Academic literature on the topic 'Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies"
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Sánchez-Izquierdo, Macarena, and Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros. "Cognition in Healthy Aging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030962.
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The study of cognitive change across a life span, both in pathological and healthy samples, has been heavily influenced by developments in cognitive psychology as a theoretical paradigm, neuropsychology and other bio-medical fields; this alongside the increase in new longitudinal and cohort designs, complemented in the last decades by the evaluation of experimental interventions. Here, a review of aging databases was conducted, looking for the most relevant studies carried out on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. The aim was to review not only longitudinal, cross-sectional or cohort studies, but also by intervention program evaluations. The most important studies, searching for long-term patterns of stability and change of cognitive measures across a life span and in old age, have shown a great range of inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning changes attributed to age. Furthermore, intellectual functioning in healthy individuals seems to decline rather late in life, if ever, as shown in longitudinal studies where age-related decline of cognitive functioning occurs later in life than indicated by cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal evidence and experimental trials have shown the benefits of aerobic physical exercise and an intellectually engaged lifestyle, suggesting that bio-psycho-socioenvironmental factors concurrently with age predict or determine both positive or negative change or stability in cognition in later life.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "Global Cognition Modified the Longitudinal Relationship Between Anemia and Depression in Old Age: The IMIAS Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.546.
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Abstract Background: We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or the severity of anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy. Results: Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over 4 years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of anemia and depression. Conclusion: In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of anemia, were independent risk factors for depression and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "331 - Global cognition modified the relationship between Anemia and Depression in old age: longitudinal analysis from The IMIAS Study." International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (October 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220002318.
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Running head:role of global cognition in the association between Anemia and depression.Background:We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or Anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up.Methods:A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy.Results:Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over four years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was also an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of Anemia and depression.Conclusion:In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of Anemia, were independent risk factors for depression, and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Schilling, Oliver K. "ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND MEMORY: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF RECIPROCAL IMPACTS ACROSS OLD AGE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2416.
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Abstract Research on the association of alcohol consumption with cognitive aging revealed mixed evidence: Whereas a u-shaped relationship has been found in many studies, suggesting that low to moderate alcohol consumption predicts more favorable cognitive outcomes than abstinence, other findings suggest that alcohol is a more linearly related risk factor for cognitive decline. These inconsistencies may partly be due to methodological variation in the statistical modeling of intraindividual changes in both, alcohol consumption and cognition across old age. The present study analyzed longitudinal change in and the mutual effects between alcohol consumption habits and verbal episodic memory (word list recall), using vector autoregressive (VAR) mixed models with nonlinear cross-lagged effects. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing was examined, including N=13388 aged 50+ (M=67.6, SD=9.25; 54.7% female), assessed at up to eight occasions with two-year follow-up intervals (2002/3–2016/17). The self-reported one-year frequency of alcohol drinking days (ADD) served as indicator of alcohol consumption. Basically, ADD predicted follow-up memory performance in a reverse u-shaped fashion, indicating best memory performance after moderate ADD, compared with both ends of the ADD continuum (i.e., drinking never vs. every day). Considering moderators, most notably age did not interact with cross-lagged effects, suggesting that those observed across an older age-range were not more (or less) vulnerable to effects of alcohol consumption on memory performance. Thus, this study adds further support for non-detrimental, if not beneficial, effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive aging – regarding in particular age-related loss of episodic memory.
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Zhang, Li, Jiao Yang, Zhangyi Liao, Xiaomeng Zhao, Xuefeng Hu, Wenli Zhu, and Zhaofeng Zhang. "Association between Diabetes and Cognitive Function among People over 45 Years Old in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071294.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between diabetes status including characteristics of diabetes and cognition among the middle-aged and elderly population (≥45 years) in China. Methods: A sample of 8535 people who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from June 2011 to March 2012 was analyzed. Two cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function were measured through questionnaires. People were classified into four groups: no diabetes, controlled diabetes, untreated diabetes, treated but uncontrolled diabetes. Weighted multiple regression model was conducted to explore the association between diabetes and cognition in full sample as well as three different age groups (45–59, 60–74, ≥75). Adjustments were made for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: After adjusting several covariates, untreated diabetes (β = −0.192, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with episodic memory. In the age group of 45–69 years, untreated diabetes (β = −0.471, p < 0.05) and HbA1c level (β = −0.074, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with episodic memory. When adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, all correlations were non-significant. Conclusion: The cross-sectional study suggests that untreated diabetes and HbA1c are the potential risk factor for cognitive impairment, and these associations are more significant in the age group of 45–59 years old. Cardiovascular factors are important mediating factors in the pathway between diabetes and cognitive impairment. More longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations.
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Ikeuchi, Tomoko, Satoshi Seino, Yu Taniguchi, Miki Narita, Takumi Abe, Hidenori Amano, Akihiko Kitamura, and Shoji Shinkai. "INFLUENCING FACTORS OF SUBJECTIVE AGE: FINDINGS FROM THE KUSATSU LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING AND HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S695—S696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2561.
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Abstract Background: Subjective age (SA) has been found to be a biopsychosocial marker of aging, yet little is known about factors that influence SA development. This study examined factors influencing SA using longitudinal data of community-dwelling older Japanese. Methods: Data drawn from the Kusatsu Longitudinal Study were collected during annual health check-ups in 2017 and 2018 from participants (aged 65-95) who completed all the measurement items used for this analysis (N=981). SA was indexed by asking participants to specify in years how old they felt. Proportional discrepancy scores ((subjective age - chronological age)/chronological age ×100) were calculated to indicate younger or older SAs and used as a dependent variable. As influencing factors of SA, chronological age, sex, years of schooling, history of smoking, cognitive function (using MMSE scores, range 14-30 at baseline), depressive symptoms, physical function (gait speed), and social function (employment status) were examined. Analyses were performed with random-effects GLS regression models. Results: Significant partial regression coefficients were found for cognitive function (0.48%, CI: 0.18, 0.79), years of schooling (-0.42%, CI: -0.69, -0.15), depressive symptoms (0.32%, CI: 0.11, 0.53), and chronological age (-0.18%, CI: -0.30, -0.68). Implications: This study found that older age and longer years of schooling were associated with younger SA, while better cognition and depressive symptoms were linked to older SA. Better cognition being associated with older SA was inconsistent with existing studies. This may be due in part to the association of better cognition and the level of satisfaction influenced by awareness of age-related physical/social changes.
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Zeng, Yue, and Yu-Chih Chen. "Grandparenting and Health in Later Life: Intensity and Age, Gender, and Urbanicity Variations." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.084.
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Abstract Grandparents play increasingly indispensable roles in providing family care. Although prior cross-sectional studies have shown a positive link between grandparenting and health, we know little about the optimal engagement level of grandparenting, its longitudinal implications, and variations on health outcomes. Guided by the role theory and social model of health promotion, we used propensity score analysis and multilevel analysis with three biennial waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2015) to examine the longitudinal impacts of grandparenting intensity (no, low-, moderate-, and high-intensity) on health (mobility limitations, depressive symptoms, cognition, and self-rated health) among 4,925 older adults aged 45 and older, and how these impacts vary by age (45-59/60+), gender (male/female), and urbanicity (urban/rural). Controlling for the baseline sociodemographics (e.g., education and income), health limitations (e.g., ADLs and IADLs), and health behaviors (e.g., drinking and smoking), our results showed that, compared to no grandparenting, grandparenting provided at a moderate level was associated with fewer mobility limitations, lower depressive symptoms, and better cognition. Furthermore, grandparenting had a positive impact on physical, mental and cognitive health for 60+ older adults but not for the young-old. Both older males and females showed better physical health if they provided care at a low level, but older females showed better self-rated health. Older adults in the rural area showed better physical health; for the urban area older adults, better cognition. Findings suggest that policies aimed at supporting grandparents should consider the optimal threshold and variations by age, gender, and urbanicity.
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Irace, Alexandria, Nicole Armstrong, Jennifer Deal, Alexander Chern, Luigi Ferrucci, Frank Lin, Susan Resnick, and Justin Golub. "A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Subclinical Hearing Loss and Cognition." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3301.
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Abstract Several studies have demonstrated that age-related hearing loss (defined as >25 dB pure tone average [PTA]) is longitudinally associated with worse cognition. We aimed to investigate whether subclinical hearing loss (SCHL), or imperfect hearing traditionally categorized as normal (PTA ≤25 dB), may be similarly linked to cognitive decline. Subjects included cognitively normal adults ≥50 years old in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with PTA ≤25 dB measured between January 1991 - September 1994 who had repeated cognitive assessments from January 1991 - November 2019 (n=263). The exposure was hearing based on the better ear PTA. The outcomes were standardized test scores in the following domains: learning/memory, mental status, executive function, visuospatial ability, and language. Multivariable linear-mixed effects models with random intercepts and slopes and unstructured variance-covariance structure were used to model the association between hearing and change in cognition over time, adjusting for baseline age, sex, years of education, and race. Mean age was 68.3 years (standard deviation [SD]=8.9) and follow-up ranged from 0-27.7 years (mean=12.5, SD=7.9). A 10-dB worsening in hearing was longitudinally associated with an annual decline of 0.016 SDs (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0002, 0.033) in California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) short-delayed recall, 0.019 SDs (95% CI: 0.002, 0.036) in CVLT long-delayed recall, and 0.017 SDs (95% CI: 0.006, 0.028) in letter fluency after covariate adjustment. Poorer hearing among those with SCHL was associated with steeper declines in memory and verbal fluency scores. This relationship may begin at earlier levels of hearing loss than previously recognized.
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Hertzog, Christopher, Arthur F. Kramer, Robert S. Wilson, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x.
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In this monograph, we ask whether various kinds of intellectual, physical, and social activities produce cognitive enrichment effects—that is, whether they improve cognitive performance at different points of the adult life span, with a particular emphasis on old age. We begin with a theoretical framework that emphasizes the potential of behavior to influence levels of cognitive functioning. According to this framework, the undeniable presence of age-related decline in cognition does not invalidate the view that behavior can enhance cognitive functioning. Instead, the course of normal aging shapes a zone of possible functioning, which reflects person-specific endowments and age-related constraints. Individuals influence whether they function in the higher or lower ranges of this zone by engaging in or refraining from beneficial intellectual, physical, and social activities. From this point of view, the potential for positive change, or plasticity, is maintained in adult cognition. It is an argument that is supported by newer research in neuroscience showing neural plasticity in various aspects of central nervous system functioning, neurochemistry, and architecture. This view of human potential contrasts with static conceptions of cognition in old age, according to which decline in abilities is fixed and individuals cannot slow its course. Furthermore, any understanding of cognition as it occurs in everyday life must make a distinction between basic cognitive mechanisms and skills (such as working-memory capacity) and the functional use of cognition to achieve goals in specific situations. In practice, knowledge and expertise are critical for effective functioning, and the available evidence suggests that older adults effectively employ specific knowledge and expertise and can gain new knowledge when it is required. We conclude that, on balance, the available evidence favors the hypothesis that maintaining an intellectually engaged and physically active lifestyle promotes successful cognitive aging. First, cognitive-training studies have demonstrated that older adults can improve cognitive functioning when provided with intensive training in strategies that promote thinking and remembering. The early training literature suggested little transfer of function from specifically trained skills to new cognitive tasks; learning was highly specific to the cognitive processes targeted by training. Recently, however, a new generation of studies suggests that providing structured experience in situations demanding executive coordination of skills—such as complex video games, task-switching paradigms, and divided attention tasks—train strategic control over cognition that does show transfer to different task environments. These studies suggest that there is considerable reserve potential in older adults' cognition that can be enhanced through training. Second, a considerable number of studies indicate that maintaining a lifestyle that is intellectually stimulating predicts better maintenance of cognitive skills and is associated with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in late life. Our review focuses on longitudinal evidence of a connection between an active lifestyle and enhanced cognition, because such evidence admits fewer rival explanations of observed effects (or lack of effects) than does cross-sectional evidence. The longitudinal evidence consistently shows that engaging in intellectually stimulating activities is associated with better cognitive functioning at later points in time. Other studies show that meaningful social engagement is also predictive of better maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age. These longitudinal findings are also open to important rival explanations, but overall, the available evidence suggests that activities can postpone decline, attenuate decline, or provide prosthetic benefit in the face of normative cognitive decline, while at the same time indicating that late-life cognitive changes can result in curtailment of activities. Given the complexity of the dynamic reciprocal relationships between stimulating activities and cognitive function in old age, additional research will be needed to address the extent to which observed effects validate a causal influence of an intellectually engaged lifestyle on cognition. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that an active lifestyle that requires cognitive effort has long-term benefits for older adults' cognition is at least consistent with the available data. Furthermore, new intervention research that involves multimodal interventions focusing on goal-directed action requiring cognition (such as reading to children) and social interaction will help to address whether an active lifestyle enhances cognitive function. Third, there is a parallel literature suggesting that physical activity, and aerobic exercise in particular, enhances older adults' cognitive function. Unlike the literature on an active lifestyle, there is already an impressive array of work with humans and animal populations showing that exercise interventions have substantial benefits for cognitive function, particularly for aspects of fluid intelligence and executive function. Recent neuroscience research on this topic indicates that exercise has substantial effects on brain morphology and function, representing a plausible brain substrate for the observed effects of aerobic exercise and other activities on cognition. Our review identifies a number of areas where additional research is needed to address critical questions. For example, there is considerable epidemiological evidence that stress and chronic psychological distress are negatively associated with changes in cognition. In contrast, less is known about how positive attributes, such as self-efficacy, a sense of control, and a sense of meaning in life, might contribute to preservation of cognitive function in old age. It is well known that certain personality characteristics such as conscientiousness predict adherence to an exercise regimen, but we do not know whether these attributes are also relevant to predicting maintenance of cognitive function or effective compensation for cognitive decline when it occurs. Likewise, more information is needed on the factors that encourage maintenance of an active lifestyle in old age in the face of elevated risk for physiological decline, mechanical wear and tear on the body, and incidence of diseases with disabling consequences, and whether efforts to maintain an active lifestyle are associated with successful aging, both in terms of cognitive function and psychological and emotional well-being. We also discuss briefly some interesting issues for society and public policy regarding cognitive-enrichment effects. For example, should efforts to enhance cognitive function be included as part of a general prevention model for enhancing health and vitality in old age? We also comment on the recent trend of business marketing interventions claimed to build brain power and prevent age-related cognitive decline, and the desirability of direct research evidence to back claims of effectiveness for specific products.
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Hueluer, Gizem, and George W. Rebok. "THE ROLE OF WORK AND RETIREMENT IN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.090.
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Abstract According to the “use it or lose it” hypothesis of cognitive aging, cognitive enrichment and cognitively engaging activities are associated with the maintenance of high levels of cognitive functioning in old age. Similar ideas have been brought forward with respect to characteristics of individuals’ work environment, with more cognitively enriching work demands providing an optimal environment for cognitive development and maintenance. The goal of this research group is to showcase new developments in research on work, retirement and cognitive aging. Hülür et al. examine the role of perceived work environment for cohort differences in trajectories of cognitive change based on 56-year longitudinal data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Andel et al. use data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging to examine trajectories of cognitive aging before vs. after retirement with two-slope growth curve models. Zulka et al. conduct a systematic literature review on the association between retirement and cognition and examine the role of factors such as occupational experiences and the cognitive domain studied. Burzynska et al. investigate the relationship between stressful and stimulating occupational exposures and structural brain health and cognition in older age. The discussion by George Rebok will focus on how these findings contribute to our understanding of the role of occupational experiences for cognitive and brain aging and how they can be utilized to promote maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies"
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Eriksson, Sörman Daniel. "The influence of social relationships and leisure activity on adult cognitive functioning and risk of dementia : Longitudinal population-based studies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101840.
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Today, as we live longer, dementia diseases are becoming more prevalent around the world. Thus, further knowledge of how to maintain levels of cognitive functioning in old age and how to identify factors that postpone the onset of dementia are of acute interest. Lifestyle patterns and social life are important aspects to consider in this regard. This thesis includes three studies. Study I investigated the association between participation in various leisure activities in old age (≥65 years) and risk of incident all-cause dementia. Analyses of the total follow-up time period (15 years) showed that higher levels of “Social” and “Total” leisure activity were associated with decreased risk of dementia. In Study II, the aim was to investigate the association between various aspects of social relationships in old age (≥65 years) and risk of incidents of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Results showed that over the total follow-up period (16 years) higher values on the relationship index were associated with reduced risk of both dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Visiting/visits of friends and acquaintances more than once a week was related to decreased risk for all-cause dementia, but not for Alzheimer's disease. However, in neither Study I nor II did any of these factors alter the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease when near-onset dementias were removed from the analyses (Study I, up to five years; Study II, up to three years). In Study III the aim was to investigate the association between social network size and cognitive ability in a middle-aged (40–60 years) sample. The idea was that if social network size can moderate negative age-related influence on memory functions, it might also put an individual on a cognitive trajectory that is beneficial in old age. Results from longitudinal analyses showed that baseline network size was positively related to five-year changes in semantic memory and with changes in both semantic and episodic memory at the ten-year follow-up. Social network size was unrelated to changes in visuospatial performance. Taken together, enrichment factors measured in old age (≥ 65 years) did not alter the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease when near-onset dementias were removed from the analyses. These results might reflect protective short-term effects or reverse causality, meaning that in the prodromal phase of dementia individuals tend to withdraw from activity. Social network size in middle age (40-60 years), however, appears to have beneficial long-term effects on cognitive functioning. The results highlight the importance of long follow-up periods and the need to adjust for the influences of reverse causality when investigating the impact of a socially and mentally active life on cognitive functioning.
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Ross, Amy Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Longitudinal study of cognitive and functional brain changes in ageing and cerebrovascular disease, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychiatry, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27329.
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The neurophysiological basis of cognition changes with age is relatively unexplained, with most studies reporting weak relationships between cognition and measures of brain function, such as event related potentials, brain size and cerebral blood flow. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is an in vivo method used to detect metabolites within the brain that are relevant to certain brain processes. Recent studies have shown that these metabolites, in particular N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which is associated with neuronal viability, correlate with performance on neuropsychological tests or other measures of cognitive function in patients with a variety of cognitive disorders associated with ageing and in normal ageing subjects. We have studied the relationship between metabolites and cognitive function in elderly patients 3 months and 3 years after a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and in an ageing comparison group. Metabolites were no different between stroke/TIA patients and elderly controls, however, there were significant metabolite differences between stroke/TIA patients with cognitive impairment (Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia) and those without. Frontal measures of NAA and NAA/Cr predicted cognitive decline over 12 months and 3 years in stroke/TIA patients and elderly controls, and these measures were superior predictors than structural MRI measures. Longitudinal stability of metabolites in ageing over 3 years was associated with stability of cognitive function. The results indicate that 1H-MRS is a useful tool in differentiating stroke/TIA patients with and without cognitive impairment, with possibly superior predictive ability than structural MRI for assessing future cognitive decline. The changes in 1H-MRS that occur with ageing and cognitive decline have implications for the neurophysiological mechanisms and processes that are occurring in the brain, as well as application to clinical diagnosis, the early detection of pathology and the examination of longitudinal change.
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Nussbaum, Paul David. "Depression and cognitive deterioration in the elderly: A follow-up study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185628.
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The extent of cognitive deficit in depressed elderly remains unclear. Recent follow-up studies of elderly patients diagnosed as depressed suggest that depression may present as the initial sign of progressive dementia. This raises questions regarding the nature of the depression in those individuals who deteriorate cognitively over time, and encourages the search for clinical indicators of those depressed who are likely to deteriorate. Thirty-five depressed older adult outpatients were comprehensively examined and re-evaluated with a brief neuropsychological battery after one or more years. Twenty-three probable dementia of the Alzheimer's type patients (DAT) provided a comparison with a known progressive disorder. Patients with a decline of four points from their original score on a mental status examination comprised the "depressed with cognitive deterioration" sample (N = 8) and all others made up the "depressed without cognitive deterioration" sample (N = 27). These two samples were then compared on clinical variables from the initial neuropsychological, medical, radiological, and patient history examination. A Multivariate analysis of variance using the following variables: initial age, education, modified Hachinski, initial Mini-Mental State, Wechsler Memory Quotient, vocabulary, digit span, similarities, picture completion, block design, and digit symbol subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, initial Geriatric Depression Scale, and Grocery Store Test of verbal fluency failed to differentiate those depressed elderly that declined from those who did not. A series of Chi-square analyses using the medical and radiological variables demonstrated a significant association between depressed with deterioration and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities, computerized tomography (CT) abnormalities, and Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities. Those depressed patients with cognitive deterioration demonstrated a higher frequency of white matter abnormalities on the combined CT and MRI than did those depressed patients with no deterioration. Leuko-araiosis in depressed elderly may represent a clinical marker for the identification of later cognitive deterioration. Results indicate: (1) a need for the development of more sensitive neuropsychological measures for accurate prediction of deterioration; (2) the importance of follow-up neuropsychological evaluations on depressed elderly; (3) relationship between white matter abnormality and cognitive deterioration in depressed elderly, and (4) support for the hypothesis that depression may present as an early sign of a later developing progressive dementia.
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Tatarka, Christopher John. "A longitudinal analysis of the predictors of life satisfaction for men in the transition from late middle age to early old age." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1846.
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Wams, Emma J. "Neurodegeneration and brain cancer : a longitudinal field study of rest-activity and sleep." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:23d242cd-45c7-4dca-a3c5-b1e83747af13.
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This thesis investigates rest-activity and sleep profiles in neurodegeneration and brain cancer. Study 1 comprised longitudinal field assessments of rest-activity, sleep and memory in controls and memory-impairment individuals with: subjective memory complaint (SMC), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Four questions were addressed: (1) is SMC a prodromal stage of AD? (2) do characteristics of SMC predict future decline? (3) does cholinergic medication (ChEI) impact rest-activity and sleep of moderate AD patients? and (4) are there factors predicting response to ChEI? Study 2 assessed rest-activity and melatonin rhythms in a brain cancer patient (JJB), and post-mortem analysis of brain tissue assessed infiltration of cancer cells on the circadian clock (SCN). Both studies used questionnaires, cognitive tests, electroencephalography and actigraphy simultaneously at patients’ homes. In Study 1, the SMC group showed a reduced activity amplitude to be correlated with increasing memory impairment severity, lower sleep quality and efficiency. Increased sleep fragmentation was observed in all memory-impaired groups, although not correlated to impairment severity. Increased fragmentation of rest-activity rhythm correlated with increasing memory impairment severity in all groups except SMC. Following ChEI medication with donepezil, moderate AD patients showed increased sleep fragmentation, probably due to potentiation of available acetylcholine known to maintain arousal. Higher daytime-activity and lower activity in the rest-phase, when drug-naïve, predicted improved cognition following ChEIs. In Study 2, cancer cell infiltration of the patient’s SCN was confirmed. However, a robust circadian rest-activity period with a misaligned melatonin phase, was recorded, indicating that the effects of partial SCN lesions in humans are complex and this result was possibly in part are due to the masking effect of social behaviour.
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Lai, Dongbing. "Multivariate finite mixture latent trajectory models with application to dementia studies." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/7391.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Dementia studies often collect multiple longitudinal neuropsychological measures in order to examine patients' decline across a number of cognitive domains. Dementia patients have shown considerable heterogeneities in individual trajectories of cognitive decline, with some patients showing rapid decline following diagnoses while others exhibiting slower decline or remain stable for several years. In the first part of this dissertation, a multivariate finite mixture latent trajectory model was proposed to identify longitudinal patterns of cognitive decline in multiple cognitive domains with multiple tests within each domain. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm was implemented for parameter estimation and posterior probabilities were estimated based on the model to predict latent class membership. Simulation studies demonstrated satisfactory performance of the proposed approach. In the second part, a simulation study was performed to compare the performance of information-based criteria on the selection of the number of latent classes. Commonly used model selection criteria including the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), as well as consistent AIC (CAIC), sample adjusted BIC (SABIC) and the integrated classification likelihood criteria (ICLBIC) were included in the comparison. SABIC performed uniformly better in all simulation scenarios and hence was the preferred criterion for our proposed model. In the third part of the dissertation, the multivariate finite mixture latent trajectory model was extended to situations where the true latent class membership was known for a subset of patients. The proposed models were used to analyze data from the Uniform Data Set (UDS) collected from Alzheimer's Disease Centers across the country to identify various cognitive decline patterns among patients with dementia.
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MacDonald, Stuart Warren Swain. "Longitudinal profiles of terminal decline: associations between cognitive decline, age, time to death, and cause of death." Thesis, 2002. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10324.
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Normative age differences and declines in cognition may be overestimated due to influences reflecting impending mortality. The terminal decline hypothesis posits that accelerated cognitive decline for older adults is a function of proximity to death. Although previous research has demonstrated mortality-cognition associations, key questions remain unresolved. This study examined five neglected aspects of terminal decline research: (a) are mortality deficits uniform across age? (b) does impending mortality differentially influence cognitive domains? (c) does cause of death influence magnitude of mortality deficits? (d) do individuals closer to death show accelerated cognitive declines? and (e) do mortality deficits share associations with indicators of neurological disturbance such as performance inconsistency?
The sample consisted of 707 adults from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (VLS) who completed between 1 to 5 waves of measurement over a 12-year period. Participants were classified as either Young-Old (59 to 79 years, M = 71.86) or Old-Old (80 to 95 years, M = 83.66). A total of 442 Survivors completed all waves and relevant measures compared with 265 Decedents who participated on at least one occasion and subsequently died. An extensive battery of tests was administered including measures of verbal speed, working memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, and crystallized verbal ability.
Results were informative for each of the five research questions. First, mortality-related cognitive deficits were magnified with increasing age. Old-Old decedents exhibited steeper decline compared with similarly aged and younger survivors. Further, multilevel analyses demonstrated that Decedents declined at significantly faster rates per year increase in age. For the second research question, terminal decline was found to differentially influence select cognitive measures. Relative to Survivors, Old-Old Decedents displayed large variation across measures exhibiting poorer performance for verbal speed and episodic memory with considerably better performance for vocabulary. Results for the third research goal demonstrated that specific cause of death differentially influenced cognitive performance. Greater cross-sectional differences and declines were found for those who died of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A fourth contribution to the terminal decline literature found that the shape of cognitive decline for Decedents was accelerated in closer proximity to death. Evidence for the final research question revealed that impending death, presence of CVD, and older age were all associated with increased performance inconsistency. Considered together, these results provide both converging evidence and novel contributions to the terminal decline literature.Graduate
Books on the topic "Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies"
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Thorvaldsson, Valgeir. Change and variability in cognitive performance in old age: Effects of retest, terminal decline, and pre-clinical dementia. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, 2008.
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Thorvaldsson, Valgeir. Change and variability in cognitive performance in old age: Effects of retest, terminal decline, and pre-clinical dementia. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, 2008.
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H, Erikson Erik. Vital involvement in old age. New York: Norton, 1986.
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Luzadis, Rebecca A. Explaining pension dynamics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.
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Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The seattle longitudinal study. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Ellwood, David T. The American way of aging: An event history analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.
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Mulligan, Gail M. Age 2: Findings from the 2-year-old follow-up of the early childhood longitudinal study, birth cohort (ECLS-B). [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, 2006.
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Body and mind in old age and decay: Problems in dementia senilis, a study in literature, followed by longitudinal clinical observations. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1986.
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Ducharme, Francine. Impact du soutien conjugal et des stratégies adaptatives sur le bien-être des conjoints âgés: Suivi longitudinal : rapport de recherche. [Montréal]: Université de Montréal, Faculté des sciences infirmières, 1992.
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L, Maddox George, Buckley C. Edward, and Duke University. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development., eds. The Duke longitudinal studies of normal aging, 1955-1980: Overview of history, design, and findings. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies"
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Field, Dorothy. "Longitudinal Studies of Families in Advanced Old Age: The Family is “Forever”." In Altern — Ein lebenslanger Prozeß der sozialen Interaktion, 345–55. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72448-0_30.
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Rabbitt, P. M. A., L. McInnes, P. Diggle, F. Holland, N. Bent, V. Abson, N. Pendleton, and M. Horan. "The University of Manchester longitudinal study of cognition in normal healthy old age, 1983 through 2003." In Cognitive Development and the Ageing Process, 220–68. First Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315621142-12.
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Oris, Michel, Marie Baeriswyl, and Andreas Ihle. "The Life Course Construction of Inequalities in Health and Wealth in Old Age." In Handbook of Active Ageing and Quality of Life, 97–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58031-5_5.
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AbstractIn this contribution, we will mobilize the interdisciplinary life course paradigm to consider the processes through which individual heterogeneity in health and wealth is constructed all along life, from the cradle to old age. Considering altogether historical, family and individual times, the life course perspective has been developed in sociology, (lifespan) psychology and epidemiology, and has framed many important studies during the last four decades. The theory of cumulative disadvantage is for sure the most popular in social sciences, explaining how little inter-individual differences early in life expand all along life to reach maximal amplitude among the “young old” (before the selection by differential mortality at very old age). In lifespan psychology, the theory of cognitive reserve (educational level being a proxy) and its continuation, the theory of use or disuse (of cognition during adult life) have more or less the same explanatory power, cognition being a decisive precondition for active ageing and quality of life in old age. However, in spite of the success of those theoretical bodies, a prominent figure in the field, Glen Elder, recently observed that there is surprisingly little evidence for cumulative processes and that a wide variety of model specifications remain completely untested. This finding makes even more important a critical review of the literature which summarize several robust evidences, but also discuss contradictory results and suggest promising research tracks. This exercise considers the life course construction of inequalities in the distribution of objective resources older adults have (or not) “to live the life they own value” (to quote A. Sen 2001). But it is also crucial to consider the subjective component that is inherent to the understanding of well-being.
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Cengiz, Gülüzar Şule Tepetaş, and Mübeccel Gönen. "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Preschool Teachers' Picture Story Book Reading Activities and Children's Language Development." In Psycholinguistics and Cognition in Language Processing, 188–220. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4009-0.ch010.
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This chapter examines the relationship between teachers' picture story book reading activities and 48- to 60-month-old children's language development and to identify the effect of different variables on this relationship. The study sample was composed of 208 children in classrooms for 48- to 60-month-old children and 10 teachers in five independent pre-schools in the province of Kırşehir. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by using appropriate statistical methods. Based on the study results, a significant relationship was identified between pre-school teachers' picture story book reading activities during their daily programs and language development of children. The result of the study presents the importance of picture story book reading activities for language development. Longitudinal studies that will investigate teachers' and parents' involvement in picture story book reading activities in detail and development of programs that will support children's language development are suggested in the chapter.
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Berardi, Nicoletta, Alessandro Sale, and Lamberto Maffei. "Optimizing cognition in older adults: lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and cognitive reserve." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, 1281–88. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0166.
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Cognitive decline with age shows strong interindividual variance. Several epidemiological studies have shown that some of the factors associated with maintaining a good cognitive performance with age are lifestyle factors, such as practising physical activity and being engaged in cognively stimulating activities, which are potentially modifiable even in old age. In parallel, studies in animal models have shown that physical exercise and environmental stimulation result in better cognitive performance, potentiation of neural plasticity, neuroprotection. More recently, intervention studies in humans begin to show that training based on cognitive or physical activity enhance cognitive performance in older adults. At the core of lifestyle effects on cognitive ageing is neural plasticity and the action of multiple molecular factors which translate physical and cognitive activity into adaptive and protective changes in the brain, allowing elders to better face ageing-related cognitive changes.
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Lam, TP, G. Yang, H. Pang, BHK Yip, WYW Lee, ALH Hung, NLS Tang, KKW To, Y. Qiu, and JCY Cheng. "A six years longitudinal cohort study on the changes in bone density and bone quality up to peak bone mass in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with and without 2 years of Calcium and Vit-D supplementation." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210429.
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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is associated with osteopenia which could persist into adulthood affecting attainment of Peak Bone Mass thus resulting in osteoporosis in late adulthood. We previously reported a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial(the Cal study) showing significant bone health improvement with 2-year calcium(Ca)+Vit-D supplementation for AIS girls. This study addressed the important issue whether bone health improvement from the initial 2-year Ca+Vit-D supplementation could persist as subjects approached towards Peak Bone Mass at 6-year ie after 4-year of supplement discontinuation. This was an extension of the Cal study on AIS girls (11–14 years old, mean age=12.9 years, Tanner stage<IV) with femoral neck aBMD Z-score<0 and Cobb angle≥15∘. 330 subjects were randomized to Group1(placebo), Group2(600mgCa+400-IU-Vit-D3/day) or Group3(600mgCa+800-IU-Vit-D3/day) for 2-year supplementation after which supplementation was stopped. Investigations at baseline, 2-year and 6-year included High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography(HR-pQCT) at distal radius and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DXA) at both hips. 270(81.8%) subjects completed 2-year supplementation when changes in left femoral neck aBMD, trabecular vBMD, Trabecular BV/TV, Trabecular Number and Trabecular Separation indicated significant bone health improvement with Ca+Vit-D supplementation(p<0.05). At 6-year(mean age=19.2 years), no between-group difference on bone parameters was noted except increase in Cortical Thickness being greater only in Group3 than in Group1. After 4-year supplement discontinuation, the treatment effect from the initial 2-year supplementation mostly dissipated indicating the need of continued supplementation in AIS girls to sustain therapeutic improvement on bone health as subjects approach towards Peak Bone Mass.
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Vinković, Maja, Andrijana Kopić, and Tvrtka Benašić. "Anti-VEGF Treatment and Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration." In Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97689.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of severe visual loss in middle and old-age population, and often leads to serious deterioration in quality of life. Currently, the first-line treatment for neovascular AMD (nAMD) are intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept and also latest commercially available drug, brolucizumab. During initial examination and imaging and treatment follow-up for patients with nAMD, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to predict and assess the therapeutic response and guide the treatment. Several OCT-based biomarkers, including the central subfoveal thickness (CSFT), the presence of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) or subretinal fluid (SRF), and the presence of pigment epithelial detachment (PED), were found to influence baseline visual acuity or visual improvements. Recent analyses of large randomized control trials (RCTs) summarized the usefulness of these OCT-based biomarkers. However, many of these early studies relied on time-domain OCT to evaluate the retinal structures thus providing less precise evaluation of the retinal details. After introduction of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) which provided high resolution images, recent studies offered new insights in specific morphological changes and their different impact on visual function in nAMD. For example, these advancement in resolution offered new classification of IRCs into degenerative and exudative which impacts treatment strategy and final outcome in the treatment of nAMD. Moreover, the recent data disclose a substantial difference between RCTs and real-world studies regarding the response to anti-VEGF therapy. In conclusions, IRCs and PED are associated with poor visual improvement in nAMD in a realworld setting. Both IRCs and SRF responded better than PED to anti-VEGF therapy. These observations mandate large longitudinal studies focusing on the usefulness of these high resolution SD-OCT biomarkers in real-world situations.
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Ilyin, Mikhail. "CARTESIAN MOMENT. NEW DISCOURSE ON STYLES AND METHODS IN THE OLD-FASHIONED MANNER OF DESCARTES." In METOD, 22–76. INION RAN, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/metod/2020.10.02.
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The author explains the purport of the article. He intends to emulate the style of Descartes to the extent possible in the contemporary setup. In his 10 meditations the author attempts to grasp vital capacities of Descartes’ method and to that effect to better understand his intellectual achievements and their current relevance. Cartesian moment or creative impact of Descartes upon dynamics of intellectual advancement is a key moment (point in time) that separates old scholastic ways of reasoning from modern ones as Martin Heidegger amply affirmed in his «The Age of the World Picture». Modern way not only relies on ratio but also on individual creative abilities and personal authorship of an investigator. Hence the author explores creative capabilities of a modern researcher typified by Descartes. The author defines Cartesian methodological practice (style, manner) as distinctly personalized and to that effect subjective or self-centered. This novel methodological artifice of Descartes is coupled with typically modern distinction between subjective (personally biased) and subjectival (pertaining to an independent agency of emancipating personality or subject). Investigating self of Descartes intentionally exploits typically modern cognitive and social property of being a free cognitive agent. It may be called cognitive agency or subjectness ( субъектность , subjectnost’ ) as a counterpart to subjectivity ( субъективность , subjectivnost’ ). Respectively Heidegger while discussing unique Cartesian achievement introduces along a casual notion of subjectivity self-coined terms of Subjektsein (subject-object relations, Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehung) and Subjektität (resolute self-awareness, unbedingtes Sichwissen). It is characteristic that Heidegger carefully discriminates spontaneous personally biased Ichheit and Egoismus from consistently individually conceived Ichhaft. The article examines two epitomes of subjectness: the initial Cartesian archetype and recent Wittgensteinian prototype. While Descartes instrumentally uses it to reshape scholastic thought into a modern metaphysics (cf. «Meditationes de Prima Philosophia» of 1641 or its authorized French translation of 1647 «Les méditations métaphysiques» ), Wittgenstein respectively elaborates his own brand of philosophy of logic (cf. « Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung » of 1921). With Descartes his actual person is nothing but ‘being on his own’ ( ens per se ). Pragmatically this difference transmutes into operation of the actual whole self of the researcher ( me totum ) with development of polar metaphysical abstractions of non-bodily and non-extensive res cogitans and bodily and non-thinking res extensa . With Wittgenstein the equally pivotal personality of researcher reduces into an intermediator (border, Grenze ) between the world and the transcendental logic. As a result, metaphysical subject (metaphysisches Subjekt) or solipsist me (Ich des Solipsismus) shrinks into a non-extensive dot (Punkt) or eye (Auge) observing the world from outside. While new-born Cartesian cognitive agent has to split within itself into res cogitans and res extensa Descartes’ disciples and followers simply ignore bodily dimension. They radically reduce the investigating self to a detached all-powerful Reason turning subjectival Cartesianism of its founder into a non-subjectival version of Cartesianism, supposedly objective and rational. Wittgenstein helps the investigator (his personal self) come back again but at the expense of limiting himself to a border between the logic and the world able to reconstruct both the logic and the world with incessant language games. In his fifth meditation the author emulates both the style and the way of reasoning typical for Descartes. He remembers his student years in Moscow Lomonosov University. First he has mastered phonological principle of distinctive features and then successfully extended its use beyond linguistics into social studies and political science. Being taught dual - fast and slow reading he learnt to skip and then to restore details. The third personal cognitive discretion utilized in investigation of any scholarly issue is the focus on its emergence, further metamorphoses and evolution. The first two have clear Cartesian formation, while the third helps them both to gain dynamism and discretions. Next meditation deals with Descartes’ idea of the (definite article) method and specific rules for applying inherent inventiveness ( rēgulae ad directionem ingenii ). This Cartesian link implies essential affinity between universal instrumentality (organon) of scientific exploration and fundamental (primeval and primitive) cognitive abilities of humans and other species. Such a polarized dual distinction has helped the Center of advanced methodologies to identify three complex transdisciplinary organons (metretics, morphetics and semiotics) rooted in the elementary cognitive abilities to tell intensity of sensations, to recognize patterns and to grasp functional relevance, potentially meaning. Simplex-complex transformations devised by the Center are instrumental in linking the utmostly complex phenomena to equally simple ones through the range of intermediate manifestations and forms. The results of the analytical transformations can be revealed in the sequences of modules related to a master prototype model. The concluding two meditations deal with cognition and its modes as well as the issue of overcoming of Cartesian dualism. The author insists that cognitive scholars’ ambitions to overcome Cartesian dualism are vain. It is Descartes’ method and style - as far as we can grasp them - that can help to overcome fatal schemes ascribed into notorious mind - body problem. The core of Descartes’ thinking is the continuous preoccupation with embodiment of the rational and emotional aspects of his whole self (total me) and disembodiment of its material aspects.
Conference papers on the topic "Cognition in old age – Longitudinal studies"
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Khosroshahi, Maryam, Fred Barez, Amer El-Hage, and James Kao. "Dependence of Elastic Properties of Human Femoral Cortical Bone on Porosity." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52318.
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Hip fracture is one of the most serious and common health problems among elderly which may lead to permanent disability or death. Hip fracture commonly occurs in the femoral bone, the major bone in the hip joint. Microscopic age-related changes in the structure of cortical bone is one of the factors that is considered to be partially responsible for the increase of fracture risk in elderly. It is of great interest to develop a predictable model of such fractures for the aging population in preparation of a suitable therapy. These micro structural changes influence mechanical properties and, therefore, behavior of bone and are critical to understand risk and mechanics of fracture of bone. Correlation between cortical bone strength and porosity, as a microscopic structural factor, has been examined frequently as a function of age and/or porosity. These studies have investigated the effect of porosity experimentally and have not studied the effect of porosity independently from other structural factors such as bone mineral density. In this study effect of porosity on elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone was studied independently using finite element analysis assuming transversely isotropic behavior in terms of elastic properties with the axis of elastic properties along the longitudinal axis of femur shaft. In this study, published standard mechanical tests for transversely isotropic materials were simulated using finite element computer simulation on models with different porosities. The developed finite element model utilized material properties based on the best fit regression in previously published articles. Pores’ size, shape and distribution were also modeled based on previous experimental studies. The finite element model, in general, predicted behavior of five independent elastic mechanical properties, namely, longitudinal Young’s modulus, transverse poisson’s ratio, transverse shear modulus, transverse Young’s modulus and longitudinal poisson’s ratio, as a function of porosity. Furthermore, effect of porosity on the elastic properties across various age groups was investigated using published data on age-related changes in bone porosity. Mathematical models based on Finite Element Analysis results have been developed using linear least square regression. These models show negative linear relationship between studied elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone and porosity. The Finite Element Analysis results compared well with the previously published experimental data. Furthermore, the results obtained show the elastic properties as functions of age for females and males. The predicted values for elastic properties are lower for men compared to women of age 20 to 40 years old. However, after the age of 44, elastic properties of femoral cortical bone for men are higher than women. The Finite Element Model developed in this study will help to create a clinical bone model for the prediction of fracture risk or the selection of suitable therapy in orthopedic surgery.