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1
C P, Kirthika, Siva T, Rajeswaran R, Kalpana R, and Yuvaraj Maria Francis. "Morphology and Morphometry of Foetal Corpus Callosum Using MRI – A Retrospective Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2168.
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Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural white fibres interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric transfer of information which is essential for cognitive function. The foetal corpus callosum serves as sensitive indicator for normal brain development and maturation. As the corpus callosum is a part of the highest order latest maturing mental network of the brain, its measurements are important to assess normal brain development and to locate structural changes. A comprehensive evaluation of normal human foetal corpus callosal development is essential to detect and understand the congenital anomalies of the brain. Thus, the prenatal diagnosis of partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum is important for predicting the normal development of the foetus. Foetal neural anomalies that are suspected on prenatal ultrasonography (USG) can be detected in early stage using foetal MRI. This imaging technique is highly useful for detailed visualization of normal neural development. Certain conditions like colpocephaly and widening of interhemispheric fissure can be clearly visualized using foetal MRI when compared to prenatal ultrasonography. Aim and objective: Was to establish the normal reference values for the measurement of foetal corpus callosum. The length and thickness of the foetal CC was measured corresponding to gestational age (GA) between 18-36weeks. Materials and methods: A retrospective MRI study was carried out in Radiology department of Sri Ramachandra Hospital. The study was conducted on 50 pregnant women with GA of 18-32 weeks and morphology of foetal corpus callosum was measured using MRI. The corpus callosum was visualized in a mid-sagittal plane as an anechoic structure, delimited by two echogenic lines superiorly by sulcus of the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the septum pellucidum. The length of corpus callosum was measured from the anterior most aspect of genu to the posterior most aspect of the splenium and the width of individual parts were measured and correlated with gestational age. The values obtained from the study were statistically calculated using regression coefficient method. Results: In the present study following parameters were observed such as length and width of diverse parts of Corpus callosum. The length of foetal CC ranged from 25.96 to 47.2 mm in 18 to 32 weeks of gestational age. The range of width of rostrum, genu, body and splenium were 1.2 to 2.2 mm, 1.2-2.8mm, 1.3-3.1mm and 1.36-3.2mm respectively. Conclusion: The periodic development of nervous system can be calculated more effectively with the morphometric measurement of foetal CC and its correlation with BPD. It is considered to be accurate than using BPD measurement of head circumference in USG. Hence, with the normative data of foetal CC measurements correlated with gestational age would give us accurate details of neuronal growth rather than measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) alone using USG. This knowledge will be highly helpful for the gynaecologists to predict the abnormal development of the foetus and it is advised to include foetal CC parameters as a one of the tools for early detection of CNS anomalies.
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Prochnow, Annette, Soly Erlandsson, Volker Hesse, and Kathleen Wermke. "Does a ‘musical’ mother tongue influence cry melodies? A comparative study of Swedish and German newborns." Musicae Scientiae 23, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864917733035.
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The foetal environment is filled with a variety of noises. Among the manifold sounds of the maternal respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, the intonation properties of the maternal language are well perceived by the foetus, whose hearing system is already functioning during the last trimester of gestation. These intonation (melodic) features, reflecting native-language prosody, have been found to shape vocal learning. Having had ample opportunity to become familiar with their mother’s language in the womb, newborns have been found to exhibit salient pitch-based elements in their own cry melodies. An interesting issue is whether an intrauterine exposure to a maternal pitch accent language, such as Swedish, in which emphatic syllables are pronounced typically on a higher pitch relative to other syllables will affect newborns’ cry melody (fundamental frequency contour). The present study aimed to answer this question by quantitatively analysing and comparing the melody structure in 52 Swedish compared with 79 German newborns. In accordance with previous approaches, cry melody structure was analysed by calculating a melody complexity index (MCI) expressing the share of cries exhibiting two or more (well-defined) arc-like substructures uttered during the recording sessions. A low MCI reflects a dominance of cries with a ‘simple’, i.e. single-arc melody. A significantly higher MCI was found in the Swedish infant group, which further corroborates the assumption that the well-known foetal sensitivity for musical (melodic) stimuli seems to shape infants’ cry melody.
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Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. "Annotation: The Extraordinary Cognitive Journey from Foetus through Infancy." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 36, no. 8 (November 1995): 1293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01665.x.
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Parkinson, Samantha, and Sara McLean. "Social Development in Children with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders." Children Australia 38, no. 3 (August 16, 2013): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.16.
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Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) develop when unborn children are exposed to alcohol prenatally. As a result of this exposure, children with FASD exhibit a range of social, behavioural, cognitive and even physical deficits that can impede their life-long development. These deficits can be influenced by maltreatment and the instability resulting from being placed into out-of-home care, and/or multiple foster-care placement breakdowns. The aim of this article is to increase awareness amongst child welfare professionals of how prenatal alcohol exposure impacts on children's social development. Social deficits include problems with social cognition and social information processing, which result in issues in social problem solving, processing social cues, social judgement, and developing and maintaining relationships. These deficits leave children with a FASD vulnerable to victimisation, exploitation, peer pressure and, as a result, interaction with the criminal justice system. Deficits are life-long and become more pronounced with age, although early detection and intervention appears to improve social skills deficits. Such interventions need to be explored further as they could potentially mitigate some of these deficits by capitalising on the neuroplasticity of a child's developing brain and pave a more positive trajectory for these children's future.
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Taylor, Rachael M., Michelle L. Blumfield, Lee M. Ashton, Alexis J. Hure, Roger Smith, Nick Buckley, Karen Drysdale, and Clare E. Collins. "Macronutrient Intake in Pregnancy and Child Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes." Children 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050425.
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Prenatal nutrient exposures can impact on brain development and disease susceptibility across the lifespan. It is well established that maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy influences foetal and infant development. Therefore, we hypothesise that macronutrient intakes during pregnancy are correlated with cognitive development during early childhood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy and child cognitive and behavioural outcomes at age 4 years. We analysed prospective data from a cohort of 64 Australian mother–child dyads. Maternal macronutrient intake was assessed using a validated 74-item food frequency questionnaire at 2 timepoints during pregnancy. Child cognition and behaviour were measured at age 4 years using the validated Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd version (WPPSI-III) and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBC). Linear regression models were used to quantify statistical relationships and were adjusted for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding duration and birthweight. Child Performance IQ was inversely associated with maternal starch intake (b = −11.02, p = 0.03). However, no other associations were found. Further research is needed to explore the association between different types of starch consumed during pregnancy and child cognitive development.
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Korol, Donna L., and Samantha L. Pisani. "Estrogens and cognition: Friends or foes?" Hormones and Behavior 74 (August 2015): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.017.
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Rubini, Eleonora, Inge M. M. Baijens, Alex Horánszky, Sam Schoenmakers, Kevin D. Sinclair, Melinda Zana, András Dinnyés, Régine P. M. Steegers-Theunissen, and Melek Rousian. "Maternal One-Carbon Metabolism during the Periconceptional Period and Human Foetal Brain Growth: A Systematic Review." Genes 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101634.
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The maternal environment during the periconceptional period influences foetal growth and development, in part, via epigenetic mechanisms moderated by one-carbon metabolic pathways. During embryonic development, one-carbon metabolism is involved in brain development and neural programming. Derangements in one-carbon metabolism increase (i) the short-term risk of embryonic neural tube-related defects and (ii) long-term childhood behaviour, cognition, and autism spectrum disorders. Here we investigate the association between maternal one-carbon metabolism and foetal and neonatal brain growth and development. Database searching resulted in 26 articles eligible for inclusion. Maternal vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and choline were not associated with foetal and/or neonatal head growth. First-trimester maternal plasma folate within the normal range (>17 nmol/L) associated with increased foetal head size and head growth, and high erythrocyte folate (1538–1813 nmol/L) with increased cerebellar growth, whereas folate deficiency (<7 nmol/L) associated with a reduced foetal brain volume. Preconceptional folic acid supplement use and specific dietary patterns (associated with increased B vitamins and low homocysteine) increased foetal head size. Although early pregnancy maternal folate appears to be the most independent predictor of foetal brain growth, there is insufficient data to confirm the link between maternal folate and offspring risks for neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Cantacorps, Lídia, Silvia Alfonso-Loeches, Consuelo Guerri, and Olga Valverde. "Long-term epigenetic changes in offspring mice exposed to alcohol during gestation and lactation." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119856001.
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Background: Alcohol exposure impairs brain development and leads to a range of behavioural and cognitive dysfunctions, termed as foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Although different mechanisms have been proposed to participate in foetal alcohol spectrum disorders, the molecular insights of such effects are still uncertain. Using a mouse model of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, we have previously shown that maternal binge-like alcohol drinking causes persistent effects on motor, cognitive and emotional-related behaviours associated with neuroimmune dysfunctions. Aims: In this study, we sought to evaluate whether the long-term behavioural alterations found in offspring with early exposure to alcohol are associated with epigenetic changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Methods: Pregnant C57BL/6 female mice underwent a model procedure for binge alcohol drinking throughout both the gestation and lactation periods. Subsequently, adult offspring were assessed for their cognitive function in a reversal learning task and brain areas were extracted for epigenetic analyses. Results: The results demonstrated that early binge alcohol exposure induces long-term behavioural effects along with alterations in histone acetylation (histone H4 lysine 5 and histone H4 lysine 12) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The epigenetic effects were linked with an imbalance in histone acetyltransferase activity that was found to be increased in the prefrontal cortex of mice exposed to alcohol. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results reveal that maternal binge-like alcohol consumption induces persistent epigenetic modifications, effects that might be associated with the long-term cognitive and behavioural impairments observed in foetal alcohol spectrum disorder models.
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Agni, Megha Bhat Agni, Pramukh Subrahmanya Hegde, Praveen Rai, and Damodara Gowda K. M. "Does the intrauterine condition dictate chronic metabolic disorders in the adult life?" Biomedicine 42, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i2.1260.
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Foetal development has dictated by maternal gestational diet and intrinsic factors, physical activity, and environmental stimulations. Many studies provided evidence for metabolic disorders in adult life who underwent under nutrition during their foetal life. This review is an effort to use the published data to know the effect of the intrauterine environment on chronic metabolic disorders. Here, we discuss the impact of foetal under nutrition on the development of chronic metabolic diseases. Intrauterine under nutrition negatively influences health after birth. In adults, under-nutrition in utero results in metabolic impairments and cognitive impairments. Under nutrition during foetal/embryonic development influences human physiology and has a lifelong effect, often called foetal programming. This review concludes that the intrauterine environment and foetal nutrition play a significant role in developing chronic metabolic disorders. Therefore, this study provides the necessary insight into target timely interventions in the earliest possible time to prevent offspring from developing chronic diseases in adult life.
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Vanston, Claire M., and Neil V. Watson. "Selective and persistent effect of foetal sex on cognition in pregnant women." NeuroReport 16, no. 7 (May 2005): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200505120-00024.
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Auyeung, Bonnie, Simon Baron-Cohen, Emma Chapman, Rebecca Knickmeyer, Kevin Taylor, and Gerald Hackett. "Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient." European Journal of Endocrinology 155, suppl_1 (November 2006): S123—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02260.
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This study examines foetal testosterone (fT) levels (measured in amniotic fluid) as a candidate biological factor, influencing sex differences in systemizing. Systemizing is a cognitive process, defined as the drive to analyze or construct systems. A recent model of psychological sex differences suggests that this is a major dimension in which the sexes differ, with males being more drawn to systemize than females. Participants included 204 children (93 female), age 6–9 years, taking part in a long-term study on the effects of fT. The systemizing quotient – children’s version was administered to these mothers to answer on behalf of their child. Males (mean = 27.79 ± 7.64) scored significantly higher than females (mean = 22.59 ± 7.53), confirming that boys systemize to a greater extent than girls. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that fT was the only significant predictor of systemizing preference when the sexes were examined together. Sex was not included in the final regression model, suggesting that fT levels play a greater role than the child’s sex in terms of differences in systemizing preference. This study suggests that the levels of fT are a biological factor influencing cognitive sex differences and lends support to the empathizing–systemizing theory of sex differences.
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Hepper, Peter G., Glenda R. Mccartney, and E. Alyson Shannon. "Lateralised behaviour in first trimester human foetuses." Neuropsychologia 36, no. 6 (June 1998): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00156-5.
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Römer, Pia, Amanda Goméz Putzer, Robin Kemmerich, and Birgit Mathes. "Effects of Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Exposure On Foetal Development: a Review of the Literature." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 81, no. 11 (November 2021): 1224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1524-5155.
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AbstractSince their market launch in 2007, e-cigarettes gained popularity and were considered a relatively safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Pregnant women and women of childbearing age in particular are increasingly turning to e-cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure on the affected foetus. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current research on the effects of prenatal e-cigarette exposure on the foetus. Since studies in humans are lacking to date, this review refers only to animal and in vitro analyses. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used for an extensive literature search. The search yielded N = 17 significant research papers. Possible sequelae resulting from prenatal exposure to traditional cigarettes were also seen in prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes. Prenatal e-cigarette exposure was found to be associated with increased DNA methylation overall, resulting in lower gene expression. This could adversely impact the development of affected children, especially in case of those genes relevant to their development. In mice, for example, this greatly reduced the cell vitality of neural and stem cells and increased cell death. Further, prenatal exposure to e-cigarettes resulted in numerous developmental disorders, such as malformations of facial morphology and lower birth weight. Moreover, in animal models the animals suffered from a deterioration of their short-term memory. Activity and cognitive flexibility increased, while anxiety behaviour decreased. It is clear that more research and especially studies of humans are needed on this issue. In addition, there is a need for more intense education of prenatal care professionals as well as women of childbearing age and during pregnancy.
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Yousef nasab, Fatemeh, Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad, Hadi Hashemi, and Abdolhossein Miri. "Comparison the Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Seed and Cordia myxa Fruit Extracts on DiabetesInduced Memory Impairment in Rats." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2017.34.
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Introduction: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) seeds and Cordia myxa fruits have been known as agents with anti-diabetes effects in Iranian traditional medicine. We compared the effects of aqueous extracts of these plants on diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction. Methods: In our study, rats were equally allocated to 4 groups (n=12/group) as follows: control; diabetic; diabetic rats treated with T. foenum graecum seeds extract (TE) (870 mg/kg BW); and diabetic rats treated with C. myxa fruit extract (CE) (500 mg/kg BW) for 30 days. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (120 mg/kg BW, ip). Cognitive dysfunction was determined through memory task and passive avoidance learning (PAL). Results: Diabetes resulted in cognitive impairment in PAL and memory task. CE and TE significantly reduced serum blood sugar (P<0.05) and brain lipid peroxidation (P<0.001). Moreover, treatment with both extracts prohibited learning and memory deficits in diabetic groups in comparison to the non-treated group; however, there was no significant difference between the groups that were treated with TE or CE. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of fenugreek seeds and C. myxa are effective in preventing diabetesinduced lipid peroxidation and memory loss in animal models of diabetes.
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Roza, Sabine J., Paul P. Govaert, Henri A. Vrooman, Maarten H. Lequin, Albert Hofman, Eric A. P. Steegers, Henriette A. Moll, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Frank C. Verhulst, and Henning Tiemeier. "Foetal growth determines cerebral ventricular volume in infants." NeuroImage 39, no. 4 (February 2008): 1491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.004.
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Rifkin, Larry, Shôn Lewis, Peter Jones, Brian Toone, and Robin Murray. "Low Birth Weight and Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 3 (September 1994): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.3.357.
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BackgroundLow birth weight has been postulated to be a risk factor for schizophrenia.MethodObstetric history, premorbid adjustment, and cognitive function during admission were assessed in 167 patients with DSM–III schizophrenia or affective psychosis.ResultsA birth weight of less than 2500 g was significantly more common in patients with schizophrenia than in those with affective psychosis. Schizophrenic patients as a group had significantly lower mean birth weight, a finding which was particularly marked after controlling for sociodemographic confounders. In schizophrenic men, lower birth weight was highly significantly correlated with poorer premorbid social and cognitive ability, and with impairment of adult cognitive function.ConclusionsNeurodevelopmental impairment may cause poor foetal growth, and schizophrenia in adult life.
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Wesseling, J., D. Van Driel, H. S. A. Heymans, F. R. Rosendaal, L. M. Geven-Boere, M. Smrkovsky, B. C. L. Touwen, E. Van der Veer, and P. J. J. Sauer. "Coumarins during Pregnancy: Long-term Effects on Growth and Development of School-age Children." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, no. 04 (2001): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615641.
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SummaryAnticoagulation during pregnancy is complicated because of potential risks for mother and foetus. Unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin is used for most anticoagulant indications. Its efficacy, however, in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves is questioned, therefore coumarins are preferred for this indication.We studied long-term effects of prenatal coumarin-exposure on growth and on neurological, behavioural and cognitive development in 274 school-age children in comparison with 231 age-matched non-exposed controls. No major abnormalities were found. The exposed children had an increased risk for minor neurological dysfunction and for a low intelligence quotient (IQ below 80). The risk for a combination of two or more (minor) abnormalities was higher for the exposed children, RR = 7.6. We conclude that prenatal exposure to coumarins is associated with an increased risk for disturbances in development in school-age children. However, for the vast majority of children there is no clinical significant effect on growth and long-term development.
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Martin, Nivetha. "Causative Factors of Gestational Diabetics in Women – An analysis on the consequential impacts using LASFCM." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.46.4.
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Pregnancy is the typical stage in every life cycle of woman where many biochemical and physiological changes take place in all the systems. The adaptation of these changes by the human body differs from one individual to another and it may result in many threats. Gestational Diabetics (GD) is one of the serious threats faced by women during pregnancy. The outbreak of GD is the resultant of several factors which are categorized as genetic, environmental, social and behavioural. The mitigation of this diabetic condition is very essential as it affects the foetus and the mother. The consequential impacts of the factors of GD have to be determined to initiate the preventive measures and to devise the curative medications in accordance to it. This paper introduces the concept of linguistic average super fuzzy cognitive map (LASFCM) which makes use of experts' opinion in terms of linguistic variables to find the substantial outbreak of GD.
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Khalil, Karim, and Eylem Ekici. "Turning foes to allies in cognitive radio networks." Ad Hoc Networks 25 (February 2015): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.10.015.
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Qin, Chunxiang, Wei-Ti Chen, Yunlong Deng, Yao Li, Chunmei Mi, Linli Sun, and Siyuan Tang. "Cognition, emotion, and behaviour in women undergoing pregnancy termination for foetal anomaly: A grounded theory analysis." Midwifery 68 (January 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.10.006.
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Montagud-Romero, Sandra, Lídia Cantacorps, and Olga Valverde. "Histone deacetylases inhibitor trichostatin A reverses anxiety-like symptoms and memory impairments induced by maternal binge alcohol drinking in mice." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 12 (July 11, 2019): 1573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857208.
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Background:Alcohol exposure during development has detrimental effects, including a wide range of physical, cognitive and neurobehavioural anomalies known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. However, alcohol consumption among pregnant woman is an ongoing latent health problem.Aim:In the present study, the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) on emotional and cognitive impairments caused by prenatal and lactational alcohol exposure were assessed. TSA is an inhibitor of class I and II histone deacetylases enzymes (HDAC), and for that, HDAC4 activity was determined. We also evaluated mechanisms underlying the behavioural effects observed, including the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in discrete brain regions and newly differentiated neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG).Methods:C57BL/6 female pregnant mice were used, with limited access to a 20% v/v alcohol solution as a procedure to model binge alcohol drinking during gestation and lactation. Male offspring were treated with TSA during the postnatal days (PD28–35) and behaviourally evaluated (PD36–55).Results:Early alcohol exposure mice presented increased anxiogenic-like responses and memory deterioration – effects that were partially reversed with TSA. Early alcohol exposure produces a decrease in BDNF levels in the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex, a reduction of neurogenesis in the DG and increased activity levels of the HDAC4 in the HPC.Conclusions:Such findings support the participation of HDAC enzymes in cognitive and emotional alterations induced by binge alcohol consumption during gestation and lactation and would indicate potential benefits of HDAC inhibitors for some aspects of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Matas-Blanco, Cristina, and Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez. "Influence of Maternal Stress during Pregnancy on Child’s Neurodevelopment." Psych 2, no. 4 (October 16, 2020): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych2040016.
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(1) Background: High stress levels during pregnancy can affect the organogenesis and the foetus’ central nervous system maturation. The objective of this study was to determine whether a relationship between maternal stress during pregnancy and alterations in child neurodevelopment exists; (2) Methods: A bibliographical review was carried out following PRISMA Methodology and using Scopus, Web of Science and Cinahl databases. The research questions were made using PEO methodology (Participants, Exposition, Outcomes). Moreover, article quality was measured using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies; (3) Results: 22 articles that fit the inclusion criteria were selected. Different elements altered because of maternal stress during pregnancy could side with alterations in different areas of the neurodevelopment, such as cognitive development, motor development, behaviour, temperament, memory and learning abilities; (4) Conclusions: Although maternal stress can have an influence on children’s neurodevelopment, it is still unknown which are the specific elements related to this stress that can modify it negatively. Furthermore, future studies should evaluate whether a sex-specific association exists.
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Pickard, R. M., A. P. Beard, C. J. Seal, and S. A. Edwards. "Supplementation of ewe diets with algal biomass rich in Docosahexaenoic acid for different time periods before lambing affects measures of lamb viability." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010000.
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The improvement of neonatal viability by maternal nutrition during gestation has been widely studied in numerous species. Recent investigations have explored the role of long chain omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) in maternal diets during pregnancy. These are the major fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular, in brain and nervous tissue, with specific roles in neural development and cognitive function. Studies in monogastric species have shown that supplementing maternal gestation diets with EFAs positively influences neonatal survival and growth (Rooke et al., 2001), but work in ruminant species is scarce. Previous investigations have predominantly used fish oil as the source of omega-3 EFAs but alternative, more sustainable, sources are desirable. To date, the effect of period of inclusion of EFAs in gestation diets has not been thoroughly explored. The period of rapid brain growth in the ovine foetus occurs between 10 and 6 weeks prior to birth (Turley et al., 1996). This study explored the effects of feeding an algal source of EFAs, with a high content of DHA, during different time periods on measures of lamb viability.
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Gale, C. R. "Foetal and postnatal head growth and risk of cognitive decline in old age." Brain 126, no. 10 (June 23, 2003): 2273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg225.
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Jagannath, D. J., D. Raveena Judie Dolly, and J. Dinesh Peter. "Composite Deep Belief Network approach for enhanced Antepartum foetal electrocardiogram signal." Cognitive Systems Research 59 (January 2020): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.09.027.
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Shaitarova, A. V., and L. A. Suplotova. "Antenatal glucocorticosteroids treatment: mechanisms of child healths programming." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 10 (June 19, 2022): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-10-110-114.
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Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used in pregnancies at risk of preterm delivery and in pregnant women at risk of having a child with severe 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The positive effects of reducing mortality in preterm and virilisation in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are now unquestionable. The adrenogenital syndrome responding to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a common, potential fatal disease. Its incidence calculated on the basis of neonatal screening data makes 1 case for 14000 live newborns among the worldwide population, 1 for 9638 – In Russia. DEX passes through the placenta and decreases fetal ACTH production thereby suppressing the fetal production of androgens. The prenatal treatment does not preclude from a life-long treatment in future and it is not prevention of a salt-losing syndrome at the postnatal period, and dexamethasone safety in relation to cognitive development of children prenatally treated with dexamethasone is still up for debate. Adding to the concern is the fact that the doses of DEX that the fetus is exposed to are estimated to be 60 times the normal fetal cortisol level. The glucocorticoid and the mineralocorticoid receptors are highly expressed in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. These areas, important for executive functioning, emotional regulation, and memory, are vulnerable to high doses of GCs. Most experimental data from animal have shown that prenatal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids programs the foetal HPA and may lead to altered susceptibility to metabolic and cardiovascular disease i.e. metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure also leads to modification of HPAassociated behaviours and cognition.
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Al-Jumaili, Yasir, and Daban Q. Jaff. "Conceptualizing Trauma in Jonathan Safran Foer’s "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close": A Cognitive Approach." International Journal of Communication and Linguistic Studies 18, no. 2 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-7882/cgp/v18i02/1-15.
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Jansen Van Vuuren, A., and D. Learmonth. "Spirit(ed) away: preventing foetal alcohol syndrome with motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy." South African Family Practice 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2013.10874304.
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Aucouturier, Jean-Julien, and Clément Canonne. "Musical friends and foes: The social cognition of affiliation and control in improvised interactions." Cognition 161 (April 2017): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.01.019.
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Farooqui, Sabeeh Khawar, and Mehak Barolia. "Impact of paternal alcohol consumption on fetus and adolescence." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.4303.
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Madam, Ethanol being a carcinogen as well as a teratogen agent can be injurious to the consumer but also can induce cognitional impairments in the progeny. However, chronic consumption significantly impacts liver and cardiovascular system leading to alcoholic liver or heart diseases. The alcohol consumption per capita of males in Pakistan is known to be significantly higher than that of women (1). Paternal alcohol consumption has harmful and adverse effects on developing fetus (3), leading to behavioral and intellectual problems within the adolescent age group. Despite its delirious effect, alcohol consumption has increased in Pakistan over the years. The total increase in alcohol consumption per capita (15+) age group has a value of 0.084 from the interval 2000-2018 which is quite significant when compared to Bangladesh which shows a drastic drop to a value of 0.056 in its alcohol consumption per capita in the same time interval (3). As of yet, there is no proper awareness regarding the harmful effects of paternal alcohol consumption in this high risk age group. A study in 2015 suggested that paternal ethanol induces physiologic abnormalities in offspring in the absence of maternal ethanol exposure (2). A prior study published in 1984 also concluded that paternal alcohol usage affects cognitive behavior and decreases the performance of their child (age 16+) with regards to his intelligence (4). Cognitive battery test, showed that sons of alcoholic fathers have a delayed first response time compared with non-alcoholic fathers (p<0.01). According to statistical data by The World Bank in 2018, it was recorded that alcohol consumption rate is 0.57 per capita in males aged (15+) in Pakistan (3), This triggers an alarming situation that the next few generations in Pakistan may face severe consequences of foetal disorders leading to cognitive disabilities in children (age 16+). Physicians should ensure to counsel the couple regarding the adverse effects of alcohol on childbirth and its after-effects in the adolescent age. If planning to conceive, the couple should be mindful of reducing the consumption of alcohol. Moreover, the couple should discuss this matter with the physician if they are chronic alcohol consumers so that they are aware of the consequences of alcohol consumption beforehand. Continuous...
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Schusterman, Ronald J., Colleen J. Reichmuth, and David Kastak. "How Animals Classify Friends and Foes." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00047.
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A model of stimulus equivalence, which describes how non-similarity-based categories are formed, is used to describe aspects of animal social and communicative interactions such as kinship, friendship, coalitions, territorial behavior, and referential calling. Although this model was originally designed to deal with stimulus relations in linguistic behavior, it can be readily applied to understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie social as well as non-social categorizations in numerous taxa. This approach provides a new, parsimonious, and experimentally based understanding of how animals without language deal with problems of classification in their environment.
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Grig, Lucy. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 65, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000049.
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This crop of books is Republic-heavy, with a strong showing for political history. No fewer than three demonstrate a notable trend in current Roman history writing: the focus on a particular term as a means to examine a key ideological concept. John Richardson's 2009 study of the words imperium and provincia was clearly a landmark (and is explicitly cited as a model by one of this year's crop). In 2013 Myles Lavan examined Roman conceptions of imperialism through looking at a slightly broader range of terms, focusing on the formation of different paradigms of power. Two years later Clifford Ando explored the same subject with a more distinctively cognitive and linguistic approach. In the crop of books for review here, we have one focusing on the word foedus (most broadly: ‘alliance’), one on pax (‘peace’), and one on the term res publica. Roman history, it seems, is finally fully and perhaps belatedly embracing the ‘linguistic turn’.
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Parncutt, Richard. "Mother–infant attachment, musical idol worship, and the origins of human behaviour." Musicae Scientiae 22, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 474–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864918783034.
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Actors, sportspeople, and politicians may be idolised for their appearance, personality, skills, or ideals. The idolisation of musicians additionally involves transcendental musical emotions. Fans devote extraordinary amounts of time, energy and money to following, empathising with, identifying with and imitating their idols. During great performances, fans experience altered states of consciousness. Existing evolutionary approaches can explain social dominance hierarchies but not specific fan behaviours. Another approach involves the mother schema: the perceptions, cognitions, and emotions that the late foetus and early infant (3rd and 4th trimesters) associate with the mother and her changing behaviours and physical/emotional states. The mother schema was an evolutionary response to the fragility (altriciality) of human infants, born earlier due to a larger brain and upright gait. Active reciprocal interactions between infants and carers (e.g. motherese) involve both the carer’s infant schema and the infant’s mother schema. In later life, the typical emotions of the mother schema are evoked by stimulus patterns reminiscent of the mother as perceived by the infant. In ritual situations, where the focus is on shared subjectivity, similar patterns and emotions are created. Evolutionary by-products of the mother schema include musical behaviours, religious behaviours and musical idol worship. The theory can explain why musical idols are perceived as all-loving, all-knowing and/or all-powerful, and is consistent with psychosocial functions of music and religion such as social cohesion and identity, collective motivation, empathy and mood regulation, catharsis and coping, distraction and entertainment, conflict resolution, and skill transfer.
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Xu, Jiayuan, Qiaojun Li, Wen Qin, Mulin Jun Li, Chuanjun Zhuo, Huaigui Liu, Feng Liu, Junping Wang, Gunter Schumann, and Chunshui Yu. "Neurobiological substrates underlying the effect of genomic risk for depression on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment." Brain 141, no. 12 (November 14, 2018): 3457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy277.
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Abstract Depression increases the conversion risk from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease with unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that the cumulative genomic risk for major depressive disorder may be a candidate cause for the increased conversion risk. Here, we aimed to investigate the predictive effect of the polygenic risk scores of major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants (PRSsMDD) on the conversion from non-depressed amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease, and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The PRSsMDD could predict the conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease, and amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients with high risk scores showed 16.25% higher conversion rate than those with low risk. The PRSsMDD was correlated with the left hippocampal volume, which was found to mediate the predictive effect of the PRSsMDD on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. The major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants were mapped into genes using different strategies, and then enrichment analyses and protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that these genes were involved in developmental process and amyloid-beta binding. They showed temporal-specific expression in the hippocampus in middle and late foetal developmental periods. Cell type-specific expression analysis of these genes demonstrated significant over-representation in the pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the hippocampus. These cross-scale neurobiological analyses and functional annotations indicate that major depressive disorder-specific genetic variants may increase the conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease by modulating the early hippocampal development and amyloid-beta binding. The PRSsMDD could be used as a complementary measure to select patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment with high conversion risk to Alzheimer’s disease.
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Brownlee, Jason. "Cognitive Shortcuts and Public Support for Intervention." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 2-3 (June 21, 2019): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719854210.
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Scholars of public opinion on military intervention agree that survey respondents make judgments from limited information. Yet researchers still question whether ordinary Americans reflect elite attitudes or instead reach their own “pretty prudent” conclusions from the stated principal policy objective (PPO). This article adjudicates the debate while incorporating lessons from the study of bounded rationality. Evidence comes from an original data set of aggregate US public opinion, covering 1,080 nationally representative survey items about launching operations, across thirty-five countries, during 1981 to 2016. Tests show that PPO matters: pursuing “internal policy change” is less popular than restraining international aggression. However, language reflecting White House cues and one prominent cognitive shortcut (the “availability heuristic”) statistically and substantively outperforms PPO at predicting intervention support. The results indicate that when ordinary Americans are polled about using force against salient foes (Saddam Hussein, al-Qaeda, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), elements of bounded rationality can overtake the prudence expressed toward less vivid problems.
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Leung, Michael, Aditi Krishna, Seungmi Yang, Diego G. Bassani, and Daniel E. Roth. "Linear growth and mid-childhood cognitive outcomes in three birth cohorts of term-born children: an approach to integrating three growth models to explore critical windows." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e036850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036850.
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ObjectiveTo illustrate that a mediation framework can help integrate inferences from three growth models to enable a comprehensive view of the associations between growth during specific developmental windows and mid-childhood IQ.DesignWe analysed direct and indirect associations between mid-childhood IQ and length/height growth in five early-life age intervals bounded by conception, birth, early, mid and late infancy, and mid-childhood using estimates from three growth models (lifecourse, conditional change and change score) applied to three historical birth cohorts.Participants and setting12 088 term-born children from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) in the USA (n=2170), the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) in Belarus (n=8275) and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) in the Philippines (n=1643).Primary outcome measureMid-childhood IQ.ResultsOur analyses revealed cross-cohort and cross-interval variations in the direct and indirect effects of foetal and early childhood physical growth on mid-childhood IQ. For example, in CPP, there was a direct association of prenatal growth with IQ that was not evident in the other cohorts, whereas in PROBIT and CLHNS, we observed that foetal and early growth-IQ associations were mediated through size in later periods.ConclusionLifecourse, conditional change and change score growth models yield complementary inferences when appropriately interpreted. Future longitudinal studies of associations of early-life growth with later outcomes would benefit from adopting a causal mediation framework to integrate inferences from multiple complementary growth models.
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Rimkutė, E., and M. Dovydaitienė. "MOKYMOSI NEGALIOS: SKIRTINGI TEORINIAI POŽIŪRIAI IR PSICHOLOGINĖS PAGALBOS BŪDAI." Psichologija 44 (January 1, 2011): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2011.44.2544.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjami kai kurie metodologiniai mokymosi negalių tyrimo ir koregavimo klausimai. Siekiant išryškinti bendriausius šios problemos sprendimo principus gretinama analitinė ir holistinė mokslinio pažinimo prieiga. Moderniojoje akademinėje psichologijoje vyraujanti analitinė prieiga reiškiasi įsitikinimu, kad sudėtingą reiškinį galima pažinti jį skaidant dalimis, aiškinantis jų tarpusavio ryšius ir kaupiant empiriškai patikrinamus faktus. Ši tendencija būdinga gausiai ir įvairiai mokymosi negalias nagrinėjančiai ir jų koregavimo būdus siūlančiai ir vertinančiai literatūrai, tačiau kol kas bendros koncepcijos šiuo klausimu nėra. Straipsnyje plačiau pristatoma holistinei prieigai atstovaujančio prancūzų audiopsichofonologo Alfredo Tomatiso teorinis požiūris ir juo grindžiamas mokymosi negalių įveikos būdas. Teigdamas, kad mokymosi negalios yra komunikavimo problema, pasireiškianti kaip klausymo sutrikimas, jis siūlo originalų teisingo klausymo atkūrimo būdą, kurį, kaip Tomatiso metodiką, žino ir taiko daugelis psichologinės pagalbos įstaigų visame pasaulyje. Skirtingai nuo praktikų, akademinė psichologija susidomėjimo A. Tomatiso idėjomis nerodo, tad ir diskusija šiuo klausimu nevyksta. Todėl ir straipsnyje keltas klausimas apie mokymosi negalių problemos sprendimo galimybes lieka atviras.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: mokymosi negalia, girdėjimas ir klausymas, garsinis stimuliavimas, aukštieji garso dažniai, elektroninė ausis. Learning disabilities: different theoretical approaches and ways of treatmentEglė Rimkutė, Miglė Dovydaitienė SummaryThe article examines some methodological problems of research and treatment of learning disabilities. Analytic and holistic approaches to learning disabilities are introduced. Mainstream academic psychology is currently dominated by the analytic approach, which seeks to reduce complex phenomena to its parts in order to study and understand existing interactions between them. A review of literature reveals, that generally learning disabilities are defined in terms of deficits of various cognitive and language abilities and skills necessary for learning. Most often offered treatment procedures are based on programs that focus on improving deficient skills through repetition of various cognitive exercises.We put special emphasis on holistic approach which is presented through theorizing and the treatment of learning disabilities by French audio-psycho-phonologist Alfred Tomatis. According to A. Tomatis, neither normal nor abnormal behaviour can be understood without relating it to 1) the functioning of the whole organism, and 2) the historical and individual developmental processes. From his point of view, language, as a tool for communication, plays a very important role in the humanization of an individual. Individual personal development also confirms that the need for communication emerges already in the prenatal stage, when the link between foetus and mother is maintained, as the foetus hears from the 5th month of intrauterine life. The desire to communicate is implicit in the realization of human consciousness. Considering learning difficulties which are related with written language A. Tomatis claims that it is communication — primarily listening — disorder. The treatment, proposed by A. Tomatis, consists in teaching a person to use his ear as an apparatus capable of listening. He developed an electronic device called Electronic Ear designed to modify the way in which a subject listened and to help him improve language, learning and communication skills. Practitioners using A. Tomatis method confirm its effectiveness. However, it would be very difficult to evaluate his method through analitical experiments that would satisfy academic psychology, which remains skeptical.To contribute to the progress in understanding and treatment of learning disabilities academic psychology should pay more attention to the ideas approved in practice and to find more flexible ways of detection and evaluation of personal change.Key words: learning disability, hearing and listening, auditory stimulation, high frequency tones, electronic ear.
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Mirmiran, M., J. H. Kok, K. Boer, and H. Wolf. "Perinatal development of human circadian rhythms: Role of the foetal biological clock." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 16, no. 3 (September 1992): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80207-6.
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Kallankari, Hanna, Tuula Kaukola, Päivi Olsén, Marja Ojaniemi, and Mikko Hallman. "Very preterm birth and foetal growth restriction are associated with specific cognitive deficits in children attending mainstream school." Acta Paediatrica 104, no. 1 (October 7, 2014): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.12811.
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King, Suzanne, Ronald G. Barr, Alain Brunet, Jean-François Saucier, Michael Meaney, Shannon Woo, and Cheryl Chanson. "La tempête de verglas : une occasion d’étudier les effets du stress prénatal chez l’enfant et la mère." Santé mentale au Québec 25, no. 1 (June 5, 2006): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013029ar.
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Résumé Depuis plusieurs années, des études ont démontré que les événements stressants pendant la grossesse affectent le niveau de développement neurologique, de même que le fonctionnement cognitif et psychologique ultérieurs de l'enfant. Par exemple, Mednick (1997) a examiné l'impact d'un important séisme survenu en Chine sur le développement intellectuel et psychologique d'enfants à naître. Vingt-trois ans plus tard, des différences significatives dans le fonctionnement intellectuel, la dépression et la taille de certaines régions du cerveau ont été constatées chez ce groupe en comparaison aux enfants du groupe témoin. Des événements de moindre envergure, tels un divorce ou la perte d'emploi durant la grossesse, peuvent également augmenter l'incidence des complications obstétricales et avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement neurologique du bébé, son poids à la naissance et la circonférence de sa tête. Le décès du père ou l'exposition à un désastre naturel durant la grossesse ont été associés à la dépression, à la schizophrénie et à la criminalité à l'âge adulte. Divers effets adverses reliés aux événements stressants ont aussi été notés chez les primates. L'ensemble de ces études suggèrent que le second trimestre de la grossesse constitue une période critique pendant laquelle les événements stressants peuvent affecter le développement du foetus. Des contraintes méthodologiques nuisent actuellement à la recherche sur le stress prénatal maternel. Les études sur des animaux offrent d'excellents contrôles des environnements prénatal et postnatal. Cependant, les résultats de ces études sont difficilement applicables à l'humain à cause de la présence chez ce dernier, de nombreux facteurs de risque ou de protection absents chez les animaux. De plus, on ne peut assigner les stresseurs de façon aléatoire, dans les études sur les effets des événements de vie pendant la grossesse humaine. En effet, les traits de personnalité de la mère peuvent être transmis certes génétiquement mais également au niveau du développement. Par ailleurs, les enfants d'une mère avec de telles difficultés de personnalité sont exposés à plus d'événements de vie prénatale. D'autre part, la majorité des études sur l'humain ont une variance restreinte car il faut un très vaste échantillon de femmes enceintes pour garantir un nombre suffisant de sujets ayant vécu des événements de vie majeurs. Finalement, les études rétrospectives démontrant un lien entre un risque élevé de schizophrénie ou de dépression et des événements prénataux n'incluent pas de mesures prises sur le champ de la gravité objective ou de la manifestation biologique du stress. Nous présentons ici une revue de littérature portant sur le stress prénatal suivie d'une discussion sur comment la tempête de verglas de 1998 pourrait être utilisée pour faire la lumière sur des questions telles que les mécanismes par lesquels le stress prénatal exerce une influence sur la santé mentale du foetus.
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Liu, Erin Y., and Anne TM Konkle. "Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism." Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v2i1.1525.
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Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are a category of neurodevelopmental disorders with symptoms of communication and social impairment, and the exhibition of restrictive and repetitive behaviours. Their occurrence is greater in males than females and this sex difference has played an important part in hypothesizing their etiology. The Extreme Male Brain (EMB) theory is a cognitive model proposed by Simon Baron-Cohen to explain the aforementioned sex differences and potential cause of ASCs. It is based upon his Empathizing Systemizing theory, which classifies individuals into one of five cognitive profiles (Type S, Type E, Type B, Extreme Type S and Extreme Type E). These cognitive profiles determine an individual’s ability to systemize and empathize. Systemizing is the ability to understand and derive the rules of a system, and requires deductive and analytical skills. Empathizing relates to understanding human emotion and behaviour, thus requires social and communication skills. Males tend to systemize better than empathize while females have an opposite profile. Based upon the EMB theory, autistic individuals would possess an Extreme Type S profile as their impairments in social communication can be explained by a deficit in empathizing, while their preoccupation with patterns and detail-oriented behaviour can be related to their high systemizing. Together, these cognitive models have resulted in the Foetal Testosterone (fT) Theory, which implicates high prenatal testosterone as a risk factor for the associated hypermasculinized cognitive profile of individuals with ASCs. This review paper assesses the validity of the EMB and fT theories by reviewing the literature relating fT with autistic traits in the general population. The seven studies confirmed a correlation between higher fT levels and an increase in autistic traits, but limitations need to be considered when generalizing this information to an ASC sample.
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Fragoso, Jéssica, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema Santos, Helyson Thomaz da Silva, Viviane Oliveira Nogueira, Emmanuelle Loizon, Hubert Vidal, João Henrique Costa-Silva, Raquel da Silva Aragão, Luciano Pirola, and Carol Gois Leandro. "Maternal physical activity-induced adaptive transcriptional response in brain and placenta of mothers and rat offspring." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 11, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174419000333.
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AbstractMaternal physical activity induces brain functional changes and neuroplasticity, leading to an improvement of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory in the offspring. This study investigated the effects of voluntary maternal physical activity on the gene expression of the neurotrophic factors (NTFs): BDNF, NTF4, NTRK2, IGF-1 and IGF-1r in the different areas of mother’s brain, placenta and foetus brain of rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 15) were individually housed in voluntary physical activity cages, containing a running wheel, for 4 weeks (period of adaptation) before gestation. Rats were classified as inactive (I, n = 6); active (A, n = 4) and very active (VA, n = 5) according to daily distance spontaneously travelled. During gestation, the dams continued to have access to the running wheel. At the 20th day of gestation, gene expression of NTFs was analysed in different areas of mother’s brain (cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex), placenta and the offspring’s brain. NTFs gene expression was evaluated using quantitative PCR. Very active mothers showed upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA in the cerebellum (36.8%) and NTF4 mRNA expression in the placenta (24.3%). In the cortex, there was a tendency of up-regulation of NTRK2 mRNA (p = 0.06) in the A and VA groups when compared to I group. There were no noticeable changes in the gene expression of NTFs in the offspring’s brain. Our findings suggest the existence of a developmental plasticity induced by maternal physical activity in specific areas of the brain and placenta representing the first investment for offspring during development.
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Miedziaszczyk, Miłosz, Patrycja Ciabach, Edmund Grześkowiak, and Edyta Szałek. "The Safety of TheVegan Diet During Pregnancy." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75 (February 17, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7495.
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There is an increasing number of people who go vegetarian. Some young parents also switch to this diet. The safety of vegetarian diets, especially ve-gan diets, is very important, especially during pregnancy. Unfortunately, reference publications do not provide coherent data on the safety of vegetar-ian diets during pregnancy. On the one hand, the vegan diet has advantages because it reduces the risk of heart disease and gestational diabetes. On the other hand, vegetarians/vegans should be aware of potential deficiencies of some nutrients (iron, zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, cal-cium, iodine) and the clinical consequences for the foetus. For example, iron deficiency may affect cognitive abilities, behaviour, intelligence and increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight of infants. Plant food contains non-haem iron with variable absorption. Therefore, the vegan diet should include nutrients increasing the bioavailability of iron, e.g. ascorbic acid, carotene and retinol. Due to the fact that animal food is the main source of vitamin B12, vegans are at very high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which will affect the infant’s weight at birth. Low level of vitamin D, which is prevalent in animal food, is the most common deficiency among vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians. This vitamin prevents gestational diabetes, reduces insulin resistance and guarantees normal function of the musculoskeletal system. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy may lead to preterm birth, neural tube defects or even miscarriage. In view of the clinical consequences of po-tential deficiencies of nutrients, the vegetarian/vegan diet should be well balanced.
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Murray, Robin M. "Neurodevelopmental Schizophrenia: The Rediscovery of Dementia Praecox." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, S25 (November 1994): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293148.
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Many people with severe schizophrenia have increased cerebral ventricular size and diffuse reduction in cortical volume; recent attention has focused on subtle malformations of the cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. Sufferers also show an excess of dermatoglyphic and minor physical abnormalities, and a significant proportion had psychomotor deficits, cognitive or behavioural problems as children. Such findings suggest that the form of schizophrenia most akin to Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox results from neurodevelopmental impairment. This may have its origin in genetic defects in the control of early brain growth, or in early environmental hazards such as prenatal exposure to maternal influenza or perinatal complications. How foetal or neonatal lesions produce hallucinations and delusions two or three decades later remains a mystery, but maturational changes in the brain may be important.
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D’Arrigo, Stefano, Carmela Loiacono, Claudia Ciaccio, Chiara Pantaleoni, Flavia Faccio, Matilde Taddei, and Sara Bulgheroni. "Clinical, Cognitive and Behavioural Assessment in Children with Cerebellar Disorder." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020544.
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Cerebellar disorders are characterised clinically by specific signs and symptoms, often associated with neurodevelopmental disorder. While the clinical signs of cerebellar disorders are clearly recognisable in adults and have a precise anatomo-functional correlation, in children the semiotics are less clear and vary with age because of the particular nature of the cerebellum’s maturation. Unlike other structures of the central nervous system, this begins at a later stage of foetal development and extends over a longer period of time, even after birth. As a result, the typical signs of cerebellar dysfunction will only become evident when the cerebellar functions have become integrated into the complex circuits of the central nervous system. This means that poor motor coordination in the very early years of life may not necessarily correlate with cerebellar dysfunction, and this may also be encountered in healthy children. The cerebellum’s role in cognitive and emotional functions relies on its structure and the complexity of its connections. Cognitive and behavioral impairment in cerebellar disorders can be the results of acquired lesions or the action of genetic and environmental risk factors, to which the cerebellum is particularly vulnerable considering its pattern of development. In the pathological setting, early evidence of cerebellar damage may be very vague, due, partly, to spontaneous compensation phenomena and the vicarious role of the connecting structures (an expression of the brain’s plasticity). Careful clinical assessment will nonetheless enable appropriate instrumental procedures to be arranged. It is common knowledge that the contribution of neuroimaging is crucial for diagnosis of cerebellar conditions, and neurophysiological investigations can also have a significant role. The ultimate goal of clinicians is to combine clinical data and instrumental findings to formulate a precise diagnostic hypothesis, and thus request a specific genetic test in order to confirm their findings, wherever possible.
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D’Arrigo, Stefano, Carmela Loiacono, Claudia Ciaccio, Chiara Pantaleoni, Flavia Faccio, Matilde Taddei, and Sara Bulgheroni. "Clinical, Cognitive and Behavioural Assessment in Children with Cerebellar Disorder." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020544.
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Cerebellar disorders are characterised clinically by specific signs and symptoms, often associated with neurodevelopmental disorder. While the clinical signs of cerebellar disorders are clearly recognisable in adults and have a precise anatomo-functional correlation, in children the semiotics are less clear and vary with age because of the particular nature of the cerebellum’s maturation. Unlike other structures of the central nervous system, this begins at a later stage of foetal development and extends over a longer period of time, even after birth. As a result, the typical signs of cerebellar dysfunction will only become evident when the cerebellar functions have become integrated into the complex circuits of the central nervous system. This means that poor motor coordination in the very early years of life may not necessarily correlate with cerebellar dysfunction, and this may also be encountered in healthy children. The cerebellum’s role in cognitive and emotional functions relies on its structure and the complexity of its connections. Cognitive and behavioral impairment in cerebellar disorders can be the results of acquired lesions or the action of genetic and environmental risk factors, to which the cerebellum is particularly vulnerable considering its pattern of development. In the pathological setting, early evidence of cerebellar damage may be very vague, due, partly, to spontaneous compensation phenomena and the vicarious role of the connecting structures (an expression of the brain’s plasticity). Careful clinical assessment will nonetheless enable appropriate instrumental procedures to be arranged. It is common knowledge that the contribution of neuroimaging is crucial for diagnosis of cerebellar conditions, and neurophysiological investigations can also have a significant role. The ultimate goal of clinicians is to combine clinical data and instrumental findings to formulate a precise diagnostic hypothesis, and thus request a specific genetic test in order to confirm their findings, wherever possible.
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Moll, Jorge, and Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza. "Response to Greene: Moral sentiments and reason: friends or foes?" Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 2007): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.011.
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Schreuders, Elisabeth, Sanny Smeekens, Antonius H. N. Cillessen, and Berna Güroğlu. "Friends and foes: Neural correlates of prosocial decisions with peers in adolescence." Neuropsychologia 129 (June 2019): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.03.004.
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Semwal, Prabhakar, Sakshi Painuli, Tareq Abu-Izneid, Abdur Rauf, Anshu Sharma, Sevgi Durna Daştan, Manoj Kumar, et al. "Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1035441.
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Plants including Rhizoma polgonati, Smilax china, and Trigonella foenum-graecum contain a lot of diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin. This bioactive phytochemical has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of various disorders such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, in addition to being an important starting material for the preparation of several steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to provide an overview of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reporting the diosgenin’s pharmacological effects and to discuss the safety issues. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects on cancer, neuroprotection, atherosclerosis, asthma, bone health, and other pathologies. Clinical investigations have demonstrated diosgenin’s nontoxic nature and promising benefits on cognitive function and menopause. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the other effects seen in preclinical studies, as well as a better knowledge of the diosgenin’s safety profile.
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Asindi, Asindi, and Komomo Eyong. "Folic acid and brain function in childhood." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 48, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v48i2.5.
Full textAbstract:
Folic acid supplementation does not only prevent neural tube defects in the foetus but is an essential ingredient in the growth and development of the cerebral cortex. This micronutrient promotes the thickness of the cerebral cortex; the extent of the thickness being directly proportional to the intelligent quotient, neurocognitive and psychological output of the child. Children with thin cortices are prone to poor cognitive performance, autism and psychiatric disorders such as depression. Folic acid supplementation in the first three months of pregnancy largely protects against neural tube defects; studies have shown that children whose mothers take folic acid supplement throughout pregnancy exhibit relatively higher levels of emotional intelligence. Nevertheless, in spite of long-standing recommendations that women of child-bearing age take folic acid to protect against neural impairment, a large proportion do not comply; less than half of the world’s population lives in countries that require folic acid fortification of grain products. A large portion of pregnant women in poor world countries do not attend antenatal care hence have no access to prescription of essential haematinic/folic acid. It is recommended that all women who are either planning or capable of pregnancy take a daily supplements containing 0.4 - 0.8 mg (400-800 μg) of folic acid. Fortified foods like some breads, juices, and cereals contain adequate folic acid; others are leafy green vegetables, like spinach, broccoli, and lettuce beans, peas, and lentils. Fruits like lemons, bananas, and melons are also rich sources of folate. There is need for more advocacy regarding antenatal care of pregnant mothers with emphasis on folate supplementation before and throughout pregnancy, to boost the intellectual and psychological capacity of children into adulthood.