Birnbrauer Exchange: How Many Factors do a Psychology Make?" Behaviour Change 3, no. 1 (March 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900009049.

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Molloy and Birnbrauer have recently exchanged views in this journal over how how many factors are necessary to provide an adequate account of human behaviour and behaviour change. Their differences apparently reflect alternative conceptualizations of the roles played by physiology and cognition in the analysis of behaviour. The present paper provides some background to these issues, showing that the current cognitive behavioural approach to physiology and cognition is but a reworking of some aspects of traditional mentalism. Following this, several alternatives to this traditional conceptualization are offered by way of (a) an analysis of how functional and structural contextual conditions affect behaviour and (b) distinctions between issues of behavioural process and content-related behavioural substance. For psychology to be a cumulative and progressive enterprise, a natural science approach to issues of physiology and cognition must be maintained, no matter how many factors may be tajcen as germane to human behaviour and behaviour change

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Tarokh, Leila, Jared M. Saletin, and Mary A. Carskadon. "Sleep in adolescence: Physiology, cognition and mental health." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 70 (November 2016): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.008.

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Miles, T. R. "Behavior, cognition, and physiology: Three horses or two?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 1985): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00019671.

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Coles, Michael G. H. "Modern Mind-Brain Reading: Psychophysiology, Physiology, and Cognition." Psychophysiology 26, no. 3 (May 1989): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01916.x.

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Wang, Jinhua, Jie Yuan, Jingjuan Pang, Jiang Ma, Bing Han, Yuan Geng, Li Shen, et al. "Effects of Chronic Stress on Cognition in Male SAMP8 Mice." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 39, no. 3 (2016): 1078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447816.

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Background/Aims: Chronic stress can lead to cognitive impairment. Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is a naturally occurring animal model that is useful for investigating the neurological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Here we investigated the impact and mechanisms of chronic stress on cognition in male SAMP8 mice. Methods: Male 6-month- old SAMP8 and SAMR1 (senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1) mice strains were randomly divided into 4 groups. Mice in the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) groups were exposed to diverse stressors for 4 weeks. Then, these mice performed Morris water maze (MWM) test to assess the effect of UCMS on learning and memory. To explore the neurological mechanisms of UCMS on cognition in mice, we evaluated changes in the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYN), which are essential proteins for synaptic plasticity. Five mice from each group were randomly chosen for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting analysis of SYN and PSD95. Results: The Morris water maze experiment revealed that the cognitive ability of the SAMP8 mice decreased with brain aging, and that chronic stress aggravated this cognitive deficit. In addition, chronic stress decreased the mRNA and protein expression of SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus of the SAMP8 mice; however, the SAMR1 mice were unaffected. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that decreased cognition and synaptic plasticity are related to aging. Moreover, we show that chronic stress aggravated this cognitive deficit and decreased SYN and PSD95 expression in the SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, the SAMP8 mice were more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of chronic stress on cognition than the SAMR1 mice. Our results suggest that the neurological mechanisms of chronic stress on cognition might be associated with a decrease in hippocampal SYN and PSD95 expression, which is critical for structural synaptic plasticity.

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Filley, Christopher M., and R. Douglas Fields. "White matter and cognition: making the connection." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 2093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00221.2016.

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Whereas the cerebral cortex has long been regarded by neuroscientists as the major locus of cognitive function, the white matter of the brain is increasingly recognized as equally critical for cognition. White matter comprises half of the brain, has expanded more than gray matter in evolution, and forms an indispensable component of distributed neural networks that subserve neurobehavioral operations. White matter tracts mediate the essential connectivity by which human behavior is organized, working in concert with gray matter to enable the extraordinary repertoire of human cognitive capacities. In this review, we present evidence from behavioral neurology that white matter lesions regularly disturb cognition, consider the role of white matter in the physiology of distributed neural networks, develop the hypothesis that white matter dysfunction is relevant to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and the newly described entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and discuss emerging concepts regarding the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with white matter disorders. Investigation of the role of white matter in cognition has yielded many valuable insights and promises to expand understanding of normal brain structure and function, improve the treatment of many neurobehavioral disorders, and disclose new opportunities for research on many challenging problems facing medicine and society.

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Lemche, Erwin, Jana M. Kreppner, Peter Joraschky, and Gisela Klann-Delius. "Attachment organization and the early development of internal state language: A longitudinal perspective." International Journal of Behavioral Development 31, no. 3 (May 2007): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407076438.

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There are many postulates of a relation between quality of attachment with theory of mind and language functions (e.g., de Rosnay & Hughes, 2006). The current study examined in longitudinal design how different patterns of attachment are associated with usage of internal state language at ages 17, 23, 30 and 36 months. Transcripts of mother—child play situations were coded for eleven categories of internal state language: positive emotion, negative emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, volition, obligation, moral, cognition, emotion-modulatory particles and cognitive-contrast particles. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that securely attached children exhibit more frequent utterances of positive emotion, valence reversal, physiology, ability, cognition, emotion-modulatory, and cognitive-contrast particles at relatively earlier times. Negative emotion terms were more frequently uttered by avoidant-insecure children at 30 months and by disorganized children at 36 months.

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Maille, Audrey, and Carsten Schradin. "Ecophysiology of cognition: How do environmentally induced changes in physiology affect cognitive performance?" Biological Reviews 92, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12270.

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Greenwood, John D. "Cognition, consciousness, and the cognitive revolution." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 2 (April 2009): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09000971.

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AbstractIt is argued that the cognitive revolution provided general support for the view that associative learning requires cognitive processing, but only limited support for the view that it requires conscious processing. The point is illustrated by two studies of associative learning that played an important role in the development of the cognitive revolution, but which are surprisingly neglected by Mitchell et al. in the target article.

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Barnes, Jill N. "Exercise, cognitive function, and aging." Advances in Physiology Education 39, no. 2 (June 2015): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00101.2014.

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Increasing the lifespan of a population is often a marker of a country's success. With the percentage of the population over 65 yr of age expanding, managing the health and independence of this population is an ongoing concern. Advancing age is associated with a decrease in cognitive function that ultimately affects quality of life. Understanding potential adverse effects of aging on brain blood flow and cognition may help to determine effective strategies to mitigate these effects on the population. Exercise may be one strategy to prevent or delay cognitive decline. This review describes how aging is associated with cardiovascular disease risks, vascular dysfunction, and increasing Alzheimer's disease pathology. It will also discuss the possible effects of aging on cerebral vascular physiology, cerebral perfusion, and brain atrophy rates. Clinically, these changes will present as reduced cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and the onset of dementia. Regular exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, and we hypothesize that this occurs through beneficial adaptations in vascular physiology and improved neurovascular coupling. This review highlights the potential interactions and ideas of how the age-associated variables may affect cognition and may be moderated by regular exercise.

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Bures, Jan, and André A. Fenton. "Neurophysiology of Spatial Cognition." Physiology 15, no. 5 (October 2000): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.5.233.

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Understanding of the neurophysiology of cognition is advancing through the study of how animals navigate and understand space. Manipulating various classes of spatial information and recording from hippocampal neurons provides a robust model for understanding how the brain stores and constructs the spatial memories that are critical for organizing daily experience.

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Vandevoorde, Koenraad, and Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry. "Why is the explicit component of motor adaptation limited in elderly adults?" Journal of Neurophysiology 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00659.2019.

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Our work addresses the contradiction between the age-related increase in the contribution of cognition for the execution of motor tasks and the age-related decrease in the cognitive component of motor adaptation. We predicted that elderly adults would need more cognitive resources for reaches and would, therefore, not have enough cognitive resources available for adaptation. Rather, we observed that visuospatial abilities could better explain the amount of cognition used by our participants for motor adaptation.

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Bechtel, William. "Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 5 (October 2019): 620–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319873725.

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Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underlying physiological processes. I offer a different perspective on cognition which starts with the basic production mechanisms through which organisms construct and repair themselves and navigate their environments and then I develop a framework for conceptualizing how cognitive control mechanisms form a heterarchical network that regulates production mechanisms. Many of these control mechanisms perform cognitive tasks such as evaluating circumstances and making decisions. Cognitive control mechanisms are present in individual cells, but in metazoans, intracellular control is supplemented by a nervous system in which a multitude of neural control mechanisms are organized heterarchically. On this perspective, high-level cognitive mechanisms are not autonomous, but are elements in larger heterarchical networks. This has implications for future directions in cognitive science research.

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Li, Yu-Wang, Qing-Yun Li, Jin-Hua Wang, and Xiao-Lin Xu. "Contribution of p38 MAPK to the Ameliorating Effect of Enriched Environment on the Cognitive Deficits Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 40, no. 3-4 (2016): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452568.

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Background/Aims: An enriched environment (EE) ameliorates learning and memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway exerts both beneficial and deleterious effects on the nervous system during the progression of ischemia. Methods: The present study investigated whether p38 MAPK participates in the process by which EE exposure ameliorates the cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Results: EE exposure significantly enhanced the cognitive performance of vascular dementia (VD) model rats, and p38 MAPK protein decreased in parallel with cognitive improvements. Inhibition of p38 MAPK function by its selective inhibitor SB203580 improved the cognition index of VD rats and upregulated p38 MAPK expression with p38 MAPK antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. This impaired cognition in VD rats could not be rescued by EE exposure. Conclusion: p38 MAPK participates in the process by which EE exposure ameliorates cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

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Newell, Allen. "Précis ofUnified theories of cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 3 (September 1992): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00069478.

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AbstractThe book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many microtheories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory – there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories.

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Schreck, Laura, Shane Ryan, and Patrick Monaghan. "Cerebellum and cognition in multiple sclerosis." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2018.

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Kalron et al. (Kalron A, Allali G, Achiron A. J Neurol 265: 809–816, 2018.) report that people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) who fall show a decreased cerebellar volume along with decreased overall cognition compared with nonfallers. While their paper focuses on cerebellar and cognitive alterations in PwMS, these findings may also be explained by additional factors such as aging and have the potential for broader impact in additional clinical populations who simultaneously experience cognitive and mobility dysfunction.

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Frain, J. A., and L. Chen. "1018 Sleep and Fatigue: Examining the Impact on Cognitive Function in Older Adults Living with HIV." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1014.

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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep affects 75% of older adults living with HIV, negatively impacting health. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between sleep, fatigue and cognitive function in older adults living with HIV with well-controlled HIV virus. Methods Forty-three adults aged 50 years and older living with HIV were recruited for this study. Participants provided demographic and health information. Participants wore actigraph watches continuously for one week, while completing a daily sleep diary, fatigue instrument, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. After one week participants returned and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and performed cognitive testing including the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results Fluid cognition (measured with the Cognition Battery) positively correlated with hours of sleep measured via actigraph the night immediately prior to testing (p = .008), but not by average hours slept over the week. Average daily fatigue and daytime sleepiness were also correlated with fluid cognition (p = .012, p = .032 respectively). Similar results were found when cognition was measured using the MoCA, with sleep (p = .001), average fatigue (p = .017), and daytime sleepiness (p = .028) all correlated with cognition. When sleep was measured subjectively, Pearson correlation indicated that there was a statistically significant negative relationship of moderate strength between global sleep and cognitive function (r = -.47, p = .015). Conclusion The study provides evidence that poor sleep, measured objectively or subjectively, is associated with cognitive impairment. Despite we-controlled HIV virus, 86% of study participants had global sleep scores indicating poor sleep. Sleep measured objectively resulted in less nightly sleep than by subjective measure, 4.5 vs 6.07 average hours per night. Studying effective interventions to improve sleep should be a next step as a way of improving cognitive function for this population. Support This study was supported through a grant funded by Sigma Theta Tau International and the National Gerontological Nurses Association.

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Galaburda, Albert M. "CEREBRAL DYSGENESIS AND COGNITION." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 14, no. 2 (March 1997): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199703000-00017.

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McGreevy, Kerry R., Patricia Tezanos, Iria Ferreiro-Villar, Anna Pallé, Marta Moreno-Serrano, Anna Esteve-Codina, Ismael Lamas-Toranzo, et al. "Intergenerational transmission of the positive effects of physical exercise on brain and cognition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (April 22, 2019): 10103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816781116.

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Physical exercise has positive effects on cognition, but very little is known about the inheritance of these effects to sedentary offspring and the mechanisms involved. Here, we use a patrilineal design in mice to test the transmission of effects from the same father (before or after training) and from different fathers to compare sedentary- and runner-father progenies. Behavioral, stereological, and whole-genome sequence analyses reveal that paternal cognition improvement is inherited by the offspring, along with increased adult neurogenesis, greater mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, and modulation of the adult hippocampal gene expression profile. These results demonstrate the inheritance of exercise-induced cognition enhancement through the germline, pointing to paternal physical activity as a direct factor driving offspring’s brain physiology and cognitive behavior.

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Li, J., A. J. Alfini, F. Yu, J. A. Schrack, V. Cotter, J. L. Taylor, and A. P. Spira. "1137 Sleep Duration, Physical Activity And Cognitive Decline In Chinese Older Adults: Findings From The CHARLS." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1131.

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Abstract Introduction Lack of physical activity and disturbed sleep have been linked to older adult’s poor cognitive outcomes; however, little is unknown how they interact to affect cognition long-term. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of baseline sleep duration and physical activity (PA) with change in cognition independently and interactively over four years. Methods The sample included 1126 community-dwelling older adults aged 60+ (mean age 67.1±5.9 years, 51% female) from the 2011 baseline and 2015 follow-up data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). All variables were assessed through interviews. Sleep duration was measured with hours per 30-minute interval and categorized as very-short (<5h), short (5-6.5h), normal (7-8.5h), and long (≥9h). PA was calculated based on PA intensity, duration, and number of days. Cognition was a composite score of mental capacity, episodic memory, and visuospatial abilities. Data were analyzed using multiple regression (primary outcome: change in cognition; main independent variables: baseline sleep, PA, and sleep PA interaction). Results At baseline, 19% of participants had very-short sleep duration, 34.4% had short sleep, 39.2% had normal sleep, and 7.2% had long sleep. At follow-up, 57.5% of participants experienced cognitive decline (-3.5±2.5). After controlling for age, gender, education, region, body mass index, smoking, drinking, number of chronic conditions, pain, depression, and cognition at baseline, compared to participants reporting 7-8.5h sleep, those with ≥9h sleep had significantly greater decline in cognition [β=-1.4, 95% CI=2.4, -0.4], while those with <5h sleep [β=-0.5, 95% CI=-1.2, 0.2] and 5-6.5h sleep did not [β=-0.1, 95% CI=-0.7, 0.5]. PA was neither associated with cognitive decline, nor moderated the relationship between sleep duration and cognitive decline. Conclusion Long sleep might be a marker of cognitive decline in older adults. Prospective analysis, using objectively measured PA and sleep should be conducted to further examine these associations. Support National Institute of Nursing Research R00NR016484

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Bernard, Michael L., Patrick Xavier, Paul Wolfenbarger, Derek Hart, Russel Waymire, Matthew Glickman, and Mark Gardner. "Psychologically Plausible Cognitive Models for Simulating Interactive Human Behaviors." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 12 (September 2005): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901223.

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The intent of Sandia National Laboratories' Human Interactions (HI) project is to demonstrate initial virtual human interaction modeling capability. To accomplish this, we have begun the process of simulating human behavior in a manner that produces life-like characteristics and movement, as well as creating the framework for models that are based on the most current experimental research in cognition, perception, physiology, and cognitive modeling. Currently the simulated human models can sense each other, react to each other, and move about in a simulated 3D environment. A preliminary action generation or motor-level cognition model, which transforms abstract actions generated by high-level cognition to actions that can be carried out by a simulated physical human model, has also been developed. Our work has yielded models of perceptual, spatial, and motor functioning and memory that will be embedded in upgrades to the cognitive framework.

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Bainbridge, William Sims. "Social cognition of religion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 5 (October 2006): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06239104.

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Research on religion can advance understanding of social cognition by building connections to sociology, a field in which much cognitively oriented work has been done. Among the schools of sociological thought that address religious cognition are: structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, phenomenology, and, most recently, exchange theory. The gulf between sociology and cognitive science is an unfortunate historical accident.

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Lyon, Pamela. "Of what is “minimal cognition” the half-baked version?" Adaptive Behavior 28, no. 6 (September 6, 2019): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319871360.

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“Minimal cognition” is used in certain sectors of the cognitive sciences to make a kind of ontological claim that may be unique in the biological sciences: that a function operating in organisms living today is not a fully fledged version of that function (the nature of which remains unspecified), but, rather, exhibits the minimal requirements for whatever it is, properly conceived. Evidence suggests that elsewhere in the life sciences, deployment of minimizing qualifiers relative to a biological function appears largely restricted to two scenarios: first, attenuated functioning and, second, evolution of the function, real or synthetic. The article argues that “minimal cognition” and “proto-cognitive” were introduced at the turn of this century by cognitive researchers seeking to learn directly from evolved behavior, ecology and physiology. A terminological straitjacket imposed on the central object of cognitive science at its beginning necessitated the move. An alternative terminology is proposed, based on a phyletically neutral definition of cognition as a biological function; a candidate mechanism is explored; and a bacterial example presented. On this story, cognition is like respiration: ubiquitously present, from unicellular life to blue whales and every form of life in between, and for similar reasons: staying alive requires it.

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Will, Paris, Austin Rothwell, Joseph D. Chisholm, Evan F. Risko, and Alan Kingstone. "Cognitive load but not immersion plays a significant role in embodied cognition as seen through the spontaneous act of leaning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 11, 2020): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820939088.

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An important aspect of embodied approaches to cognition is the idea that human cognition does not occur simply in the brain, but is influenced by a complex bi-directional interplay between the brain, body, and external environment. Though embodied cognition is often studied in a controlled laboratory setting, by its very nature it can arise spontaneously in everyday life (e.g., gesturing). A recent paper by Chisholm et al. suggested that leaning while playing a video game may be another instance of a natural spontaneous expression of embodied cognition that can be studied to gain insight into a person’s ongoing covert cognition. Consistent with this proposal, Chisholm et al. found that, like gestures, leaning increases when cognitive demand is increased. However, in Chisholm et al., immersion also increased with cognitive demand. We argue that their test to exclude it as a contributing factor—by holding cognitive demand constant while manipulating immersion—was limited. Despite their test, it remains possible and plausible that cognitive demand has an effect on leaning only when immersion increases. To address this issue, the present study systematically varied demand and immersion. We replicate Chisholm et al.’s finding that leaning increases with cognitive load. We also show that the effect of load is not influenced by a robust and reliable change in immersion. Collectively our results provide new and converging evidence that spontaneous overt embodiment of an individual’s intention is modulated by cognitive demand, and emphasises the utility of using natural behaviours to understand the embodiment of cognition.

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Bajaj, Jasmohan S., Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Andrew Fagan, Douglas Heuman, HoChong Gilles, Edith A. Gavis, Michael Fuchs, et al. "Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered gut microbiota that modulates cognitive performance in veterans with cirrhosis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 5 (November 1, 2019): G661—G669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2019.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cirrhosis in veterans, and therapeutic results are suboptimal. An altered gut-liver-brain axis exists in cirrhosis due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the added impact of PTSD is unclear. The aim of this study was to define linkages between gut microbiota and cognition in cirrhosis with/without PTSD. Cirrhotic veterans (with/without prior HE) underwent cognitive testing [PHES, inhibitory control test (ICT), and block design test (BDT)], serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and stool collection for 16S rRNA microbiota composition, and predicted function analysis (PiCRUST). PTSD was diagnosed using DSM-V criteria. Correlation networks between microbiota and cognition were created. Patients with/without PTSD and with/without HE were compared. Ninety-three combat-exposed male veterans [ (58 yr, MELD 11, 34% HE, 31% combat-PTSD (42 no-HE/PTSD, 19 PTSD-only, 22 HE-only, 10 PTSD+HE)] were included. PTSD patients had similar demographics, alcohol history, MELD, but worse ICT/BDT, and higher antidepressant use and LBP levels. Microbial diversity was lower in PTSD (2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5, P = 0.03) but unaffected by alcohol/antidepressant use. PTSD ( P = 0.02) and MELD ( P < 0.001) predicted diversity on regression. PTSD patients showed higher pathobionts ( Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella) and lower autochthonous genera belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae regardless of HE. Enterococcus was correlated with poor cognition, while the opposite was true for autochthonous taxa regardless of PTSD/HE. Escherichia/Shigella was only linked with poor cognition in PTSD patients. Gut-brain axis-associated microbiota functionality was altered in PTSD. In male cirrhotic veterans, combat-related PTSD is associated with cognitive impairment, lower microbial diversity, higher pathobionts, and lower autochthonous taxa composition and altered gut-brain axis functionality compared with non-PTSD combat-exposed patients. Cognition was differentially linked to gut microbiota, which could represent a new therapeutic target. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans with cirrhosis was associated with poor cognitive performance. This was associated with lower gut microbial diversity in PTSD with higher pathobionts belonging to Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella and lower beneficial taxa belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae, with functional alterations despite accounting for prior hepatic encephalopathy, psychoactive drug use, or model for end-stage liver disease score. Given the suboptimal response to current therapies for PTSD, targeting the gut microbiota could benefit the altered gut-brain axis in these patients.

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Bockaert, Joël, and Philippe Marin. "mTOR in Brain Physiology and Pathologies." Physiological Reviews 95, no. 4 (October 2015): 1157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.2014.

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TOR (target of rapamycin) and its mammalian ortholog mTOR have been discovered in an effort to understand the mechanisms of action of the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin extracted from a bacterium of the Easter Island (Rapa Nui) soil. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase found in two functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are differentially regulated by a great number of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids, energy (oxygen and ATP/AMP content), growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters. mTOR controls many basic cellular functions such as protein synthesis, energy metabolism, cell size, lipid metabolism, autophagy, mitochondria, and lysosome biogenesis. In addition, mTOR-controlled signaling pathways regulate many integrated physiological functions of the nervous system including neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, memory storage, and cognition. Thus it is not surprising that deregulation of mTOR signaling is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Preclinical and preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of mTORC1 can be beneficial for some pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and brain tumors, whereas stimulation of mTORC1 (direct or indirect) can be beneficial for other pathologies such as depression or axonal growth and regeneration.

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Vauclair, Jacques. "Wanted: Cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 1990): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0007936x.

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Kullmann, Stephanie, Martin Heni, Manfred Hallschmid, Andreas Fritsche, Hubert Preissl, and Hans-Ulrich Häring. "Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans." Physiological Reviews 96, no. 4 (October 2016): 1169–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2015.

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Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic effects, influencing eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, and cognition. Disturbances in brain insulin action can be observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in aging and dementia. Decreases in insulin sensitivity of central nervous pathways, i.e., brain insulin resistance, may therefore constitute a joint pathological feature of metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging methods have provided new means of probing brain insulin action, revealing the influence of insulin on both global and regional brain function. In this review, we highlight recent findings on brain insulin action in humans and its impact on metabolism and cognition. Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance. We also describe the beneficial effects of enhanced brain insulin signaling on human eating behavior and cognition and discuss potential applications in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders.

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Schmiedeler, Anthony, Maggie Connell, and Ashley Curtis. "773 The relationship between personality and sleep: Subjective cognition as a mediator." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.770.

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Abstract Introduction Research has found relationships between sleep quality and personality traits. Poor subjective sleep quality has been observed within individuals scoring high in Neuroticism and low in Conscientiousness. Personality traits have also been associated with cognitive functioning and the link being worse cognition and poor sleep quality is established. However, less is known regarding the role of cognitive functioning in the relationship between personality and sleep quality, particularly in aging populations. This study investigated whether subjective cognition acted as a mediator between individual personality traits and subjective sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults. Methods Middle-aged and older adults (N=269; Mage= 64.5, SD=7.8; 123 women/146 men) who were cognitively healthy completed an online survey through Qualtrics measuring demographics, personality (Big Five Inventory-10; BFI-10), self-reported sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), and subjective everyday cognition (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; CFQ). Separate mediation analyses using SPSS PROCESS macro [and testing for indirect effects using 5,000 bootstrapped samples and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and controlling for conditional associations among all pathways] examined whether subjective everyday cognition (CFQ scores) mediated the relationship between different personality traits (BFI-10 Conscientiousness and Neuroticism scores) and self-reported sleep (PSQI-Total Score), controlling for age and sex. Results Neuroticism and PSQI-Total Score was partially mediated by CFQ. There was a significant association between Neuroticism and total PSQI (total effect=0.588, SE=0.110, p<0.001). There were positive associations between Neuroticism and CFQ (a-path effect=2.765, SE=0.383, p<0.001) and CFQ and PSQI (b-path effect=0.068, SE=0.017, p<0.001). The indirect effect was significant (effect=0.187, SE=0.054, 95% CI=0.088 to 0.301). There was no association between Conscientiousness and PSQI-Total Score (total effect=-0.123, SE=0.133, p=0.358), therefore mediation analysis (testing of CFQ as a mediator) was discontinued. Conclusion In middle-aged and older adults, subjective everyday cognition mediates the relationship between Neuroticism personality trait and self-reported sleep quality. Individuals scoring higher in Neuroticism report worse subjective sleep quality as their subjective cognitive failures increase. Findings underscore the interacting roles of personality and everyday cognition on perceived sleep. Clinicians should consider individual personality profiles (via personality assessments) and subjective everyday cognitive ratings for a better understanding of the factors impacting middle-aged and older adults’ sleep profiles. Support (if any):

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Alais, David, Fiona Newell, and Pascal Mamassian. "Multisensory Processing in Review: from Physiology to Behaviour." Seeing and Perceiving 23, no. 1 (2010): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847510x488603.

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AbstractResearch in multisensory processes has exploded over the last decade. Tremendous advances have been made in a variety of fields from single-unit neural recordings and functional brain imaging through to behaviour, perception and cognition. These diverse approaches have highlighted how the senses work together to produce a coherent multimodal representation of the external world that enables us to function better by exploiting the redundancies and complementarities provided by multiple sensory modalities. With large numbers of new students and researchers being attracted to multisensory research, and the multi-disciplinary nature of the work, our aim in this review is to provide an overview of multisensory processing that includes all fields in a single review. Our intention is to provide a comprehensive source for those interested in learning about multisensory processes, covering a variety of sensory combinations and methodologies, and tracing the path from single-unit neurophysiology through to perception and cognitive functions such as attention and speech.

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Barrett, Louise. "Out of their heads: Turning relational reinterpretation inside out." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 2008): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003555.

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AbstractAlthough Penn et al's incisive critique of comparative cognition is welcomed, their heavily computational and representational account of cognition commits them to a purely internalist view of cognitive processes. This perhaps blinds them to a distributed alternative that raises the possibility that the human cognitive revolution occurred outside the head, and not in it.

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Blitzer, Andy, and Bryce Huebner. "Tool use as situated cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11002147.

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AbstractVaesen disregards a plausible alternative to his position, and so fails to offer a compelling argument for unique cognitive mechanisms. We suggest an ecological alternative, according to which divergent relationships between organism and environment, not exotic neuroanatomy, are responsible for unique cognitive capacities. This approach is pertinent to claims about primate cognition; and on this basis, we argue that Vaesen's inference from unique skills to unique mechanisms is unwarranted.

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Valliant, Paul M., and Marjatta E. Asu. "Exercise and its Effects on Cognition and Physiology in Older Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1031.

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A total of 114 adults between the ages of 50 and 80 yr. were recruited for a study of fitness. The participants were divided into Structured, Self-imposed, Social, and Nonexercise groups to reflect their levels of physical activity and then were compared on cognitive and physiological variables. Significant differences were noted for fear, assertiveness, depression, and percentage of body fat. Multiple discriminant analyses suggested that group membership could be predicted with 100% success for Structured exercisers compared to Social and Nonexercisers. However, predictability decreased when examining Structured and Self-imposed exercisers. One may infer that people who are more fearful, more assertive, and more depressed participated in exercise. Involvement in a 12-wk. exercise program significantly reduced depression and body-fat concentration.

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Heyde, Isabel, Jana-Thabea Kiehn, and Henrik Oster. "Mutual influence of sleep and circadian clocks on physiology and cognition." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 119 (May 2018): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.003.

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Fishel, Stephanie R., Justin M. Owens, Eric R. Muth, Adam W. Hoover, and Jeromie R. Rand. "Augmented Cognition: Developing and Testing a Physiology-Based Task Adaptation System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 48, no. 11 (September 2004): 1256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120404801111.

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Nieder, Andreas. "Inside the corvid brain—probing the physiology of cognition in crows." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 16 (August 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.02.005.

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Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. S., S. Jella, B. Kennedy, and M. G. Ziegler. "The effects of unilateral force nostril breathing on cognition and physiology." International Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(93)90251-j.

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Lowenthal, David T. "Clinical pharmacology-physiology conference: Changes in cognition and urinary bladder function." Geriatric Nephrology and Urology 4, no. 3 (October 1994): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01523982.

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Ong, Ju Lynn, Azrin Jamaluddin, Ruth Leong, June Lo, and Michael Chee. "154 Cortical thickness and sleep slow wave activity mediates age-related improvements in cognition during late adolescence." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.153.

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Abstract Introduction Adolescence is a period of rapid brain maturation, and studies have independently documented reductions in cortical thickness, reduced sleep slow wave activity (0.5-4Hz), and improved cognition as a child transitions into adulthood. In the present work, we investigate whether these factors interact in late adolescence. Methods 114 adolescents aged 15-19y (52 males) underwent a structural MRI scan, polysomnography (PSG) and a series of cognitive tests assessing fluid intelligence, sustained attention, speed of processing and working memory. As sleep history has been known to affect EEG measures of slow wave activity, actigraphic recordings ensured that participants received 9h of night the week prior to the PSG session. Cognitive scores were combined to obtain a single measure of global cognition. For assessment of cortical thickness, the Freesurfer (v5.3) pipeline was used to obtain measures for all regions of interest from the Desikan-Killiany cortical atlas. Pearson correlations were conducted to independently confirm associations between aging and reductions in cortical thickness, slow wave activity and improved global cognition, controlling for sex. Finally, a serial mediation model (SPSS PROCESS Model 6) was performed to test the mediating role of cortical thickness and slow wave activity between aging and global cognition. Results Reductions in EEG sleep slow wave activity, cortical thickness and improved global cognition was observed with increasing age, likely representing synaptic pruning and a decrease in waking metabolic activity that contributes to increased overall neural efficiency. Regions in the temporal and parietal areas showed the steepest age-related reductions. In addition, the age-related improvement in cognition was found to be mediated by both cortical thinning as well as reduced SWA activity, particularly in the middle temporal cortex. Conclusion The adolescent brain undergoes rapid growth in preparation for adulthood. Cortical restructuring through pruning of neural circuits during this period is associated with reduced slow wave activity, mediating the age-related improvement in cognition. Future work should investigate whether insults to the brain during this critical period alters this trajectory. Support (if any) This work was supported by grants awarded to Michael Chee (NMRC/STaR/015/2013, NRF2016-SOL002-001 and the Far East Organization).

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McCready-Flora, Ian. "Affect and Sensation: Plato’s Embodied Cognition." Phronesis 63, no. 2 (April 2, 2018): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685284-12341344.

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Abstract I argue that Plato, in the Timaeus, draws deep theoretical distinctions between sensation and affect, which comprises pleasure, pain, desire and emotion. Sensation (but not affect) is both ‘fine-grained’ (having orderly causal connections with its fundamental explanatory items) and ‘immediate’ (being provoked absent any mediating psychological state). Emotions, by contrast, are mediated and coarse-grained. Pleasure and pain are coarse-grained but, in a range of important cases, immediate. The Theaetetus assimilates affect to sensation in a way the Timaeus does not. Smell frustrates Timaeus because it is coarse-grained, although unlike pleasure and pain it is so by accident of physiology.

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Stone, Brandon L., Madison Beneda-Bender, Duncan L. McCollum, Jongjoo Sun, Joseph H. Shelley, John D. Ashley, Eugenia Fuenzalida, and J. Mikhail Kellawan. "Understanding cognitive performance during exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps: establishing the executive function-exercise intensity relationship." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00483.2020.

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The executive functioning aspect of cognition was evaluated during graded exercise in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps cadets. Executive function declined at exercise intensities of ≥80% of heart rate reserve. The decline in executive function was coupled with declines in the oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex, the brain region responsible for executive functioning. These data define the executive function-exercise intensity relationship and provide evidence supporting the reticular activation hypofrontality theory as a model of cognitive change.

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Kurthen, Martin. "The conscious and the unconscious: A package deal." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (June 2002): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02360060.

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Parsimony and simplicity in cognition theory are not achieved by excluding either the “cognitive unconscious” or consciousness from theoretical modeling, but rather, by eliminating redundant constructs independent of their location on the conscious-unconscious axis. Hence, Perruchet & Vinter's (P&V's) case against the “cognitive unconscious” does not work as an argument for consciousness, but rather as a rejection of the redundant background computational processes postulated in traditional cognition theory.

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Wang, Hongbin, Todd R. Johnson, and Jiajie Zhang. "A multilevel approach to modeling human cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 5 (October 2003): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03430136.

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Although we agree with Newell and Anderson & Lebiere (A&L) that a unified theory of cognition is needed to advance cognitive science, we disagree on how to achieve it. A hybrid system can score high in the Newell Test but may not offer a veridical and coherent theory of cognition. A multilevel approach, involving theories at both psychological and brain levels, is suggested.

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Alkadhi, Karim. "Brain Physiology and Pathophysiology in Mental Stress." ISRN Physiology 2013 (June 9, 2013): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/806104.

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Exposure to various forms of stress is a common daily occurrence in the lives of most individuals, with both positive and negative effects on brain function. The impact of stress is strongly influenced by the type and duration of the stressor. In its acute form, stress may be a necessary adaptive mechanism for survival and with only transient changes within the brain. However, severe and/or prolonged stress causes overactivation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis thus inflicting detrimental changes in the brain structure and function. Therefore, chronic stress is often considered a negative modulator of the cognitive functions including the learning and memory processes. Exposure to long-lasting stress diminishes health and increases vulnerability to mental disorders. In addition, stress exacerbates functional changes associated with various brain disorders including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for neuroscientists who are seeking a concise account of the effects of stress on learning and memory and associated signal transduction mechanisms. This review discusses chronic mental stress and its detrimental effects on various aspects of brain functions including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and cognition-related signaling enabled via key signal transduction molecules.

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Benga, Oana. "Heterogeneity in fluid cognition and some neural underpinnings." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 2006): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06239037.

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In agreement with Blair, I favor the idea of dissociative patterns in cognitive performance, even more when it comes to development. However, such dissociations are present not only between fluid cognition and general intelligence, but also within fluid cognition itself. Heterogeneity of executive attention, even when indexed with a single paradigm, is further discussed in relation to anterior cingulate cortex.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognition – Physiology'

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