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Сорокина, Т. Б. "Freethinking of the 17th Century: Edward Herbert’s Philosophy." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.002.
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В работе характеризуются взгляды Эдварда Герберта – английского философа, политика и общественного деятеля первой половины XVII в. Автор анализирует основные положения философской системы Э. Герберта, отмечая логическую связь между теорией познания и философией религии. Показано, что гносеологический объективизм Герберта явился основанием для его деистических идей, главной из которых стала идея «естественной религии». Автор считает заслугой Герберта попытку обосновать объективные основы и критерии познания, соединить его когнитивные и ценностные начала, подчеркнуть системное взаимодействие всех элементов. In the work are characterized by philosophical views of Edward Herbert – English philosopher, politician and public figure of the first half of the 17th century. The author of the article analyzes the basic provisions of the philosophical system of E. Herbert, noting the logical connection between the theory of cognition and the philosophy of religion. It is shown that Herbert's epistemological objectivism was the basis for his deistic ideas, the main of which was the idea of "natural religion". The author considers Herbert's merit to try to substantiate objective basics and criteria of cognition, to combine his cognitive and value principles, to emphasize the systemic interaction of all elements.
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Tropia, Anna. "Early Modern Scotists and Thomists on the Question on the Intellect’s First and Adequate Object (15th-17th Centuries)." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v26i2.12653.
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This paper analyses the criticisms put forward by the Scotists of the 17th century to Thomas Aquinas’ commentators on the subject of the intellect’s first object. What the intellect knows first, and what the extension of human cognition is, are questions that Aquinas addressed in several places in Summa theologiae, presenting conclusions which Scotus famously criticised. From the 15th century on, observed the tendency among Aquinas’ commentators to adjust themselves to Scotus’ opinion concerning this matter. The paper includes a collection of the texts they mention and focuses on this ‘shift’ in the history of Aquinas’ readings.
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Касьяненко, Н. Е. "The first Russian dictionaries." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 5(288) (October 28, 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2021.288.5.005.
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Статья посвящена истории развития словарного дела на Руси и появлению первых словарей. Затрагиваются первые, несловарные формы описания лексики в письменных памятниках XI–XVII вв. (глоссы), из которых черпался материал для собственно словарей. Анализируются основные лексикографические жанры этого времени и сложение на их основе азбуковников. В статье уделено внимание таким конкретным лексикографическим произведениям, как ономастикону «Рѣчь жидовскаго «зыка» (XVIII в.), словарям-символикам «Толк о неразумнех словесех» (XV в.) и «Се же приточне речеся», произвольнику, объясняющему славянские слова, «Тлъкование нεоудобь познаваεмомъ въ писаныхъ рѣчемь» (XIV в.), разговорнику «Рѣчь тонкословія греческаго» (ХV в.). Характеризуется словарь Максима Грека «Толкованіе именамъ по алфавиту» (XVI в.). Предметом более подробного освещения стал «Лексис…» Л. Зизания – первый печатный словарь на Руси. На примерах дается анализ его реестровой и переводной частей. Рассматривается известнейший труд П. Берынды «Лексикон славеноросский и имен толкование», а также рукописный «Лексикон латинский…» Е. Славинецкого, являющий собой образец переводного словаря XVII в. The article is dedicated to the history of the development of vocabulary in Russia and the emergence of the first dictionaries. The first, non-verbar forms of description of vocabulary in written monuments of the 11th and 17th centuries (glosses), from which material for the dictionaries themselves were drawn, are affected. The main lexicographical genres of this time are analyzed and the addition of alphabets on their basis. The article focuses on specific lexicographical works such as the «Zhidovskago» (18th century) the dictionaries-symbols of «The Talk of Unreasonable Words» (the 15th century). and «The Same Speech», an arbitrary explanation of slavic words, «The tlution of the cognition in the written», (the 14th century), the phrasebook «Ry subtle Greek» (the 15th century). Maxim Greck's dictionary «Tolkien names in alphabetical order» (16th century) is characterized. The subject of more detailed coverage was «Lexis...» L. Sizania is the first printed dictionary in Russia. Examples give analysis of its registry and translation parts. The famous work of P. Berynda «Lexicon of Slavic and Names of Interpretation» and the handwritten «Lexicon Latin...» are considered. E. Slavinecki, which is a model of the 17th century translated dictionary.
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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "The grammaticalization of Dutch klinken." Rise and Development of Evidential and Epistemic Markers 7, no. 1-2 (November 23, 2017): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.7.1-2.08poo.
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Abstract This article demonstrates the diachronic development of present-day Dutch klinken as an evidential copular verb meaning ‘to seem, based on (auditory) evidence’ from the Middle Dutch intransitive verb klinken meaning ‘to give off a clear sound’. I identify four semantic stages in the history of klinken, which are divided by processes of semantic bleaching (14th–16th century, 16th–17th century) and subjectification and copularization (during the 16th century). I claim that the process of copularization is the trigger of both the evidential meaning and the subjective interpretation that copular constructions with klinken receive. Furthermore, I show that, unlike the development of eruitzien ‘look’ and voelen ‘feel’ from cognitive perception verbs, klinken has developed much like the Dutch copular verbs schijnen ‘seem’ and blijken ‘turn out’: from an intransitive verb with a sensory-related meaning.
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Mikhnovets, Nadezhda G. "“The Pugachevites” by E. A. Salias in the Reception of F. M. Dostoevsky: on the Epic Character of the Russian Novel." Two centuries of the Russian classics 3, no. 4 (2021): 92–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2021-3-4-92-113.
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The article analyzes the nature of the interaction between first-line literature and fiction in the 1860–1870s as dynamic, versatile and dialogical. It is argued that the historical novel by E. A. Salias “The Pugachevites” (1874), based on the discoveries of the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, testified to the process of strengthening the epic tendency in Russian literature of the 19th century. The novel by E. A. Salias was not exclusively secondary, the portrayal of the “predatory type” hero became innovative, but not deeply understood by the fiction writer. It is noted that further development was undertaken by F. M. Dostoevsky at the first stage of the creation of the novel “The Adolescent”. Its distinctive feature was the consideration of the “predatory type” in the context of the Russian history of spiritual quests of the 17th–19th centuries. The description of the stages of development of the type by F. M. Dostoevsky made it possible to come to the conclusion that the process of cognition of the Russian character, the identification of the laws of the historical development of Russia presupposed a versatile comprehension of the national foundations of life, which predetermined the epic character as the leading feature of the Russian novel of the second half of the 19th century.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Orlyk, Mykhailo. "Evolution of economic thought in the context of the lending problem in the second half of 17th - middle 19th century." University Economic Bulletin, no. 47 (December 17, 2020): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-47-121-126.
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The article analyzes the scientific achievements of the classical economic school representatives of the second half of the 17th - middle of the 19th century in the field of lending through the prism of modernity. The goal of research is to study the evolution of views on the nature and role of lending by the classical school representatives of economics in the second half of 17th - mid 19th centuries. Methods of research. Both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition were used to solve the tasks, that were set for the goal. Systematic and structured approaches, methods of generalization, analysis, comparison, synthesis, and scientific abstraction were used in the process of writing the article. Results of work. In the article had been established and analyzed the evolution of the theoretical understanding of the lending problem in the classical school of economics from the time of its foundation to the beginning of the realization of its theoretical achievements in the financial and economic space of the Russian Empire. The field of application of results. The results of the held study can be used in teaching courses in the history of economics and economic thought, as well as other economic disciplines, in the training of specialists in banking, credit and economic theory. Conclusions. The held study of the views evolution of the classical economic school representatives on the problem of lending allows us to conclude that credit as a socio-economic phenomenon has aroused significant interest of researchers. Among the main questions, that were set by scientists, were questions related to the principles of reward formation for the credit and its role in the development of the country's economy. Many researchers have paid attention to the question of the state’s place in the credit relations of the borrower and the lender. Examining the process of transformation of economic theory, we can conclude that the role of the state as a strict regulator of credit relations had gradually changed to the role of guarantor of credit obligations. A significant impetus to the development of economics in the context of understanding credit in the Russian Empire was made by M. Bunge. He has not only theoretically justified the importance of the credit availability for the development of economic relations, but also put his own scientific ideas into practice.
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Panina, Nina L. "Illustrations in Children’s Educational Books in Russia in the Late 17th – Early 19th Centuries." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 23 (2020): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/23/5.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the transition period in the history of illustrating children’s educational books on the material of Russian-language publications. It is the period in which the function of an intermedial representation gradually develops from emblematic to encyclopedic and narrative-figurative images. This process is related to the literary history of children’s books and their genre transformations. In the last third of the 18th century, children’s literature in Russia was formed as an independent direction with its special goals, and the basis for further search for specific methods of children’s book design, including educational ones, was laid. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the children’s book had a typical European visual design and continued the trends inherited from the 18th century: translations, borrowings, and revised texts in publications often copied illustrations rather than made new ones. A new stage came at the end of the 1820s, when Russia was actively developing independent children’s literature, and professional authors and criticism appeared. It was the time of the pedagogical experiments of Vasily Zhukovsky. This article does not claim to analyse Zhukovsky’s pedagogical activity comprehensively, but this activity is significant for the subject-matter of the study. In his pedagogy, Zhukovsky went to a new level when searching for intermedial ways of transmission of the universal coherence of phenomena, the systemic representation of knowledge about the world, and the ideas of the world as a system. The search, though much slower, was also observed in contemporary children’s books. The integration of cognitive and didactic functions in the Russian-language children’s book of the 18th century resulted in a mix of different principles of illustration in one publication. These principles are: (1) emblematic: the title, image, and text form a three-part structure; (2) encyclopedic: the sheet contains separate numbered images of the same type of objects excluded from the visual context; (3) narrative: the plot, expressive and figurative, including caricature, illustrations are readily used in an educational book due to their persuasiveness. Each of these principles has its own ways of displaying coherence. An encyclopedic illustration shows an object in a series of similar ones, in an enumeration, shows the structure of the object. An emblem gives its symbolic and allegorical interpretation. A narrative illustration shows its functions and its involvement in causal relations, depicting the environment of events and objects. The children’s book of the studied period tends to integrate all these ways. While the emblem as an independent intermedial genre degrades, certain elements of the emblematic tradition are actively borrowed by new forms of publications. The emblem gives the European book of modern times the most important intermedial tools for displaying universal coherence, the world as a system. The change of the epochs leads to an inevitable blurring of the meaning of the emblematic sign. The transitive nature of the analysed period is expressed in the search for a new intermedial form of coherence, similar to the lost emblematic bimediality of the text and illustration in terms of effectiveness. In the search for such a form, encyclopedic publications that claimed to be all-encompassing use the emblematic and narrative principles of illustration. In turn, the narrative illustration, driven by a similar desire for inclusiveness, consistency, and universality, absorbs the emblematic and encyclopedic principles.
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Giorgi, Amedeo. "Reflections on the Status and Direction of Psychology: An External Historical Perspective." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 44, no. 2 (2013): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341257.
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Abstract Whenever one reads internal histories of psychology what is covered is the establishment of a lab by Wundt in 1879 as the initiating act and then the breakaway movements of the 20th Century are discussed: Behaviorism, Gestalt Theory, Psychoanalysis, and most recently the Cognitive revival. However, Aron Gurwitsch described a perspective noted by Cassirer and first developed by Malebranche, which dates the founding of psychology at the same time as that of physics in the 17th Century. This external perspective shows the dependency of psychology upon the concepts, methods and procedures of physics and the natural sciences in general up until the present time. Gurwitsch argues that this approach has blocked the growth of psychology and has assured its status as a minor science. He argued that the everyday Lifeworld achievements of subjectivity are the true subject matter of psychology and that a phenomenological approach to subjectivity could give psychology the authenticity it has been forever seeking but never finding as a naturalistic science. Some clarifying thoughts concerning this phenomenologically grounded psychology are offered, especially the role of desire. The assumption of an external perspective toward the history of psychology fostered the insights about psychology’s scientific role.
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Messling, Markus. "Text and Determination." Philological Encounters 1, no. 1-4 (January 26, 2016): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000007.
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Protagonists of the ‘philological turn’ have claimed philology to be a self-reflective praxis. The history of modern philology however demonstrates that this can only be understood as a demand. All too often, philological conceptions went hand in glove with a deterministic anthropology. Whereas current research on the nexus between philology and racial thought focus on how biopolitical assumptions could be applied within philological disciplines, the idea of a ‘hard’ anthropological nucleus and a ‘soft’ textual culture referring to it needs to be revised. Because of their methodological potential and cultural strength, European philologies were scientific models up to the second half of the 19th century and relied on the same epistemic assumptions from which ‘modern’ raciological discourses were born. This comes mainly from the relation established since the 17th century between the variety of languages, scripts and textual cultures on the one hand, and rationality on the other. The arguments that stem from this discourse of a challenged universalism were amalgamated with genealogical thought in 19th century philology and an obsession with origins as the biblical narrative faded away. Thus, spiritual or cognitive forms, understood as determining factors in historical evolution, could then be linked to an assumed ‘original’ intellectual or anthropological potentiality. However, raciological conceptualizations have been far from being without alternative. My paper argues that if the return to philology aims to be more than a reaction to the normative loss of textual culture, then the epistemological struggle within the history of philology needs to be reflected in its relevance for any ‘future’ philology.
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Arnautova, Yulia. "Miracula s. Willehadi: Prospects for Studying “Unreliable” Sources." ISTORIYA 12, no. 8 (106) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016950-4.
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The article deals with the heuristic potential of early medieval collections of saints' miracles (libri miraculorum, miracula) which are rarely studied in anthropologically oriented historiography, because they are literary fiction and, unlike the 12—17th century miracula, cannot serve as sources for studying folk piety or everyday life. Using the example of St. Willehadi's miracles (Miracula s. Willehadi, 860—865) by Bishop Ansgar of Bremen, the article analyzes the possibility of involving texts considered “unreliable” in terms of the facts described in them, within the framework of the cognitive theory of communication. The approach to the miraculous text as a message containing meaning-generating representations, which have a distinctly expressed communicative intent, allows to reassess its content, which in traditional studies is usually devalued as “hagiographic topics”, and to establish the pragmatic function of the text (causa scribendi), which is not always limited to the proof of the sanctity of the hero.
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Chodyła, Zbigniew, Marian Drozdowski, and Zofia Sprys. "Profesor Jolanta Dworzaczkowa. Z okazji jubileuszu 90-lecia urodzin i 65-lecia twórczości naukowej." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 1 (2014): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.14.008.14869.
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Artykuł przedstawia życie i dorobek naukowy Profesor Jolanty Dworzaczkowej, z domu Essmanowskiej (ur. 1923 r.). Po uzyskaniu matury w konspiracyjnym liceum (1942) i studiach na tajnym Uniwersytecie Ziem Zachodnich (1942-1944) w Warszawie i na Uniwersytecie Poznańskim (1945-1947) pracowała w latach 1950-1981 jako ceniony nauczyciel akademicki na UP i UAM, broniąc na tej uczelni rozpraw doktorskiej (1951) i habilitacyjnej (1960). Od 1949 r. do zasobu wiedzy historycznej wniosła ponad sto publikacji (wykazanych w Bibliografii, opublikowanej wraz z krótką charakterystyką sylwetki Badaczki w czasopiśmie „Odrodzenia i Reformacji w Polsce” LIII, 2009 i Uzupełnieniu do niej, pod tekstem tego artykułu). Dotyczą one: 1) dziejów Prus Królewskich, 2) dziejów reformacji i kontrreformacji, a szczególnie Kościoła braci czeskich w Polsce, 3) dziejów Wielkopolski, zwłaszcza w płaszczyźnie wyznaniowej. Z jej publikacji do najważniejszych należą książki: Dziejopisarstwo gdańskie do połowy XVI w. (1962), Reformacja i kontrreformacja w Wielkopolsce (1995), Bracia Czescy w Wielkopolsce w XVI i XVII w. (1997), Szkoła w Lesznie do 1656 roku. Nauczyciele i programy (2003) i Z dziejów braci czeskich w Polsce (2003). Ze względu na wysokie walory poznawcze i warsztatowe dorobek naukowy Jolanty Dworzaczkowej jest bardzo wysoko ceniony przez polskich i zagranicznych historyków reformacji i kontrreformacji, zwłaszcza zaś czeskich badaczy dziejów braci czeskich na emigracji oraz życia i działalności Jana Amosa Komeńskiego w XVI-XVII w. Professor Jolanta Dworzaczkowa. To Commemorate 90th Birthday and 65 Years of Academic Work The article presents the personal and professional life of prof. Jolanta Dworzaczkowa, née Essmanowska (born 1923). She passed her baccalaureate exams in one of the underground high schools in 1942 and graduated from the underground University of the Western Lands (1942- -1944) in Warsaw and from Poznań University (1945-1947). Between 1950 and 1981, she worked and was regarded as a valuable academic lecturer at Poznań University and Adam Mickiewicz University. In 1951, she defended her Ph. D. thesis and in 1960 she received her habilitation. Since 1949 she has contributed over 100 publications (indicated in Bibliography, published along with a short description of her character in the journal Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce in No. 53, 2009, and in Supplement to it, under the article). These publications concern the history of Royal Prussia, the history of Reformation and Counter-reformation, and in particular, the history of the Unity of the Brethren in Poland, and the history of Greater Poland, especially in terms of religion. Among her publications, the most important are the following books: Dziejopisarstwo gdańskie do połowy XVI w. (“Gdańsk Chronicles Until the Middle of the 16th Century) from 1962, Reformacja i kontrreformacja w Wielkopolsce (“Reformation and Counter-reformation in Greater Poland”) from 1955, Bracia czescy w Wielkopolsce w XVI I XVII w. (“The Unity of Brethren in Greater Poland in the 16th and 17th Century”) from 1997, Szkoła w Lesznie do 1656 roku. Nauczyciele i programy (“Education in Leszno Until 1656. Teachers and Curricula”) from 2003 and Z dziejow braci czeskich w Polsce (“The history of the Unity of Brethren in Poland”) from 2003. The academic work of prof. Dworzaczkowa has immense cognitive value and it proves her great scientific skills, therefore it is extremely respected by historians of Reformation and Counter-reformation in Poland and abroad. The expatriated Czech researchers of the history of the Unity of Brethren and the researchers working on the life and work of Jan Amos Komeński in the 16th and the 17th century particularly value her work.
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Satya Wira Dananjaya, Ida Bagus Made. "Kedudukan Perempuan Dalam Hinduisme." Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawarti 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jic.v1i2.19.
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Women are the sex that gets the most attention in the world compared to the opposite sex, namely men. Cognitive maps “about women” seemed to be viral in all ages. Hardiman noted that the condition and position of women in pre-historic times related to the perception and division of gender-based work was far more egalitarian compared to the beginning of the century until now. Women in pre-history times are perceived to be the same as men, even though it has entered the domestic domain domestic work for women is only temporal-positional. Women are chosen to look after children, gather food because it requires energy for it, in short there is no exploitation.Likewise Fromm stated that before the Patriarchate period women appeared despite work- ing on domestic work but their social position was not asymmetrical. As the times pro- gressed in almost every country beginning in the 17th century there was an intellectual rebellion against women’s social position. Britain, France, America initiated intellectu- al movement through poetry, short stories, women’s associations and in Indonesia this movement was initiated by R.A Kartini, Dewi Sartika, Goesti Ayu Rai etc. Women feel that their position is not the same as that of men, this brings the excess of their weak so- cial position, gender-based division of labor is more exploitative than temporal-positional. This brief description brings a question formulation, does religion have a positive impact on women’s social position in society? This paper wants to provide one answer in the form of argumentation about the position of women in Hinduism.
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Vasechko, V. Yu. "“Communism” maxim in Robert Merton’s code of ethics and its effect in the epistemological discourse of the traditional society." Philosophy of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (2021): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-148-163.
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The article examines one of the maxims of the code of scientific ethos, formulated in 1942 by R.K. Merton, namely “communism” (translated in Russian also as “communalism” and “collectivism”). Although the Merton Code was derived from the study of relationships among European scientists since the 17th century, the author substantiates the possibility of using this maxim to characterize the communication that develops between the subjects of epistemological discourse in traditional society, primarily in the civilizations of the ancient and medieval East (ancient Egypt and Babylon, India, China, the Arab-Muslim world). The epistemological dimension of “communism” is rendered relevant, provided that the re- search community, a community of researchers, is united by common cognitive and professional attitudes. This commune covers not only real-life people performing in various cognitive roles (pioneers, commentators, experts, analysts or popularizers), but also individuals represented virtually. The latter are either the authors of the surviving works, determining the format and problem field of definite epistemological fragment, or future successors of the study, which will connect to it after a while. Violations of ethical principles implicitly perceived by this maxim (such as full mutual trust and equality among study participants, respect for results achieved by others, the priority of common goals over personal competition, etc.) are perceived as treasonous to the spirit of science and behavior worthy of censure. Despite interpersonal and inter-group conflicts accompanying the research work, the view of knowledge as a common, communal property of a commonwealth of scientists or, at least, this team, is an important factor in the effectiveness of scientific research. On the contrary, the privatization of knowledge and its total secrecy, characteristic of periods of scientific stagnation, is accompanied by a break of contacts between the subjects of discourse and the fading of interest in cardinal, breakthrough, innovative epistemological problems.
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Nowak, Jessica. "Zur Diachronie der satzinternen Großschreibung im Niederländischen." Taal en Tongval 73, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 209–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tet2021.4.nowa.
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Abstract On the history of sentence-internal capitalisation in Dutch – a corpus-based study on genre influence on the capitalisation practice Though sentence-internal capitalisation of nouns is – unlike in German – no hallmark of Modern Dutch orthography at all, initial studies on Early Modern Dutch writing practice have affirmed Maas’ (1995, 2007) claim that Dutch once exhibited at least a moderate tendency to uppercase nouns in sentence-internal position (cf. & 2020a): Since both studies were restricted on a corpus of bible prints, it remains an open question whether the capitalisation practice was restricted to this text type only. Therefore, the present paper aims at analysing the use of majuscules in other texts types to gain a more conclusive picture on the overall phenomenon. The contrastive analysis of bible prints with printed travel reports and sailing letters (1500-1800) confirms – on the one hand – previous findings, mainly the fact that the use of majuscules within common nouns was increasingly motivated by cognitive factors, mainly animacy and concreteness of the referent; on the other hand, however, the present study shows that sentence-internal capitalisation of common nouns was much more pronounced in non-biblical texts than expected by previous studies (cf. & 2020a). In contrast to bible prints, non-biblical texts did not abolish sentence-internal uppercase letters by the end of the 17th century, suggesting that this spelling convention was not abandoned due to religious reasons as suggested by & 2007).
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Tsybikova, B. B., and L. S. Dampilova. "Historization and Mythologization of Characters in Buryat Traditions (Image of Balzhan)." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-2-262-274.
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In a comparative aspect, historical and mythological components in the main oral and written versions of stories about a woman who was the main character in the oral traditions and chronicles of the Khori-Buryats are considered. The novelty of the study is in the identification of the historical cognitive part of the traditions in the context of real events concerning the image of Balzhan. The results of a comparative analysis of different versions of written texts and oral stories to identify mythological sacred additions and transform the real story are presented. The relevance of the study is due to a comparative analysis of the main versions of tradition in an interdisciplinary aspect, which led to the conclusion that the storyline of the novels about Balzhan in the vast majority of cases develops exclusively in the context of describing the history of the formation and development of the ethnic group of the Khorinsky Buryats in the period from the 17th century. It is proved that in written versions the main oral plot outline is preserved with the strengthening of historical components, in some cases the entire mythological part is removed to create the image of a plausible historical hero. The authors note that the mythological nomadic insets in the legends go back to oral traditions, having the functions of sacralizing and heroizing the tragic fate of the non-standard woman who determined the fate of the tribe.
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Gambarova, A. G. "Concept “cow” (“bull”) as an archetype in ancient written texts." Philology at MGIMO 23, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-3-23-113-120.
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The 21st century is characterized as the century of globalization, the integration of cultures, which, of course, leaves its mark on the development of cognitive linguistics. Linguistics as a science of language, reflects all the changes that occur in the thinking and speech behavior of modern society. Cognitive linguistics makes it possible to identify and trace the logical foundations of the emergence and development of the human language as a general cultural phenomenon of human life and its features within the framework of a national culture. Cognitive studies in the language bring people together with different levels of development, culture and religious affiliation, which is necessary in the high-tech age, as they promote tolerance, religious tolerance and mutual respect. The article analyzes the mythological and religious texts of different peoples and faiths in order to identify one of C. Jung’s archetypes. It is a collective unconscious modeling function of certain words. Three centuries ago R. Descartes called such archetypes “the alphabet of human thoughts”. Then this expression was partially used in the late 1650s by the mathematician Blaise Pascal, and later applied in the works of G. Leibniz at the end of the 17th century. It is noteworthy that Descartes, Pascal, C. Jung and some other famous scholars were among the first in linguistics and the history of philosophical teachings to point out the importance of studying the symbolic primitives of thought in linguistic culture. They believed that such archetypes, thanks to symbolism, are part of the general linguistic picture of the world. At the same time the analysis was carried out, confirming one of the main provisions of modern cognitive linguistics about the interplay of language and culture, the originality of the linguistic picture of the world put forward in the Middle Ages by E. B. de Condillac, later proclaimed by W. von Humbolt, and underlying Sapir-Wharf’s theory of linguistic relativity.Not trying to “grasp the immensity”, the author of the article did not set a goal to indicate the use of the tokens “bull” and “cow” in different ancient languages. For example, in Asia and the East they acquire individual meaning in the group of Semitic languages (Arabic, etc.) or Turkic-speaking (Turkish, etc.). They are beyond the scope of our study. Comparisons and comparisons of these lexemes only in Russian and Hindi and a group of Indonesian languages come into view. Some other isolated parallels relate to the so-called “background information”. The study relies on a systematic analysis of the famous anthropologist K. Levy-Strauss and on the analogy method, widely used by linguists, culturologists, and anthropologists.
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Gross, Alan G., Joseph E. Harmon, and Michael S. Reidy. "Argument and 17th-Century Science." Social Studies of Science 30, no. 3 (June 2000): 371–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631200030003002.
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Марчукова, С. М. "About the Role of Hermeneutic Analysis of the Heuristic Potential of J. A. Comenius’ Philosophical and Educational Project." Психолого-педагогический поиск, no. 3(55) (October 29, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.55.3.002.
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В методологии современного педагогического исследования принципы герменевтического круга и герменевтической спирали, с одной стороны, способствуют пониманию конкретного знания после предварительного ознакомления с тенденциями развития абстрактного научно-теоретического знания, с другой стороны, способны стать основными структурными элементами, связывающими педагогическую науку и практику (В. В. Краевский). В статье обоснована актуальность использования герменевтического метода для раскрытия эвристического потенциала философско-образовательного проекта Я. А. Коменского, его связи с философской традицией, основы которой заложены в философии и педагогике античности и средневековья. Использование метода герменевтический спирали, «витки» которой отражают связь наследия Коменского с педагогической мыслью этих эпох, позволяет понять, что методология комениологических исследований опирается не на педагогический опыт XVII века, а на фундаментальные основания педагогической науки. Современное осмысление места философско-образовательного проекта Коменского в контексте истории науки и образования способствует соединению двух линий в комениологических исследованиях — педагогической и психологической (Днепров, 1997), развитию эвристического и прогностического аспектов историко-педагогического знания (В. Г. Безрогов, Б. М. Бим-Бад, М. В. Богуславский, Э. Д. Днепров, И. А. Колесникова, Г. Б. Корнетов, А. С. Степанова и др.). В статье приведены примеры изучения трудов Я. А. Коменского разных лет с помощью принципов герменевтического круга и герменевтической спирали. Историко-научный контекст, позволяющий иллюстрировать ретроспективу тенденций дифференциации и интеграции в истории развития образования, определяет новизну исследования. Выявление «эвристичности герменевтического круга» (Ю. С. Сенько) для становления нового педагогического мышления и развития гуманитарного аспекта педагогических технологий составляет теоретическую и практическую значимость исследования для системы высшего педагогического образования и практики работы школы. Раскрытие эвристического потенциала философско-образовательного проекта Я. А. Коменского призвано способствовать развитию отечественной комениологии как одного из фундаментальных направлений историко-педагогической науки. The principles of the hermeneutic cycle and the hermeneutic spiral typical of modern pedagogical research ensure acquisition of practical knowledge through abstract, theoretical cognition and function as structural elements that secure connections between pedagogical theory and practice (V. V. Krayevsky). The article accounts for the relevance of employing the hermeneutic method to unveil the heuristic potential of J. A. Comenius’s philosophical and educational project, to highlight its rootedness in ancient and medieval philosophy and pedagogy. Employing the method of the hermeneutic spiral, whose turns highlight the connections between J. A. Comenius’ legacy and ancient and medieval pedagogy, one can realize that the methodology of comeniological research rests on the fundamental principles of pedagogy rather than on the principles of pedagogy of the 17th century. The modern interpretation of J. A. Comenius’ philosophical and educational project in the context of history of science and education contributes to the integration of pedagogical and psychological aspects of comeniological research (Dneprov, 1997), facilitates the development of the heuristic and prognostic aspects of history of pedagogy (V. G. Bezrogov, B. M. Bim-Bad, M. V. Boguslavsky, E. D. Dneprov, I. A. Kolesnikova, G. B. Kornetov, A. S. Stepanova and others). The article focuses on the application of the principles of the hermeneutic cycle and the hermeneutic spiral to the investigation of J. A. Comenius’s works. The novelty of the research is accounted for by the fact that the tendencies of differentiation and integration are viewed through the prism of historical context. The theoretical significance and the practical value of the research consist in the investigation of the heuristic potential of the hermeneutic cycle (Yu. S. Senko) for modern pedagogical thinking and further humanization of pedagogical technologies. The investigation of the heuristic potential of J. A. Comenius’ philosophical and educational project ensures the development of Russian comeniology as a branch of history of pedagogy
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Stone, R. "HISTORY OF SCIENCE: Championing a 17th Century Underdog." Science 301, no. 5630 (July 11, 2003): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5630.152.
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Angermann, Norbert. "Russian merchants in Livonia in the 17th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (28) (2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2020.201.
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The paper describes the trade activity of Russian merchants in Livonia (in the widest sense of the term, including Estonia), which was under the rule of Sweden and Poland in the 17th century and later only under the Swedish rule. The main purpose of Russian merchants in the beginning of the 17th century was Reval (Tallinn) and later Narva. They also visited Riga and much less Dorpat (today’s Tartu). The author was able to identify new evidence of this by working in the archives of Baltic cities. Shopping yards for Russian merchants were established in Riga, Narva and Dorpat, which served as living quarters and a place for storing and selling goods. Interesting information about this is provided by the accounts of German farm administrators in Narva and Derpt, which are analyzed in this article for the first time. Russian guests in Livonia were mainly middle and minor merchants, as well as representatives of the largest trading companies in Novgorod and Pskov, commissioners of the tsars and, on the other hand, artisans, peasants and fishermen. Their activities served the extensive European trade in linen, hemp, leather, fat and fur as the main Russian supplies. The Livonian inhabitants were also supplied with industrial and agricultural products. The number of visitors to Livonia from northwest Russia and beyond was significantly higher than the number of Livonian merchants trading in Novgorod, Pskov and Moscow.
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Küng, Enn. "Tallinn's Balance of Trade in the 17th Century." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 137 (June 29, 2021): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.194.
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Der mittelalterliche Handel Tallinns (Reval) hatte Waren aus Nordwestrussland und Livland nach Westeuropa weitergeführt. Dabei ist die Handelsbilanz der Stadt im Ost-West-Handel als positiv eingeschätzt worden. Mit dem 1558 ausgebrochenen Russisch-Livländischen Krieg und der Eingliederung der Stadt in das Schwedische Reich lösten sich die Verbindungen zum russischen Markt auf. Tallinn wurde zum Ausfuhrhafen für die landwirtschaftlichen Produkte Estlands, Livlands und Finnlands, v. a. Getreide. Die Handelspartner Revals wechselten: Die Lübecker wurden von den Niederländern verdrängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt der vorliegende Artikel die Handelsbilanz von Tallinn im 17. Jh. in den Blick, ihre Entwicklung und die Frage, ob und inwiefern das Gleichgewicht der Ein- und Ausfuhr erzielt wurde. Die Datengrundlage stellen die dortigen Pfundzollbücher, die mit nur wenigen Lücken vorhanden sind. Aus diesen Büchern geht hervor, dass die positive Handelsbilanz des Mittelalters auch im 17. Jh. für Tallinn charakteristisch war. Während der Kriege am Anfang des 17. Jh.s war die Handelsbilanz Tallinns noch negativ, ab 1622/23 wurde sie aber positiv. Neue Rückschläge erlitt der Handel der Stadt wegen der Kriege Schwedens mit seinen Nachbarstaaten Russland, Polen und Dänemark in der Mitte des 17. Jh.s. Wegen der Missernten der ersten Hälfte der 1660er Jahre wurde die Getreideausfuhr aus Reval verboten. In der Mitte der 1690er Jahre war das Hinterland Tallinns ebenfalls von großen Miss-ernten betroffen, die Hunger mit sich brachten. In diesen Perioden sowie während des 1700 ausgebrochenen Großen Nordischen Krieges war die Handelsbilanz der Stadt negativ. Einer allgemein positiven Handelsbilanz sind also Kriege, Missernten und daraus folgende Getreideausfuhrverbote als zeitweise Störfaktoren des Handels gegenüberzustellen.
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Willumsen, Liv Helene. "Children accused of witchcraft in 17th-century Finnmark." Scandinavian Journal of History 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2012.741450.
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Boldyreva, Natalia. "William Camden’s “Britannia” in 17th-century Russia." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 55, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05501013.
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Abstract This article is an analysis of the historical and topographical treatise “Britannia” by William Camden as transmitted to Russia and translated. Russian audience was introduced to the work by Camden through two atlases. The first of these, the Mercator-Hondius Atlas included lengthy excerpts from the 1600 edition of “Britannia.” The text of the Atlas was translated in 1637 by the staff of Posolskii prikaz. The second translation of Camden’s work into Russian, commissioned by Patriarch Nikon, (that of the 1607 edition) was produced in late 1650s as volume four of the New Atlas by Blaeu. Camden’s antiquarian studies, with the texts juxtaposed to maps, were in high demand in Russia, and this can be proved by numerous copies of the Russian translations and by their use both in private libraries and in schools. This helped spread the latest scientific information about the British Isles in Russia, which circulated among the members of Muscovite intellectual elite.
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Kooi, Christine, Erik Larsen, and Jane P. Davidson. "Calvinistic Economy and 17th Century Dutch Art." Sixteenth Century Journal 32, no. 2 (2001): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2671845.
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Ann Kleimola. "Hunting for Dogs in 17th-Century Muscovy." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no. 3 (2010): 467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.0.0170.
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Orser, Charles E. "Rethinking ‘Bellarmine’ contexts in 17th-century England." Post-Medieval Archaeology 53, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2019.1601390.
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Ackermann, Silke, Elizabeth Gatti, and Thom Richardson. "A 17th-century Pikeman's Armour from Antwerp." Arms & Armour 7, no. 1 (April 2010): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174161210x12652009773410.
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Dinneen, Francis P. "A 17th-century account of Mohawk." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.07din.
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Summary Jacques Bruyas (c.l630-c.l701) left a set of notes on Mohawk in the late 1600s which were published in 1862. His account and work done on the language in the 20th century are compared. Where he fails to record all the sound-contrasts that are functional in the language and is unable to cope with allophones, modern workers may still disagree on how best to represent them. His lack of models for the description of a polysynthetic language, with a modest phonemic inventory, but complex morphophonemics, obscures morphemic boundaries. Bruyas had the reputation among contemporaries of being equally fluent in French and Mohawk, yet his notes fail to mention factors that are obviously frequent, complex and demanded for accurate communication. While the vocabulary in his account is perhaps better handled than in modern works, the selection is more guided by human interest than grammatical relevance.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.
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Kuzmina, Marina D. "“Alphabet Scribe” in the History of Russian Literature." Philology 19, no. 9 (2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-87-101.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the most significant and popular Old Russian scribe – “Alphabetical”, written in the late 16th – early 17th century according to researchers. The assumption is made that it was replenished and adjusted over several decades, quickly responding to the demands of the times and reflecting the main processes that took place in Russian literature of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The scribe reflected the central feature of this period: the interaction of the traditional and the new, with an emphasis on the new. It demonstrates such new aspects of Russian literature of the 17th century as secularization, democratization, fiction, and individualization. It is rather telling that the vast majority of sample messages are private letters written for relatives and friends. Particularly noteworthy are the samples of ‘anti-friendly’ letters, some of which are parodies of friendly letters. They make up an organic part of the 17th century parodies, namely such satirical texts as Kalyazinsky Petition, The Dowry Document, The Tale of Ersh Ershovich, The Service of the Tavern. As it is known, parodies play a crucial role in the turning periods of literary development, which was the 17th century. In this era, first of all, the most stable and therefore most recognizable genres were parodied: business (petitions, dowry, court documents, etc.) and church (hagiographies, prayers, akathists, church services, etc.) writing. Quite noteworthy is the appearance along with these parodies of the parody of the epistolary genre, indicating that it had fully developed, and occupied a proper place in the system of literature genres, and was unmistakably recognized by authors and readers. Moreover, a new, ‘secular’ version had developed and was recognized: friendly letters, which were by no means educational, unlike those popular in Ancient Russian literature of previous centuries.
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Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 1 (2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109.
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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Dayton, Cornelia Hughes, and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 3 (July 1986): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845736.
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Nuchelmans, Gabriel. "A 17th-century debate on the consequentia mirabilis." History and Philosophy of Logic 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445349208837193.
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Wilkinson, Greg. "Eating disorder in 17th century France – psychiatry in history." British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.162.
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DENNEHY, COLEMAN A. "Speakers in the 17th-Century Irish Parliament*." Parliamentary History 29, no. 1 (February 2010): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.2009.00135.x.
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Chambert-Loir, Henri. "Islamic Law in 17th Century Aceh." Archipel, no. 94 (December 6, 2017): 51–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/archipel.444.
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Ailes, Mary Elizabeth. "WARS, WIDOWS, AND STATE FORMATION IN 17TH‐CENTURY SWEDEN." Scandinavian Journal of History 31, no. 1 (March 2006): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750500444038.
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Walker, Jonathan, Filippo de Vivo, and James Shaw. "A dialogue on spying in 17th-century Venice 1." Rethinking History 10, no. 3 (September 2006): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520600816098.
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Adams, Ann Jensen, and Peter C. Sutton. "Masters of Dutch 17th-Century Landscape Painting." Art Bulletin 74, no. 2 (June 1992): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045877.
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Karlsen, Carol F., and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." William and Mary Quarterly 42, no. 2 (April 1985): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1920438.
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Butler, Jon, and Richard Weisman. "Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts." American Historical Review 90, no. 1 (February 1985): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860893.
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Shell, Richard J. "The Marianas population decline: 17th century estimates." Journal of Pacific History 34, no. 3 (December 1999): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572914.
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Subbiondo, Joseph L. "Neo-aristotelian grammar in 17th-century England." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.08sub.
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Summary In his Herm’œlogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of Speaking of 1659 Basset Jones intended to supplement William Lily’s (c. 1468–1522) popular 16th-century grammar, which had received the endorsement of Edward VI. Written in English and Latin, Lily’s grammar through its many editions not only set the standard for Latin grammars, but it also established the style for the first and subsequent grammars of English. Jones realized that Lily’s grammatical model, with its emphasis solely on the classification and arrangement of material according to the classic paradigms for conjugation and declension, ignored the philosophy of grammar which was necessary for an understanding of the relationship of language and thought.
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Abercrombie, David. "William Holder and other 17th-century phoneticians." Historiographia Linguistica 20, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1993): 309–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.20.2-3.04abe.
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Summary In spite of inevitable deficiencies in their knowledge, 17th-century writers on phonetics can be said to have succeeded in laying the foundations of a true general phonetics. They include some famous names, such as John Wallis and Isaac Newton, but many of them have remained virtually unknown until comparatively recent times, in spite of having contributed significant insights. A brief mention is given here of the work of thirteen of these early writers on phonetics, followed by a fuller account of William Holder (1616–1698), probably the best phonetician of his time. He was not an orthoepist, nor was he concerned to describe the sounds of English. His book had a practical purpose – to provide a theoretical basis for techniques of teaching the deaf. Possible ambiguity in the 17th-century use of ‘letter’ is explained before examining Holder’s description of the sounds of speech. This includes his interesting use of the hylomorphic distinction between ‘matter’ and ‘form’. The description of vowels is almost inevitably less satisfactory than that of the consonants, but his phonetic terminology and general framework would not be out of place in a modern introduction to phonetics. He deserves more attention than he has received, both for his theoretical contribution and for his pioneering work in techniques of teaching the deaf.
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Hoving, A. J. "A 17th-century Dutch 134-footpinas, Part 1." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17, no. 3 (August 1988): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1988.tb00649.x.
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Ciesielski, Stanisław. "Stalin przeciwko Pokrowskiemu. Z dziejów stalinowskiej „polityki historycznej”." Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 23 (September 27, 2019): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1429-4168.23.4.
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Сталин против Покровского. Из истории сталинской «исторической политики»Михаил Покровский в двадцатых годах и в первой половине тридцатых годов ХХ века считался признанным лидером марксистской историографии в СССР. Начатая Сталиным переоценка многих явлений в истории России, связанная со стремлением к интеграции советского общества на основе особого патриотизма и чувства державности привела к оспариванию и отрицанию прежней исторической политики, символом которой был Покровский. Неудача попытки создания учениками Покровского школьных учебников стало для Сталина импульсом для начала кампании, направленной на учёного и его «школу». Во время её взгляды Покровского были признаны антимарксистскими и антиленинскими. Его обвиняли в том, что, исповедуя экономический материализм и когнитивный субъективизм, не понимая диалектики, он проповедовал вульгарный марксизм, трактовал историю как политику возврата в прошлое и оспаривал её объективизм как науки, а как следствие этого стоял на позиции ликвидаторского подхода к истории. Покровскому приписывали игнорирование конкретности исторического процесса, роли выдающихся личностей, антиисторическое понимание отдельных явлений с перспективы современности, а не обстоятельств, при которых они имели место. Важную роль играла критика торгового капитала и его исторической роли. Подвергнуты сомнению были ключевые элементы свойственной Покровскому картины прошлого России. Покровского обвиняли в игнорировании, недооценке или ошибочной интерпретации истории Киевской Руси, строительства «российского народного государства», крестьянских движений, государственных реформ, борьбы с польской интервенцией в начале XVII века и с нашествием Наполеона в 1812 году, восстания декабристов, процесса включения в Российское государство других народов. Stalin against Pokrovsky: On the history of Stalinist “historical policy”In the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s Mikhail Pokrovsky was regarded as a leading Marxist historiographer in the USSR. A revision, initiated by Stalin, of views on many phenomena from Russia’s history, connected with a desire to consolidate Soviet society on the basis of a redefined patriotism and feeling of being part of a superpower, led to a questioning and rejection of the historical policy which Pokrovsky symbolised. The failure to prepare new school textbooks by Pokrovsky’s pupils prompted Stalin to launch a campaign against the scholar and his “school.” Pokrovsky’s views were pronounced anti-Marxist and anti-Leninist. As a man allegedly kowtowing to economic materialism and cognitive subjectivism, and not understanding dialectics, Pokrovsky was accused of vulgarising Marxism, treating history as a policy of projecting into the past and questioning its objectivism as a science, and, consequently, of representing an approach to it that was that of a liquidator. Pokrovsky was said to be ignoring the concreteness of the historical process, the role of outstanding individuals, to be following an ahistorical approach to various phenomena from the perspective of the present and not of the circumstances in which they had taken place. An important role was played by criticism of the concept of commercial capital and its historical role. Key elements of Pokrovsky’s picture of Russia’s past were questioned. Pokrovsky was accused of ignoring, failing to appreciate or misinterpreting the history of Kievan Rus’, of the building of the “Russian nation state,” peasant movements, state reforms, fight against the Polish intervention in the early 17th century and the Napoleonic invasion in 1812, the Decembrist Uprising, and the process of incorporating various nations into the Russian state.
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Kolesnyk, Oksana B., and Svitlana P. Karychkovska. "ANTHROPOGENIC APPELLATIVE DERIVED ORONYMS OF HISTORICAL UMAN REGION." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 2, no. 22 (2021): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2523-4463-2021-2-22-13.
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The aim of the article is to find out the motives for the nomination of some oronyms of the historical Uman region that covers certain districts of Cherkasy, Kirovohrad and Vinnytsia regions and tends to belong to Uman. It is important to analyze the names in the diachronic aspect (their usage from the first mentions in written texts to the present day). The study of onym material involves the use of scientific cognition methods, including descriptive one for sorting out oronyms taken from written texts of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and documents from Ukrainian archival institutions, comparative-historical – to establish the reasons for the nomination of land forms recorded in Uman region in the seventeenth century, diachronic – as a means of studying names in historical development. For the first time the oronymic factual material of Uman region of the 17th–19th centuries was introduced into scientific circulation and its structural word-forming and lexical-semantic features in the diachronic aspect are investigated. Given that such objects were renamed, oronyms usually had several variants, and even within the same document, different models of the name of a particular object were recorded. The names associated with the relief elements reflect the landscape diversity of the historical Uman region. The location in Central Ukraine contributed to the creation of an original natural complex of the study area. In proper names, this is expressed primarily in the use of geographical terminology. For the historical Uman region, the terms that have become proper names are beam, valley, grotto, levada, grave, and ravine. The transformation and transition of geographical nouns into microtoponyms take place on the basis of fixing the singularity and individuality of reality itself. But along with the onymization of the toponymic appellation in the microtoponymformation complex constructions have been involved, in the attributive part of which there are lexemes expressed in landscape terminology: Deep Valley; Thunder, or Lion's Grotto; Bloody ravine; The field of the industrious Yurentokh Kushnir. Most names for landforms contain a description of the physical and geographical properties of natural realities. Microtoponyms characterize the objects by their size, shape, and length. The appellative derived names of the historical Uman region which reflect the relief and landscape features of the area are divided into two groups: 1. Microtoponyms of naturogenic origin (reflect lowland terrain, elevated terrain, plain terrain, physical and geographical properties of the object (shape, size and other features of the denotation), indicate the metaphor, flora and fauna of the region); 2. Microtoponyms of anthropogenic origin (related to human activity). It was found that the studied names associated with the elements of relief, reflect not only the diversity of the landscape of the historical Uman region, but also indicate the occupation of the population, ethnic composition; related to the names of structures, buildings, facilities, roads and certain events and occasions. Most of them exist today only in scientific works, having disappeared from the speech of the locals, and some onyms have undergone partial linguistic and component changes during the history of their usage.
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Huang, Kangni. "Supplementing History: Xiyou bu as a 17th-Century Meta-Xiaoshuo." Ming Qing Yanjiu 26, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340063.
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Abstract Xiaoshuo has long been considered supplementary to official historiography in the Chinese literary tradition. In this paper, I will rethink the supplementary nature of xiaoshuo as a conceptual issue. Specifically, I focus on the 17th-century novel Xiyou bu as a unique case in which the protagonist can be interpreted as a literary figuration of the creative agency of xiaoshuo. My close reading, in turn, takes into account that conventional discourses on xiaoshuo consider xiaoshuo a genre that is intended for supplementing, expanding, and explicating official historical sources.
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Gut, Przemysław. "The Philosophy of the 17th Century and Its History: Introduction." Roczniki Filozoficzne 63, no. 1 (2015): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf.2015.63.1-1.
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