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del Ser, Teodoro, María-Ascensión Zea, Meritxell Valentí, Javier Olazarán, Jorge López-Álvarez, Ana Rebollo-Vázquez, Marina Ávila-Villanueva, Belén Frades, Miguel Medina, and Miguel A. Fernández-Blázquez. "Effects of commonly prescribed drugs on cognition and mild cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 8 (June 26, 2019): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857206.
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Background:Chronic drug intake has been associated with negative and positive cognitive effects in elderly people, although subjacent conditions may be confounding factors.Aim:To study the effects on cognitive performance of commonly prescribed medications in a cohort of cognitively normal older adults.Methods:Medication intake was recorded during two years in 1087 individuals 70–85 years old, without neurological or psychiatric conditions. The influence of every drug, drug family and therapeutic group on six cognitive scores and on the conversion to mild cognitive impairment over two years was ascertained by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses controlling for demographic and clinical variables.Results:Small effects of several drugs on information processing were found in cross-sectional analyses but only confirmed for a positive effect of vitamin D in case–control analyses. Longitudinal analyses showed no drug effects on the cognitive slopes. Several hypotensive drugs reduced, whereas bromazepam and glucose lowering drugs increased, the conversion rate to mild cognitive impairment with very small effects ( R2=0.3–1%).Conclusions:Cognitively healthy elderly individuals show minimal negative effects on information processing associated with chronic intake of some drugs probably related to the subjacent condition. Some drugs slightly affect the rate of conversion to mild cognitive impairment. Positive effects of vitamin D, chondroitin, atorvastatin and antihypertensive drugs, and negative effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines, should be further explored in studies with longer follow-up.
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Aldenkamp, Albert P. "Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Cognition." Epilepsia 42 (March 2001): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.00516.x.
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Anderson, Beth M., Matthew Rizzo, Robert I. Block, Godfrey D. Pearlson, and Daniel S. O'Leary. "Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 42, no. 4 (December 2010): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400704.
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David, Michael, Martina Del Giovane, Kathy Liu, Benjamin Gostick, Imafidon Oboh, Robert Howard, and Paresh Malhotra. "041 Cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects of noradrenergic treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, no. 9 (August 12, 2022): e2.236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn2.85.
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BackgroundDysfunction of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system occurs early in Alzheimer’s disease. This results in a low-noradrenergic state in some patients, which contributes to cognitive and neuropsychi- atric symptoms. We aimed to assess the efficacy of noradrenergic drugs for improving these symptoms.MethodsThe MEDLINE, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from 1980 to December 2021. We generated pooled estimates using random effects meta-analyses.Results19 randomised controlled trials, of which six studies were of ‘good’ quality, with seven ‘fair’ and six ‘poor’, included 1811 patients. Meta-analysis of 10 studies showed a small, significant positive effect of noradrenergic drugs on patients’ global cognition, as measured using the MMSE or ADAS-Cog compared to placebo (SMD:0.14, 95%CI:0.03 to 0.25, p=0.01; I2=0%). No significant effect was seen on measures of attention (SMD:0.01, 95%CI:-0.17 to 0.19, p=0.91; I2=0). The apathy meta-analysis included eight trials and detected a large positive effect of noradrenergic drugs (SMD:0.45, 95%CI:0.16 to 0.73, p=0.002; I2=58%), although results were limited by potentially substantial heterogeneity.DiscussionDrug repurposing with established noradrenergic drugs, may offer safe and effective treatment in Alzheimer’s disease, for both cognition and apathy. However, there are number of factors that should be considered before the design of much needed future clinical trials. Including, targeting the correct patient sub-groups and using the correct medications, at the optimal dose, possibly in combination with other treatments, in order to maximise therapeutic effect.
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Priyavarshini R, Shweta Betala, and Amit B Patil. "Formulation and Evaluation of fixed dose combination of Nootropic drugs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 2895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2374.
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Cognitive functions are the critical brain functions responsible for the effective learning and understanding in the humans. They are responsible for various functions like attention, memory, reasoning and in turn helps to improve knowledge. Cognitive impairment is majorly seen in elderly as the brain is prone to neuro degradation. It may also occur in young adults due to poor diet or exercise. Improving cognition is of utmost importance and can be done by the use of cognition enhancers like Nootropics. This class of drugs is said to act by various mechanisms, which in turn leads to the betterment of the neurotransmission in the brain. They may act on acetylcholine, Gamma Butyric Acid, on the beta amyloid receptor or on NMDA. This research emphasis on the enhancement of cognition along with treating various neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Nootropic drugs are chosen for this formulation as they exhibit a rationale in combination with each other since they follow distinctive route of mechanism to treat the diseases. They also show action by preventing the worsening of the disease and by curing the disease. Nootropics are known to have low toxicity leading to their wide acceptance and research. As compared to other combination of nootropic, in this combination, the side effects are reduced of one in presence of the other and show a much higher bioavailability. They cross the blood brain barrier and central nervous system half-life is longer as compared to the systemic half-life owing to their efficacy and superiority over other nootropics when it comes to treating cognition Fixed dose combination of these nootropic drugs is desired and the dose can’t be varied as they no longer show their effect if not used in the exact dose required. The dosage of this varied drug depends on the severity of the disease and patient condition. The research has helped to achieve the reduction in the total tablet mass from 1500 mg to 1420 mg with the use of few excipients. This made it easier for patients to swallow the tablet easily due to an oval shape of the tablet formulation.
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Bishara, Delia, Daniel Harwood, Justin Sauer, and David M. Taylor. "Anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) of drugs commonly used in older people." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (June 9, 2016): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4507.
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ATTOH-MENSAH, Elpidio K., Gilles Loggia, Remy Morello, Pascale Schumann-Bard, Pablo Descatoire, Christian Marcelli, and Chantal Chavoix. "ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: CUT-OFF FOR IMPAIRED COGNITION AND MOBILITY IN SENIORS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S92—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.351.
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Abstract Background and Objectives: Anticholinergic drugs are commonly prescribed in older adults despite growing evidence of their adverse outcomes. We aimed to improve knowledge about deleterious effects of anticholinergic drugs on both cognition and mobility, in particular whether there is a threshold value for the number of anticholinergic drugs or for the anticholinergic burden leading to mobility or cognitive impairment. Methods: 177 community-dwelling individuals aged 55 years or over, with a fall history in the previous year, took part in the study. Anticholinergic drugs were identified using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), and global cognition and mobility were assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Time-Up-and-Go (TUG) test, respectively. Results: ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve analysis indicated that consumption of a single anticholinergic drug per day was a risk factor for impaired MMSE (p < .05) and TUG scores (p < .05). There was also a cut-off of anticholinergic burden of one for impaired MMSE scores (p < .05). Logistic regressions showed that impaired cognition induced by anticholinergic drugs were independent of confounding factors including comorbidities, while impaired mobility would be influenced by age and cardiac comorbidities. Conclusion: Daily consumption of a single anticholinergic drug, regardless of its anticholinergic burden, impairs both cognition and mobility community-dwelling seniors. Alternative solutions to anticholinergic drug prescription should thus be considered whenever possible.
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Cohen, Koby, and Aviv Weinstein. "The Effects of Cannabinoids on Executive Functions: Evidence from Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids—A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8030040.
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Background—Cannabis is the most popular illicit drug in the Western world. Repeated cannabis use has been associated with short and long-term range of adverse effects. Recently, new types of designer-drugs containing synthetic cannabinoids have been widespread. These synthetic cannabinoid drugs are associated with undesired adverse effects similar to those seen with cannabis use, yet, in more severe and long-lasting forms. Method—A literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases up to 31 December 2017. Specific search strategies were employed using multiple keywords (e.g., “synthetic cannabinoids AND cognition,” “cannabis AND cognition” and “cannabinoids AND cognition”). Results—The search has yielded 160 eligible studies including 37 preclinical studies (5 attention, 25 short-term memory, 7 cognitive flexibility) and 44 human studies (16 attention, 15 working memory, 13 cognitive flexibility). Both pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated an association between synthetic cannabinoids and executive-function impairment either after acute or repeated consumptions. These deficits differ in severity depending on several factors including the type of drug, dose of use, quantity, age of onset and duration of use. Conclusions—Understanding the nature of the impaired executive function following consumption of synthetic cannabinoids is crucial in view of the increasing use of these drugs.
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Harvey, N. S. "Serial Cognitive Profiles in Levodopa-induced Hypersexuality." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 6 (December 1988): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.6.833.
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A patient with recent-onset Parkinson's disease was tested for mood, physical disability, and cognition, before treatment and then during and after a period of levodopa-induced hypersexuality. The effects of different anti-Parkinsonian drugs on cognition and behaviour are described. The unique cognitive data from this case support the hypothesis that hypersexuality is a manifestation of enhanced libido and not frontal disinhibition.
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Malabadi, Ravindra B., Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, and Raju K. Chalannavar. "Recent updates on the role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer's disease (Dementia)." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 14–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.801.002.
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This review paper highlights the use of medicinal plants in the management of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, a serious brain disorder that impacts daily living through memory loss and cognitive changes. Alzheimer's disease is also age-related neurodegenerative disorders caused by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, resulting in neuronal cell death. Alzheimer's patients have an acetylcholine deficiency. Stressful conditions, free radicle scavanging and oxidation are often associated with loss of memory and cognitive functions, which may lead to threats of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of allopathic drugs has resulted in the adverse side effects on the human body and thus limits the use of such drugs. Herbal cognitive enhancer drugs have shown their potent effect in Alzheimer’s disease due to their antioxidant and neuropharmacological actions. The use of natural cognitive enhancers evidenced to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention and concentration. Traditional Ayurvedic herbal system of medicine is fundamentally preventive, protective, nutritive, curative and less expensive. Therefore, the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is a novel approach without any side effects.
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Abou-Khalil, Bassel, and Rima Abou-Khalil. "Seizure Disorders and the Effects of Antiepileptic Medications on Cognitive-Communicative Function." Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders 25, no. 2 (April 2015): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/nnsld25.2.47.
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Purpose Review effects of epilepsy and its treatment on cognitive-communicative function. Method We searched PubMed and extracted relevant information. Results Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is commonly associated with cognitive disturbances in between seizures, most commonly memory dysfunction. Other cognitive disturbances may be seen, particularly auditory naming when epilepsy starts in the dominant temporal lobe. While control of seizures is expected to improve the cognitive consequences, antiepileptic drugs themselves may be associated with cognitive dysfunction. Among the old generation of antiepileptic drugs, the sedating medications phenobarbital and benzodiazepines have the most negative impact on cognitive function. However, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate may also adversely affect attention and memory. The newer antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, gabapentin, and levetiracetam (LEV) are less likely to affect cognition than carbamazepine. Another new antiepileptic drug, topiramate, is associated with considerable adverse effects on attention, concentration, memory, executive function, and verbal fluency. Word finding difficulties are a common adverse effect, to the point that some patients can develop a nonfluent aphasia. Levetiracetam (LEV), on the other hand, has been reported to improve verbal fluency in patients with partial epilepsy and language dysfunction. Conclusions Both epilepsy and its treatment may adversely affect cognitive-communicative function.
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Schilt, T., M. M. L. de Win, G. Jager, M. W. Koeter, N. F. Ramsey, B. Schmand, and W. van den Brink. "Specific effects of ecstasy and other illicit drugs on cognition in poly-substance users." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 9 (November 8, 2007): 1309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707002140.
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BackgroundA large number of studies, reviews and meta-analyses have reported cognitive deficits in ecstasy users. However most ecstasy users are polydrug users, and therefore it cannot be excluded that these deficits are (partly) the result of drugs other than ecstasy. The current study, part of the Netherlands XTC Toxicity (NeXT) study, investigates the specific sustained effects of ecstasy relative to amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis on the brain using neuropsychological examination.MethodA stratified sample of 67 subjects with such a variation in type and amount of drug use was included that correlations between the consumption of the various drugs were relatively low allowing stepwise linear multiple regression analyses to differentiate between the effects of ecstasy and those of other substances. Subjects were assessed with neuropsychological tests measuring attention, working memory, verbal and visuospatial memory, and visuospatial ability.ResultsEcstasy use [mean 327 (s.d.=364) tablets in lifetime] had a specific significant dose-related negative effect on verbal delayed recall after adjusting for the use of other drugs.ConclusionsThese findings strongly suggest a specific sustained negative effect of ecstasy use on verbal memory. The clinical relevance is not immediately clear, because test performance generally remained within the normal range. However the magnitude of the effect is substantial (d>0.5) and long-term consequences cannot be excluded.
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Eddy, Clare M., Hugh E. Rickards, and Andrea E. Cavanna. "The cognitive impact of antiepileptic drugs." Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 4, no. 6 (September 13, 2011): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756285611417920.
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Effective treatment of epilepsy depends on medication compliance across a lifetime, and studies indicate that drug tolerability is a significant limiting factor in medication maintenance. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function and therefore compromise patient wellbeing. On the other hand, some agents may serve to enhance cognitive function. In this review paper, we highlight the range of effects on cognition linked to a variety of newer and older AEDs, encompassing key alterations in both specific executive abilities and broader neuropsychological functions. Importantly, the data reviewed suggest that the effects exerted by an AED could vary depending on both patient characteristics and drug-related variables. However, there are considerable difficulties in evaluating the available evidence. Many studies have failed to investigate the influence of patient and treatment variables on cognitive functioning. Other difficulties include variation across studies in relation to design, treatment group and assessment tools, poor reporting of methodology and poor specification of the cognitive abilities assessed. Focused and rigorous experimental designs including a range of cognitive measures assessing more precisely defined abilities are needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge and follow up reported patterns in the literature. Longitudinal studies are needed to improve our understanding of the influence of factors such as age, tolerance and the stability of cognitive effects. Future trials comparing the effects of commonly prescribed agents across patient subgroups will offer critical insight into the role of patient characteristics in determining the cognitive impact of particular AEDs.
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Sumiyoshi, T., Y. Higuchi, T. Itoh, M. Matsui, H. Arai, M. Suzuki, C. Sumiyoshi, and Y. Kawasaki. "Effect of Perospirone on p300 Electrophysiological Activity and Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Three-dimensional Analysis with (s)loreta." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71436-1.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if perospirone, a second generation antipsychotic drug and partial agonist at serotonin-5-HT1A receptors, enhances electrophysiological activity, such as event-related potentials (ERPs), in frontal brain regions, as well as cognitive function in subjects with schizophrenia. P300 current source images were obtained by means of standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) before and after treatment with perospirone for 6 months. Perospirone significantly increased P300 current source density in the left superior frontal gyrus, and improved positive symptoms and performance on the script tasks, a measure of verbal social cognition. Perospirone also tended to enhance verbal learning memory in patients with schizophrenia. There was a significant correlation between the changes in P300 amplitudes on the left frontal lead and those in social cognition. These results suggest the changes in three-dimensional distribution of cortical activity, as demonstrated by sLORETA, may mediate some of the actions of antipsychotic drugs. the distinct cognition-enhancing profile of perospirone may be related to its actions on 5-HT1A receptors.
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Goya, Luis, Ricardo San Román, and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa. "Polyphenols’ Effect on Cerebrovascular Health." Current Medicinal Chemistry 29, no. 6 (February 2022): 1029–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666211129123459.
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: Polyphenols are a wide group of plant components that include a high number of individual compounds and are present in foods, dietary supplements, and drugs. Many of them have shown pharmacological effects, are used in cardiovascular disease prevention, and not as many have been assayed in cancer treatment or co-treatment. In the last few years, however, the research on polyphenols' implications in healthy aging, especially in neurodegeneration and cognition improvement, has increased dramatically. Most of the results found in this sense are again related to the capacity of some specific polyphenols to regulate the blood flow, but this time at the cerebral level, and to protect the endothelium at this same level. In this thorough review, we want to concentrate precisely on the effect of polyphenols on cerebrovascular homeostasis, reviewing the mechanisms that underline this effect and the radiological methods and endogenous biomarkers that are used in human trials aimed at showing the beneficial effect of polyphenols or polyphenol rich foods on neuroprotection and cognition function.
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Huehnchen, Petra, Antonia van Kampen, Wolfgang Boehmerle, and Matthias Endres. "Cognitive impairment after cytotoxic chemotherapy." Neuro-Oncology Practice 7, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nop/npz052.
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Abstract Background Neurotoxicity is a frequent side effect of cytotoxic chemotherapy and affects a large number of patients. Despite the high medical need, few research efforts have addressed the impact of cytotoxic agents on cognition (ie, postchemotherapy cognitive impairment; PCCI). One unsolved question is whether individual cytotoxic drugs have differential effects on cognition. We thus examine the current state of research regarding PCCI. Neurological symptoms after targeted therapies and immunotherapies are not part of this review. Methods A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database, and 1215 articles were reviewed for predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty articles were included in the systematic review. Results Twenty-five of the included studies report significant cognitive impairment. Of these, 21 studies investigated patients with breast cancer. Patients mainly received combinations of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and taxanes (FEC/FEC-T). Five studies found no significant cognitive impairment in chemotherapy patients. Of these, 2 studies investigated patients with colon cancer receiving 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). Independent risk factors for PCCI were patient age, mood alterations, cognitive reserve, and the presence of apolipoprotein E e4 alleles. Conclusions There is evidence that certain chemotherapy regimens cause PCCI more frequently than others as evidenced by 21 out of 23 studies in breast cancer patients (mainly FEC-T), whereas 2 out of 3 studies with colon cancer patients (FOLFOX) did not observe significant changes. Further studies are needed defining patient cohorts by treatment protocol in addition to cancer type to elucidate the effects of individual cytotoxic drugs on cognitive functions.
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Foster, Emma, Charles B. Malpas, Karena Ye, Benjamin Johnstone, Patrick W. Carney, Dennis Velakoulis, Terence J. O'Brien, and Patrick Kwan. "Antiepileptic drugs are not independently associated with cognitive dysfunction." Neurology 94, no. 10 (February 3, 2020): e1051-e1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009061.
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ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that individual antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are not associated with cognitive impairment beyond other clinically relevant factors, we performed a cross-sectional study of patients admitted to an inpatient video-EEG monitoring unit.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled patients admitted to an inpatient specialist epilepsy program between 2009 and 2016. Assessments included objective cognitive function, quality of life subscales for subjective cognitive function, and questionnaires for anxiety and depressive symptoms. Bayesian model averaging identified predictors of cognitive function. Bayesian model selection approach investigated effect of individual AEDs on cognition. Conventional frequentist analyses were also performed.ResultsA total of 331 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 39.3 years and 61.9% of patients were women. A total of 45.0% of patients were prescribed AED polypharmacy, 25.1% AED monotherapy, and 29.9% no AED. Age, seizure frequency, and a diagnosis of concomitant epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure were predictors of objective cognitive function. Depression, anxiety, and seizure frequency were predictors of subjective cognitive function. Individual AEDs were not independently associated with impaired cognitive function beyond other clinically relevant variables.ConclusionsThis study found that no AED was independently associated with cognitive dysfunction. Significant determinants of objective and subjective cognitive dysfunction included seizure frequency and depression, respectively. These findings suggest that optimizing therapy to prevent seizures is not likely to occur at the expense of cognitive function.
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Rai, Jayant, Preeti P. Yadav, Richa Verma, and Mayur Chaudhari. "Effect of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive functions: a prospective study in individuals with newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 4 (March 25, 2017): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20171092.
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Background: Epilepsy, the third most common neurologic disorder, deteriorates cognitive functions of the patients. Approximately 1% of the world’s population is suffering from epilepsy. Opinions regarding impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognition are divided. So, this study was designed to assess the impact of anti-epileptic drugs on cognitive performance of patients with complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure in Department of Medicine, at Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India.Methods: In present study, cognitive functions were assessed in 50 patients of newly diagnosed complex partial seizure and generalized tonic clonic seizure coming to the Department of Medicine, Surat. The cognitive functions were evaluated by Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE)-III, which assessed memory, attention, fluency, language and visuo-spatial abilities. Follow-up was done after six months of baseline.Results: Baseline and Follow-up data from 50 patients were analysed. Patient treated with anti-epileptic drugs showed significant improvement in memory, attention, language and visuo-spatial abilities whereas improvement in fluency was not significant. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were used to analyse the data. For statistical analysis of data SPSS 19.0 software was used.Conclusions: The available data indicate that the anti-epileptic drugs on short-term administration do not adversely affect cognitive function in patients with newly diagnosed CPS and GTCS. Importantly, the data suggest that the effects exerted by AEDs could depend on factors linked to patient characteristics and individual susceptibility and to comment on those factors further studies are needed.
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Bootsma, Hans-Peter R., Albert P. Aldenkamp, Leonie Diepman, Jacques Hulsman, Danielle Lambrechts, Loes Leenen, Marian Majoie, Ad Schellekens, and Marc de Krom. "The Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Cognition: Patient Perceived Cognitive Problems of Topiramate versus Levetiracetam in Clinical Practice." Epilepsia 47, s2 (November 2006): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00683.x.
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Ilieva, Irena P., Cayce J. Hook, and Martha J. Farah. "Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (June 2015): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00776.
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The use of prescription stimulants to enhance healthy cognition has significant social, ethical, and public health implications. The large number of enhancement users across various ages and occupations emphasizes the importance of examining these drugs' efficacy in a nonclinical sample. The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition.
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AKAHO, RIE. "The effects of antiepileptic drugs on cognition in normal volunteers." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 50, no. 2 (April 1996): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb01665.x.
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Meltzer, Herbert Y. "Beyond Control of Acute Exacerbation: Enhancing Affective and Cognitive Outcomes." CNS Spectrums 8, S2 (November 2003): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900008142.
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ABSTRACTFrom the perspective of efficacy, the main advantages of the group of new antipsychotic drugs, including ziprasidone, clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, are their ability to improve cognitive function. Other advantages are more selective, eg, clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, while the advantages for positive and negative symptoms in neuroleptic responsive patients are modest and sometimes difficult to demonstrate. The advantage for cognitive function is important because of abundant evidence that cognitive function is a key predictor of work and social function acquisition. The drug-induced cognitive improvement can synergize with typical rehabilitation programs and more experimental cognitive retraining programs to optimize these areas of improvement. Improved cognition also has implications for better compliance and decreased caretaker burden. It is also important to consider the efficacy of antipsychotics to improve mood and negative symptoms and to provide a biological framework for their ability to achieve these advantages over typical neuroleptic drugs. This article will provide new data on efficacy of this class of drugs relative to each other and to typical neuroleptics. Current theories linking efficacy in cognition to unique effects on cortical dopaminergic and cholinergic function and improved patterns of connectivity in the brain during cognitive task performance will be discussed. Finally, pharmacologic strategies to augment affect and cognitive improvements due to the new antipsychotic drug therapies will be discussed.
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Kurz, Alexander F., Stefan Leucht, and Nicola T. Lautenschlager. "The clinical significance of cognition-focused interventions for cognitively impaired older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 9 (July 11, 2011): 1364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211001001.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Cognitive stimulation, training or rehabilitation can achieve modest, skill-specific gains in cognitively healthy older adults. With regard to the limited efficacy of currently available anti-dementia drugs it is crucial to investigate whether such treatments also provide clinically meaningful benefits to cognitively impaired older individuals.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating cognition-focused interventions in participants with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Meta-analytic strategies were used to calculate effect sizes.Results: Cognition-focused interventions confer small and inconsistent effects on trained cognitive skills which, according to some studies, translate into gains on general cognitive ability. Instruments measuring such effects such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognitive part (ADAS-Cog) show standardized mean differences of 0.20 and 0.30, respectively, which are comparable with those of current antidementia drug treatments. However, convincing evidence of clinical significance was only obtained from single trials in terms of delay of cognitive decline, improvement in activities of daily living, or enhanced attainment of personally relevant goals.Conclusions: The potential of cognition-focused interventions has probably been obscured by the methodological inconsistencies and limitations of the clinical studies conducted thus far. Further randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of these treatment modalities are required using optimized and consistent methods. Emphasis should be placed on tailoring interventions to individual needs and resources while maintaining a high level of standardization, on implementing newly acquired skills and strategies in the everyday context, on appropriate treatment duration, and on including person-centered outcomes.
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Ho, Jean K., Frank Moriarty, Jennifer J. Manly, Eric B. Larson, Denis A. Evans, Kumar B. Rajan, Elizabeth M. Hudak, et al. "Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing Renin-Angiotensin Drugs and Cognition in the Elderly: A Meta-Analysis." Hypertension 78, no. 3 (September 2021): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17049.
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Hypertension is an established risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia in older adults, highlighting the potential importance of antihypertensive treatments in prevention efforts. Work surrounding antihypertensive treatments has suggested possible salutary effects on cognition and neuropathology. Several studies have specifically highlighted renin-angiotensin system drugs, including AT1-receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, as potentially benefiting cognition in later life. A small number of studies have further suggested renin-angiotensin system drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier may be linked to lower dementia risk compared to their nonpenetrant counterparts. The present meta-analysis sought to evaluate the potential cognitive benefits of blood-brain barrier crossing renin-angiotensin system drugs relative to their nonpenetrant counterparts. We harmonized longitudinal participant data from 14 cohorts from 6 countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Japan, United States), for a total of 12 849 individuals at baseline, and assessed for blood-brain barrier crossing potential within antihypertensive medications used by cognitively normal participants. We analyzed 7 cognitive domains (attention, executive function, language, verbal memory learning, recall, mental status, and processing speed) using ANCOVA (adjusted for age, sex, and education) and meta-analyses. Older adults taking blood-brain barrier-crossing renin-angiotensin drugs exhibited better memory recall over up to 3 years of follow-up, relative to those taking nonpenetrant medications, despite their relatively higher vascular risk burden. Conversely, those taking nonblood-brain barrier-penetrant medications showed better attention over the same follow-up period, although their lower vascular risk burden may partially explain this result. Findings suggest links between blood-brain barrier crossing renin-angiotensin drugs and less memory decline.
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de la Colina, Adrian Noriega, Helen-Maria Vasiliadis, Djamal Berbiche, Louis Bherer, Helene Girouard, and Navin Kaushal. "IMPACT OF SEX AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MEDICATION ON GLOBAL COGNITION IN PRIMARY CARE OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2533.
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Abstract Hypertension is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. However, there are conflicting reports regarding which class of antihypertensive medication is the best for reducing the risk of cognitive decline. The objective of this study is to determine whether sex determines the pharmacological therapy that is the most effective in preserving cognitive outcomes. This study examined 1607 participants from the ESA Services Study, a longitudinal survey of older adults over 65 years old in Quebec-Canada. They were examined for the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) at baseline (T1) and followed up three (T2) and four years after (T3). Hypertensive women had the highest mean MMSE score at each time point (T1 28.591 (SE .064); T2 28.282 (SE .118); T3 28.524 (SE.119)), while hypertensive men had the worst (T1 28.038(SE.070); T2 27.694(SE.125); 27.809(SE.128)). Women taking angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) showed the highest MMSE scores (p<.003), and men taking diuretics and other antihypertensives had the lowest MMSE scores(p<.001) after a 3-year follow-up. Combination therapy of two or three antihypertensives drugs was associated with higher scores in women at T1 and T2 (p<.001). In men, taking three antihypertensives showed a sharp decrease in MMSE scores from T1 to T3 (p<.001). Sex differences in global cognition outcomes in older adults are in part due to the heterogeneity in effects related to the type and number of antihypertensive drugs used. Effective antihypertensive treatment should consider the impact of sex to optimize the effect of pharmacological interventions on cognition.
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Stuhec, M., J. Keuschler, J. Serra-Mestres, and M. Isetta. "Effects of different antihypertensive medication groups on cognitive function in older patients: A systematic review." European Psychiatry 46 (October 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.07.015.
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AbstractBackground:Chronic hypertension has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. Although a link between hypertension and cognitive decline has been established, there is less evidence supported by systematic reviews. The main aim was to compare different antihypertensive drug groups in relation to their effect on cognition in older patients without established dementia using a systematic review.Method:A systematic search in Medline and Embase through to January 2017 was used to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) studying the impact of different antihypertensives on cognition in older patients without dementia. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is), beta-blockers (BBs), diuretics, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) were included in this review.Results:The systematic search identified 358 studies. The full text of 31 RCTs was reviewed and a total of 15 RCTs were included in the review. Most studies reported an improvement in episodic memory in patients treated with ARBs versus placebo or other types of antihypertensive drugs. No study showed an improvement in cognition in patients who received diuretics, BBs, or CCBs. Heterogeneity was high in most trials (predominantly in the blinding of participants and investigators).Conclusion:This review suggests that ARBs can improve cognitive functions in the elderly, especially episodic memory. ACE-Is, diuretics, BBs and CCBs did not seem to improve cognitive function in the elderly but were similarly effective in blood pressure lowering as ARBs.
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Moran, Mark. "Drug's Effect on Cognition Could Be Treatment Advance." Psychiatric News 42, no. 19 (October 5, 2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.42.19.0017.
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Anam, Seeba, Scott Hunter, and Khalid Afzal. "The Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Pediatric Cognition, Mood, and Behavior." Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy 06, no. 01 (July 1, 2016): 003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584935.
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Maier, Larissa J., and Michael P. Schaub. "The Use of Prescription Drugs and Drugs of Abuse for Neuroenhancement in Europe." European Psychologist 20, no. 3 (July 2015): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000228.
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Abstract. Pharmacological neuroenhancement, defined as the misuse of prescription drugs, illicit drugs, or alcohol for the purpose of enhancing cognition, mood, or prosocial behavior, is not widespread in Europe – nevertheless, it does occur. Thus far, no drug has been proven as safe and effective for cognitive enhancement in otherwise healthy individuals. European studies have investigated the misuse of prescription and illicit stimulants to increase cognitive performance as well as the use of tranquilizers, alcohol, and cannabis to cope with stress related to work or education. Young people in educational settings report pharmacological neuroenhancement more frequently than those in other settings. Although the regular use of drugs for neuroenhancement is not common in Europe, the irregular and low-dose usage of neuroenhancers might cause adverse reactions. Previous studies have revealed that obtaining adequate amounts of sleep and using successful learning techniques effectively improve mental performance, whereas pharmacological neuroenhancement is associated with ambiguous effects. Therefore, non-substance-related alternatives should be promoted to cope with stressful situations. This paper reviews the recent research on pharmacological neuroenhancement in Europe, develops a clear definition of the substances used, and formulates recommendations for practitioners regarding how to react to requests for neuroenhancement drug prescriptions. We conclude that monitoring the future development of pharmacological neuroenhancement in Europe is important to provide effective preventive measures when required. Furthermore, substance use to cope with stress related to work or education should be studied in depth because it is likely more prevalent and dangerous than direct neuroenhancement.
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Sayyah, Mehdi, Kaveh Eslami, Shabnam AlaiShehni, and Leila Kouti. "Cognitive Function before and during Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Patients with Depression or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Psychiatry Journal 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5480391.
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Objectives. Identification of adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is of great importance due to their extensive use in medicine. Some studies have reported the effects of SSRIs on cognitive functions, but the results are conflicting. This study was designed to assess the effect of these drugs on cognition of patients with depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods. Patients with depression or OCD, naïve to therapy, and candidates of receiving one drug from SSRI class, voluntarily, entered this study. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test was the tool to assess their cognitive functions. MMSE scores of each patient were recorded prior to taking SSRIs and at weeks 3, 5, and 8 of drug therapy.Results. 50 patients met our inclusion criteria, with a baseline mean MMSE score of 23.94. At 3, 5, and 8 weeks of treatment, the mean scores were 22.1, 21.4, and 20.66, respectively. With apvalue of <0.0001, the gradual decline was statistically significant.Conclusion. The MMSE scores of our patients showed a gradual decline over the consecutive weeks after taking SSRI drugs. It seems that the use of SSRIs in patients with depression or OCD, can cause cognitive dysfunction in the acute phase of treatment.
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M Yelanchezian, Y. Mukish, Henry J. Waldvogel, Richard L. M. Faull, and Andrea Kwakowsky. "Neuroprotective Effect of Caffeine in Alzheimer’s Disease." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 3737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123737.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, predicted to be the most significant health burden of the 21st century, with an estimated 131.5 million dementia patients by the year 2050. This review aims to provide an overview of the effect of caffeine on AD and cognition by summarizing relevant research conducted on this topic. We searched the Web of Science core collection and PubMed for studies related to the effect of caffeine on AD and cognition using title search terms: caffeine; coffee; Alzheimer’s; cognition. There is suggestive evidence from clinical studies that caffeine is neuroprotective against dementia and possibly AD (20 out of 30 studies support this), but further studies, such as the “ideal” study proposed in this review, are required to prove this link. Clinical studies also indicate that caffeine is a cognitive normalizer and not a cognitive enhancer. Furthermore, clinical studies suggest the neuroprotective effect of caffeine might be confounded by gender. There is robust evidence based on in vivo and in vitro studies that caffeine has neuroprotective properties in AD animal models (21 out of 22 studies support this), but further studies are needed to identify the mechanistic pathways mediating these effects.
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Bhushan, Bharat, Jaram Singh, and Rajveer Sason. "Endurance Effect of Rasayana Drug “Ashwagandha-Withania Somnifera” in Athletes-A Review Article." International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga 05, no. 10 (2022): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47223/irjay.2022.51014.
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Doping drugs or performance-enhancing substances are illicit substances used to improve performance. These substances could be toxic and have a negative effect on athlete's health. Rasayana therapy can be given to healthy people to boost health and increase strength as well as to sick people to improve their immunological resistance. Researchers have discovered that Ashwagandha and other Rasayana drugs have nootropic (improving cognition and brain function) advantages in addition to immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-aging, nutritional, anabolic, haemopoetic, and anti-ageing characteristics. Numerous herbal blends and other Rasayana treatments are available based on the demands of the individual. Various Research study have been carried out which shows adaptogenic effect of ashwagandha. This paper aims to study endurance effect of ashwagandha through various studies
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Hulsken, Sjoerd, Antje Märtin, M. Hasan Mohajeri, and Judith Regina Homberg. "Food-derived serotonergic modulators: effects on mood and cognition." Nutrition Research Reviews 26, no. 2 (October 18, 2013): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422413000164.
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The most frequently described drugs in the treatment of mood disorders are selective serotonin reuptake and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, enhancing serotonin levels in the brain. However, side-effects have been reported for these drugs. Because serotonin levels in the brain are dependent on the availability of the food-derived precursor tryptophan, foods such as chicken, soyabeans, cereals, tuna, nuts and bananas may serve as an alternative to improve mood and cognition. Here we discuss the effects of high- or low-tryptophan-containing food, as well as plant extracts with a modest monoamine reuptake and MAO-A inhibition functional profile, on mood and cognition in healthy and vulnerable human subjects and rodents. Together the studies suggest that there is an inverted U-shaped curve for plasma tryptophan levels, with low and too high tryptophan levels impairing cognition, and moderate to high tryptophan levels improving cognition. This relationship is found for both healthy and vulnerable subjects. Whereas this relationship may also exist for mood, the inverted U-shaped curve for plasma tryptophan levels and mood may be based on different tryptophan concentrations in healthyv.vulnerable individuals. Animal studies are emerging and allow further understanding of effects and the mode of action of food-derived serotonergic components on mood, cognition and mechanisms. Ultimately, insight into the concentrations of tryptophan and other serotonergic components in food having beneficial effects on mood and cognition in healthy, but particularly vulnerable, subjects may support well-being in our highly demanding society.
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GOLIGHTLY, K. L., J. A. LLOYD, J. E. HOBSON, P. GALLAGHER, G. MERCER, and A. H. YOUNG. "Acute tryptophan depletion in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 2001): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799003062.
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Background. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the action of new generation antipsychotic drugs. By the method of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) 5-HT can be selectively manipulated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ATD on symptoms, mood and cognition in schizophrenic patients.Methods. Twenty-eight schizophrenic patients participated in a within subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled counterbalanced cross-over study. Patients with a concurrent DSM-IV axis I diagnosis were excluded. Symptoms, mood and cognitive function were evaluated following ATD or ingestion of a control drink.Results. The depleting drink significantly reduced plasma total and free tryptophan. Tryptophan/LNAA ratios did not alter with the administration of the control drink, but differed significantly with ATD; however there was no significant change in tyrosine/LNAA ratio. ATD led to impairment in executive function that was dependent upon the order of administration. Tests of sustained attention, speed of processing, and everyday memory were not affected. No effects were observed on subjective mood ratings, movement disorders or PANSS scores.Conclusions. Acute tryptophan depletion selectively alters cognition in schizophrenia, but has no effect on symptoms, mood ratings or movement disorders.
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Ballesteros, Alejandro, Ana M. Sánchez-Torres, Jose M. López-Ilundain, Bibiana Cabrera, Antonio Lobo, Ana M. González-Pinto, Covadonga Díaz-Caneja, et al. "Is cognitive impairment associated with antipsychotic dose and anticholinergic equivalent loads in first-episode psychosis?" Psychological Medicine 48, no. 13 (January 14, 2018): 2247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003774.
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AbstractBackgroundCognitive deficits are a core feature of early stages in schizophrenia. However, the extent to which antipsychotic (AP) have a deleterious effect on cognitive performance remains under debate. We aim to investigate whether anticholinergic loadings and dose of AP drugs in first episode of psychosis (FEP) in advanced phase of remission are associated with cognitive impairment and the differences between premorbid intellectual quotient (IQ) subgroups.MethodsTwo hundred and sixty-six patients participated. The primary outcomes were cognitive dimensions, dopaminergic/anticholinergic load of AP [in chlorpromazine equivalents (Eq-CPZ) and the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS), respectively].ResultsImpairments in processing speed, verbal memory and global cognition were significantly associated with high Eq-CPZ and verbal impairment with high ARS score. Moreover, this effect was higher in the low IQ subgroup.ConclusionsClinicians should be aware of the potential cognitive impairment associated with AP in advanced remission FEP, particularly in lower premorbid IQ patients.
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Das, Soumitra, Seshadri Sekhar Chatterjee, and Barikar Chandrappa Malathesh. "Anticholinergic medications even in therapeutic range can cause recurrence of psychosis." General Psychiatry 33, no. 4 (July 2020): e100235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100235.
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Anticholinergic drugs are commonly used in psychiatry to attenuate antipsychotic induced extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS). Psychosis as a side effect is generally explained under the rubric of anticholinergic toxicity or induced delirium. Anticholinergic induced worsening of psychosis in patients with normal cognition is extremely rare in literature. Here, we arepresenting a case of young female who was prescribed with multiple anticholinergics to reduce EPS, and each time had worsening of psychosis with intact cognition. We then discussed the possible neurobiological explanation with special reference to muscarinic hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Weiser, Mark, Michal Shneider-Beeri, Nitza Nakash, Noa Brill, Odelia Bawnik, Shoshana Reiss, Shraga Hocherman, and Michael Davidson. "Improvement in cognition associated with novel antipsychotic drugs: a direct drug effect or reduction of EPS?" Schizophrenia Research 46, no. 2-3 (December 2000): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00025-6.
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Ehrt, U., K. Broich, J. P. Larsen, C. Ballard, and D. Aarsland. "Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a cohort study." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 81, no. 2 (September 21, 2009): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.186239.
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Chamberlain, Samuel R., Ulrich Müller, Julia B. Deakin, Phil R. Corlett, Jonathan Dowson, Rudolf N. Cardinal, Michael R. F. Aitken, Trevor W. Robbins, and Barbara J. Sahakian. "Lack of deleterious effects of buspirone on cognition in healthy male volunteers." Journal of Psychopharmacology 21, no. 2 (March 2007): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881107068066.
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Buspirone is a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist licensed for the treatment of anxiety. Other anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines show significant sedative and other unwanted effects on cognition. Studies to date have yet to investigate cognitive effects of buspirone using well-validated computerized tests. The aim of this study was to assess acute subjective and cognitive effects of buspirone in healthy volunteers. Sixty healthy male volunteers received 20mg buspirone, 30mg buspirone, or placebo per os in a double-blind parallel groups design (N=20 per group). Subjective ratings (visual analogue scales) were completed at baseline, and at 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-capsule. Cognitive assessment was undertaken between 1.5 and 3.5 hours post-capsule, including tests of memory, executive planning, impulse control, decision making and cognitive flexibility. The 30mg buspirone group showed significantly higher subjective ratings of contentedness 3.5 hours after capsule relative to placebo. Treatment and placebo groups did not differ significantly on cognitive measures. In contrast to benzodiazepines, the anxiolytic buspirone appears to lack detectable deleterious effects on cognition when administered acutely at clinically meaningful doses. Future research directions are discussed in relation to acute and chronic studies in neuropsychiatric populations.
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Bittencourt, Paulo R. M., Maria Joana Mader, Monica M. Bigarella, Maribel P. Dóro, Ana M. Gorz, Tania M. Marcourakis, and Zulma S. Ferreira. "Cognitive functions, epileptic syndromes and antiepileptic drugs." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 50, no. 1 (March 1992): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1992000100005.
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Cognitive function of patients on monotherapy specific for their epileptic syndrome has been studied infrequently. We evaluated 7 patients with symptomatic localised epilepsies (SEL) on phenytoin aged 30±12 (mean±standard deviation) years, 8 with idiopathic generalised epilepsies on sodium valproate aged 18±4 years, 16 with SEL on carbamazepine aged 28±11 years, and 35 healthy controls aged 27±11 years. All subjects were of normal intelligence, educated appropriately to age, and led productive lives in the community. Two of the patients on carbamazepine and one on valproate had less than five partial, absence or myoclonic seizures monthly, the remaining were controlled. Carbamazepine serum concentrations were 12±5 ug/ml, phenytoin were 23±7, and valproate were 62±23 (mean±sd). Tests included immediate recall and recognition for pictures, Stroop test, delayed recall and recognition of pictures. Patients on phenytoin and valproate performed significantly worse than controls on immediate recall, and patients on carbamazepine performed significantly worse than controls in Stroop test (p<0,01). The results indicate relatively minor effects of the epileptic syndromes and of phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate on cognition of patients with controlled epilepsy leading productive lives in the community. We conclude that the cognitive deficit found in chronic epileptic patients on polytherapeutic drug regimen must be multifactorial, and that future studies need to control for all possible variables in order to achieve meaningul results.
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Ramirez Dominguez, M. D. L. C., I. Prieto Sánchez, M. Nuñez Caro, and L. Hernandez Gonzalez. "New drugs: Use of everyday substances as substances of abuse." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S313—S314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1071.
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IntroductionEmerging drugs are a growing problem, of which we have little information and clinical experience and pose a challenge in everyday clinical practice because many are not detectable with the test at our disposal and its effect on cognition and behavior are not well known.MethodsConduct a thorough literature review of all the material in this regard has been published both in high impact journals and in the last International Congress of Dual Pathology.ResultsThere are many and varied new substances used for harmful/abuse consumption mainly for their sedative effects and/or hallucinogens, easily accessible since many are easily purchased online or can even be easily obtained at any pharmacy without a prescription.ConclusionThere are more and more often consumed new substances with high harmful potential and very easy to obtain. It is therefore essential knowledge to identify, treat and educate not only our patients but to the general population.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Zang, Cai-Xia, Xiu-Qi Bao, Lin Li, Han-Yu Yang, Lu Wang, Yang Yu, Xiao-Liang Wang, Xin-Sheng Yao, and Dan Zhang. "The Protective Effects of Gardenia jasminoides (Fructus Gardenia) on Amyloid-β-Induced Mouse Cognitive Impairment and Neurotoxicity." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, no. 02 (January 2018): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500192.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Although the exact causes of AD have not yet been fully elucidated, cholinergic dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been recognized as influential factors. Current drugs that are designed to address only a single target are unable to mitigate or prevent the progression of this complicated disease, so new disease-modifying drugs are urgently needed. Chinese herbs with thousand years of effective usage might be a good source for potential drugs. Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Fructus Gardenia) is a common traditional Chinese medicine with tranquilizing effects, which is an important component of widely-used traditional Chinese medicine for dementia. GJ-4 is crocin richments extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis. In our study, we attempted to observe the effects of GJ-4 on learning and memory injury induced by amyloid-[Formula: see text] 25-35 (A[Formula: see text] injection in mice. Treatment with GJ-4 dose-dependently enhanced the memory and cognition ability of A[Formula: see text]-injected mice. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed the protective effect of GJ-4 was related to its protection of neurons and cholinergic dysfunction. The mechanistic results also indicated that GJ-4 could enhance antioxidant capacity and attenuate neuroinflammation. Our results implied that GJ-4 might be a promising drug to improve cognitive and memory impairment, with multiple targets.
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Chyr, Jacqueline, Haoran Gong, and Xiaobo Zhou. "DOTA: Deep Learning Optimal Transport Approach to Advance Drug Repositioning for Alzheimer’s Disease." Biomolecules 12, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020196.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia, affecting over 5 million people in the United States and incurring a substantial global healthcare cost. Unfortunately, current treatments are only palliative and do not cure AD. There is an urgent need to develop novel anti-AD therapies; however, drug discovery is a time-consuming, expensive, and high-risk process. Drug repositioning, on the other hand, is an attractive approach to identify drugs for AD treatment. Thus, we developed a novel deep learning method called DOTA (Drug repositioning approach using Optimal Transport for Alzheimer’s disease) to repurpose effective FDA-approved drugs for AD. Specifically, DOTA consists of two major autoencoders: (1) a multi-modal autoencoder to integrate heterogeneous drug information and (2) a Wasserstein variational autoencoder to identify effective AD drugs. Using our approach, we predict that antipsychotic drugs with circadian effects, such as quetiapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, suvorexant, brexpiprazole, olanzapine, and trazadone, will have efficacious effects in AD patients. These drugs target important brain receptors involved in memory, learning, and cognition, including serotonin 5-HT2A, dopamine D2, and orexin receptors. In summary, DOTA repositions promising drugs that target important biological pathways and are predicted to improve patient cognition, circadian rhythms, and AD pathogenesis.
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Li, Jeffrey, and El-Sayed M. Abdel-Aal. "Dietary Lutein and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 5794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195794.
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Emerging literature suggests that dietary lutein may have important functions in cognitive health, but there is not enough data to substantiate its effects in human cognition. The current study was intended to determine the overall effect of lutein on the main domains of cognition in the adult population based on available placebo randomized-controlled trials. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, AGRICOLA, Scopus, MEDLINE, and EMBASE on 14 November 2020. The effect of lutein on complex attention, executive function and memory domains of cognition were assessed by using an inverse-variance meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedge’s g method). Dietary lutein was associated with slight improvements in cognitive performance in complex attention (SMD 0.02, 95% CI −0.27 to 0.31), executive function (SMD 0.13, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.51) and memory (SMD 0.03, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.32), but its effect was not significant. Change-from-baseline analysis revealed that lutein consumption could have a role in maintaining cognitive performance in memory and executive function. Although dietary lutein did not significantly improve cognitive performance, the evidence across multiple studies suggests that lutein may nonetheless prevent cognitive decline, especially executive function. More intervention studies are needed to validate the role of lutein in preventing cognitive decline and in promoting brain health.
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Strik, Jacqueline J. M. H., Adriaan Honig, Edwin Klinkenberg, Jeanette Dijkstra, and Jelle Jolles. "Cognitive performance following fluoxetine treatment in depressed patients post myocardial infarction." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0924-2708.2006.00110.x.
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Background:As depression is a considerable risk factor for an unfavourable course of myocardial infarction (MI), antidepressant treatment of post-MI depression and, inherent to MI status, polypharmacy has become an important issue.Objective:The present study is the first to evaluate cognitive side effects of fluoxetine, as part of a placebo-controlled double-blind trial, in patients with post-first MI depression.Methods:Cognitive performance of 54 depressed patients post first-MI, treated with fluoxetine or placebo was compared. Cognitive performance was tested before and after 9 weeks of treatment using the Visual Verbal Learning Test, Concept Shifting Task, Stroop Colour-Word Test and Letter-Digit-Substitution Test.Results:The median number of cardiovascular drugs taken by MI patients was 4.9. There were no differences between the fluoxetine and the placebo group on cognitive performance.Conclusion:In sum, there were no negative side effects of fluoxetine compared with placebo on cognition in depressed MI patients, simultaneously treated with cardiac drugs.
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Lodhi, Shruti, and Niruj Agrawal. "Neurocognitive problems in epilepsy." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.007930.
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SummaryCognitive dysfunction is one of the major contributors to the burden of epilepsy. It can significantly disrupt intellectual development in children and functional status and quality of life in adults. Epilepsy affects cognition through a number of mechanisms in complex interrelationship. Cognitive deficits in epilepsy may be treated indirectly through aggressive seizure control using anti-epileptic drugs or surgery, and by treating comorbid conditions such as depression. The beneficial effects of reducing seizures may offset the adverse cognitive side-effects of these therapies. Direct treatment of cognitive impairment in epilepsy mainly involves memory rehabilitation. Other direct treatments are mostly experimental and their evidence base is currently poor.
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Shishmanova-Doseva, Michaela, Jana Tchekalarova, Zlatina Nenchovska, Natasha Ivanova, Katerina Georgieva, and Lyudmil Peychev. "The Effect of Chronic Treatment with Lacosamide and Topiramate on Cognitive Functions and Impaired Emotional Responses in a Pilocarpine-induced Post-status Epilepticus Rat Model." Folia Medica 62, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.62.e51473.
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Introduction: Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs can affect negatively the cognitive abilities of patients. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of topiramate (TPM) and lacosamide (LCM) on the emotional and cognitive re-sponses in naive animals and in animals with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and status epilepticus was evoked in half of them by a single i.p. administration of pilocarpine (Pilo) (320 mg/kg): Pilo-veh, Pilo-TPM (80 mg/kg) and Pilo-LCM (30 mg/kg). Matched naive rats were treated with the same doses as follows: C-veh, C-TPM, and C-LCM. In a step-down passive avoidance test, the learning session was held for one day, the early retention test was conducted on day 2, and the long-term memory test - on day 7. Motor activity and anxiety were evaluated in an open field test. Results: The Pilo-TPM and Pilo-LCM groups increased the time spent on the platform compared to Pilo-veh animals while the C-LCM animals decreased the time compared to C-veh animals during short- and long-term memory retention tests. TPM and LCM exerted an anxiolytic effect in naive rats. The two antiepileptic drugs were unable to alleviate the hyperactivity, but they alleviated the impulsivity associated with decreased anxiety level in epileptic rats. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LCM and TPM have a beneficial effect on cognition both in naive and epileptic rats. While the two antiepileptic drugs can produce an anxiolytic effect in naive rats, they alleviate the impulsivity after pilocarpine treatment.
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Allain, H., S. Schück, N. Mauduit, and M. Djemai. "Comparative effects of pharmacotherapy on the maintenance of cognitive function." European Psychiatry 16, S1 (2001): 35s—41S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00528-9.
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SummaryThe quality of human cognitive performance appears today as one of the main components of quality of life, whatever the age. Ageing by itself and most of the diseases affecting the central nervous system alter higher brain functions such as memory, vigilance and attention. Dementia is the most acute example, with a cascade of behavioral and psychological consequences (BPSD), which are the main cause of the caregiver’s burden and need specific pharmacotherapy. In this respect, the problem will be the choice of the best drug in situations such as wandering, agitation, violence, and screaming. The psychotropics, however, should not deteriorate the already disturbed cognition of the patients. This is the reason why we propose to establish for each drug, and notably for the antipsychotics, a precise and exact ‘cognitive mapping’; in other words, to measure the effects of drugs on the different components of cognition. The results of such studies will be predictive of the future phase III clinical trials and therapeutic responses. As an illustration of this approach we shall relate two studies, TIATEM (phase I) and TIAGE (phase III/IV), leading to the determination of a good cognitive safety profile of an atypical neuroleptic drug, tiapride.
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Kotov, Aleksey Sergeyevich. "The effect of antiepileptic drugs on cognitive functions." Neurology, neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics, no. 1S (March 30, 2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2013-2489.
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Aini, Miza Rahmatika, and Hesty Puspitasari. "Terapi Menulis untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Pecandu Narkoba di Lapas Dewasa Kota Blitar." ALFABETA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33503/alfabeta.v4i1.1205.
Full textAbstract:
Drugs is the term for narcotics, psychotropic substances and other dangerous. The term often used is DRUGS (Narcotics, Alcohol, Psychotropics and other addictive substances) Around us today, there are a lot of addictive substances that are negative and very harmful to the body. Known as narcotics and illegal drugs. In this sophisticated modern era, drugs have become a problem for mankind in various parts of the world. Drugs that can destroy bright reasoning destroy body and soul, inevitably can threaten the future of mankind. In life, a critical step of the neurodevelopmental process, drug abuse may be caused brain plasticity mechanisms that can induce long-lasting improvements in neural circuits and in the end, actions. One of the effects of these improvements is the disability. Cognitive functions, with negative academic effects on the acquisition of new information. Knowing those phenomena, the researcher had alternative therapy for increasing their cognitive functions. The researcher used writing as a therapy for them. The advantages of writing are immense, but they are also underestimated. Writing has profound therapeutic benefits. Writing is also a healthy brain exercise to activate brain cells and boost memory. This research conducted in Adult Prison in Blitar city, in which 15 drug prisoners were treated into writing theraphy. The result is they could write as well as the icreasing of their cognition.