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Dozhdikova, Raisa N. "Cognitive analysis of the everyday cognition functions." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2022-2-18-26.
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As a result of the present research, the systematisation of the functions of everyday cognition was carried out, which made it possible to explicate its functions that had not previously been the subject of special philosophical consideration: ontological, regulatory, reflexive, selective, prognostic, programming function of the activity, behaviour and communication function of reproduction of social life. The cognitive mechanisms and communicative schemes of everyday cognition, its existential and methodological functions, the features of the functions of cognitive and digital socialisation, as well as the adaptive function of everyday cognition at the present stage are considered. It was concluded that everyday cognition is a key cognitive factor in the reproduction of social life.
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Hyde, Janet S. "Sex and cognition: gender and cognitive functions." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 38 (June 2016): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2016.02.007.
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Thoyib, Ellys, and R. Y. Effendi. "ANALISIS KOGNITIF PESERTA PELATIHAN VOKASIONAL RENCANA USAHA DAN MANAJEMEN KEUANGAN KELOMPOK SWADAYA MASYARAKAT (KSM) BINAAN BDC SRIWIJAYA PALEMBANG." Jemasi: Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen dan Akuntansi 15, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35449/jemasi.v15i1.38.
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The purpose of the analysis is to find out the cognitions that appear in the cognitive system of vocational training participants in business plans and financial management of self-help groups (KSM) assisted by BDC Sriwijaya Palembang through the pre-test and post-test answers.There are 3 groups of knowledge behavior modes in participants' memories, namely positive mode 73%, negative 17% and doubtful 10%.Through the statement "I believe being able to understand the material of business plans and financial management" 83% positive and 17% negative cognitions are generated in the cognitive structure.These cognitions integrate with cognitive functions namely new cognitive notions, emotions, attitudes and motivations.New cognitive understanding results from integration with emotions, namely positive cognition 74% and negative 26%, a change in 9% positive cognition switches to negative.Integration of cognition with attitudes produces positive cognition 44%, negative 7% and neutral 49%, here there is a transition between positive and negative cognition to neutral cognition or no opinion at all. Integration with motivation by asking KSM motives / hopes, generated business capital assistance motives positive cognition 89% negative 11%, marketing assistance motives, 70% positive cognition 30%, and guiding motives to developing KSM efforts, positive cognition 92% negative 8%.Conclusion Changing habits that have been practiced for years will take time, energy and great breakthroughs about training methods that they are easy to understand.
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Crosson, Bruce. "Subcortical Functions in Cognition." Neuropsychology Review 31, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09511-6.
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Kumar, Narottam, and Udham Singh. "Yoga for improving mood and cognitive functions – A brief review." Yoga Mimamsa 53, no. 1 (2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ym.ym_11_21.
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Generally speaking, people are vulnerable to face rigorous work and learn how to enhance cognitive functions by improving mood state. The extant research evidence appears to support the proposition that yoga may improve mood and cognitive functions of the various populations. Balanced mood state plays a precious role in cognition, quality of life, and successful life. This review highlights the effect of yoga practices on improving mood and cognition and also provides inculcation of various yogic practices as a therapy to improve mood that leads to better cognitive function. It has been found that mood disturbance may lead to poorer cognition and cognitive impairment. Good cognitive functions depend on healthy frontal lobes of the brain and mood states. Therefore, there is need to populate the insights that healthy mood may lead to better cognition as a result of yoga interventions.
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Njomboro, Progress. "Social Cognition Deficits: Current Position and Future Directions for Neuropsychological Interventions in Cerebrovascular Disease." Behavioural Neurology 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2627487.
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Neuropsychological assessments of cognitive dysfunction in cerebrovascular illness commonly target basic cognitive functions involving aspects of memory, attention, language, praxis, and number processing. Here, I highlight the clinical importance of often-neglected social cognition functions. These functions recruit a widely distributed neural network, making them vulnerable in most cerebrovascular diseases. Sociocognitive deficits underlie most of the problematic social conduct observed in patients and are associated with more negative clinical outcomes (compared to nonsocial cognitive deficits). In clinical settings, social cognition deficits are normally gleaned from collateral information from caregivers or from indirect inferences made from patients’ performance on standard nonsocial cognitive tests. Information from these sources is however inadequate. I discuss key social cognition functions, focusing initially on deficits in emotion perception and theory of mind, two areas that have gained sizeable attention in neuroscientific research, and then extend the discussion into relatively new, less covered but crucial functions involving empathic behaviour, social awareness, social judgements, and social decision making. These functions are frequently impaired following neurological change. At present, a wide range of psychometrically robust social cognition tests is available, and this review also makes the case for their inclusion in neuropsychological assessments.
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Xu, Chunsheng, Dongfeng Zhang, Xiaocao Tian, Haiping Duan, Yili Wu, Zengchang Pang, Shuxia Li, and Qihua Tan. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Correlations Between Hearing and Cognitive Functions in Middle and Older Chinese Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.42.
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The genetic and environmental impacts on correlations between hearing and cognitive functions have not been well studied. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Hearing function was assessed by audiometric pure-tone hearing thresholds at different frequencies, including 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 8 kHz, and 12.5 kHz, with the lower hearing thresholds indicating better hearing function. Cognitive and hearing functions were measured on 379 complete twin pairs (240 monozygotic and 139 dizygotic pairs) with a median age of 50 years (range: 40–80 years). Bivariate twin models were fitted to quantify the genetic and environmental components of the correlations between hearing and cognitive functions. The analysis showed significantly high genetic correlation between 2 kHz of hearing and cognition (rG = −1.00, 95% CI [−1.00, −0.46]) and moderate genetic correlation between 4 kHz of hearing and cognition (rG = −0.62, 95% CI [−1.00, −0.14]). We found no significant genetic correlations between low as well as high frequencies of hearing and cognition. Low to moderate common and unique environmental correlations were shown between low frequencies of hearing and cognition (−0.13 to −0.39) and the common environmental correlation between 8 kHz, one of the high frequencies of hearing, and cognition (−0.22). The middle frequencies of hearing and cognitive functions may have a shared genetic basis. Low frequencies of hearing and cognition may share similar common and unique environmental factors. At 8 kHz, the high frequency of hearing and cognition may share similar common environment. This twin study detected a significant genetic and environmental basis in the phenotype correlation between cognition and hearing, which differed across frequencies.
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Wang, Chuanming, John S. Y. Chan, Lijie Ren, and Jin H. Yan. "Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functions across the Lifespan." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473081.
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Due to a sedentary lifestyle, more and more people are becoming obese nowadays. In addition to health-related problems, obesity can also impair cognition and motor performance. Previous results have shown that obesity mainly affects cognition and motor behaviors through altering brain functions and musculoskeletal system, respectively. Many factors, such as insulin/leptin dysregulation and inflammation, mediate the effect of obesity and cognition and motor behaviors. Substantial evidence has suggested exercise to be an effective way to improve obesity and related cognitive and motor dysfunctions. This paper aims to discuss the association of obesity with cognition and motor behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Following this, mechanisms of exercise to improve obesity-related dysfunctions are described. Finally, implications and future research direction are raised.
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Chung, King. "Theories on Hearing-Cognition Functions." Hearing Journal 71, no. 12 (December 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000550399.89895.51.
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Curtis, Ashley, and Constance Visovsky. "OUT OF THE MEDICINE CABINET: NONPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVE COGNITION AND ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1202.
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Abstract There is a lack of pharmacological agents for improving cognition, and the negative impact of polypharmacy on cognitive and physiological functioning in aging adults is well established. This has prompted investigation of non-pharmacological interventions aimed at improving cognition and associated functions. This symposium will provide a comprehensive evaluation of several of these promising evidence-based behavioral approaches. Paper 1 will describe several computerized cognitive training programs for improving cognition and sleep in middle-aged and older adults. Paper 2 will evaluate short-term complex music training versus music listening on cognitive function in older adults. Paper 3 will describe the impact of cognitive behavioral and virtual reality treatments for insomnia on sleep, cognition, arousal, and mood in several primarily middle-aged and older adult populations with chronic insomnia. Paper 4 will examine physical differences in gait function of older adult breast cancer survivors, providing insight into fall risk indicators, and targets for behavioral intervention. Paper 5 will describe results from a randomized clinical trial evaluating a mindfulness-based stress reduction for improving self-reported and objective cognition as well as fatigue. As Discussant, Dr. Constance Visovsky will integrate research findings and discuss areas for future research investigation. In sum, this symposium will provide unique insight into the impact of alternative approaches ‘beyond the medicine cabinet’ for improving not only cognition, but other areas of associated functioning in mid-to-late life. Thus, this session will help to inform interventions that can be delivered online and in the community to help mitigate risk and/or delay onset of cognitive decline.
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Shackell, Cameron. "Finite semiotics: Recovery functions, semioformation, and the hyperreal." Semiotica 2019, no. 227 (March 5, 2019): 211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0153.
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AbstractThe grounding of semiotics in the finiteness of cognition is extended by examining the assumption that cognition can be compared or described. To this end, the two means by which qualitative values for cognition are putatively derived – introspection and observation – are framed in terms of the semiosic field as metacognition and trans-metacognition. These recovery functions are seen to be complex and mutable, dependent on context and habitus rather than objective encapsulation of past thought. An alternative view of cognitive similarity is offered: that recovery functions stabilize a mythology of cognition that facilitates its allocation by important discourses such as psychology, neurology, philosophy, and indeed semiotics. These superstructural discourses, in turn, operate to shape the context and habitus of new agents, including the proliferation of recovery functions. To formalize this cyclically determinative process, a concept of semioformation is introduced that locates the ontogeny of agents among the cumulative externalities of other agents. Determination, rather than description, is therefore posited as the effect of the assignment of qualitative or equivalence values to cognition. With this in mind, technology is highlighted as a critical area in which to examine recovery functions and semioformation. In particular, the category of the real is seen as undergoing rapid mutation.
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Mercante, Beniamina, Paolo Enrico, and Franca Deriu. "Cognitive Functions following Trigeminal Neuromodulation." Biomedicines 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2023): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092392.
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Vast scientific effort in recent years have been focused on the search for effective and safe treatments for cognitive decline. In this regard, non-invasive neuromodulation has gained increasing attention for its reported effectiveness in promoting the recovery of multiple cognitive domains after central nervous system damage. In this short review, we discuss the available evidence supporting a possible cognitive effect of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS). In particular, we ask that, while TNS has been widely and successfully used in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric conditions, as far as research in the cognitive field is concerned, where does TNS stand? The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve, conveying the sensory information from the face to the trigeminal sensory nuclei, and from there to the thalamus and up to the somatosensory cortex. On these bases, a bottom-up mechanism has been proposed, positing that TNS-induced modulation of the brainstem noradrenergic system may affect the function of the brain networks involved in cognition. Nevertheless, despite the promising theories, to date, the use of TNS for cognitive empowering and/or cognitive decline treatment has several challenges ahead of it, mainly due to little uniformity of the stimulation protocols. However, as the field continues to grow, standardization of practice will allow for data comparisons across studies, leading to optimized protocols targeting specific brain circuitries, which may, in turn, influence cognition in a designed manner.
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Kulcsar, Zsuzsanna, Ede Frecska, and Izabella Varga. "Endogenous opioid functions and personality." European Journal of Personality 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010107.
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According to our proposal the endogenous opioid functions, activated mainly by social interactions in early childhood and by stress later in life, serve multiple roles both in early ontogenesis and in adulthood. First, they might insure social cohesion. Second, they can mediate a special kind of homeostatic regulation, and third, they seem to determine characteristic cognitive functions: primary process thinking, primitive forms of defense mechanisms and basic conceptual structures guiding prosocial behavior. We propose that an alternation of two biological states, one with and one without the involvement of the endogenous opioid mechanisms, characterizes the normal course of life. These two states are supposed to represent different forms of homeostatic regulation and different kinds of cognition. Physical and psychological health seems to be dependent on the relative part each takes in the life of an individual. On the basis of some considerations discussed in this paper the endogenous opioid functions seem to be relevant factors of human cognition. The conceptual scheme of psychoanalysis, worked out on the basis of empirical data, could be Led to describe the cognitive characteristics which, in our proposal, were suggested to ensue on the endogenous opioid activity.
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Durdiakova, Jaroslava, Daniela Ostatnikova, and Peter Celec. "Testosterone and its metabolites - modulators of brain functions." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 71, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 434–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2011-1863.
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Testosterone is a steroid sex hormone with an important role in the physiology in both sexes. It is involved in the development of morphological and functional parameters of the body via multiple molecular mechanisms. Intensive research focused on testosterone reveals associations with cognitive abilities and behavior and its causative role in sex differences in cognition. Testosterone modulates brain structure and the differentiation of neurons during intrauterine development with profound effects on brain functions during postnatal life. In this review we summarize the effects of testosterone on brain physiology and cognition with respect to the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Gorra, Nicole. "Auditory Cognition." Medical & Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2024): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/mcr.09.09.04.
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Following vision, audition is often regarded as a secondary sensory system in the study of cognitive science and behavioral neuroscience. Auditory cognition tasks relate to the discernment of finite differences in frequency, duration, or rhythmic pattern. They suggest that there is a wide range of auditory functions required to mediate auditory responses. Auditory perception is the ability to interpret information that is received from the environment, and it is in this interpretation that audible frequency waves through the air or otherwise, follow a series of processes that allow for the acuity of sound. Several mechanisms are employed in the processing of acoustic information to extricate the many sources present and to assess the properties of individual events or sequences of events presenting themselves from a source. From a cognitive level, the sequential relations among events in longer sequences must be advanced to comprehend the nature of actions on objects that are extended in time.
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Papageorgiou, Georgios, Dimitrios Kasselimis, Georgia Angelopoulou, Dimitrios Tsolakopoulos, Nikolaos Laskaris, Argyro Tountopoulou, Eleni Korompoki, et al. "Neurocognitive Profiles of Caucasian Moyamoya Disease Patients in Greece: A Case Series." NeuroSci 3, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci3010010.
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The impact of Moyamoya Disease (MMD) on cognition inadult Caucasian patients has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The current study is the first to present detailed neuropsychological data on a series of Greek patients with MMD. A group of eight patients was assessed with an extensive neuropsychological battery, including measures of episodic memory, working memory, executive functions, language, and social cognition. The results indicated that MMD may be characterized by a trichotomous neurocognitive profile, characterized by prominent impairment in working memory, executive functions, and social cognition. Overall, we stress the need for a thorough cognitive evaluation of MMD patients and further highlight the potential importance of social cognition in this particular disease. Possible associations between the three impaired cognitive domains in our group are also discussed.
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Eslami Shahrbabaki, Mahin, Delaram Barfehie, Shahrzad Mazhari, Atefeh Ahmadi, and Shahideh Shafiee. "Comparing Cognitive Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia and Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis with Healthy Controls." Addiction and Health 14, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2022.1143.
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Background: There are similar findings about the similarities and differences of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MIP). This study aimed to compare cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and MIP patients, using a performance-based cognitive assessment battery and an interview-based assessment of cognition. Methods: Three groups participated in this study including, (a) 30 patients with MIP, (b) 30 patients with schizophrenia, and (c) 30 healthy individuals. All participants received the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), a standardized performance-based cognitive battery, the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), and the interview-based assessment of cognition. Findings: Both groups of patients with schizophrenia and MIP performed poorly on all the BACS cognitive domains compared with the healthy controls. The two patient groups were significantly different on the three BACS subscales including verbal fluency, verbal memory, and speed of information processing. Schizophrenia patients performed worse than the MIP group concerning these three subscales. However, the two patient groups were similar in executive function, working memory, and motor speed. Moreover, the SCoRS-informant, SCoRS-global, and PANSS-negative significantly differed between schizophrenia and MIP patients. Conclusion: Although cognitive dysfunctions are mostly similar in patients with MIP and schizophrenia, there are some differences especially in the functions related to prefrontal and temporal lobes.
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Kovalenko, E. N., and T. V. Larionova. "Allusion and Its Functions in Distributed Cognition Theory in the English Language and Speech." SibScript 26, no. 4 (August 14, 2024): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/sibscript-2024-26-4-515-524.
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Cognitive studies describe explicit and implicit means of revealing cognitive and linguistic skills. Allusions play a particular role in distributed cognition in language and speech. This research featured the cognitive potential of linguistic allusion in line with the theory of distributed cognition. The authors used the methods of conceptual and contextual analyses to clarify the main research concepts, describe allusion as a cognitive phenomenon, and define its functions. The article covers such issues as the interaction between the speaker and the language within the linguistic eco-system, the concepts of linguistic ecology and ecological linguistics, and the biological approach in linguistics. Allusion appeared to have constitutive and verifying functions. The constitutive function arranged discourse by correlating the information given by the respondent with the additional meanings that occur in the process of communication. The verifying function provided the accuracy of perception. These functions made it possible to use allusion to describe distributed cognition in speech as consisting of three stages: evaluation, correlation, and interaction.
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Jovanovic, Stevan, and Dragan Pavlovic. "Motoric functions and cognition in elderly." Engrami 38, no. 2 (2016): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/engrami1602035j.
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HIDIROĞLU ONGUN, Ceren. "Intervention Programs Focusing on Social Cognition in Schizophrenia." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (January 21, 2024): 554–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1393279.
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Social cognitive functions make it possible to correctly recognize and interpret the emotions and mental states of others in the social environment, to understand their intentions correctly and to react accordingly. Therefore, these functions arecritical for healthy social interactions and professional success in human life. Social cognitive functions are impaired in many psychiatric and neurological diseases and this impairment negatively affects almost all areas of patients' lives, albeit in different dimensions. According to research findings revealing the relationship between social cognition and social functioning, social cognition should be one of the treatment targets for many diseases. Recently, there has been increasing interest in interventions that target the improvement of these functions. In this article, these training programs, research findings and assessment tools used in these studies are discussed in the specific case of schizophrenia.
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Smolensky, Paul. "Symbolic functions from neural computation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1971 (July 28, 2012): 3543–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0334.
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Is thought computation over ideas? Turing, and many cognitive scientists since, have assumed so, and formulated computational systems in which meaningful concepts are encoded by symbols which are the objects of computation. Cognition has been carved into parts, each a function defined over such symbols. This paper reports on a research program aimed at computing these symbolic functions without computing over the symbols. Symbols are encoded as patterns of numerical activation over multiple abstract neurons, each neuron simultaneously contributing to the encoding of multiple symbols. Computation is carried out over the numerical activation values of such neurons, which individually have no conceptual meaning. This is massively parallel numerical computation operating within a continuous computational medium. The paper presents an axiomatic framework for such a computational account of cognition, including a number of formal results. Within the framework, a class of recursive symbolic functions can be computed. Formal languages defined by symbolic rewrite rules can also be specified, the subsymbolic computations producing symbolic outputs that simultaneously display central properties of both facets of human language: universal symbolic grammatical competence and statistical, imperfect performance.
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Dowling, N. Maritza, Sarah Tomaszewski Farias, Bruce R. Reed, Joshua A. Sonnen, Milton E. Strauss, Julie A. Schneider, David A. Bennett, and Dan Mungas. "Neuropathological Associates of Multiple Cognitive Functions in Two Community-Based Cohorts of Older Adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 4 (November 22, 2010): 602–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710001426.
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AbstractStudies of neuropathology-cognition associations are not common and have been limited by small sample sizes, long intervals between autopsy and cognitive testing, and lack of breadth of neuropathology and cognition variables. This study examined domain-specific effects of common neuropathologies on cognition using data (N = 652) from two large cohort studies of older adults. We first identified dimensions of a battery of 17 neuropsychological tests, and regional measures of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology. We then evaluated how cognitive factors were related to dimensions of AD and additional measures of cerebrovascular and Lewy Body disease, and also examined independent effects of brain weight. All cognitive domains had multiple neuropathology determinants that differed by domain. Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles were the strongest predictors of most domains, while medial temporal tangles showed a weaker relationship with episodic memory. Neuritic plaques had relatively strong effects on multiple domains. Lewy bodies and macroscopic infarcts were associated with all domains, while microscopic infarcts had more limited associations. Brain weight was related to all domains independent of specific neuropathologies. Results show that cognition is complexly determined by multiple disease substrates. Neuropathological variables and brain weight contributed approximately a third to half of the explained variance in different cognitive domains. (JINS, 2011, 17, 602–614).
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Jung, Nam-Hae. "Relationship Between Oral Motor and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Korean Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional, Observational Study." Healthcare 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2024): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12202097.
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Background: The present study analyzed the relationship between oral motor and cognitive functions in community-dwelling older Korean adults. Methods: Study participants included 113 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 73.84 years. Subjects’ cognition was assessed using the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and tongue, cheek, and lip pressures were assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Tongue and masseter thicknesses were measured using an ultrasound device (Sonon, Healcerion, Roseville, CA, USA). The occlusal force was measured using a specialized device (Innobyte, Kube Innovation, Montreal, QC, Canada), and the number of lost teeth was directly verified by a dental hygienist. Results: Results of analysis of cognitive function according to demographic characteristics of older community-dwelling adults revealed a significant difference in cognitive function according to education level and employment status. Cognitive function demonstrated a positive correlation with oral motor function, including pressure on the cheek, lips, and tongue, thickness of the masseter and tongue, occlusal force, number of lost teeth, and age. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that demographic characteristics and cheek, lip, tongue, and masseter functions did not affect cognition, whereas occlusal force and number of lost teeth significantly affected cognition. In this study, oral motor function, excluding occlusal force and number of lost teeth, did not affect cognition. Conclusions: Future studies, however, are required to analyze the relationship between oral motor function and cognition in older adults with a wider range of such functions.
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Senoussi, Mehdi, and Laura Dugué. "La vision : un modèle d’étude de la cognition." Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive 72, no. 1 (2020): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/intel.2020.1957.
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Vision : a Model to Study Cognition. Our senses – vision, audition, touch, taste and smell – constantly receive a large amount of information. This information is processed and used in order to guide our actions. Cognitive sciences consist in studying mental abilities through different disciplines, e. g. linguistic, neuropsychology, neuroscience or modelling. Each discipline considers mental phenomena and their physical substrate, the nervous system, as a tool to process information in order to guide behavior adaptively (Collins, Andler, & Tallon-Baudry, 2018). Cognitive functions are a collection of processing systems serving different goals, and whose interactions are key to the complexity of cognition. Studying cognition often implies operationalizing each of these functions separately. For example, memory allows to store and reuse information, and attention allows to select relevant information for the task at hand, and to facilitate its processing. To characterize the processes of specific cognitive functions, it is thus necessary to provide to the studied subject – here we concentrate on human and non-human primates – an information to be processed, through different sensory modalities. In this essay, we concentrate on vision as a unique model to study cognition through different fields of cognitive sciences, from cognitive psychology to neurosciences, mentioning also briefly modeling and neuropsychology. Our objective is not to do an exhaustive description of the visual system, nor to compare in detail vision with other sensory modalities, but to argue that the accumulation of evidence on the visual system, as well as its characteristic perceptual, algorithmic and physiological organization, make it a particularly rich model to study cognitive functions. After a brief presentation of some properties of vision, we will illustrate our argument focusing on a specific cognitive function : attention, and in particular its study in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. We will discuss how our knowledge of vision allowed us to understand the behavioral and neuronal mechanisms underlying attentional selection and facilitation of information. We will finally conclude that sensory systems can be used as models to study cognition in different fields of cognitive sciences.
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Nazrien, Nazrien M. D., Novitri Novitri, Tertiano Prabowo, and Farida Arisanti. "The Role of Cognition in Balance Control." OBM Neurobiology 08, no. 01 (February 17, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2401211.
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Balance is the ability to move and/or preserve a particular position while not falling under external force. Human balance is a complex process of integration and coordination of the sensory, motor, and biomechanical components, which is influenced by intrinsic and exogenous factors. One inherent factor that is hypothesized to have an impact on balance is cognition. However, studies about cognition's role in balance control are still limited, and study literature is needed to gain a better understanding. Cognition is involved in various thinking processes. Attention, memory, visuospatial, and executive functions are among the cognitive areas integrated with information processing in the processing of information, followed by a reaction that aims to preserve body balance and prevent falls. Cognition limitation has been linked to decreased function associated with gait alterations, mobility limitation, and increased risk of falling. Cognitive function impairments such as executive function (EF) limitations are thought to increase the risk of losing. Injury to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum can also affect the cognitive function in balance. The role of cognition in maintaining physical balance is critical. Deficits in cognitive function caused by diseases or injuries will impact bodily balance control.
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da Silva Alves, Bárbara Bispo, Elizabete de Oliveira Barbosa, Daniel de Moraes Pimentel, Lara S. F. Carneiro, Ana Carolina M. A. Rodrigues, Andréa Camaz Deslandes, Mariana Rocha Alves, et al. "Comparison of cognitive functions among frail and prefrail older adults: a clinical perspective." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218000765.
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ABSTRACTObjective:To compare cognitive function among frail and prefrail older adults.Design:Cross-sectional clinical study.Participants:Fifty-one non-institutionalized older individuals participated in this study.Measurements:Cognitive functions were evaluated through Mini-Mental State Examination (Global Cognition), Digit Span Forward (short-term memory), Digit Span Backward (working memory), Verbal Fluency Test (semantic memory/executive function). Data were compared using parametric and non-parametric bivariate tests. Binary logistic regression was used to test a frailty prediction model. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.01 to compare groups. In the regression model, the p value was set to be ≤0.05.Results:Statistically significant differences were observed in global cognition, and short-term memory between frail and prefrail individuals (p ≤ 0.01). Global cognition explained 14–19% of frailty's model.Conclusion:According to our findings, the evaluation of cognitive functions among older persons with frailty and prefrailty provides important complementary information to better manage frailty and its progression.
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Shipman, Megan L., and John T. Green. "Cerebellum and cognition: Does the rodent cerebellum participate in cognitive functions?" Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 170 (April 2020): 106996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.02.006.
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Salehinejad, Mohammad Ali, Elham Ghanavati, Md Harun Ar Rashid, and Michael A. Nitsche. "Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282110077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23982128211007769.
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Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between hot (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus cold (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of hot versus cold executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot versus cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of hot–cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold executive functions, while the medial–orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.
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Baksh, R. Asaad, Tereża Bugeja, and Sarah E. MacPherson. "Executive Functions do not Underlie Performance on the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) in Healthy Younger and Older Adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719001450.
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AbstractObjective:Current measures of social cognition have shown inconsistent findings regarding the effects of executive function (EF) abilities on social cognitive performance in older adults. The psychometric properties of the different social cognition tests may underlie the disproportional overlap with EF abilities. Our aim was to examine the relationship between social cognition and EF abilities using the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT; Baksh, R.A., Abrahams, S., Auyeung, B., & MacPherson, S.E. (2018). The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT): Examining the effects of age on a new measure of theory of mind and social norm understanding. PloS One, 13(4), e0195818.), a test assessing four different aspects of social cognition: cognitive theory of mind (ToM), affective ToM, interpersonal understanding of social norms, and intrapersonal understanding of social norms.Method:We administered the ESCoT, EF measures of inhibition, set shifting, updating, and a measure of processing speed to 30 younger and 31 older adults. We also administered the Visual Perspective Taking task (VPT) as a ToM test thought to be reliant on EF abilities.Results:Better performance on cognitive ToM was significantly associated with younger age and slower processing speed. Better performance on affective ToM and ESCoT total score was associated with being younger and female. Better performance on interpersonal understanding of social norms was associated with being younger. EF abilities did not predict performance on any subtest of the ESCoT. In contrast, on the VPT, the relationship between age group and performance was fully or partially mediated by processing speed and updating.Conclusions:These findings show that the ESCoT is a valuable measure of different aspects of social cognition and, unlike many established tests of social cognition, performance is not predicted by EF abilities.
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Arakelyan, Rouzanna. "Language and Cognition." Armenian Folia Anglistika 3, no. 2 (4) (October 15, 2007): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2007.3.2.051.
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The interrelation between language and cognition can be considered from various perspectives. The role of the language in human mental activity is described by the type of his/her activity when it is also linked with cultural characteristics. The active role of the language in thinking is conditioned by the fact that the existence of a language serves as a precondition for cognitive thinking. Language is also the basis of cognition. Social experience is a means to form individual thinking. Language affects the process of the acquisition of knowledge and organization, and its two functions possess a cognitive nature.
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Gondek, Maria Joanna. "On foresight functions of rhetorical invention in acts of counselling." Roczniki Filozoficzne 70, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf22703.7.
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Counselling acts consist in indicating useful activities, remedying human deficiencies. Counselling acts are guided by practical cognition. Since counselling activities are oriented towards the future, their crucial element is foresight. It is cognitive reflection foreseeing the implementation of counselling acts. Counselling acts are actualised in rhetorical and communicational context which is associated with persuasive delivery of counselling content. Belonging to the rhetorical canon, invention disposes of factors that influence the justifying formulation of advisory content. Invention factors introduce the anticipatory determinations and concretisations of counselling content. At rhetorical level, inventive methodology plays anticipatory functions which are convergent with tasks of foresight in practical cognition.
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Kreitler, Shulamith. "Meaning: its nature, functions and functioning." Логико-философские штудии, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52119/lphs.2022.47.66.008.
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The Kreitler meaning system is a theory and methodology for the conceptualization, assessment and applications of meaning. Meaning is defined as a pattern of cognitive contents focused on a referent. The constructs of the system are: referent, meaning value, meaning unit and meaning variables describing its contents and structure. Its properties are: operational activation, complexity, development, regressiveness, self-embeddedness, selectivity, and dynamism. The meaning test and the meaning profile enable assessment. Meaning manifestations in cognition, personality, emotions, and consciousness are described.
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Bieri, Rahel, Michael Jäger, Nicole Gruber, Tobias Nef, René M. Müri, and Urs P. Mosimann. "A novel computer test to assess driving-relevant cognitive functions – a pilot study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300183x.
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ABSTRACTBackground:The assessment of driving-relevant cognitive functions in older drivers is a difficult challenge as there is no clear-cut dividing line between normal cognition and impaired cognition and not all cognitive functions are equally important for driving.Methods:To support decision makers, the Bern Cognitive Screening Test (BCST) for older drivers was designed. It is a computer-assisted test battery assessing visuo-spatial attention, executive functions, eye–hand coordination, distance judgment, and speed regulation. Here we compare the performance in BCST with the performance in paper and pencil cognitive screening tests and the performance in the driving simulator testing of 41 safe drivers (without crash history) and 14 unsafe drivers (with crash history).Results:Safe drivers performed better than unsafe drivers in BCST (Mann–Whitney U test: U = 125.5; p = 0.001) and in the driving simulator (Student's t-test: t(44) = –2.64, p = 0.006). No clear group differences were found in paper and pencil screening tests (p > 0.05; ns). BCST was best at identifying older unsafe drivers (sensitivity 86%; specificity 61%) and was also better tolerated than the driving simulator test with fewer dropouts.Conclusions:BCST is more accurate than paper and pencil screening tests, and better tolerated than driving simulator testing when assessing driving-relevant cognition in older drivers.
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Deng, Zhijian. "Development of Cognitive enhancement methods." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 44 (April 13, 2023): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v44i.7160.
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Cognition ability represents a group of cognitive processes, which involves a lot of human’s basic cognitive functions, including executive attention, episodic memory, prospective memory, uncertainty monitoring and metacognition, and self-control and delay of gratification, playing an essential role in human’s fundamental life. Mainstream cognition enhancing technologies are task based method, drug based method and brain computer interface based method, whose general principles are directly training relative functions, rebuilding nerve interactions in cell or molecular level and giving signals stimulating neurons respectively. In This essay, after introducing these three cognitive enhancement methods and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, some advises and expectations are given.
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Perlovsky, Leonid. "Emotions of “higher” cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 3 (May 23, 2012): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001555.
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AbstractThe target article by Lindquist et al. considers discrete emotions. This commentary argues that these are but a minor part of human emotional abilities, unifying us with animals. Uniquely human emotions are aesthetic emotions related to the need for the knowledge of “high” cognition, including emotions of the beautiful, cognitive dissonances, and musical emotions. This commentary touches on their cognitive functions and origins.
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Daniels, Kevin, Gerry Johnson, and Leslie de Chernatony. "Task and Institutional Influences on Managers' Mental Models of Competition." Organization Studies 23, no. 1 (January 2002): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840602231002.
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From institutional theory, we argue (a) that the competitive, or task environment may encourage divergence of management cognition between organizations, management functions and amongst senior managers, and (b) that the institutional environment may encourage cognitive convergence at the level of the industry, the strategic group and within institutionalized practices linked to management functions and level. Using management cognition of competition as a vehicle and two cognitive mapping methods, we test a series of competing propositions amongst 32 managers in the UK personal financial services industry, an industry that evidences both task and institutional characteristics. Our findings indicate neither the superiority of exclusively task nor institutional explanations of management cognition. However, the results do indicate some influence of the institutional environment, most noticeably through the convergence of mental models within middle managers across the industry. The results also indicate some influence of the task environment, through cognitive differences across organizations and greater differentiation amongst senior managers' mental models. We interpret our results by referring to the usefulness of distinguishing between task and institutional environments in management cognition and strategic management research.
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Gnanadesikan, Gitanjali E., Brian Hare, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Josep Call, Juliane Kaminski, Ádám Miklósi, and Evan L. MacLean. "Breed Differences in Dog Cognition Associated with Brain-Expressed Genes and Neurological Functions." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 4 (July 29, 2020): 976–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa112.
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Synopsis Given their remarkable phenotypic diversity, dogs present a unique opportunity for investigating the genetic bases of cognitive and behavioral traits. Our previous work demonstrated that genetic relatedness among breeds accounts for a substantial portion of variation in dog cognition. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of breed differences in cognition, seeking to identify genes that contribute to variation in cognitive phenotypes. To do so, we combined cognitive data from the citizen science project Dognition.com with published breed-average genetic polymorphism data, resulting in a dataset of 1654 individuals with cognitive phenotypes representing 49 breeds. We conducted a breed-average genome-wide association study to identify specific polymorphisms associated with breed differences in inhibitory control, communication, memory, and physical reasoning. We found five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reached genome-wide significance after Bonferroni correction, located in EML1, OR52E2, HS3ST5, a U6 spliceosomal RNA, and a long noncoding RNA. When we combined results across multiple SNPs within the same gene, we identified 188 genes implicated in breed differences in cognition. This gene set included more genes than expected by chance that were (1) differentially expressed in brain tissue and (2) involved in nervous system functions including peripheral nervous system development, Wnt signaling, presynapse assembly, and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. These results advance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of complex cognitive phenotypes and identify specific genetic variants for further research.
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Ishihara, Toru, Eric S. Drollette, Sebastian Ludyga, Charles H. Hillman, and Keita Kamijo. "Baseline Cognitive Performance Moderates the Effects of Physical Activity on Executive Functions in Children." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072071.
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Findings regarding the effects of regular physical activity on cognition in children have been inconsistent due to a number of demographic factors and experimental considerations. The present study was designed to examine baseline cognitive performance and executive function demands, as possible factors underlying the lack of consensus in the literature, by investigating the moderating role of those factors on the effects of physical activity on cognition. We reanalyzed data from three randomized controlled trials, in which the effects of regular physical activity intervention on cognition were examined using executive function tasks that included at least two task conditions requiring variable executive function demands, with a cumulative total of 292 participants (9–13 years). The results indicate that cognitive improvements resulting from physical activity intervention were greater in children with lower baseline cognitive performance. The main analysis revealed that beneficial effects of physical activity intervention on cognitive performance were generally observed across executive function conditions. However, secondary analyses indicated that these general effects were moderated by baseline performance, with disproportionately greater effects for task conditions with higher executive function demands. These findings suggest that baseline cognitive performance is an individual difference variable that moderates the beneficial effects of physical activity on executive functions.
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Hötting, Kirsten, Ann-Kathrin Rogge, Laura A. Kuhne, and Brigitte Röder. "Balance Expertise Is Associated with Superior Spatial Perspective-Taking Skills." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111401.
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Balance training interventions over several months have been shown to improve spatial cognitive functions and to induce structural plasticity in brain regions associated with visual-vestibular self-motion processing. In the present cross-sectional study, we tested whether long-term balance practice is associated with better spatial cognition. To this end, spatial perspective-taking abilities were compared between balance experts (n = 40) practicing sports such as gymnastics, acrobatics or slacklining for at least four hours a week for the last two years, endurance athletes (n = 38) and sedentary healthy individuals (n = 58). The balance group showed better performance in a dynamic balance task compared to both the endurance group and the sedentary group. Furthermore, the balance group outperformed the sedentary group in a spatial perspective-taking task. A regression analysis across all participants revealed a positive association between individual balance performance and spatial perspective-taking abilities. Groups did not differ in executive functions, and individual balance performance did not correlate with executive functions, suggesting a specific association between balance skills and spatial cognition. The results are in line with theories of embodied cognition, assuming that sensorimotor experience shapes cognitive functions.
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Chamard, Ludivine, Sabrina Ferreira, Alexa Pijoff, Manon Silvestre, Eric Berger, and Eloi Magnin. "Cognitive Impairment Involving Social Cognition in SPG4 Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia." Behavioural Neurology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6423461.
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Objectives. To describe cognitive assessment including social cognition in SPG4 patients.Methods. We reported a series of nine patients with SPG4 mutation with an extensive neuropsychological examination including social cognition assessment.Results. None of our patients presented with mental retardation or dementia. All presented with mild cognitive impairment with a high frequency of attention deficit (100%), executive disorders (89%), and social cognition impairment (78%). An asymptomatic patient for motor skills presented with the same cognitive profile. No correlation was found in this small sample between cognitive impairment and motor impairment, age at disease onset, or disease duration.Conclusions. SPG4 phenotypes share some cognitive features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cognitive disorders including executive disorders and social cognition impairment are frequent in SPG4 patients and might sometimes occur before motor disorders. Therefore, cognitive functions including social cognition should be systematically assessed in order to improve the clinical management of this population.
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CROSSON, BRUCE, and KATHLEEN Y. HAALAND. "Subcortical functions in cognition: Toward a consensus." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 7 (November 2003): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703970068.
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Behavioral neurologists and neuropsychologists have debated the role of the thalamus and basal ganglia in cognition and behavior for more than a century (e.g., Bucy, 1942; Marie, 1906; Penfield & Roberts, 1959; Wernicke, 1874). However, over these 100-plus years, there is little consensus regarding whether or how these structures contribute to cognition. Fortunately, recent research findings are rapidly changing this state of affairs. It is now obvious we will not understand how the brain controls complex activities until we understand the contribution of these deep brain structures. In healthy and brain-damaged individuals, application of methodologies such as semantic priming, event related potentials, and functional neuroimaging to the question of subcortical functions is beginning to resolve this conundrum. This symposium demonstrates the utility of combining these different approaches. It features empirical work from six laboratories that have engaged in systematic inquiries regarding the role of the thalamus and basal ganglia in cognition. This body of work represents both new directions and convergence of recent findings in the quest to integrate our understanding of this complex issue.
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Hajric, Selma, Amra Serdarevic, Gorana Sulejmanpasic, Dzenita Besirovic, Avdo Kurtovic, Nermina Bajramagic, and Enra Suljic. "Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics on cognitive Functions in Multiple Sclerosis Patients." International Journal on Biomedicine and Healthcare 11, no. 1 (2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijbh.2023.11.40-45.
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Background: Multiple sclerosis is a a complex diesase that may be presented by different neurological symptoms causing impairment of physical, psychological and cognitive functions. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: This study included 60 MS patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Inclusion criteria were clinically definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, 18 years of age or older and were able to give written informed consent. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) screening test. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for comparisons between sociodemographic characteristics and MoCa test scores. Results: 76.66% were female patients. Average age of patients was 44.5 years. 70% of patients were married. 73,33% of patients had a high school degree, 20% had a college degree while only 6,66% had primary education. 38,33% of patients were employed, 33,33% were unemployed and 28,33% retired. 88.33% of patients had cognitive impairment, 68.33% having mild cognitive impairment. Executive functions (53,66%) and delayed recall (28,33%) were rated the worst. The median value of the Naming and Language MoCa domains of cognition showed statistical significant correlation with level of education (p<0.05; p<0.01).The mean value of the Language variable was statistically significantly lower in respondents aged 35 and over compared to respondents younger than 35 years (p=0,003;p<0,01), Statistically significant correlation was found between the level of education and cognitive status (rho=0,276,p<0,05), while the other variables (gender, age, marital status and employment ) did not show a statistically significant corellation. Conclusion: High perecentage of MS patients has cognitive impairment. Executive functions are rated the worst. Education is the major factor that contribute to better cognitive functioning in MS patients independent of age or employment status. The highest correlation is found between language and naming domains of cognition. Gender did not prove to be predictive factor of cognition in multiple sclerosis patients at any domain.
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Sorace, Antonella. "Referring expressions and executive functions in bilingualism." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, no. 5 (July 13, 2016): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15055.sor.
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Abstract Recent research has shown that the bilingual experience has positive effects on non-linguistic cognition (Bialystok 2009; Costa and Sebastian-Gallés 2014) but also negative effects on language, for example on vocabulary size and lexical fluency (Pearson et al. 1993). While most of the linguistic ‘disadvantages’ of bilingualism have been discussed in the lexical domain, this question is scaled up here to the sentence level and a novel theoretical framework is proposed which explicitly connects psychological and linguistic research. It is suggested that the bilingual experience may (a) affect the reciprocal interactions between language and general cognition, and (b) modulate the relation between components of executive functions. These effects may in turn influence the processing of particular linguistic structures, such as anaphoric expressions, and lead to bilingual-monolingual differences that could be regarded as ‘disadvantages’ but are in fact the result of normal adaptive changes due to the bilingual experience. Future experimental research validating this proposal may benefit both linguistic models of anaphora resolution and psychological models of cognitive control in monolinguals and bilinguals.
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Kostic, Emilija, Kiyoung Kwak, and Dongwook Kim. "Assessing the Global Cognition of Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using Motor and Sensory Factors: A Cross-Sectional Feasibility Study." Sensors 23, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177384.
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Impairments in gait, postural stability, and sensory functions were proved to be strongly associated with severe cognitive impairment such as in dementia. However, to prevent dementia, it is necessary to detect cognitive deterioration early, which requires a deeper understanding of the connections between the aforementioned functions and global cognition. Therefore, the current study measured gait, postural, auditory, and visual functions and, using principal component analysis, explored their individual and cumulative association with global cognition. The global cognitive function of 82 older Korean males was determined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The motor and sensory functions were summarized into seven independent factors using factor analysis, followed by age and education-level-adjusted linear regression model analysis. The seven factors obtained using factor analysis were gait speed, gait stability, midstance, general auditory ability, auditory recognition, overall visual ability, and postural stability. The linear regression model included years of education, gait stability, postural stability, and auditory recognition, and was able to explain more than half of the variability in cognitive score. This shows that motor and sensory parameters, which are obtainable through wearable sensors and mobile applications, could be utilized in detecting cognitive fluctuations even in the early stages of cognitive deterioration.
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Zaki Zadeh, Mohammad, Ashwin Ramesh Babu, Ashish Jaiswal, and Fillia Makedon. "Self-Supervised Human Activity Representation for Embodied Cognition Assessment." Technologies 10, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies10010033.
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Physical activities, according to the embodied cognition theory, are an important manifestation of cognitive functions. As a result, in this paper, the Activate Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC) system is proposed to assess various cognitive measures. It consists of physical exercises with different variations and difficulty levels designed to provide assessment of executive and motor functions. This work focuses on obtaining human activity representation from recorded videos of ATEC tasks in order to automatically assess embodied cognition performance. A self-supervised approach is employed in this work that can exploit a small set of annotated data to obtain an effective human activity representation. The performance of different self-supervised approaches along with a supervised method are investigated for automated cognitive assessment of children performing ATEC tasks. The results show that the supervised learning approach performance decreases as the training set becomes smaller, whereas the self-supervised methods maintain their performance by taking advantage of unlabeled data.
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Tyburski, E., P. Podwalski, M. Mak, A. Michalczyk, J. Kucharska-Mazur, J. Samochowiec, and L. Sagan. "The relationship between white matter integrity of superior longitudinal fascicle and cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S768—S769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1984.
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Introduction Some evidence suggests that disruption of integrity in the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF) may influence cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenia (CS) but the results are inconclusive. Objectives Using diffusion tensor imaging tractography, we investigated the differences in fiber integrity between patients with CS and healthy controls (HC) together with the relationship between fiber integrity and cognitive functions. Methods Forty-two patients with CS and 32 HC took part in the study. Assessment of cognitive functions was performed using Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia. Results showed group differences, left and right in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) of the SLF, where patients showed less integrity than controls. Patients performed worse attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition tasks than HC. However, when premorbid IQ and level of education were controlled for, the differences were no longer statistically significant in verbal learning and social cognition. In patients with CS, a positive correlation was found between FA of the left SLF and attention/vigilance and working memory. Moreover, in this group there was a negative correlation between MD of the left and right SLF and working memory and social cognition. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that SLF disruption appears in patients with CS and might account for impairment of cognitive functioning. This research was funded by the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education’s program named “Regional Initiative of Excellence” number 002/RID/2018/2019 to the amount of 12 million PLN. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Ertle, Emilee, Darby Simon, Jax-Patrick Vogt, Benjamin Mast, and Shirish Barve. "THE EFFECT OF MOOD ON SELF-REPORTED COGNITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH HIV." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2072.
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Abstract Older adults with HIV may experience cognitive changes. The Patient Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory (PAOFI) is a self-report measure of cognitive abilities with memory, language, and cognitive/intellectual functions domains. Self-reported cognition can be influenced by many factors. This study examined the relationship between demographics, performance-based cognitive tests, mood, and self-reported cognition in a sample of 23 HIV-positive individuals (mean age=56.7). The PAOFI memory domain positively correlated with depression (PHQ-9; r=.64, p=.001) and anxiety (GAD-7; r=.48, p=.019), but not tests of cognition. The PAOFI cognitive/intellectual functions domain also positively correlated with the PHQ-9 (r=.65, p=.001) and the GAD-7 (r=.66, p=.001), but not cognitive tests. Regression analysis found similar models for both domains. Both models included education, race, anxiety, and delayed recall. Depression was the only unique variable in the memory model, F(5, 17)=4.09, p=.013, R2=.55, and word reading was unique to the cognitive/intellectual functions model, F(5, 15) = 6.91, p = .002, R2 = .70. In contrast, the language domain correlated negatively with four cognitive measures: word reading (r=-.46, p=.038), learning of a word list (r=-.47, p=-.024), delayed recall of a word list (r=-.51, p=.012), and verbal fluency (r=-.49, p=.045). Regression analysis found age, gender, depression, word reading, and delayed recall predict PAOFI language scores, F(5, 15)=6.27, p=.002, R2=.68. These findings suggest mood, demographics, and performance on cognitive tests are related to self-reported cognition. Mood is likely a better predictor of self-reported memory and higher-level cognitive abilities, and cognitive tests may better predict self-reported language abilities.
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Turkstra, Lyn S., Leonard Abbeduto, and Peter Meulenbroek. "Social Cognition in Adolescent Girls With Fragile X Syndrome." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 119, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.4.319.
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Abstract This study aimed to characterize social cognition, executive functions (EFs), and everyday social functioning in adolescent girls with fragile X syndrome, and identify relationships among these variables. Participants were 20 girls with FXS and 20 age-matched typically developing peers. Results showed significant between-groups differences in social cognition, accounted for by differences in IQ and language. Within the FXS group, IQ and language were related to social cognition; parent-reported social functioning was related to language and EFs; and self-reported social functioning was generally good and not related to cognitive or social cognition variables. Results suggest that intervention might focus on managing language and cognitive contributions to social functioning, rather than social cognition, and underscore the importance of considering parent and adolescent perspectives.
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Sáez-Gutiérrez, Susana, Eduardo José Fernández-Rodríguez, Celia Sánchez-Gómez, Alberto García-Martín, Fausto José Barbero-Iglesias, and Natalia Sánchez Aguadero. "Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial: Effect of an everyday cognition training program on cognitive function, emotional state, frailty and functioning in older adults without cognitive impairment." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 29, 2024): e0300898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300898.
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Background Ageing entails changes in complex cognitive functions that lead to a decrease in autonomy and quality of life. Everyday cognition is the ability to solve cognitively complex problems in the everyday world, enabling instrumental activities of life. Benefits have been found in studies using everyday cognition-based assessment and intervention, as the results predict improvements in everyday performance, not just in specific cognitive functions. A study protocol is presented based on assessment and training in everyday cognition versus traditional cognitive stimulation for the improvement of functionality, emotional state, frailty and cognitive function. Methods A parallel randomised controlled clinical trial with two arms will be conducted. It will be carried out by the University of Salamanca (Spain) in eleven centres and associations for the elderly of the City Council of Salamanca. People aged 60 years or older without cognitive impairment will be recruited. Participants will be randomly distributed into two groups: the experimental group will undergo a training programme in everyday cognition and the control group a programme of traditional cognitive stimulation, completing 25 sessions over 7 months. All participants will be assessed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention, where socio-demographic data and the following scales will be collected: The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), Questionnaire ARMS-e, Everyday Cognition Test (PECC), Scale Yesavage, Test Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), The Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Fragility Index and Lawton y Brody Scale. Discussion The present study aims to improve conventional clinical practice on cognitive function training by proposing a specific assessment and intervention of everyday cognition based on the importance of actual cognitive functioning during the resolution of complex tasks of daily life, giving priority to the improvement of autonomy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov; ID: NCT05688163. Registered on: January 18, 2023.
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Gain, Ulla. "The cognitive function and the framework of the functional hierarchy." Applied Computing and Informatics 16, no. 1/2 (March 13, 2018): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aci.2018.03.003.
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Cognitive computing is part of AI and cognitive applications consists of cognitive services, which are building blocks of the cognitive systems. These applications mimic the human brain functions, for example, recognize the speaker, sense the tone of the text. On this paper, we present the similarities of these with human cognitive functions. We establish a framework which gathers cognitive functions into nine intentional processes from the substructures of the human brain. The framework, underpins human cognitive functions, and categorizes cognitive computing functions into the functional hierarchy, through which we present the functional similarities between cognitive service and human cognitive functions to illustrate what kind of functions are cognitive in the computing. The results from the comparison of the functional hierarchy of cognitive functions are consistent with cognitive computing literature. Thus, the functional hierarchy allows us to find the type of cognition and reach the comparability between the applications.