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McCleery, A., M. F. Green, G. S. Hellemann, L. E. Baade, J. M. Gold, R. S. E. Keefe, R. S. Kern, et al. "Latent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB)." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 28, 2015): 2657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000641.
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BackgroundThe number of separable cognitive dimensions in schizophrenia has been debated. Guided by the extant factor analytic literature, the NIMH Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative selected seven cognitive domains relevant to treatment studies in schizophrenia: speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving, and social cognition. These domains are assessed in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The aim of this study was to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the beta battery of the MCCB to compare the fit of the MATRICS consensus seven-domain model to other models in the current literature on cognition in schizophrenia.MethodUsing data from 281 schizophrenia outpatients, we compared the seven correlated factors model with alternative models. Specifically, we compared the 7-factor model to (a) a single-factor model, (b) a three correlated factors model including speed of processing, working memory, and general cognition, and (c) a hierarchical model in which seven first-order factors loaded onto a second-order general cognitive factor.ResultsMultiple fit indices indicated the seven correlated factors model was the best fit for the data and provided significant improvement in model fit beyond the comparison models.ConclusionsThese results support the assessment of these seven cognitive dimensions in clinical trials of interventions to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Because these cognitive factors are separable to some degree, it is plausible that specific interventions may have differential effects on the domains.
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Corbera, Silvia, Bruce E. Wexler, Satoru Ikezawa, and Morris D. Bell. "Factor Structure of Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: Is Empathy Preserved?" Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/409205.
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Social cognitive impairments are core features of schizophrenia and are closely associated with poor functional outcome. This study sought to identify specific aspects of social cognition and their relationships to measures of social function, quality of life, and neurocognition. Principal component analysis was performed using social cognitive measures in patients with schizophrenia and healthy matched controls and revealed three factors: Interpersonal Discomfort, Basic Social Cognition, and Empathy. Patients had higher scores on Interpersonal Discomfort and lower scores on Basic Social Cognition than controls, but the two groups were the same on Empathy. Lower social performance was significantly correlated with poor Basic Social Cognition in patients and with high Interpersonal Discomfort in controls. While neurocognition was significantly associated with Basic Social Cognition in both groups, it was not associated with Empathy. Social cognitive interventions should emphasize improving basic social cognitive processing deficits, managing Interpersonal Discomfort, and utilizing preserved capacity for empathy as a potential strength in social interactions.
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Lim, J., S. A. Lee, M. Lam, A. Rapisarda, M. Kraus, R. S. E. Keefe, and J. Lee. "The relationship between negative symptom subdomains and cognition." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 10 (April 18, 2016): 2169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000726.
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BackgroundNegative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are partially overlapping. However, the nature of the relationship between negative symptoms and cognition remains equivocal. Recent reviews have demonstrated the presence of two negative symptom subdomains, diminished emotional expression (DEE) and avolition. In view of this, we sought to clarify the relationship between negative symptoms and cognitive domains.MethodA total of 687 participants with schizophrenia were assessed on measures of psychopathology and cognition. Three cognitive factors, namely executive function, fluency/memory and speed/vigilance were computed from the cognitive tests. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to examine if a one-factor or two-factor negative model was applicable to our sample. Subsequently, the relationships between negative symptoms and cognition were examined using structural equation modeling.ResultsResults demonstrated that the two-factor model fitted the data well. While negative symptoms were mildly to moderately associated with cognition, we found that DEE had unique associations with cognition compared to social avolition, contributing to the validity of the constructs and suggesting the possibility of common underlying substrates in negative symptoms and cognition.ConclusionsOur study highlighted the need to classify DEE and social avolition separately as both are necessary in refining the complex relationship between negative symptoms and cognition as well as potentially guiding treatment and management of schizophrenia.
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Tirre, William C. "Dimensionality and Determinants of Self-Reported Cognitive Failures." International Journal of Psychological Research 11, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.3213.
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This research examined the dimensionality and the correlates of self-reported cognitive failures. The first goal was to determine what factors, in addition to a general one, are needed to explain self-reported cognitive failures. To explore this issue, both Rasch measurement and confirmatory factor analysis were employed. The second goal was to determine if cognitive failures might be predicted with personality factors, general cognitive ability, and the need for cognition. A sample of 552 USAF airmen responded to the Broadbent Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), a Big-Five personality inventory, the Abstract Reasoning Test, the Speeded Cognitive Ability Test, and the Need for Cognition survey. Both Rasch modeling and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a single factor dominated CFQ responses. Regression analysis showed that CFQ responses were predicted well by personality factors (R = .60).
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Oliver, Lindsay D., John D. Haltigan, James M. Gold, George Foussias, Pamela DeRosse, Robert W. Buchanan, Anil K. Malhotra, and Aristotle N. Voineskos. "Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby114.
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Abstract Background Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants. Methods Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures. Results A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome. Conclusions These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.
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Ali, Dua Ahmed, Iqra Ahmed Ali, Baddar Hina Afnan, Umme-e. Abiha, and Afreen Muhammad Arif. "Prevalence of Mental cognitive impairment disorder among the general public of Karachi and its associated factor." Chinese Journal of Medical Research 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37515/cjmr.091x.4301.
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Mental cognition impairment disorder is more prevalent among older people. It causes memory disturbance and hinders the daily life work of people. Research data is needed to know the prevalence of mental cognitive impairment disorder among general population. Dara was collected within 10 days 25 to 5 September from general population of Karachi through online questionnaire. Information was collected regarding gender, age, gender, profession, using cellphone, having cellphone, snoring, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. This study is aimed to identify the prevalence of mental cognitive impairment disorder among general population of Karachi and identify associated vulnerable groups and factors. around 25.8% of respondents reported normal cognition, 70.8% reported moderate cognition and 3.5% reported severe cognition. Majority of respondents belong to 20-30 age groups, female, undergraduate education level, students, were having cellphone, were using cellphone. In this research around 25.8% of respondents reported normal cognition, 70.8% reported moderate cognition and 3.5% reported severe cognition. < 20 age group, females, undergraduate education level, having cellphone, non-vegetarian, using cellphone, smoking, snoring was associated with mental cognitive impairment disorder (P<0.05). <30 age group, males, postgraduate education level, hypertension and diabetes are associated with good mental cognition(P<0.05). This study provides information related to vulnerable group need attention regarding mental cognitive impairment disorder and factors associated with it.
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Ardila, Alfredo, and David A. Pineda. "Factor Structure of Nonverbal Cognition." International Journal of Neuroscience 104, no. 1 (January 2000): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207450009035013.
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Kilian, S., L. Asmal, S. Suliman, S. Seedat, and R. Emsley. "The relationship between neurocognitive functioning and metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters and the interaction effect of cognitive insight in non-psychiatric individuals." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S180—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2089.
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IntroductionMetabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters are: elevated waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FBG) and blood pressure (BP) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). MetS parameters are associated with poor cognition and this association should be studied in the context of other factors. In particular, factors that are involved in maintaining poor lifestyle choices – MetS is largely a lifestyle illness. One factor important to consider is cognitive insight – an individual's ability to be flexible in how you think about yourself and others and to question your own thoughts.ObjectivesTo conduct an exploratory cross-sectional study investigating the influence of cognitive insight on the relationship between MetS parameters and cognition in non-psychiatric individuals.AimsTo explore the nature of the relationship between cognition and MetS parameters and test whether cognitive insight moderates the association.MethodsOur sample consisted of n = 156 participants with mixed-ancestry. Correlations between MetS parameters and cognition were tested. ANOVA was used to test interaction effects and logistic regression was done to test the predictive power of selected factors.ResultsBP correlated with attention, delayed memory, and RBANS total scale score. The BCIS self-certainty subscale moderated the relationship between BP and immediate memory and attention. Age and BCIS self-certainty were the only predictors of elevated BP.ConclusionsGood cognitive insight act as protective factor and reduce the impact of elevated BP on cognition. Cognitive insight may be a predictor of elevated BP.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Crosas, Josep Maria, Jesus Cobo, Maribel Ahuir, Wanda Zabala, Xavier Civil, José-Antonio Monreal, and Diego J. Palao. "Gender Differences in Cognition and Social Cognition in Patients Affected by Psychosis in the Process of Psychosocial Rehabilitation." Anuario de Psicología 51, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/anpsic2021.51/1.29301.
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Objectives: The objectives of our study were to explore gender differences in Cognition and Social Cognition in patients affected by Psychosis in process of psychosocial rehabilitation and to establish a model of the relationship between Psychopathology, Cognition and Social Cognition in function of the gender, and attending to relevant clinical, sociodemographics and outcome factors.Methodology: Cross-sectional observational study with 124 Non-Affective Schizophrenia Spectrum patients included consecutively in Community Rehabilitation Program at XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (XXXXX, XXXXXXXXX), assessed through PANSS (using Wallwork's factors) and Matrics Cognitive Consensus Battery.Results: Participants had a mean age of 40.2 years, 57.3% men and mainly Schizophrenia (71.0%). We found gender differences favour to men in attention (p=0.045), working memory (p=0.013) and reasoning/problem solving (p=0.002) domains. No differences in Social Cognition was founded. Linear regression model shows different participations for different domains, with a predominance of the influence of the Cognitive/Disorganized Wallwork's factor and patient's age. In the subsample of men, the model were quite similar to that of total sample, but the influence of the Disorganized factor decreases and that of age remains. In women subsample, the model had even less influence of Disorganized factor or age. In general, women's models explain less variance.
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Md., Shamsuzzaman, Ridwanul Huq, Muhammad Ziaulhaq Mamun, and Mushtaque Ahmed. "Developing Country Teenagers’ Consumption Related Cognition Through Involvement in Television Commercial (Tvc): A Multi-item Measurement Scale." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/05.10.2019/006.
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The core intention of the researchers is to develop and confirm a multi-item measurement scale for consumption related cognition through teenagers’ involvement in Television Commercial (TVC) of developing country like Bangladesh. Another important purpose of this research is to understand the influence of TV advertisements on consumption related cognition of developing countries’ teenagers. Very limited research has been conducted on consumption related cognition through involvement of TVC, even though it is the fundamental step which activates any consumers’ — especially teenagers’ — buying stimuli. Among the limited ones conducted, most of the research work has focused on scale items, such as product knowledge, consumer perception, purchasing intention, brand perception and product usage without providing any importance to complex variable or factors of consumption related cognition from which the scale items derive. Hence, an elaborated multi step research method has been used to find out and refine both the complex and simple variables of consumption related cognition through TVC involvement. Research findings have been statistically verified using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. This research has revealed six main complex variables or factors namely consumption related- cognitive awareness, cognitive knowledge, cognitive mapping, cognitive linkage, cognitive complexity and cognitive skills. Four to five multi item measurement scales have been derived from each of the six factors.
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Dubal, Dena B., Jennifer S. Yokoyama, Lei Zhu, Lauren Broestl, Kurtresha Worden, Dan Wang, Virginia E. Sturm, et al. "Life Extension Factor Klotho Enhances Cognition." Cell Reports 7, no. 4 (May 2014): 1065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.076.
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Wang, Peizhuang, He Ouyang, Yixin Zhong, and Huacan He. "Cognition Math Based on Factor Space." Annals of Data Science 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2016): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40745-016-0084-x.
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Peng, Xiao Jian, and Li Na Zhang. "Employment Expectation: Factor Influencing Graduate Employment." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1069.
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Based on the 2013 session of the graduate survey data of the Economics and Management School of Nanchang University, this paper uses Logistic model to analyze the impact of employment expectation on undergraduate students. Evidence indicates that the employment expectation has a significant negative impact on the employment of university students, the higher the expectation of employment, the less satisfactory employment situation is. And the cognition factor plays a key role for the employment of university students, including the cognition on major, the competence cognition and the cognition on the employment situation.
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Soli, Alex, Giacomina Savoldelli, Angelica Rota, Sara Zonca, Gloria Belotti, and Fabrizio Lazzarini. "Evaluating Residual Cognition in Advanced Cognitive Impairment: The Residual Cognition Assessment." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 50, no. 5 (2021): 460–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000520322.
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Background: In nursing homes, most of the patients with dementia are affected by severe cognitive disorder. Care interventions follow an accurate and recurring multidimensional assessment, including cognitive status. There is still a need to develop new performance-based scales for moderate-to-advanced dementia. Objectives: The development of the Residual Cognition Assessment (RCA) responds to the need to create new scales for global cognitive screening in advanced dementia, with some peculiar features: performance based, brief (<5 m), available without specific training, and suitable for nonverbal patients with minimal distress. Methods: Two raters have administered the RCA and the Severe Impairment Battery-short version (SIB-S) to 84 participants with MMSE = 0. After 2–3 weeks, the same sample has been retested. The RCA has been also administered to 40 participants with MMSE 1–10 for a comparison. Results: The RCA has exhibited excellent values for test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.956) as well as for inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.997). The concurrent validity analyzes have shown strong correlations between the RCA and the SIB-S with ρ = 0.807 (p < 0.01), and the RCA and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) with ρ = −0.663 (p < 0.01). Moderate correlation has been found between the RCA and the Functional Assessment Staging Scale with ρ = −0.435 (p < 0.01). The instrument has showed high internal reliability, too (total: α = 0.899). The RCA has low floor effect (2%) with respect to the SIB-S (58%) but shows ceiling effect in the MMSE 1–10 sample (50%). The ROC curve analyses demonstrate that the RCA is acceptably able to discriminate between subjects with CDR 4/5 with an AUC of 0.92. Exploratory factor analysis shows 3 factors, defined as three major degrees of cognitive performance in advanced dementia, indeed hierarchically structured in three possible levels of decline. Conclusions: The RCA has showed excellent validity and reliability as well as good sensitivity to identify advanced cognitive impairment in dementia, without floor effect. The RCA seems complementary to the MMSE, so advisable when the latter reaches 0. Administration and scoring are simple, and only few minutes are required to assess the patient. The RCA can discriminate at least 3 different major stages in advanced dementias: severe, profound, and late.
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Martin, Kristy, Julien Périard, Ben Rattray, and David B. Pyne. "Physiological Factors Which Influence Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819841757.
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Objective: To identify and detail physiological factors that influence cognition in military personnel. Background: Maintenance of cognitive and task performance is important under several scenarios, none more so than in a military context. Personnel are prepared for and trained to tolerate many of the stressors they encounter; however, consideration of stressors typically extends only as far as the physical, psychological, and environmental requirements of a given task. While considering these factors certainly characterizes the broader picture, several physiological states and traits can influence cognition and thus, should also be considered. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to January 2019. Eligibility criteria included current military personnel, an outcome of cognition, and the assessment of a physiological factor. Results: The search returned 60,564 records, of which 60 were included in the review. Eleven studies examined the impact of demographic factors on cognition, 16 examined fatigue, 10 investigated nutrition, and 24 the impact of biological factors on cognitive performance. Conclusion: Factors identified as having a positive impact on cognition include aerobic fitness, nutritional supplementation, and visual acuity. In contrast, factors identified as having a negative impact include fatigue arising from sustained operations, dehydration, undernutrition, and an exaggerated physiological stress response to a cognitive task or a stressor. A further subset of these factors was considered modifiable. Application: The modifiable factors identified provide avenues for training and preparation to enhance cognition in ways previously unconsidered.
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Tuten, Tracy L., and Michael Bosnjak. "UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENCES IN WEB USAGE: THE ROLE OF NEED FOR COGNITION AND THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL OF PERSONALITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.391.
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Using the Five-factor model of personality and Need for Cognition, the authors investigated the relationship between personality and Web usage. Of the five factors, Openness to Experience and Neuroticism showed the greatest association to Web usage. Openness to Experience was positively related to using the Web for entertainment and product information, while Neuroticism was negatively related to Web usage. Need for Cognition was significantly and positively correlated with all Web activities involving cognitive thought.
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Zahodne, Laura B., Cindy J. Nowinski, Richard C. Gershon, and Jennifer J. Manly. "Which Psychosocial Factors Best Predict Cognitive Performance in Older Adults?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 5 (March 31, 2014): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617714000186.
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AbstractNegative affect (e.g., depression) is associated with accelerated age-related cognitive decline and heightened dementia risk. Fewer studies examine positive psychosocial factors (e.g., emotional support, self-efficacy) in cognitive aging. Preliminary reports suggest that these variables predict slower cognitive decline independent of negative affect. No reports have examined these factors in a single model to determine which best relate to cognition. Data from 482 individuals 55 and older came from the normative sample for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function. Negative and positive psychosocial factors, executive functioning, working memory, processing speed, and episodic memory were measured with the NIH Toolbox Emotion and Cognition modules. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling characterized independent relations between psychosocial factors and cognition. Psychosocial variables loaded onto negative and positive factors. Independent of education, negative affect and health status, greater emotional support was associated with better task-switching and processing speed. Greater self-efficacy was associated with better working memory. Negative affect was not independently associated with any cognitive variables. Findings support the conceptual distinctness of negative and positive psychosocial factors in older adults. Emotional support and self-efficacy may be more closely tied to cognition than other psychosocial variables. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–9)
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Jang, Eun-Kyung, and Seong-Joo Kang. "Verification of external validity and reliability of tools to measure the cognition of sharing for middle school students." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 21 (November 15, 2022): 925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.21.925.
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Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify the external validity by applying the developed tools to measure the cognition of sharing for middle school students. Methods To this end, the sharing cognition measurement tool was conducted as an online survey on 1,033 students at J Middle School in Gyeonggi-do. In addition, the responses of the study subjects were divided in half and used for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. In the exploratory factor analysis, it was confirmed that 29 questions converged to the corresponding area using SPSS for 517 responses. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the validity and reliability of the factors were confirmed using AMOS for 516 responses to 15 questions extracted as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Results As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 3 factors and 15 questions were derived and composed of general sharing cognition (3 questions), value sharing cognition (6 questions), and knowledge sharing cognition (6 questions). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and discriminant validity were secured through the validity verification of the factors, and absolute fit index, incremental fit index, and parsimonious fit index were valid through the model fit verification, so it was judged that the measurement tool was suitable. Conclusions The sharing cognition measurement tool verified in this study can be used to diagnose the sharing cognition of middle school students, to develop a program that improves the sharing competency, and to verify the effectiveness of the program related to the sharing competency.
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Wijendra, Dinuka R., and K. P. Hewagamage. "Cognitive Complexity Beyond Generalization: A Subjective Rating for the Human Comprehension." ITM Web of Conferences 50 (2022): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20225001003.
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The cognitive complexity of a software determines the comprehension effort of a particular individual faces when designing, developing and maintaining a software. The comprehension level tends to be varied with each human resulting the cognitive complexity a subjective measurement. Expressing the cognitive complexity as a form of metric quantifies the comprehensibility as a generic value, which does not imply the subjectivity of human factor. This study elaborates the significance of expressing the cognitive complexity as a form of a subjective rating. The cognitive complexity rating has been pioneered with respect to the human and programming dependent factors related to human cognition. The Divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm has been used to train and predict the cognition rating per user. It has been clearly elaborated the subjectivity of the cognitive ratings over the quantitative and static complexity values of current cognitive and software complexity metrics. Thereby, the concept of cognition rates has been proposed as a preliminary step of determining and expressing the cognitive complexity.
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Dozhdikova, Raisa N. "Cognitive analysis of the everyday cognition functions." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2022-2-18-26.
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As a result of the present research, the systematisation of the functions of everyday cognition was carried out, which made it possible to explicate its functions that had not previously been the subject of special philosophical consideration: ontological, regulatory, reflexive, selective, prognostic, programming function of the activity, behaviour and communication function of reproduction of social life. The cognitive mechanisms and communicative schemes of everyday cognition, its existential and methodological functions, the features of the functions of cognitive and digital socialisation, as well as the adaptive function of everyday cognition at the present stage are considered. It was concluded that everyday cognition is a key cognitive factor in the reproduction of social life.
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Capatina, Octavia Oana, and Ioana Valentina Miclutia. "Are negative symptoms in schizophrenia a distinct therapeutic target?" Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 91, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-864.
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Background and aims. The relationship between negative symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia is not clear, inconsistent findings have been reported by multiple authors and meta analyses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognition and primary negative symptoms.Methods. 67 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were evaluated using PANSS and the NSA-16 scale. Correlation and regression analyses were used in the present study to investigate the relationship between the primary negative symptoms and cognition.Results. No relationship was found between the PANSS Cognitive factor and Negative factor, but when investigating the relationship of the Cognitive PANSS factor with the negative symptoms evaluated with the NSA-16 scale, it was shown that there is a significant association between cognition and motor retardation.Conclusions. Our study reveals the relative independence of cognitive factor from the global negative domain of the psychopathology, even though the association with motor retardation was clear. These findings also support the need of using appropriate assessment tools in order to gain a more refined understanding of the phenomenology of schizophrenia.
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Gross, Alden, Pranali Khobragade, Erik Meijer, and Judith Saxton. "Measurement and Structure of Cognition in the Longitudinal Aging Study in India—Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2280.
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Abstract We tested whether a complex model of human cognitive abilities based on Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory, developed in English-speaking samples, adequately describes correlations among tests in the Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI-DAD) (N=3,224). Tests in the neuropsychological battery were chosen for their appropriateness for measuring cognition in older adults in India and suitability for co-calibration with the core LASI survey (N=72,000). We evaluated the factor structure and its conformity with a classical CHC factor model incorporating measurement models for general cognition, 5 broad domains (orientation, executive functioning, language/fluency, memory, visuospatial), and 5 narrow domains (abstract reasoning, attention/speed, immediate memory, delayed memory, recognition memory) of cognitive performance. Model fit was adequate (RMSEA:0.051; CFI:0.916; SRMR:0.060). We demonstrated configural factorial invariance of a cognitive battery in the Indian LASI-DAD using CHC theory. Broad domain factors may be used to rank individuals with respect to cognitive performance and classify cognitive impairment.
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Anderson, Jason R., Dayana Calvo, Ellen Glickman, John Gunstad, and Mary Beth Spitznagel. "The Moderating Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in the Relationship Between Cognitive and Aerobic Endurance Change." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 30, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988716686834.
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Background: Improvements in cognition often accompany fitness improvements in older adults, and research suggests insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may influence this association. No prior work has examined this in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We predicted that IGF-1 would moderate the relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance improvement, such that greater baseline IGF-1 would accompany a stronger relationship between cognition and aerobic endurance change. Method: Twenty-seven individuals with MCI completed assessments of aerobic endurance (2-minute step test [2MST]) and global cognition (Modified Mini-Mental State [3MS]) before and after a 6-month period of twice-weekly exercise. Serum IGF-1 levels were assessed at baseline via fasted blood draw. The Johnson-Neyman technique determined whether baseline IGF-1 levels moderated the relationship between changes in aerobic endurance (Δ2MST) and cognition (Δ3MS). Results: A significant interaction was found; however, Δ2MST was inversely associated with Δ3MS in individuals with above-average serum IGF-1 levels; this relationship was strengthened as IGF-1 increased and was not seen when IGF-1 was below average. Conclusion: The relationship between cognitive and aerobic endurance change varies as a function of IGF-1 in persons with MCI. Additional work is needed to clarify the mechanisms of these findings.
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Hilal, Saima, Chuen Seng Tan, Hieab H. H. Adams, Mohamad Habes, Vincent Mok, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Edith Hofer, et al. "Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition." Neurology 91, no. 9 (August 1, 2018): e832-e842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006079.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the association of enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) with cognition in elderly without dementia.MethodsWe included 5 studies from the Uniform Neuro-Imaging of Virchow-Robin Space Enlargement (UNIVRSE) consortium, namely the Austrian Stroke Prevention Family Study, Study of Health in Pomerania, Rotterdam Study, Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study, and Risk Index for Subclinical Brain Lesions in Hong Kong study. ePVS were counted in 4 regions (mesencephalon, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and centrum semiovale) with harmonized rating across studies. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and general fluid cognitive ability factor (G-factor) were used to assess cognitive function. For each study, a linear regression model was performed to estimate the effect of ePVS on MMSE and G-factor. Estimates were pooled across studies with the use of inverse variance meta-analysis with fixed- or random-effect models when appropriate.ResultsThe final sample size consisted of 3,575 persons (age range 63.4–73.2 years, 50.6% women). Total ePVS counts were not significantly associated with MMSE score (mean difference per ePVS score increase 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.007 to 0.008, p = 0.885) or G-factor (mean difference per ePVS score increase 0.002, 95% CI −0.001 to 0.006, p = 0.148) in age-, sex-, and education-adjusted models. Adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors and MRI markers did not change the results. Repeating the analyses with region-specific ePVS rendered similar results.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that ePVS counts were not associated with cognitive dysfunction in the general population. Future studies with longitudinal designs are warranted to examine whether ePVS contribute to cognitive decline.
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Mravunac, Michelle, Ewa Szymlek-Gay, Robin M. Daly, Blaine R. Roberts, Melissa Formica, Jenny Gianoudis, Stella L. O’Connell, Caryl A. Nowson, and Barbara R. Cardoso. "Greater Circulating Copper Concentrations and Copper/Zinc Ratios are Associated with Lower Psychological Distress, But Not Cognitive Performance, in a Sample of Australian Older Adults." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102503.
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Dyshomeostasis of copper and zinc is linked to neurodegeneration. This study investigated the relationship between circulating copper and zinc and copper/zinc ratios and cognitive function, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and neurotrophic factors in older Australian adults. In this cross-sectional study (n = 139), plasma copper, serum zinc, and neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1) were assessed. Cognition was assessed using the Cogstate battery and the Behavior Rating Inventory (BRI) of Executive Function (Adult version). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Copper (β = −0.024; 95% CI = −0.044, −0.004; p = 0.019) and copper/zinc ratio (β = −1.99; 95% CI = −3.41, −0.57; p = 0.006) were associated with lower depressive symptoms, but not cognition. Plasma copper had a modest positive association with BDNF (β = −0.004; 95% CI = 0.000, 0.007; p = 0.021). Zinc was not associated with any of the outcomes. In conclusion, greater circulating copper concentrations and higher copper/zinc ratios were associated with lower depressive symptoms (but not cognition), with copper also positively associated with BDNF concentration, in a sample of community-dwelling older adults.
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Capatina, O. O., I. V. miclutia, and A. toma. "Relationship between cognition and primary negative symptoms sub-domains in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2112.
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IntroductionThe relationship between negative symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia is not clear, a number of authors whom studied this relationship came up with inconsistent findings and meta-analyses show that there is a small moderate associations between the two domains.Objectives and aimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognition and the primary negative symptoms sub-domains.MethodsSixty-seven female patients with schizophrenia were evaluated using PANSS ans NSA-16 scales. Correlation and regression analyses were used in the present study to investigate the relationship between the primary negative symptoms sub-domains obtained by using the principal component analysis, and cognition evaluated with the PANSS using the 5 factor model as described by Lindenmayer.ResultsNo relationship was found between the PANSS Cognitive factor and Negative factor, but when investigating the relationship of the Cognitive PANSS factor with the negative sub-domains: diminished expression (DE) and avolition-apathy (AA), it was shown that there is a significant association between cognition and AA domain, but there was shown no association with the DE domain, and there was just a small association with the composit score of the NAS-16.ConclusionsOur study reveals the relative independence of cognitive factor from the negative domain of the psychopathology, even though the association with AA domain was clear. These findings also support the need of using appropriate assessment tools in order to get a refined understanding of the phenomenology of schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Orsega-Smith, Elizabeth. "Engaging Older Adults through a Virtual Brain Training Program." Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine 7, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/ggm-8662/100084.
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ackground: Along with growth in the older adult population, there will be increases in the numbers of individuals with cognitive deficits. It will be important to delay the decline in cognition through brain stimulating activities. Social interaction may be a contributing factor in improving cognition and reducing the risk for cognitive decline in older adults.
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Kostic, Emilija, Kiyoung Kwak, and Dongwook Kim. "Assessing the Global Cognition of Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using Motor and Sensory Factors: A Cross-Sectional Feasibility Study." Sensors 23, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 7384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177384.
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Impairments in gait, postural stability, and sensory functions were proved to be strongly associated with severe cognitive impairment such as in dementia. However, to prevent dementia, it is necessary to detect cognitive deterioration early, which requires a deeper understanding of the connections between the aforementioned functions and global cognition. Therefore, the current study measured gait, postural, auditory, and visual functions and, using principal component analysis, explored their individual and cumulative association with global cognition. The global cognitive function of 82 older Korean males was determined using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The motor and sensory functions were summarized into seven independent factors using factor analysis, followed by age and education-level-adjusted linear regression model analysis. The seven factors obtained using factor analysis were gait speed, gait stability, midstance, general auditory ability, auditory recognition, overall visual ability, and postural stability. The linear regression model included years of education, gait stability, postural stability, and auditory recognition, and was able to explain more than half of the variability in cognitive score. This shows that motor and sensory parameters, which are obtainable through wearable sensors and mobile applications, could be utilized in detecting cognitive fluctuations even in the early stages of cognitive deterioration.
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Levin, Bonnie E., Maria M. Llabre, Chuanhui Dong, Mitchell S. V. Elkind, Yaakov Stern, Tatjana Rundek, Ralph L. Sacco, and Clinton B. Wright. "Modeling Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Cognition: The Northern Manhattan Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 20, no. 10 (November 2014): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617714000861.
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AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of vascular risk factors and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the relationship between MetS and cognition. We examined component vascular risk factors of MetS as correlates of different cognitive domains. The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) includes 1290 stroke-free participants from a largely Hispanic multi-ethnic urban community. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to model latent variables of MetS, assessed at baseline and an average of 10 years later, at which time participants also underwent a full cognitive battery. The two four-factor models, of the metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, lipid levels, obesity, and fasting glucose) and of cognition (language, executive function, psychomotor, and memory), were each well supported (CFI=0.97 and CFI=0.95, respectively). When the two models were combined, the correlation between metabolic syndrome and cognition was −.31. Among the metabolic syndrome components, only blood pressure uniquely predicted all four cognitive domains. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol, and risk factor treatment variables, blood pressure remained a significant correlate of all domains except memory. In this stroke-free race/ethnically diverse community-based cohort, MetS was associated with cognitive function suggesting that MetS and its components may be important predictors of cognitive outcomes. After adjusting for sociodemographic and vascular risk factors, blood pressure was the strongest correlate of cognitive performance. Findings suggest MetS, and in particular blood pressure, may represent markers of vascular or neurodegenerative damage in aging populations. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)
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Sui, Sophia X., Lana J. Williams, Kara L. Holloway-Kew, Natalie K. Hyde, and Julie A. Pasco. "Skeletal Muscle Health and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010255.
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Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age. It involves both complex genetic and modifiable risk factors, such as lack of exercise, malnutrition and reduced neurological drive. Cognitive decline refers to diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual functioning. Contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which regulate synapses in the brain. Furthermore, skeletal muscle activity has important immune and redox effects that modify brain function and reduce muscle catabolism. The identification of common risk factors and underlying mechanisms for sarcopenia and cognition may allow the development of targeted interventions that slow or reverse sarcopenia and also certain forms of cognitive decline. However, the links between cognition and skeletal muscle have not been elucidated fully. This review provides a critical appraisal of the literature on the relationship between skeletal muscle health and cognition. The literature suggests that sarcopenia and cognitive decline share pathophysiological pathways. Ageing plays a role in both skeletal muscle deterioration and cognitive decline. Furthermore, lifestyle risk factors, such as physical inactivity, poor diet and smoking, are common to both disorders, so their potential role in the muscle–brain relationship warrants investigation.
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Acar, Ömer, and Zeynep Azaklı. "THE EFFECT OF ONLINE ARGUMENTATION AND REFLECTIVE THINKING-BASED SCIENCE TEACHING ON SIXTH GRADERS’ COGNITIVE ABILITIES." Journal of Baltic Science Education 22, no. 2 (April 10, 2023): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/23.22.192.
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The effect of online argumentation and reflective thinking-based science teaching on sixth-grade students’ epistemic cognition, metacognition, and logical thinking was explored in this study. The research was carried out in the 2020-2021 academic year when all teaching was online due to Covid-19. Students in the study sample were mostly from middle-class families. Students were divided into two groups for one semester; one received online argumentation and reflective thinking-based science teaching (experimental group) whereas the other received only online science teaching (control group). The exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors for epistemic cognition and metacognition questionnaires whereas the logical thinking test was found to be unidimensional. According to the results, experimental group students scored higher than control group students in post-test regulation of cognition and logical thinking. In addition, the experimental group developed knowledge of cognition, regulation of cognition, and logical thinking during the intervention. Although the experimental group scored higher than the control group on the set of post-test epistemic cognition factors, this significance did not appear amongst individual factors. As for the implications of this study, elements of distance learning that may have contributed to the development of students’ cognitive abilities were discussed. Keywords: argumentation-based teaching, distance learning, epistemic cognition, logical thinking, reflective thinking
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Voigt, Robin M., Shohreh Raeisi, Jingyun Yang, Sue Leurgans, Christopher B. Forsyth, Aron S. Buchman, David A. Bennett, and Ali Keshavarzian. "Systemic brain derived neurotrophic factor but not intestinal barrier integrity is associated with cognitive decline and incident Alzheimer’s disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0240342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240342.
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The inflammatory hypothesis posits that sustained neuroinflammation is sufficient to induce neurodegeneration and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Alzheimer’s dementia. One potential source of inflammation is the intestine which harbors pro-inflammatory microorganisms capable of promoting neuroinflammation. Systemic inflammation is robustly associated with neuroinflammation as well as low levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the systemic circulation and brain. Thus, in this pilot study, we tested the hypothesis that intestinal barrier dysfunction precedes risk of death, incident AD dementia and MCI, cognitive impairment and neuropathology. Serum BDNF was associated with changes in global cognition, working memory, and perceptual speed but not risk of death, incident AD dementia, incident MCI, or neuropathology. Neither of the markers of intestinal barrier integrity examined, including lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) nor intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), were associated with risk of death, incident AD dementia, incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI), change in cognition (global or domains), or neuropathology. Taken together, the data in this pilot study suggest that intestinal barrier dysfunction does not precede diagnosis of AD or MCI, changes in cognition, or brain pathology. However, since MCI and AD are related to global cognition, the findings with BDNF and the contiguous cognitive measures suggest low power with the trichotomous cognitive status measures. Future studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to further investigate the results from this pilot study.
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Taylor-Rowan, Martin, Ruth Keir, Gillian Cuthbertson, Robert Shaw, Bogna Drozdowska, Emma Elliott, Jonathan Evans, David Stott, and Terence J. Quinn. "Pre-Stroke Frailty Is Independently Associated With Post-Stroke Cognition: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 25, no. 05 (March 1, 2019): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719000092.
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AbstractObjective: Post-stroke cognitive impairment is common, but mechanisms and risk factors are poorly understood. Frailty may be an important risk factor for cognitive impairment after stroke. We investigated the association between pre-stroke frailty and acute post-stoke cognition. Methods: We studied consecutively admitted acute stroke patients in a single urban teaching hospital during three recruitment waves between May 2016 and December 2017. Cognition was assessed using the Mini-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (min=0; max=12). A Frailty Index was used to generate frailty scores for each patient (min=0; max=100). Clinical and demographic information were collected, including pre-stroke cognition, delirium, and stroke-severity. We conducted univariate and multiple-linear regression analyses with covariates forced in (covariates included were: age, sex, stroke severity, stroke-type, pre-stroke cognitive impairment, delirium, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack) to investigate the association between pre-stroke frailty and post-stroke cognition. Results: Complete data were available for 154 stroke patients. Mean age was 68 years (SD=11; range=32–97); 93 (60%) were male. Median mini-Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 8 (IQR=4–12). Mean Frailty Index score was 18 (SD=11). Pre-stroke cognitive impairment was apparent in 13/154 (8%) patients. Pre-stroke frailty was significantly associated with lower post-stroke cognition (Standardized-Beta=−0.40; p<0.001) and this association was independent of covariates (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.05; p=0.005). Additional significant variables in the multiple regression model were age (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.05; p=0.002), delirium (Unstandardized-Beta=−2.81; p<0.001), pre-stroke cognitive impairment (Unstandardized-Beta=−2.28; p=0.001), and stroke-severity (Unstandardized-Beta=−0.20; p<0.001). Conclusions: Pre-stroke frailty may be a moderator of post-stroke cognition, independent of other well-established post-stroke cognitive impairment risk factors. (JINS, 2019, 25, 501–506)
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Levine, Deborah A., Bingxin Chen, Andrzej T. Galecki, Alden L. Gross, Emily M. Briceño, Rachael T. Whitney, Robert J. Ploutz-Snyder, et al. "Associations Between Vascular Risk Factor Levels and Cognitive Decline Among Stroke Survivors." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): e2313879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.13879.
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ImportanceIncident stroke is associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Whether poststroke vascular risk factor levels are associated with faster cognitive decline is uncertain.ObjectiveTo evaluate associations of poststroke systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels with cognitive decline.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIndividual participant data meta-analysis of 4 US cohort studies (conducted 1971-2019). Linear mixed-effects models estimated changes in cognition after incident stroke. Median (IQR) follow-up was 4.7 (2.6-7.9) years. Analysis began August 2021 and was completed March 2023.ExposuresTime-dependent cumulative mean poststroke SBP, glucose, and LDL cholesterol levels.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was change in global cognition. Secondary outcomes were change in executive function and memory. Outcomes were standardized as t scores (mean [SD], 50 [10]); a 1-point difference represents a 0.1-SD difference in cognition.ResultsA total of 1120 eligible dementia-free individuals with incident stroke were identified; 982 (87.7%) had available covariate data and 138 (12.3%) were excluded for missing covariate data. Of the 982, 480 (48.9%) were female individuals, and 289 (29.4%) were Black individuals. The median age at incident stroke was 74.6 (IQR, 69.1-79.8; range, 44.1-96.4) years. Cumulative mean poststroke SBP and LDL cholesterol levels were not associated with any cognitive outcome. However, after accounting for cumulative mean poststroke SBP and LDL cholesterol levels, higher cumulative mean poststroke glucose level was associated with faster decline in global cognition (−0.04 points/y faster per each 10–mg/dL increase [95% CI, −0.08 to −0.001 points/y]; P = .046) but not executive function or memory. After restricting to 798 participants with apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) data and controlling for APOE4 and APOE4 × time, higher cumulative mean poststroke glucose level was associated with a faster decline in global cognition in models without and with adjustment for cumulative mean poststroke SBP and LDL cholesterol levels (−0.05 points/y faster per 10–mg/dL increase [95% CI, −0.09 to −0.01 points/y]; P = .01; −0.07 points/y faster per 10–mg/dL increase [95% CI, −0.11 to −0.03 points/y]; P = .002) but not executive function or memory declines.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, higher poststroke glucose levels were associated with faster global cognitive decline. We found no evidence that poststroke LDL cholesterol and SBP levels were associated with cognitive decline.
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Trogrlic, Aleksandra, and Aleksandar Vasic. "The convergent and discriminant validity of the need for cognition." Psihologija 42, no. 2 (2009): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0902173t.
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The Serbian version of the short form of the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS - Cacciopo et al., 1984) showed acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. In accordance with previous findings, the need for cognition is gender-independent and age-dependent construct. Correlations of the need for cognition with personality traits and intelligence are also in accordance with previous findings. Concerning the personality traits, the most salient correlates are authoritarianism, extraversion, Big Five openness to experience and neuroticism. There is, also, a marginally significant relationship between the need for cognition and conscientiousness. On the level of narrow cognitive abilities, the need for cognition is significantly associated with dimensions of serial and parallel processing. The g-factor has the same effect as the narrower aspects of cognitive functioning.
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Valdez, Christine E., Melissa J. London, Steven E. Gregorich, and Michelle M. Lilly. "Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Cognitions Scale." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0250221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250221.
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Cognitive theories suggest the manner in which individuals process trauma-related information influences posttraumatic sequelae. Interpretations about trauma can be maladaptive and lead to cognitive distortions implicated in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) through the processes of overaccommodation and assimilation. Alternatively, adaptive interpretations about trauma through the process of accommodation can lead to post-trauma resilience and recovery. The Trauma-Related Cognitions Scale (TRCS) provides a measure of beliefs associated with these cognitive processes. The TRCS was developed over the course of four phases. During Phase 1, 94 items derived from previously validated trauma cognition/beliefs measures were aggregated with 40 items developed by the authors. Phase 2 investigated the TRCS factor structure by fitting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) models to data from a non-clinical sample, resulting in a reduced 69-item TRCS representing four factors: the three theoretical cognitive processes of overaccommodation, assimilation, and accommodation, and an additional optimism factor. Phases 3 and 4 fit confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models of the 69-item TRCS in a new non-clinical and a clinical sample, respectively, and further validation analyses were conducted. Initial evidence suggests the TRCS is a valid and reliable measure of trauma beliefs. Continued validation can determine its utility in both research and clinical contexts.
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Jacques, Francois H., Brian T. Harel, Adrian J. Schembri, Chantal Paquette, Brigitte Bilodeau, Pawel Kalinowski, and Reshmi Roy. "Cognitive evolution in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 2 (January 2016): 205521731665711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217316657116.
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Background Cognitive dysfunction affects up to 65% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and progresses over time. Natalizumab has been shown to be superior to placebo in preserving cognition for the first two years of therapy. Objectives The objectives of this study are to understand the impact of natalizumab on cognition beyond two years of therapy and to investigate whether baseline characteristics are predictive of clinical response. Methods This is a single-center, 24-month, observational study. Sixty-three patients treated with natalizumab were assessed prior to monthly infusions using a Cogstate battery and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Patient demographics were collected at baseline. A linear mixed model was conducted with duration of natalizumab therapy as a between-subjects factor (≤2 or >2 years), assessment as a within-subjects factor, and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) as a covariate. Results Aside from the MSSS ( p = 0.0074), the two groups were identical. No patient showed evidence of sustained cognitive deterioration over the 24-month period. Baseline parameters including impaired cognition did not influence the trajectory of cognitive change over 24 months. Conclusions Our results suggest that natalizumab preserves cognition following four to seven years of continuous therapy. This occurs irrespective of baseline characteristics, including impaired cognition.
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Shen, Jun, Daniel J. Tozer, Hugh S. Markus, and Jonathan Tay. "Network Efficiency Mediates the Relationship Between Vascular Burden and Cognitive Impairment." Stroke 51, no. 6 (June 2020): 1682–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028587.
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Background and Purpose— Cerebrovascular disease contributes to age-related cognitive decline, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that vascular risk factors would lead to cognitive impairment through the disruption of brain white matter network efficiency. Methods— Participants were 19 346 neurologically healthy individuals from UK Biobank that underwent diffusion MRI and cognitive testing (mean age=62.6). Global efficiency, a measure of network integration, was calculated from white matter networks constructed using deterministic diffusion tractography. First, we determined whether demographics (age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education), vascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, body mass index), and white matter hyperintensities were related to global efficiency using multivariate linear regression. Next, we used structural equation modeling to model a multiple regression. The dependent variable was a latent cognition variable using all cognitive data, while independent variables were a latent factor including all vascular risk factors (vascular burden), demographic variables, white matter hyperintensities, and global efficiency. Finally, we used mediation analysis to determine whether global efficiency explained the relationship between vascular burden and cognition. Results— Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were consistently associated with reduced global efficiency even after controlling for white matter hyperintensities. Structural equation models revealed that vascular burden was associated with cognition ( P =0.023), but not after adding global efficiency to the model ( P =0.09), suggesting a mediation effect. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of global efficiency on cognition through vascular burden ( P <0.001), suggesting a partial mediation effect. Conclusions— Vascular burden is associated with reduced global efficiency and cognitive impairment in the general population. Network efficiency partially mediates the relationship between vascular burden and cognition. This suggests that treating specific risk factors may prevent reductions in brain network efficiency and preserve cognitive functioning in the aging population.
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Ashrafi, Farzad, Morteza Sanei Taheri, Aida Farzaneh, Behdad Behnam, and Mehran Arab Ahmadi. "Cognitive functions and white matter lesions on magnetic resonance images in a sample of normal Iranian population with cardiovascular risk factors." Neuroradiology Journal 32, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400919825862.
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Purpose Due to a suggestive three-way relationship between brain structural disorders, microvascular lesions, and cognitive impairments, we aimed to examine the association of the volume and number of white matter hyperintensity lesions and lacunar infarcts with cognitive impairment among patients with cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of the Iranian population. Materials and methods This study was conducted on a total number of 156 normal subjects aged 30–74 years with cardiovascular risk factors. We used the Framingham general cardiovascular risk factors prediction model to calculate the likelihood of each risk factor. The total number of lacunar infarcts and the volume of white matter hyperintensity lesion were calculated in brain magnetic resonance imaging. Cognition status was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire. Results An adverse association was revealed between Montreal Cognitive Assessment score and different cardiovascular risk profiles including the Framingham body mass index score ( p < 0.001) and the Framingham lipid score ( p < 0.001). The total volume of white matter hyperintensity was negatively associated with total Montreal Cognitive Assessment cognition score ( p < 0.001). Our study also showed an adverse association between total number of lacunar infarcts and total Montreal Cognitive Assessment cognition score ( p = 0.038) and with some cognition components including memory ( p = 0.013), attention ( p = 0.037), abstraction ( p = 0.046), and orientation ( p = 0.002). Conclusion Periventricular lesions are associated with impaired memory, language, and visuoconstruction while subcortical lesions are associated with impairment in naming, attention, language, and abstraction functions in normal subjects with cardiovascular risk factors but without cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disorders.
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Failla, Michelle D., Shannon B. Juengst, Patricia M. Arenth, and Amy K. Wagner. "Preliminary Associations Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Memory Impairment, Functional Cognition, and Depressive Symptoms Following Severe TBI." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 30, no. 5 (August 13, 2015): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968315600525.
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Background. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to mood and cognitive complications, affecting functional recovery. Understanding neurobiological alterations common in post-TBI depression (PTD) and cognition may identify novel biomarkers for TBI complications. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a likely target based on evidence of reduced BDNF signaling in experimental TBI and depression models and its role in learning and memory. Objective. To evaluate BDNF as a biomarker for PTD, cognitive impairment, and functional cognition in a prospective cohort with severe TBI. Methods. Participants with TBI (n = 113) were evaluated for PTD (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), cognitive impairment (cognitive composite score), and functional cognition (Functional Independence Measure–Cognition, FIM-Cog). BDNF levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid and serum at 0 to 6 days postinjury and in serum at 6 and 12 months postinjury. Results. Serum BDNF was reduced after TBI versus controls at all time points. Acute serum BDNF positively correlated with memory composites (6 months: r = 0.43, P = .019, n = 30; 12 months: r = 0.53, P = .005, n = 26) and FIM-Memory scores (6 months: r = 0.35, P = .019, n = 45; 12 months: r = 0.38, P = .018, n = 38). Acute serum BDNF negatively correlated with 12-month PHQ-9 scores ( r = −0.38; P = .044; n = 29). At 12 months, chronic serum BDNF tended to be lower in participants with PTD ( P = .07) and correlated with PHQ-9 scores ( r = −0.41; P = .019; n = 32). Conclusions. Acute BDNF associations with memory recovery may implicate hippocampal damage/degeneration. Comparatively, BDNF associations with PTD status were not as strong as associations with PTD severity. Further investigation may delineate longitudinal BDNF patterns, and BDNF responsive treatments, reflecting mood and cognitive recovery following TBI.
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Perna, Laura, Ute Mons, Dan Rujescu, Matthias Kliegel, and Hermann Brenner. "Apolipoprotein E e4 and Cognitive Function: A Modifiable Association? Results from Two Independent Cohort Studies." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 41, no. 1-2 (October 24, 2015): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000440697.
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Background: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 genetic polymorphism is a major risk factor for Alzheimer' s disease, hence the possible prevention of its detrimental effects on cognition is of high relevance. Methods: We used linear regression models to assess associations of APOE e4 with cognitive performance in a population-based cohort study (n = 1,434) and in a cohort of patients with coronary heart disease (n = 366), and restricted cubic splines to explore dose-response relationships between serum cholesterol levels and cognition depending on APOE polymorphism. Results: The association of APOE e4 with cognitive function was strongly amplified in the presence of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease in both independent cohorts; hypercholesterolemia was associated with cognitive function only among APOE e4 carriers in the presence of cardiovascular disease. The interaction effect between APOE genotype and hypercholesterolemia was statistically significant in both cohorts. Conclusions: The detrimental effects of APOE e4 polymorphism on cognition may strongly depend on modifiable risk factors.
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Tan, Eric, Susan Rossell, and Stuart Lee. "S237. MODERATORS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF COGNITION AND SUBJECTIVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.303.
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Abstract Background The relationship between cognitive impairments and subjective quality of life (sQOL) in schizophrenia remains indeterminate, relative to studies of objective QOL (oQOL), despite much previous work. This study sought to better characterise the cognition-sQOL relationship in schizophrenia by 1) examining associations between factor analysis-derived cognitive domains and sQOL, 2) investigating if these domains predicted sQOL over other demographic and clinical variables, and 3) exploring if clinical, demographic and functional variables moderated the significant relationships. Methods 47 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder patients (age: M=43.72, SD=11.35) and 48 healthy controls (age: M=39.82, SD=13.89) were assessed. QOL was measured using the Lehman’s QOL Interview. Composite scores were created to represent oQOL and sQOL, and factor analysis (principal axis factoring with varimax rotation) assessed for latent domains within 14 cognitive tasks. Symptomatology was assessed using the PANSS and MADRS. Pearson’s correlations and a stepwise linear regression were conducted to examine the associations between cognition and sQOL before the moderation analyses. Results Three cognitive domains were derived: visuospatial planning, verbal linguistic and inhibition switching. Only tasks comprising the verbal linguistic cognitive domain were significantly associated with, and predicted, sQOL (p<.05). Moderation analyses revealed that the direction of this relationship differed between patients and healthy controls (p<.05), and was moderated in patients only by positive symptom severity (p<.05). Discussion The relationship between cognition and sQOL in schizophrenia is determined by, and more associated with, meaning-based cognitions. It is affected by symptomatology, notably positive symptoms, which lead to worsening sQOL among those with more intact verbal linguistic processing.
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Yu, Zhou Yu. "A Preliminary Study on the Correlation Factor Analysis of Language Cognitive Assessment System Based on Scale Construction." International Journal of Applied Research on Public Health Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijarphm.315610.
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This paper explores the 12 dimensions of language cognition assessment system using factor analysis. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis of factors within the system were conducted on the language cognition assessment system. Factor analysis and principal component analysis: KMO: 0.934, weak bias correlation, suitable for factor analysis, and the contribution of principal component variance was 79.837%, respectively. The correlations between the 12 factors ranged from 0.611-0.903. The correlation values between the remaining 11 factor assignments and the total score of the system were higher than the correlations between the subscales. The system is constructed with good structural validity, but the correlations between the factors are strong. It is suggested that the indicators be combined or the form of the questions be modified to provide guidance for the modification of the language cognition assessment system.
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Simanjuntak, Risa Rumentha. "Bilinguality and Socioeconomic Status (SES): Approaching Non-Singular Factor to a Child’s Cognitive Development." Lingua Cultura 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2013): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v7i2.427.
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Article attempted to argue that bilingualism have positive contributions toward a child’s cognitive development. By applying library research the discussion is focused on the contribution bilingualism had in mitigating socioeconomic detrimental effects on a child’s learning. Article started with discussing aspects of cognition, especially those shown through speech productions, of a bilingual child, then moving forward to discuss previous findings and arguments from the research pertaining to the issue of low socioeconomic status (henceforth SES) and cognition. Finally, the discussion concluded that bilingualism should be discussed as a complex system of learning and not as separate strands of a child’s learning.
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Tolea, Magdalena, Stephanie Chrisphonte, and James Galvin. "Vitamin D, Insulin-Like Growth Factor, and Cognitive Performance: Age and Sex Variations." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2618.
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Abstract Vitamin D has been consistently linked to better cognitive function in observational studies. This impact may be due in part through its influence on neurotrophins. Whether the relationships between vitamin D, neurotrophins, and cognition vary based on biological factors such as age and sex is unclear. Using data from a sample of 400 community-dwelling older (mean age=75.3±9.4; 47% female) participants in a cross-sectional study of cognitive aging, we assessed relationships between plasma 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D and performance on a neuropsychological battery modeled after the UDSv3.0. Moderation by age and sex and the impact of vitamin D on the relationship between Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and cognitive performance were assessed by linear regression stratified by sex and age (median split at 76y). We found vitamin D to be positively linked to global cognition (MoCA: β=0.095±0.025SE, p<0.001), working memory (Number Span Forward: β=0.017±0.007SE, p=0.011; Number Span Backward: β=0.016±0.007SE, p=0.028), episodic memory (Immediate Recall : β=0.089±0.027SE, p=0.001; Delayed Recall: β=0.047±0.015SE, p=0.002), attention and processing speed (Trail Making A: β=-0.365±0.163SE, p=0.026), executive function (Trail Making B: β=-0.537±0.215SE, p=0.014; Number-Symbol Coding: β=0.139±0.057SE, p=0.016), and an overall measure of cognitive function (z score: β=0.049±0.018SE, p=0.007). Most of these relationships were observed in women and younger older individuals (<76y). In addition, vitamin D increased the effect of IGF-1 on global cognition and memory by 13% and 8%, respectively. Our findings suggest that vitamin D-focused dementia prevention efforts would benefit if targeted to women and younger segments of the senior population and/or as an adjuvant to cognitive enhancement interventions.
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Hill, Nikki, and Mindy Katz. "FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF-REPORTED COGNITION OVER TIME." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.804.
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Abstract Self-reported cognitive problems among cognitively intact older adults are often associated with an increased risk of future cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, cross-sectional evidence suggests that self-reported cognition may be more influenced by factors such as personality or affective symptoms than concurrent objective cognitive performance. Furthermore, self-reported cognition is measured using a variety of items that assess different constructs (e.g., current memory performance, perceived decline over time), which may be differentially influenced by individual characteristics or item interpretation. The purpose of this symposium is to present findings from multiple analyses that examined the influence of individual characteristics (i.e., personality, perceived stress, and family history of dementia) on self-reported cognitive problems, and to further describe how item type influences older adults’ responses to questions about their memory. First, we present the results of an investigation that examined the influence of personality on three types self-reported memory, with a specific focus on how these associations may differ in Black and White older adults. Second, we extend this discussion with results of an examination of associations among personality, family history of AD, and memory self-report. Our third presentation explores bidirectional associations between perceived stress and memory complaints over time. And finally, we present the results of a factor analysis of self-reported cognition items that distinguishes those that tend to travel together over time from those that are better at discriminating between individuals.
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Park, Mi-Sook, Yong-Kyung Park, Eunhwi Kim, and Hong Kim. "Development of visual-motor integration scale for the Korean old people." Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 17, no. 4 (August 23, 2021): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142338.169.
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Effective methods to detect old people cognitive decline in early stages are needed in Korea, which is the fastest aging country in the world. This study aimed to develop a brief cognitive function measurement, Visual-Motor Integration Scale for the Korean elderly (VMIS-KE). In this methodological research, 16 preliminary items on visual-motor integration for the old people were chosen after literature review and expert validation. One hundred eighty participants aged 20-79 years were recruited to verify the validity and reliability of this measurement from community sources in Daegu city. The collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmative factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS 18.0 program. The three factors (figure cognition, memory, and spatial cognition) with 12 items were finally extracted. Goodness of the fit was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach α was 0.867. The scores of overall VMIS-KE and every subcategory significantly decreased with age, especially in the 70s. VMIS-KE is the first valid and reliable measurement to assess cognitive decline of the Korean old people through visual motor integration, and can easily and quickly detect high-risk groups of dementia regardless of their educational level.
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Paredes-Arturo, Yenny Vicky, Eunice Yarce-Pinzon, Diego Mauricio Diaz-Velasquez, and Daniel Camilo Aguirre-Acevedo. "Factors Associated with Cognitive and Functional Performance in Indigenous Older Adults of Nariño, Colombia." Journal of Aging Research 2019 (October 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4542897.
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Introduction. Ethnicity in Latin America is a factor of poverty and social exclusion. Like in developed countries, demographic, medical, psychosocial, global cognitive, and functional variables interact in a complex relationship on the elderly population. Such interaction should be considered to determine cognitive and functional performance using screening tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors affecting global cognitive performance as well as functional activities. Methods. The study was conducted in a Colombian elderly indigenous population which included a sample of 518 adults. This research employed a structural model of latent factors to assess the effects of demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors on cognitive and functional performance. The model was estimated by least squares and used a maximum-likelihood procedure, and it was determined RMSEA, TLI, and CFI to assess the model’s goodness of fit. The categorical variables used in the model were as follows: (1) demographics, (2) psychosocial factors, (3) medical condition, (4) global cognition, and (5) functional factors. Results. Demographics, in addition to medical and psychosocial factors, were related to global cognition and functional factors (RMSEA = 0.051, CI 90% 0.045–0.057, CFI = 0.901, and TLI = 0.881). Conclusion. These results provide strong evidence about the complex relationships among demographics, medical conditions, and psychosocial factors and their influence on global cognition and functional performance in Colombian indigenous elderly population.
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Keller, Ulrich, Anja Strobel, Romain Martin, and Franzis Preckel. "Domain-Specificity of Need for Cognition Among High School Students." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 5 (September 2019): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000437.
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Abstract. Need for Cognition (NFC) is increasingly investigated in educational research. In contrast to other noncognitive constructs in this area, such as academic self-concept and interest, NFC has consistently been conceptualized as domain-general. We employed structural equation modeling to address the question of whether NFC can be meaningfully and gainfully conceptualized as domain-specific. To this end, we developed a domain-specific 20-item NFC scale with parallel items for Science, Mathematics, German, and French. Additionally, domain-general NFC was assessed with five domain-general items. Using a cross-sectional sample of more than 4,500 Luxembourgish 9th graders, we found that a nested-factor model incorporating both a general factor and domain-specific factors better accounted for the data than a single-factor or a correlated-factor model. However, the influence of the general factor was markedly stronger than in corresponding models for academic self-concept and interest. When controlling for the domain-specific factors, only Mathematics achievement was significantly predicted by the domain-general factor, while all achievement measures (Mathematics, French, and German) were predicted by the corresponding domain-specific factor. The nested domain-specific NFC factors were clearly empirically distinguishable from first-order domain-specific interest factors.
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Suzin, Gil, Tom Halpert Frolinger, Dror Yogev, Amir Hadanny, Merav Catalogna, Yuri Rassovsky, and Shai Efrati. "Oxygen: The Rate-Limiting Factor for Episodic Memory Performance, Even in Healthy Young Individuals." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091328.
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Cognition is a crucial element of human functionality. Like any other physical capability, cognition is both enabled and limited by tissue biology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oxygen is a rate-limiting factor for any of the main cognitive domains in healthy young individuals. Fifty-six subjects were randomly assigned to either increased oxygen supply using hyperbaric oxygen (two atmospheres of 100% oxygen) or to a “sham” treatment (a simulation of increased pressure in a chamber with normal air). While in the chamber, participants went through a battery of tests evaluating the major cognitive domains including information processing speed, episodic memory, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and attention. The results demonstrated that from all evaluated cognitive domains, a statistically significant improvement was found in the episodic memory of the hyper-oxygenized group. The hyper-oxygenized group demonstrated a better learning curve and a higher resilience to interference. To conclude, oxygen delivery is a rate-limiting factor for memory function even in healthy young individuals under normal conditions. Understanding the biological limitations of our cognitive functions is important for future development of interventional tools that can be used in daily clinical practice.