Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cognition – Effect of drugs on

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cognition – Effect of drugs on'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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del Ser, Teodoro, María-Ascensión Zea, Meritxell Valentí, Javier Olazarán, Jorge López-Álvarez, Ana Rebollo-Vázquez, Marina Ávila-Villanueva, Belén Frades, Miguel Medina, and Miguel A. Fernández-Blázquez. "Effects of commonly prescribed drugs on cognition and mild cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 8 (June 26, 2019): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119857206.

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Background:Chronic drug intake has been associated with negative and positive cognitive effects in elderly people, although subjacent conditions may be confounding factors.Aim:To study the effects on cognitive performance of commonly prescribed medications in a cohort of cognitively normal older adults.Methods:Medication intake was recorded during two years in 1087 individuals 70–85 years old, without neurological or psychiatric conditions. The influence of every drug, drug family and therapeutic group on six cognitive scores and on the conversion to mild cognitive impairment over two years was ascertained by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses controlling for demographic and clinical variables.Results:Small effects of several drugs on information processing were found in cross-sectional analyses but only confirmed for a positive effect of vitamin D in case–control analyses. Longitudinal analyses showed no drug effects on the cognitive slopes. Several hypotensive drugs reduced, whereas bromazepam and glucose lowering drugs increased, the conversion rate to mild cognitive impairment with very small effects ( R2=0.3–1%).Conclusions:Cognitively healthy elderly individuals show minimal negative effects on information processing associated with chronic intake of some drugs probably related to the subjacent condition. Some drugs slightly affect the rate of conversion to mild cognitive impairment. Positive effects of vitamin D, chondroitin, atorvastatin and antihypertensive drugs, and negative effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines, should be further explored in studies with longer follow-up.
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Aldenkamp, Albert P. "Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Cognition." Epilepsia 42 (March 2001): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.00516.x.

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Anderson, Beth M., Matthew Rizzo, Robert I. Block, Godfrey D. Pearlson, and Daniel S. O'Leary. "Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 42, no. 4 (December 2010): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400704.

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David, Michael, Martina Del Giovane, Kathy Liu, Benjamin Gostick, Imafidon Oboh, Robert Howard, and Paresh Malhotra. "041 Cognitive and neuropsychiatric effects of noradrenergic treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 93, no. 9 (August 12, 2022): e2.236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn2.85.

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BackgroundDysfunction of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system occurs early in Alzheimer’s disease. This results in a low-noradrenergic state in some patients, which contributes to cognitive and neuropsychi- atric symptoms. We aimed to assess the efficacy of noradrenergic drugs for improving these symptoms.MethodsThe MEDLINE, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from 1980 to December 2021. We generated pooled estimates using random effects meta-analyses.Results19 randomised controlled trials, of which six studies were of ‘good’ quality, with seven ‘fair’ and six ‘poor’, included 1811 patients. Meta-analysis of 10 studies showed a small, significant positive effect of noradrenergic drugs on patients’ global cognition, as measured using the MMSE or ADAS-Cog compared to placebo (SMD:0.14, 95%CI:0.03 to 0.25, p=0.01; I2=0%). No significant effect was seen on measures of attention (SMD:0.01, 95%CI:-0.17 to 0.19, p=0.91; I2=0). The apathy meta-analysis included eight trials and detected a large positive effect of noradrenergic drugs (SMD:0.45, 95%CI:0.16 to 0.73, p=0.002; I2=58%), although results were limited by potentially substantial heterogeneity.DiscussionDrug repurposing with established noradrenergic drugs, may offer safe and effective treatment in Alzheimer’s disease, for both cognition and apathy. However, there are number of factors that should be considered before the design of much needed future clinical trials. Including, targeting the correct patient sub-groups and using the correct medications, at the optimal dose, possibly in combination with other treatments, in order to maximise therapeutic effect.
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Priyavarshini R, Shweta Betala, and Amit B Patil. "Formulation and Evaluation of fixed dose combination of Nootropic drugs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 2895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2374.

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Cognitive functions are the critical brain functions responsible for the effective learning and understanding in the humans. They are responsible for various functions like attention, memory, reasoning and in turn helps to improve knowledge. Cognitive impairment is majorly seen in elderly as the brain is prone to neuro degradation. It may also occur in young adults due to poor diet or exercise. Improving cognition is of utmost importance and can be done by the use of cognition enhancers like Nootropics. This class of drugs is said to act by various mechanisms, which in turn leads to the betterment of the neurotransmission in the brain. They may act on acetylcholine, Gamma Butyric Acid, on the beta amyloid receptor or on NMDA. This research emphasis on the enhancement of cognition along with treating various neurodegenerative diseases like dementia, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Nootropic drugs are chosen for this formulation as they exhibit a rationale in combination with each other since they follow distinctive route of mechanism to treat the diseases. They also show action by preventing the worsening of the disease and by curing the disease. Nootropics are known to have low toxicity leading to their wide acceptance and research. As compared to other combination of nootropic, in this combination, the side effects are reduced of one in presence of the other and show a much higher bioavailability. They cross the blood brain barrier and central nervous system half-life is longer as compared to the systemic half-life owing to their efficacy and superiority over other nootropics when it comes to treating cognition Fixed dose combination of these nootropic drugs is desired and the dose can’t be varied as they no longer show their effect if not used in the exact dose required. The dosage of this varied drug depends on the severity of the disease and patient condition. The research has helped to achieve the reduction in the total tablet mass from 1500 mg to 1420 mg with the use of few excipients. This made it easier for patients to swallow the tablet easily due to an oval shape of the tablet formulation.
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Bishara, Delia, Daniel Harwood, Justin Sauer, and David M. Taylor. "Anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) of drugs commonly used in older people." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (June 9, 2016): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4507.

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ATTOH-MENSAH, Elpidio K., Gilles Loggia, Remy Morello, Pascale Schumann-Bard, Pablo Descatoire, Christian Marcelli, and Chantal Chavoix. "ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS: CUT-OFF FOR IMPAIRED COGNITION AND MOBILITY IN SENIORS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S92—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.351.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Anticholinergic drugs are commonly prescribed in older adults despite growing evidence of their adverse outcomes. We aimed to improve knowledge about deleterious effects of anticholinergic drugs on both cognition and mobility, in particular whether there is a threshold value for the number of anticholinergic drugs or for the anticholinergic burden leading to mobility or cognitive impairment. Methods: 177 community-dwelling individuals aged 55 years or over, with a fall history in the previous year, took part in the study. Anticholinergic drugs were identified using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), and global cognition and mobility were assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Time-Up-and-Go (TUG) test, respectively. Results: ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve analysis indicated that consumption of a single anticholinergic drug per day was a risk factor for impaired MMSE (p < .05) and TUG scores (p < .05). There was also a cut-off of anticholinergic burden of one for impaired MMSE scores (p < .05). Logistic regressions showed that impaired cognition induced by anticholinergic drugs were independent of confounding factors including comorbidities, while impaired mobility would be influenced by age and cardiac comorbidities. Conclusion: Daily consumption of a single anticholinergic drug, regardless of its anticholinergic burden, impairs both cognition and mobility community-dwelling seniors. Alternative solutions to anticholinergic drug prescription should thus be considered whenever possible.
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Cohen, Koby, and Aviv Weinstein. "The Effects of Cannabinoids on Executive Functions: Evidence from Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids—A Systematic Review." Brain Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8030040.

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Background—Cannabis is the most popular illicit drug in the Western world. Repeated cannabis use has been associated with short and long-term range of adverse effects. Recently, new types of designer-drugs containing synthetic cannabinoids have been widespread. These synthetic cannabinoid drugs are associated with undesired adverse effects similar to those seen with cannabis use, yet, in more severe and long-lasting forms. Method—A literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases up to 31 December 2017. Specific search strategies were employed using multiple keywords (e.g., “synthetic cannabinoids AND cognition,” “cannabis AND cognition” and “cannabinoids AND cognition”). Results—The search has yielded 160 eligible studies including 37 preclinical studies (5 attention, 25 short-term memory, 7 cognitive flexibility) and 44 human studies (16 attention, 15 working memory, 13 cognitive flexibility). Both pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated an association between synthetic cannabinoids and executive-function impairment either after acute or repeated consumptions. These deficits differ in severity depending on several factors including the type of drug, dose of use, quantity, age of onset and duration of use. Conclusions—Understanding the nature of the impaired executive function following consumption of synthetic cannabinoids is crucial in view of the increasing use of these drugs.
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Harvey, N. S. "Serial Cognitive Profiles in Levodopa-induced Hypersexuality." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 6 (December 1988): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.6.833.

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A patient with recent-onset Parkinson's disease was tested for mood, physical disability, and cognition, before treatment and then during and after a period of levodopa-induced hypersexuality. The effects of different anti-Parkinsonian drugs on cognition and behaviour are described. The unique cognitive data from this case support the hypothesis that hypersexuality is a manifestation of enhanced libido and not frontal disinhibition.
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Malabadi, Ravindra B., Kiran P. Kolkar, Neelambika T. Meti, and Raju K. Chalannavar. "Recent updates on the role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer's disease (Dementia)." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 14–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.801.002.

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This review paper highlights the use of medicinal plants in the management of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficit. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, a serious brain disorder that impacts daily living through memory loss and cognitive changes. Alzheimer's disease is also age-related neurodegenerative disorders caused by progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, resulting in neuronal cell death. Alzheimer's patients have an acetylcholine deficiency. Stressful conditions, free radicle scavanging and oxidation are often associated with loss of memory and cognitive functions, which may lead to threats of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. However, the use of allopathic drugs has resulted in the adverse side effects on the human body and thus limits the use of such drugs. Herbal cognitive enhancer drugs have shown their potent effect in Alzheimer’s disease due to their antioxidant and neuropharmacological actions. The use of natural cognitive enhancers evidenced to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention and concentration. Traditional Ayurvedic herbal system of medicine is fundamentally preventive, protective, nutritive, curative and less expensive. Therefore, the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is a novel approach without any side effects.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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Gabriel, Kara Irene. "Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and postnatal handling on cognition/behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress responsiveness in Sprague-Dawley rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ56547.pdf.

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Ryan, Heather E. "Marijuana use and its cognitive effects." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337204.

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The present study compared three commonly used cognitive screeners: the Test of Cognitive Skills – Second Edition (TCS-2), the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), the Wide Range Achievement Test – Third editions (WRAT3) and the impact of marijuana use on these screeners in a population of juvenile delinquents. One hundred records (67 males and 33 females) were selected from archival data at the Allen County Juvenile Center. Results from this study found, that as predicted, individuals who tested positive for marijuana performed significantly worse on all subtests of the TCS-2, on the Verbal and Composite Score of the K-BIT, and the Spelling subtest of the WRAT3 than individuals who tested negative for marijuana use. The results of this study support the notion that marijuana can impair cognitive abilities in a group of adolescents.
Department of Psychological Science
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Goble, David. "The impact of low to moderate alcohol consumption on different types of human performance." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006042.

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Despite extensive research into the effects of alcohol consumption, there is no clear understanding into the mechanisms underlying human information processing impairment. The acute consumption of alcohol was investigated to determine the implications for human information processing capabilities, and to identify the extent to which these implications were stage-specific. Further aims included the investigation and quantification of caffeine-induced antagonism of alcohol impairment. Moreover, the aforementioned relationships were investigated in morning versus evening conditions. A test battery of six resource-specific tasks was utilised to measure visual perceptual, cognitive and sensory-motor performance, fashioned to return both simple and complex measures of each task. The tasks implemented were: visual perceptual performance (accommodation, visual detection, visual pattern recognition); cognition (memory recall- digit span); and motor output (modified Fitts‟ and a driving simulated line-tracking). Performance measures were recorded by the respective computer based tasks. Physiological variables measured included heart rate frequency, heart rate variability (RMSSD, High and Low Frequency Power) and body temperature. Saccade speed, saccade amplitude, pupil size and fixation duration were the oculomotor parameters measured. Three groups of participants (alcohol, caffeine+alcohol and control) n=36 were studied, split evenly between sexes in a mixed repeated/non-repeated measures design. The control group performed all test batteries under no influence. The alcohol group performed test batteries one and two sober, and three and four under the influence of a 0.4 g/kg dose of alcohol. Group caffeine+alcohol conducted test battery one sober, two under the effect of caffeine only (4 mg/kg), and three and four under the influence of both caffeine and alcohol (0.4 g/kg). The third test battery demonstrated the effects of alcohol during the inclining phase of the blood alcohol curve, and the fourth represented the declining phase. Morning experimentation occurred between 10:00 - 12: 45 and 10:30 -13:15 with evening experimentation between 19:00 - 21:30 and 19:30 - 22:00. Acute alcohol consumption at a dose of approximately 0.4 g/kg body weight effected an average peak breath alcohol concentration of 0.062 % and 0.059 % for the alcohol and caffeine+alcohol groups respectively. Task-related visual perceptual performance demonstrated significant decrements for simple reaction time, choice reaction time and error rate. Cognitive performance demonstrated no significant performance decrements, while motor performance indicated significant decrements in target accuracy only. Physiological parameters in response to alcohol consumption showed significantly decreased heart rate variability (RMSSD) in the modified Fitts‟ task only. A significant decrease in saccade amplitude in the memory task was the only change in oculomotor parameters. Prior caffeine consumption demonstrated limited antagonism to task-related alcohol impairment, significantly improving performance only in reduced error rate while reading. Caffeine consumption showed stimulating effects on physiological parameters, significantly increasing heart rate and heart rate variability when compared to alcohol alone. The design of the tasks allows for comparison between complex and simple task performance, indicating resource utilisation and depletion. Complex tasks demonstrated higher resource utilisation, however with no statistical performance differences to simple tasks. Physiological parameters showed greater change in response to alcohol consumption, than did the performance measures. Alcohol consumption imposed significant changes in physiological and oculomotor parameters for cognitive tasks only, significantly increasing heart rate frequency and decreasing heart rate variability, skin temperature and saccade amplitude. Caffeine consumption showed no antagonism of alcohol-induced performance measures. Physiological measures showed that caffeine consumption imposed stimulating effects in only the neural reflex and memory tasks, significantly increasing heart rate frequency and heart rate variability. Prior caffeine consumption significantly decreased fixation duration in the memory task only. The time of day at which alcohol was consumed demonstrated significant performance and physiological implications. Results indicated that morning consumption of alcohol imposes greater decrements in performance and larger fluctuations in physiological parameters than the decrements in evening experimental sessions. It can be concluded that alcohol consumption at a dose of 0.4 g/kg affects all stages in the information processing chain. Task performance indicates that alcohol has a greater severity on the early stages of information processing. Conversely, under the influence of alcohol an increased task complexity induces greater effects on central stage information processing. In addition, caffeine consumption at a dose of 4 mg/kg prior to alcohol does not antagonise the alcohol-induced performance decrements.
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Newton, Sunni Haag. "The effects of caffeine on cognitive fatigue." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31799.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Dr. Phillip L. Ackerman; Committee Member: Dr. Paul Corballis; Committee Member: Dr. Ruth Kanfer. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Kedzior, Karina Karolina. "Chronic cannabis use and attention-modulated prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0027.

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Background. Various studies show that cannabis use alters attention and cognitive functioning in healthy humans and may contribute to development of schizophrenia or worsening of pre-existing psychosis. However, the impact of cannabis use on brain function in humans is not well understood. Schizophrenia is associated with a deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI), the normal inhibition of the startle reflex by a non-startling stimulus (prepulse), presented before the startle stimulus at short time intervals (lead-time intervals). Such PPI deficit is thought to reflect a sensorimotor gating dysfunction in schizophrenia. PPI is also modulated by attention and PPI reduction in schizophrenia is observed when patients are asked to attend to, not ignore, the stimuli producing PPI. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between self-reported chronic cannabis use and attentional modulation of PPI in healthy controls and in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the association between cannabis use and other startle reflex modulators, including prepulse facilitation (PPF) of the startle reflex magnitude at long lead-time intervals, prepulse facilitation of the startle reflex onset latency and habituation of the startle reflex magnitude, were examined. Method. Auditory-evoked electromyographic signals were recorded from orbicularis oculi muscles in chronic cannabis users (29 healthy controls and 5 schizophrenia patients) and non-users (22 controls and 14 patients). The data for 36 participants (12 non-user controls, 16 healthy cannabis users, and eight non-user patients) were used in the final analyses and the patient data were used as a pilot study, because relatively few participants met the rigorous exclusionary criteria. Participants were instructed to attend to or to ignore either the startle stimuli alone (70 100 dB) or prepulse (70 dB) and startle stimuli (100 dB) separated by short lead-time intervals (20 200 ms) and long lead-time intervals (1600 ms). In order to ignore the auditory stimuli the participants played a visually guided hand-held computer game. A pilot study showed that the response component of playing the game had no effects on attentional modulation of the startle reflex magnitude and onset latency. Results. Relative to controls, cannabis use in healthy humans was associated with a reduction in PPI similar to that observed in schizophrenia while attending to stimuli, and with an attention-dependent dysfunction in the startle reflex magnitude habituation. While ignoring the stimuli there were no statistical differences in PPI between cannabis users and controls, although PPI in cannabis users tended to differ from that of the patients. The reduction in PPI in cannabis users was correlated with the increased duration of cannabis use, in years, but not with the concentration of cannabinoid metabolites in urine or with the recency of cannabis use in the preceding 24 hours. Furthermore, cannabis use was not associated with any differences in PPF, onset latency facilitation, and startle reflex magnitude in the absence of prepulses. The accuracy of self-reports of substance use was also investigated in this study and was found to be excellent. In addition, the study examined the validity of the substance use module of the diagnostic interview, CIDI-Auto 2.1, which was found to be acceptable for cannabis misuse diagnoses (abuse and/or dependence). Finally, cannabis dependence was found to be associated with more diagnoses of mental illness other than schizophrenia (mainly depression). Conclusions. The results of the current study suggest that chronic cannabis use is associated with schizophrenia-like deficit in PPI in otherwise healthy humans. This PPI reduction is associated with attentional impairment rather than a global sensorimotor gating deficit in healthy cannabis users.
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Cader, Sarah. "Cognitive function in multiple sclerosis and its modulation by cholinergic drugs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d07ad815-4fc6-43b7-96dc-97a2705d6c6a.

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In order to assess cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the effect of cholinergic modulation, experiments were conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the brain activation during cognitive tasks. A study comparing the processing of verbal working memory with an N-back task found that patients showed smaller increase in activation than healthy controls with greater task difficulty, suggesting a reduced functional reserve. Controls and patients showed differences of correlations between brain regions activated. Interactions between prefrontal regions may provide an adaptive mechanism that could limit clinical expression of the disease distinct from recruitment of novel processing regions. The effect of Rivastigmine on the cognitive processing in MS patients was tested in a longitudinal study, involving serial fMRI scans. Changes in the brain activation patterns were demonstrated with drug administration, without any changes in behavioural measures. Rivastigmine may act to increase the functioning of the normal neural network reducing the need for previously recruited compensatory mechanisms in MS patients. A study on healthy subjects examined the effect of cholinergic inhibition on cognitive processing and brain activation. Changes in functional activation due to Hyoscine during verbal working memory were found analogous to that in MS patients without any changes in behavioural measures. Processes that potentially impair brain cognitive function may recruit similar compensatory functional adaptive mechanisms. Studies on rats and MS patients explored the effect of Rivastigmine on the relationship of the BOLD fMRI signal with the underlying neural activity. Rivastigmine may be influencing the cortical excitability after direct cortical stimulation but showed only a small effect on the BOLD signal under more physiological neural activity. The neural activity in response to visual stimulation is slightly increased with Rivastigmine in MS patients, a change not detected with functional imaging. These studies suggest that changes in BOLD signal do represent sufficiently large changes of underlying neural activity in the presence of Rivastigmine. The relationship of damage in MS to measures of connectivity was studied using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Correlation was found between measures of connectivity and callosal size, a measure of fibre loss. The distribution of lesions was spatially correlated with changes in connectivity due to MS. Thus DTI could be utilized to explore the connectivity changes associated with MS, and the relationship with changes in functional activation.
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Attoh, mensah Kouakou. "Risques de chutes et de troubles cognitifs consécutifs à la consommation de certains médicaments chez les seniors : approche translationnelle Psychotropic Polypharmacy in Adults 55 Years or Older: A Risk for Impaired Global Cognition, Executive Function, and Mobility Adverse Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs on Cognition and Mobility: Cutoff for Impairment in a Cross-Sectional Study in Young-Old and Old-Old Adults : Chronic tramadol administration impairs reversal learning in a touchscreen-based visual discrimination task in mice." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC427.

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Les psychotropes et les médicaments à propriétés anticholinergiques (anti-muscariniques) ont été associés aux risques de chute et de troubles cognitifs chez les séniors. Nos travaux avaient pour but de mieux comprendre le rôle de ces médicaments dans les phénomènes de troubles de la mobilité et de troubles cognitifs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la consommation de 2 psychotropes ou plus par jour et/ou d’1 seul médicament à propriétés anticholinergiques par jour, dès la charge anticholinergique minimale, est associée à un déficit lors de tests d’évaluation de la marche et de la cognition chez une population de séniors dès l’âge de 55 ans. En ce qui concerne les médicaments à propriétés anticholinergiques, ces effets néfastes sur la marche et sur la cognition étaient plus prononcés chez les personnes âgées de 75 ans ou plus. Les fonctions exécutives étaient sévèrement affectées par ces deux types de médicaments qui semblaient d’ailleurs affecter la mobilité via ce dysfonctionnement exécutif. Nous avons par ailleurs montré que, parmi les médicaments à propriétés anticholinergiques les plus prescrits dans notre population de séniors, la consommation de tramadol, un antalgique de palier 2, était le plus associé à des effets néfastes sur la marche et la cognition. Il est toutefois difficile d’affirmer que ces effets observés sont dus exclusivement à la consommation du tramadol en raison de la polymédication présente chez les sujets. Pour identifier les médicaments les plus à risque, les études chez l’animal, dans lesquelles l’administration de médicaments peut être contrôlée, peuvent être d’un grand intérêt. C’est ainsi que, dans un second temps, nous avons montré que l’administration chronique de tramadol altère les fonctions exécutives telles que mesurées par un test de flexibilité cognitive chez la souris jeune adulte. L’ensemble de ces résultats devraient alerter les médecins sur le fait qu’il est crucial de réduire la polymédication de psychotropes d’une part, et la prescription de tout type de médicaments à propriétés anticholinergiques d’autre part, chez les séniors, dès l’âge de 55 ans. Il faudrait également prendre des mesures qui visent à prescrire des traitements alternatifs chaque fois que cela est possible. En ce qui concerne le tramadol, ces résultats suggèrent la nécessité de renforcer toutes les mesures qui ont été prises récemment pour lutter contre le mésusage de cet antalgique
Psychotropic drugs and drugs with anticholinergic properties (anti-muscarinics) have been associated with risks of falls and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Our work aimed at improving knowledge about the role of these drugs in gait and cognitive impairment. We first showed that daily consumption of 2 or more psychotropic drugs per day and / or only 1 drug with anticholinergic properties, regardless of its anticholinergic burden, is associated with impaired scores on gait and cognitive test in a population of seniors from the age of 55 years. With regard to drugs with anticholinergic properties, these adverse effects were more pronounced in people aged 75 years or older. Executive functions were the severely affected by these drugs consumption. We have also shown that among the most prescribed drugs with anticholinergic properties, the consumption of tramadol, a level 2 analgesic, was the most associated with harmful effects on gait and cognition. However, it is difficult to ascertain that these observed adverse effects are solely driven by the consumption of tramadol due to the polypharmacy in this population. To identify the drugs most at risk, animal studies, in which the administration of drugs can be controlled, may be of great interest. Hence, as a second step, we showed that the chronic administration of tramadol impairs executive functions as measured by cognitive flexibility in young adult mice. Altogether these results should alert physicians on the fact that it is crucial to reduce polypharmacy of psychotropic drugs as well as the prescription of all types of drugs with anticholinergic properties. Alternative treatments should be prioritized as soon as possible. With regard to tramadol, these results suggest the need to strengthen the measures taken recently to combat the misuse of this analgesic
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Niyuhire, Floride. "Effect of repeated dosing of Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the major psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, on memory in mice." VCU Scholars Compass, 2004. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1488.

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Purpose: Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. However, marijuana and cannabinoid derivatives have potential therapeutic uses. Studies in cannabis users have yielded contradictory results with regard to long-term effects on cognitive functions. There is no prospective study assessing this issue, and such studies may raise ethical issues in humans, whereas mice have been shown to exhibit similar cannabinoid-mediated behaviors as humans. The purpose of this study was to assess the consequences of chronic administration of Δ9-THC, the major psychoactive component of marijuana, in a mouse memory model. Methods: In Experiment 1, the dose-response relationship of Δ9-THC was assessed in the object recognition task, a well-documented rodent memory model. In Experiment 2, mice were treated repeatedly with either escalating doses of Δ9-THC or vehicle for one week, and then challenged with the drug to assess whether tolerance had developed. Results: Acute Δ9-THC dose-dependently interfered with memory as assessed in the object recognition task (ED50 95% C.I. = 0.5 (0.1 to1.7) mg/kg). No tolerance to the memory disruptive effects of 1 mg/kg Δ9-THC was evident after chronic treatment. Conclusions: Considerably low doses of Δ9-THC impaired memory. The failure of chronic Δ9-THC to produce tolerance in this model was surprising considering that a similar dosing regimen has been reported to produce tolerance in non-mnemonic behaviors. The results suggest that memory is particularly sensitive to the disruptive effects of Δ9-THC and chronic cannabis use is likely to elicit persistent impairment of cognitive function. Caution should be applied in advocating chronic use of medicinal cannabinoids. Potential solutions lie in reinforcing education on the harm caused by cannabis use and availability of alternative solution to cannabis users, especially among youth that have shown to be more vulnerable to this drug.
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Riedel, Willem Jan. "Cognition enhancing drugs cholinergic function and age-related decline /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Neuropsych Publishers ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1995. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5805.

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Pasteur, Mary-Anne L. "The effects of paroxetine on cognitive function in healthy volunteers and depressed elderly patients." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283792.

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Books on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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Cannabis and cognitive functioning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll: The science of hedonism and the hedonism of science. London: Profile Books, 2014.

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Friedman, David P. Drugs and the brain. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1991.

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National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Clinical Center, ed. Drugs and the brain. Bethesda, Md. (9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20892): National Institutes of Health, The Clinical Center, 1993.

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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research. Caffeine for the sustainment of mental task performance: Formulations for military operations. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Sleep deprivation, stimulant medications, and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Humans, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to. Some pharmaceutical drugs. [Lyon]: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996.

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Drugs. London: Franklin Watts, 2010.

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Henry, Jankiewicz, ed. Drugs and human behavior. 2nd ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 1997.

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Henry, Jankiewicz, ed. Drugs and human behavior. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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Hancock, Arthur A., and Gerard B. Fox. "Cognitive enhancing effects of drugs that target histamine receptors." In Cognitive Enhancing Drugs, 97–114. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7867-8_8.

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Wynne, Clive D. L., and Monique A. R. Udell. "Cause and Effect." In Animal Cognition, 87–116. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-36729-7_5.

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Aldenkamp, Albert P. "Cognitive Side-effects of Antiepileptic Drugs." In Advances in Behavioral Biology, 257–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47612-6_27.

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Helmstaedter, Christoph, and Juri-Alexander Witt. "Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognition." In NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_375-1.

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Wesnes, Keith A., Andrea Zangara, Andrew Scholey, and David Kennedy. "Natural products as cognition enhancing agents." In Cognitive Enhancing Drugs, 151–78. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7867-8_10.

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Schäfer, H. "Chemical Constitution and Pharmacological Effect." In Antiepileptic Drugs, 199–243. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69518-6_9.

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Eadie, MJ, and FJE Vajda. "Antiepileptic Drugs, Cognition and Neurodevelopment." In Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy, 175–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21434-4_10.

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Schweizer, Karin, Theo Herrmann, Gabriele Janzen, and Steffi Katz. "The Route Direction Effect and its Constraints." In Spatial Cognition, 19–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69342-4_2.

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Helmstaedter, Christoph, and Juri-Alexander Witt. "Anti-convulsant Drugs and Cognition." In NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, 3517–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_375.

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McGowan, Ragen T. S. "Eureka Effect." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1072-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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Gürel, Duygu Benzer, and Özlem Çağındı. "The Effect of Functional Foods on Mood, Cognitive Function and Well-Being." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.023.

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The concept of food as medicine is not new. The use of foods to prevent and/or treat certain diseases can be found in ancient drawings and writings. The most famous statement came from Hippocrates, who said “Let food be thy medicine.” It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to recognize that although all foods provide some level of physiological function, the term, “functional foods” is defined as whole foods along with fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet regularly at effective levels based on significant standards of evidence. The most prominent results indicated that high total intake of fruits and vegetables, and some of their specific subgroups including berries, citrus, and green leafy vegetables, may promote higher levels of optimism and self-efficacy, as well as reduce the level of psychological distress, ambiguity, and cancer fatalism, and protect against depressive symptoms. Flavonoids are a class of organic polyphenolic compounds found in varying concentrations in plant-based whole foods such as berries, tea, cocoa, soybeans, and grains. Recent studies suggest that flavonoids can be beneficial to both cognitive and physiological health. As such, long term chronic supplementation with flavonoids has been investigated extensively, particularly concerning cognitive ageing and related neurodegenerative disorders. Less attention has been given to the acute effect of flavonoids on cognitive outcomes, within the immediate 0–6 h post ingestion. Therefore, the general recommendation to consume at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day may be beneficial also for mental health. Immediate cognitive enhancement is often desirable in academic and work environments, such as during an exam or assessment. Besides, support a positive role for the nutrients EPA, DHA, magnesium, alpha-tocopherol, and folic acid, either alone or in combination with drugs, in the preservation of normal brain function and mental well-being. In this study, the effects of consumption of some functions on mood, cognitive function and mental health were investigated. Scientific findings support the combination of micro and macronutrients in a balanced and varied diet along with a healthy lifestyle for the maintenance of normal brain function, improvement of mental abilities, concentration, memory and alertness. Food components actively participate in the generation of nerve impulses by influencing neurotransmitters that activate different parts of the brain, thereby regulating our mental abilities, emotions and mood.
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Hussain, Md, Jatinder Katyal, Haroon Rashid, and Yogendra K. Gupta. "Effect of Antidepressants (Sertraline, Escitalopram) in Combination with Antiepileptic Drugs (Sodium Valproate, Levetiracetam) on Seizures, Cognitive Impairment, and Oxidative Stress in Rats." In 20th Joint Annual Conference of Indian Epilepsy Society and Indian Epilepsy Association. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694883.

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Gabrielli, Ângelo, Camila Sousa Bragunce Alves, Bruna Oliveira Bicalho, and Débora Pimenta Alves. "Benefits and Challenges of Cannabis Use in the Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.239.

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Introduction: Refractory epilepsy (RE) is a disease that causes continuous and debilitating seizures. Due to the ineffectiveness of antiepileptic therapies, there is a growing interest in drugs made with cannabidiol (CBD), a substance extracted from Cannabis. Objective: To point out benefits and challenges of the use of CBD in the treatment of RE. Methods: Literature review performed at PubMed, with the descriptors Epilepsy, Drug Therapy and Cannabis. Results: It is suggested that CBD is mediated by cannabinoid receptors coupled to protein G, by blockade of NMDA receptors, by GABAergic modulation, glutamatergic synapses and / or mechanisms involving noncannabinoid receptors. CBD can also oppose the actions of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoid agonists, due to the negative allosteric modulation. The benefits of CBD are: great therapeutic diversity, safety and tolerability, rare and mild side effects, low risk of drug interactions, and milder cognitive effects, when compared to other antiepileptic drugs. Despite the benefits, CBD has adverse effects such as drowsiness, appetite reduction, diarrhea, increased activity of liver enzymes and interaction with substances metabolized by cytochrome P450. Still, the inefficient regulation generates variation in the composition of the marketed drugs, which can lead to Δ9 - tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) intoxication. Conclusions: Thus, it is essential that the scientific community remains open to investigate the effects of CBD, given the advantages of its use for treating RE.
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de Rooij, Alwin, Sarah van der Land, and Shelly van Erp. "The Creative Proteus Effect." In C&C '17: Creativity and Cognition. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3059454.3078856.

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Oscoz Irurozqui, Maitane, Maria Guardiola-Ripoll, Carmen Almodóvar-Payá, Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, and Mar Fatjó. "CNR2 GENE AND CANNABIS USE INTERPLAY MODULATES MANIPULATIVE ABILITIES IN FIRST-EPISODE OF PSYCHOSIS." In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021o003.

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1. Objectives: While endocannabinoid system seems to be involved in processes underlying psychosis, research about Cannabinoid Receptor 2 gene (CNR2) is scarce and inconclusive. Some few reports indicate that CNR2 plays a role in psychiatric conditions, including depression or drug addiction (Onaivi et al., 2009). We aimed to evaluate the role of CNR2 and its interplay with cannabis on cognition and clinical symptoms in patients with a first-episode of psychosis (FEP). 2. Materials and Methods: the sample comprised 50 Caucasian individuals with a FEP (mean age(sd)=26.14(6.55) years, 76% males, 58% cannabis users). There were no differences in age, sex, premorbid IQ and antipsychotic dose between cannabis users (CU) and non-users (CNU). Neuropsychological (premorbid IQ - TAP-E, current IQ - WAIS, memory - WMS, executive function - BADS) and clinical (psychotic symptoms - PANSS, general functioning - GAF) scales were administered. Genetic variability was assessed by genotyping one Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in CNR2 gene (rs2501431) (qPCR, TaqMan). 3. Results and conclusions: genotypic frequencies did not differ between cannabis users and non-users. CNR2 was not associated with PANSS scores.; however, it showed a differential effect on the performance IQ (measured by the matrix reasoning test - WAIS), conditional to the cannabis use (beta=0.73, p=0.02),. In particular, cannabis non-users with the AA genotype (23.53%) showed higher scores (mean(sd)=10.25 (1.87)) than those with at least one copy of the G allele (76.47%, mean(sd)=6.05(0.99); while cannabis users showed scores in the opposite direction (AA (42.31%): 8.21(1.09) and GG/GA (57.69%): 10.28(0.92)). Our results align with previous studies reporting the association of the CNR2 gene with psychiatric diseases (Ishiguro et al. 2007; Onaivi et al., 2008) adding evidence on the interplay of this gene with cannabis use on cognitive outcomes in first-episode psychosis. However, evidence is still scant, and further investigation in larger samples is needed.
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Kazantsev, S. O., and M. S. Korovin. "Nanomaterials potentiating standard chemotherapy drugs’ effect." In PHYSICS OF CANCER: INTERDISCIPLINARY PROBLEMS AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: Proceedings of the International Conference on Physics of Cancer: Interdisciplinary Problems and Clinical Applications (PC IPCA’17). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5001610.

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Nazari, Mohammad Ali, and Patrick Berquin. "Effect of electrical activity feedback on cognition." In 2010 17th Iranian Conference Of Biomedical Engineering (ICBME). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbme.2010.5704923.

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Giles, Rachel. "No effect of neprilysin inhibition on cognition." In ESC Congress 2022, edited by Marc Bonaca. Baarn, the Netherlands: Medicom Medical Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55788/981e92a2.

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Bulla, Wesley A., and Song Hui Chon. "An investigation of loudness effect on pitch and timbre discrimination." In Future Directions of Music Cognition. The Ohio State University Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/fdmc.2021.0047.

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Raugale, A., P. Gaidelis, and A. Januskevicius. "New researches on teratogenic effect of drugs." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Leonardo Longo, Alfons G. Hofstetter, Mihail-Lucian Pascu, and Wilhelm R. A. Waidelich. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.584335.

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Reports on the topic "Cognition – Effect of drugs on"

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Kelley, Amanda, Catherine Webb, Jeremy Athy, Sanita Ley, and Steven Gaydos. Cognition-Enhancing Drugs and Their Appropriateness for Aviation and Ground Troops: A Meta-Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533727.

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Shue, Kelly, and Erzo F. Luttmer. Who Misvotes? The Effect of Differential Cognition Costs on Election Outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12709.

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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman, and Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.
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Lichtenberg, Frank. The Effect of New Drugs on Mortality from Rare Diseases and HIV. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8677.

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Crosland, Richard D. Effect of Drugs on the Lethality in Mice of the Venoms and Neurotoxins from Sundry Snakes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228245.

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Lleras-Muney, Adriana, and Frank Lichtenberg. The Effect of Education on Medical Technology Adoption: Are the More Educated More Likely to Use New Drugs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9185.

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Xie, Yunhui, and Peng Pang. A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis: Effect of of GLP-1 drugs on weight loss in obese people. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0074.

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Review question / Objective: 1、Whether GLP-1 drugs have weight loss effect on obese people ? 2、Which GLP-1 drugs are most effective in weight loss among obese people ? Condition being studied: Obesity is an important public health issue that has been on the rise over the last decades. It calls for effective prevention and treatment. Bariatric surgery is the most effective medical therapy for weight loss in morbid obesity, but we are in need for less aggressive treatments. Glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists are a group of incretin-based drugs that have proven to be productive for obesity treatment. Through activation of the GLP-1 receptor they not only have an important role stimulating insulin secretion after meals, but with their extrapancreatic actions, both peripheral and central, they also help reduce body weight by promoting satiety and delaying gastric emptying.
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Brown, Michael. Effect of Ototoxic Drugs on the Amphibian Auditory System: Injection of Gentamicin Sulfate into Anuran Otic Capsules and Recovery of Thresholds. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6734.

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zhixia, Zhang, Song Jiating, Pan lanlan, xiaoting Lin, and jing li. The Effect of different exercise methods in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue: a network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0004.

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Review question / Objective: To compare the clinical effects of different exercise methods for cancer fatigue by using mesh Meta-analysis, and to choose the best exercise method for cancer fatigue. Condition being studied: Cancer-related fatigue. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria: (1) Study subjects: the patients is caused by fatigue.(2) Intervention: A group of patients used exercise intervention. (3) Study type: RCT. (4) Outcome index: Cancer-related fatigue score.(5) Grey literature is available.(6) Language in Chinese or English.Exclusion criteria:(1) Using oral drugs. (2) It can not provide complete data. (3) Repeatedly published literature. (4) Conference papers. (5) Literature with inconsistent data types:(1) Using oral drugs. (2) It can not provide complete data. (3) Repeatedly published literature. (4) Conference papers. (5) Literature with inconsistent data types.
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Young, Taryn. How do pharmaceutical policies that restrict reimbursement for selected medications effect health outcomes, drug use and expenditures, and healthcare utilization? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608106.

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Restrictions on reimbursement are defined as insurance policies that restrict reimbursement for selected drugs or drug classes, often using additional patient specific information related to health status or need.
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