Journal articles on the topic 'Cognition disorders'
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Fourrier, Célia, Gaurav Singhal, and Bernhard T. Baune. "Neuroinflammation and cognition across psychiatric conditions." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (February 2019): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001499.
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Cognitive impairments reported across psychiatric conditions (ie, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder) strongly impair the quality of life of patients and the recovery of those conditions. There is therefore a great need for consideration for cognitive dysfunction in the management of psychiatric disorders. The redundant pattern of cognitive impairments across such conditions suggests possible shared mechanisms potentially leading to their development. Here, we review for the first time the possible role of inflammation in cognitive dysfunctions across psychiatric disorders. Raised inflammatory processes (microglia activation and elevated cytokine levels) across diagnoses could therefore disrupt neurobiological mechanisms regulating cognition, including Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor, the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. This redundant association between elevated inflammation and cognitive alterations across psychiatric disorders hence suggests that a cross-disorder approach using pharmacological and nonpharmacological (ie, physical activity and nutrition) anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory strategies should be considered in the management of cognition in psychiatry.
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Doyle, Alysa E., Pieter J. Vuijk, Nathan D. Doty, Lauren M. McGrath, Brian L. Willoughby, Ellen H. O’Donnell, H. Kent Wilson, et al. "Cross-Disorder Cognitive Impairments in Youth Referred for Neuropsychiatric Evaluation." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000601.
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AbstractObjectives: Studies suggest that impairments in some of the same domains of cognition occur in different neuropsychiatric conditions, including those known to share genetic liability. Yet, direct, multi-disorder cognitive comparisons are limited, and it remains unclear whether overlapping deficits are due to comorbidity. We aimed to extend the literature by examining cognition across different neuropsychiatric conditions and addressing comorbidity. Methods: Subjects were 486 youth consecutively referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation and enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Influences on Cognition. First, we assessed general ability, reaction time variability (RTV), and aspects of executive functions (EFs) in youth with non-comorbid forms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as in youth with psychosis. Second, we determined the impact of comorbid ADHD on cognition in youth with ASD and mood disorders. Results: For EFs (working memory, inhibition, and shifting/ flexibility), we observed weaknesses in all diagnostic groups when participants’ own ability was the referent. Decrements were subtle in relation to published normative data. For RTV, weaknesses emerged in youth with ADHD and mood disorders, but trend-level results could not rule out decrements in other conditions. Comorbidity with ADHD did not impact the pattern of weaknesses for youth with ASD or mood disorders but increased the magnitude of the decrement in those with mood disorders. Conclusions: Youth with ADHD, mood disorders, ASD, and psychosis show EF weaknesses that are not due to comorbidity. Whether such cognitive difficulties reflect genetic liability shared among these conditions requires further study. (JINS, 2018, 24, 91–103)
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Woodruff, Bryan. "Disorders of Cognition." Seminars in Neurology 31, no. 01 (February 2011): 018–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271314.
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de Sousa, Paulo, William Sellwood, Martin Griffiths, and Richard P. Bentall. "Disorganisation, thought disorder and socio-cognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.160.
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BackgroundPoor social cognition is prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Some authors argue that these effects are symptom-specific and that socio-cognitive difficulties (e.g. theory of mind) are strongly associated with thought disorder and symptoms of disorganisation.AimsThe current review tests the strength of this association.MethodWe meta-analysed studies published between 1980 and 2016 that tested the association between social cognition and these symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.ResultsOur search (PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science) identified 123 studies (N = 9107). Overall effect size as r = −0.313, indicating a moderate association between symptoms and social cognition. Subanalyses yielded a moderate association between symptoms and theory of mind (r = −0.349) and emotion recognition (r = −0.334), but smaller effect sizes for social perception (r = −0.188), emotion regulation (r = −0.169) and attributional biases (r = −0.143).ConclusionsThe association is interpreted within models of communication that highlight the importance of mentalisation and processing of partner-specific cues in conversational alignment and grounding.Declaration of interestsNone.
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Chamard, Ludivine, Sabrina Ferreira, Alexa Pijoff, Manon Silvestre, Eric Berger, and Eloi Magnin. "Cognitive Impairment Involving Social Cognition in SPG4 Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia." Behavioural Neurology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6423461.
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Objectives. To describe cognitive assessment including social cognition in SPG4 patients.Methods. We reported a series of nine patients with SPG4 mutation with an extensive neuropsychological examination including social cognition assessment.Results. None of our patients presented with mental retardation or dementia. All presented with mild cognitive impairment with a high frequency of attention deficit (100%), executive disorders (89%), and social cognition impairment (78%). An asymptomatic patient for motor skills presented with the same cognitive profile. No correlation was found in this small sample between cognitive impairment and motor impairment, age at disease onset, or disease duration.Conclusions. SPG4 phenotypes share some cognitive features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cognitive disorders including executive disorders and social cognition impairment are frequent in SPG4 patients and might sometimes occur before motor disorders. Therefore, cognitive functions including social cognition should be systematically assessed in order to improve the clinical management of this population.
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Kauliņa, Anda. "Cognitive Analysis of 9 to 11-Year-Old Children With Intellectual Development Disorders." Journal of Pedagogy and Psychology "Signum Temporis" 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sigtem-2017-0006.
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Abstract Cognitive development significantly influences efficiency and results of child’s understanding and comprehension of the world. Attention and cognition play a significant role to ensure academic achievement and success. Attention is essential for purposeful planning of action and systematic work. Attention is necessary to follow the study material and for physical survival in everyday life. Cognition is significant in decision making and evaluating possible outcomes, being especially important in children with cognitive development disorders. The aim of the present study was to find out the peculiarities of the cognitive processes in 9 to 11-year-old children with cognitive development disorders. Previous literature suggests that children with intellectual development disorders are at increased risk of general cognitive disorders. To test this assumption and establish cognitive abilities in children with intellectual development disorders, the following subtests of the Vienna Test System (VTS) were used: CPM/S2 (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices), B19 (Double Labyrinth Test) and WAFF (Perception and Attention Functions: Focused Attention). VTS is one of the leading computer-based psychophysiological testing systems in Europe. In addition to testing, behavioural observations were also carried out. Study results reveal that children with a shared diagnosis are not as similar when it comes to cognition and attention. Not all children within the sample group exhibited reduced attention and concentration, although the whole participant sample was diagnosed with intellectual development disorder. Meanwhile, risk factors hindering normal cognitive development were identified.
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Jones, Barbara Pendleton, Connie C. Duncan, Pim Brouwers, and Allan F. Mirsky. "Cognition in eating disorders." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 13, no. 5 (September 1991): 711–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639108401085.
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Gjelsvik, Bergljot, Darko Lovric, and J. Mark G. Williams. "Embodied cognition and emotional disorders." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): pr.035714. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.035714.
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Research into embodied cognition (EC) in cognitive neuroscience and psychology has risen exponentially over the last 25 years, covering a vast area of research; from understanding how ability to judge speech sounds depends on an intact motor cortex, to why people perceive hills as steeper when carrying a heavy backpack. Although there are many theories addressing these phenomena, increasing evidence across EC studies suggests simulation (i.e., re-enactment of the motor-sensory aspects of meaning) as an important basis of knowledge. The authors 1) review evidence for the EC paradigm’s claim to simulation effects in cognition, suggesting that simulation exists within a “distributed plus hub” model, 2) discuss the implications of simulation for the understanding of cognitive dysfunctions in emotional disorders, particularly depression, 3) suggest that emotional disorders arises as a result of failed simulation processes, hypothesizing that semantic processing reactivates motor-sensory simulations previously associated with low mood ( enactment/re-enactment networks), and that truncation of such simulation by means of over-use of language-based, abstract processing, motivated by a wish to reduce the affective disturbance associated with episodic, embodied representations, maintains psychopathology, 4) review evidence for effects of truncated simulation on emotional pathology, and 5) discuss the relevance of EC to treatments of emotional pathology.
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Eifert, Georg H., and Lyn Craill. "The Relationship between Affect, Behaviour, and Cognition in Behavioural and Cognitive Treatments of Depression and Phobic Anxiety." Behaviour Change 6, no. 2 (June 1989): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900007634.
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Cognitive theories and therapies of emotional dysfunctions are based on the premise that the affective, behavioural, and cognitive response repertoires are fused and highly interdependent. Such views have been criticised with the argument that affect and cognition are relatively independent and that there is a much more direct and stronger link between affect and behaviour. In an attempt to clarify potential differences in the interplay between affect, behaviour, and cognition in unipolar depression and phobic anxiety, a quantitative review of the relative efficacy of performance-based (behavioural) versus cognitive intervention for these disorders was conducted. The relative superiority of cognitive over performance-based interventions in the treatment of unipolar depression supports the notion of a reasonably direct link between cognition and affect for this disorder providing a fairly effective pathway for treatment. On the other hand, the relative success of performance-based techniques in the treatment of phobias suggests that for these disorders the link between behaviour and affect is more direct and much stronger than the link between cognition and affect. It is concluded that the relative effectiveness of cognitive and performance-based intervention techniques depends on and points to differences in the specific type of affect-behaviour-cognition interface that underlies and is controlling depression and phobic anxiety.
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Alghamdi, Huda Othman. "Relationship Between Behavioural Disorders and Social Cognition among Orphans in Saudi Arabia." International Education Studies 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n6p85.
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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between behavioural disorders and social cognition among orphans in Saudi Arabia by adopting a phenomenological qualitative approach. To achieve this aim, 50 subjects were selected to participate in this study through a purposive sampling. The participants were subjected to a semi-structured interview session which lasted from 45 minutes to an hour. After data has been gathered, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse data into themes which were categorized into three: Symptoms of Behavioural Disorders, Social Cognitions, and Factors. The results of the study showed that emotional and behavioural disorders that orphans face in Saudi Arabia were manifested by symptoms of disorders such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Social Phobia. Factors that tend to have a significant effect on behavioural problems among orphans consisted of traumatic events, events prior to admittance in the orphanage such as physical abuse, and the overall physical environment of the orphanage, which can be at risk of being conducive for bullying and fighting among orphans. Furthermore, there might be a relationship between behavioural disorders and social cognition among orphans in Saudi Arabia.
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Palser, Eleanor. "Discussion paper: The role of sensorimotor signals in cognition and its relevance to autism." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 108 (September 2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2018.1.108.26.
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Cognitive science has traditionally championed the separation of processing into the constituent domains of perception, action, and higher cognition, with very little crosstalk either amongst scientists researching different domains or conceptually, between nodes in the network. Cognitive reasoning, for example, is widely considered to occur in segregation to motor processing. However, increasingly, evidence is suggesting that this artificial separation of function may not be reflected in the computational organisation of the brain. Theories of embodied cognition argue that sensorimotor cues from the body are fundamental to higher cognitive functions. In this light, understanding the nature of crosstalk between perception, action and cognition may be integral for understanding the human mind. Indeed, disorders that are characterised by abnormalities in multiple domains, for example in both motor and cognitive functions, may only be understood by employing this method. Studying these disorders may also prove informative as to the nature of domain crosstalk during typical development. Autism spectrum disorders, which are associated with both sensorimotor and cognitive abnormalities, may be one such example. As such, research that emphasises domain crosstalk may both shed light on a disorder that has so far eluded the application of a unifying theory, and inform our understanding of the neurotypical organization of the human brain.
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Cowdrey, Felicity A., Claire Lomax, James D. Gregory, and Philip J. Barnard. "Could a Unified Theory of Cognition and Emotion Further the Transdiagnostic Perspective? A Critical Analysis Using Interacting Cognitive Subsystems as a Case Example." Psychopathology Review a4, no. 3 (February 5, 2016): 377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5127/pr.044714.
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There is evidence that common processes underlie psychological disorders transdiagnostically. A challenge for the transdiagnostic movement is accounting for such processes theoretically. Theories of psychological disorders are traditionally restricted in scope, often explaining specific aspects of a disorder. The alternative to such ‘micro-theories’ is developing frameworks which explain general human cognition, so called ‘macro-theories’, and applying these systematically to clinical phenomena. Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) [Teasdale, J.D., & Barnard, P.J. (1993). Affect, cognition and change: Re-modelling depressive thought, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove] is a macro-theory which aims to explain aspects of information processing. The aim of this review is to examine whether ICS provides a useful platform for understanding common processes which maintain psychological disorders. The core principles of ICS are explained and theoretical papers adopting ICS to explain a particular psychological disorder or symptom are considered. Dysfunctional schematic mental models, reciprocal interactions between emotional and intellectual beliefs, as well as attention and memory processes, are identified as being important to the maintenance of psychological disorders. Concrete examples of how such variables can be translated into novel therapeutic strategies are given. The review concludes that unified theories of cognition and emotion have the potential to drive forward developments in transdiagnostic thinking, research and treatment.
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Baldaçara, Leonardo, João Guilherme Fiorani Borgio, Acioly Luiz Tavares de Lacerda, and Andrea Parolin Jackowski. "Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300016.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this update article is to report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of cerebellum in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of Medline using the following terms as a parameter: "cerebellum", "cerebellar vermis", "schizophrenia", "bipolar disorder", "depression", "anxiety disorders", "dementia" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". The electronic search was done up to April 2008. DISCUSSION: Structural and functional cerebellar abnormalities have been reported in many psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported smaller total cerebellar and vermal volumes in schizophrenia, mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown alterations in cerebellar activity in schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In dementia, the cerebellum is affected in later stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: Contrasting with early theories, cerebellum appears to play a major role in different brain functions other than balance and motor control, including emotional regulation and cognition. Future studies are clearly needed to further elucidate the role of cerebellum in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive functioning.
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Panchal, Priyanka, Alexander Kaltenboeck, and Catherine J. Harmer. "Cognitive emotional processing across mood disorders." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285291800130x.
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While impairments in cognitive emotional processing are key to the experience of mood disorders, little is understood of their shared and distinct features across major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences in abnormal emotional processing associated with mood disorders across the cognitive domains of perception, attention, memory, and reward processing, with a particular focus on how these impairments relate to the clinical profile of the disorders. We consider behavioral and neuroimaging evidence, especially that of the growing consensus surrounding mood-congruent biases in cognition, in combination with state- and trait-related characteristics in an attempt to provide a more comprehensive and translational overview of mood disorders. Special consideration is given to the shared phenomenon of mood instability and its role as a potential transdiagnostic marker across the prodrome and maintenance of mood disorders.
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Chen, Ruei-An, Chun-Yi Lee, Yu Lee, Chi-Fa Hung, Yu-Chi Huang, Pao-Yen Lin, Sheng-Yu Lee, and Liang-Jen Wang. "Defining cognitive profiles of depressive patients using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders." PeerJ 7 (August 1, 2019): e7432. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7432.
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Background Cognitive impairments in patients with depressive disorders have a negative impact on their daily skill functioning and quality of life. In this study, we evaluated the cognitive profiles and associated factors of patients with depressive disorders with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A). Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 75 patients with depressive disorders (56 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19 patients with depressive disorder NOS or dysthymic disorder (non-MDD)). We evaluated the participants’ cognitive functions at euthymic status using the BAC-A. The BAC-A includes six subtests derived from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BAC-S) and Affective Processing Tests. The current severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), and we recorded any psychotropic drugs being used by the patients. Results We observed no differences in cognitive profiles in the MDD group and non-MDD group after adjusting for educational levels, severity of depression, and psychotropic drugs. Instead, the HAMD-17 scores were negatively correlated to cognitive performance in working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency, attention and processing speed, executive function, composite score, and the six indexes of the Affective Processing Test measured by the BAC-A. A longer illness duration was associated with worse performance of four indexes of the Affective Processing Test. Furthermore, benzodiazepine use was associated with a worse performance of verbal memory, and antidepressant use was associated with better motor speed performance. Conclusion The current severity of depressive symptoms and psychotropic drugs being taken, not the diagnosis category, are associated with cognitive impairments in patients with depressive disorders. Clinicians should pay particular attention to managing residual depressive symptoms and prescribing adequate psychotropic drugs in order to eliminate depressive patients’ cognitive deficits.
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Skoog, Ingmar. "Hypertension and Cognition." International Psychogeriatrics 15, S1 (July 2003): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203009104.
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Hypertension is a risk factor for stroke, ischemic white-matter lesions, cardiovascular disorders, and vascular dementia. This risk increases with increasing blood pressure. Several studies report that high blood pressure precedes Alzheimer's disease (AD) by decades, but blood pressure decreases the years before dementia onset and is lower in individuals with AD than in controls. High blood pressure has also been related to the neuropathological manifestations of AD. The exact mechanism behind these associations is not clear. Hypertension may cause cerebrovascular disease that may increase the likelihood that individuals with AD encephalopathy will express a dementia syndrome, this may accelerate the AD process, subclinical AD may lead to increased blood pressure, and similar biological mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Hypertension is a common disorder and often untreated. Even if hypertension results only in a moderately increased risk of AD, or overall dementia, better treatment of hypertension may have an immense effect on the total number of individuals with dementia.
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Trotti, Rebekah L., Sunny Abdelmageed, David A. Parker, Dean Sabatinelli, Carol A. Tamminga, Elliot S. Gershon, Sarah K. Keedy, et al. "Neural Processing of Repeated Emotional Scenes in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 47, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab018.
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Abstract Impaired emotional processing and cognitive functioning are common in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorders, causing significant socioemotional disability. While a large body of research demonstrates abnormal cognition/emotion interactions in these disorders, previous studies investigating abnormalities in the emotional scene response using event-related potentials (ERPs) have yielded mixed findings, and few studies compare findings across psychiatric diagnoses. The current study investigates the effects of emotion and repetition on ERPs in a large, well-characterized sample of participants with schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes. Two ERP components that are modulated by emotional content and scene repetition, the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), were recorded in healthy controls and participants with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and bipolar disorder without psychosis. Effects of emotion and repetition were compared across groups. Results displayed significant but small effects in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, with diminished EPN amplitudes to neutral and novel scenes, reduced LPP amplitudes to emotional scenes, and attenuated effects of scene repetition. Despite significant findings, small effect sizes indicate that emotional scene processing is predominantly intact in these disorders. Multivariate analyses indicate that these mild ERP abnormalities are related to cognition, psychosocial functioning, and psychosis severity. This relationship suggests that impaired cognition, rather than diagnosis or mood disturbance, may underlie disrupted neural scene processing in schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes.
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Uchino, Takashi, Ryo Okubo, Youji Takubo, Akiko Aoki, Izumi Wada, Naoki Hashimoto, Satoru Ikezawa, and Takahiro Nemoto. "Mediation Effects of Social Cognition on the Relationship between Neurocognition and Social Functioning in Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13040683.
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Background: In schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), social cognition mediates the relationship between neurocognition and social functioning. Although people with major depressive disorder (MDD) also exhibit cognitive impairments, which are often prolonged, little is known about the role of social cognition in MDD. Methods: Using data obtained through an internet survey, 210 patients with SSD or MDD were selected using propensity score matching based on their demographics and illness duration. Social cognition, neurocognition, and social functioning were evaluated using the Self-Assessment of Social Cognition Impairments, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire, and Social Functioning Scale, respectively. The mediation effects of social cognition on the relationship between neurocognition and social functioning were examined in each group. Invariances of the mediation model across the two groups were then analyzed. Results: The SSD and MDD groups had mean ages of 44.49 and 45.35 years, contained 42.0% and 42.8% women, and had mean illness durations of 10.76 and 10.45 years, respectively. In both groups, social cognition had significant mediation effects. Configural, measurement, and structural invariances across the groups were established. Conclusion: The role of social cognition in patients with MDD was similar to that in SSD. Social cognition could be a common endophenotype for various psychiatric disorders.
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Haywood, H. Carl, and Stéphane Raffard. "Cognition and Psychopathology: Overview." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 16, no. 1 (2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.16.1.3.
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The bidirectional relation of cognition and psychopathology is discussed in historical context as an introduction to the special issue of Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology devoted to contemporary research on this topic. Cognition refers to the processes by which information is transformed, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. Psychopathology refers to disorders in behavior, cognition, and/or perception. Although rooted in studies of major psychiatric disorders and general intelligence, the field has moved to include developmental disabilities, neurological impairment, and less severe psychological disturbance on the one hand and finer grained cognitive processes on the other as well as a constant concern with language issues. Special methods of investigation reveal subtle effects but important facets of the cognition–psychopathology relation.
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Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E., Kathryn E. Lewandowski, Jessica M. Lipschitz, and Katherine E. Burdick. "Conducting clinical studies targeting cognition in psychiatry: guiding principles and design." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001074.
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Cognitive dysfunction is common in many psychiatric disorders. While it has long been described as a core feature in schizophrenia, more recent data suggest qualitatively similar impairments in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. There is compelling evidence to suggest that cognitive impairment contributes directly to functional disability and reduced quality of like across these disorders. As current treatments focus heavily on “primary” symptoms of mood and psychosis, the standard of care typically leaves cognitive deficits unmanaged. With this in mind, the field has recently begun to consider intervening directly on this important symptom domain, with several ongoing trials in schizophrenia. Fewer studies have targeted cognition in bipolar disorder and still fewer in MDD. With progress toward considering this domain as a target for treatment comes the need for consensus guidelines and methodological recommendations on cognitive trial design. In this manuscript, we first summarize the work conducted to date in this area for schizophrenia and for bipolar disorder. We then begin to address these same issues in MDD and emphasize the need for additional work in this area.
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Sahakian, Barbara J., Annette B. Bruhl, Jennifer Cook, Clare Killikelly, George Savulich, Thomas Piercy, Sepehr Hafizi, et al. "The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders and in healthy people." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1677 (September 19, 2015): 20140214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0214.
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In addition to causing distress and disability to the individual, neuropsychiatric disorders are also extremely expensive to society and governments. These disorders are both common and debilitating and impact on cognition, functionality and wellbeing. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and methylphenidate, are used to treat cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respectively. Other cognitive enhancers include specific computerized cognitive training and devices. An example of a novel form of cognitive enhancement using the technological advancement of a game on an iPad that also acts to increase motivation is presented. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as methylphenidate and modafinil, which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by healthy people. Modafinil not only affects ‘cold’ cognition, but also improves ‘hot’ cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The lifestyle use of ‘smart drugs' raises both safety concerns as well as ethical issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. As a society, we need to consider which forms of cognitive enhancement (e.g. pharmacological, exercise, lifelong learning) are acceptable and for which groups (e.g. military, doctors) under what conditions (e.g. war, shift work) and by what methods we would wish to improve and flourish.
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Laird, Stephanie, Luke J. Ney, Kim L. Felmingham, and Andrea Gogos. "Hormonal Contraception and the Brain: Examining Cognition and Psychiatric Disorders." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190521113841.
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Background: The combined oral contraceptive pill (OC), containing synthetic estrogens and progestins, is used by millions of women worldwide, yet little is known about its effects on cognition or on psychiatric disorders. The progestin component of OCs determines their androgenicity, i.e. whether the OC has androgen binding components with masculinising effects or antiandrogenic components with feminising effects. Objective: The present review discusses the literature surrounding OC use and cognition in healthy women. Given the important role that sex hormones play in psychiatric disorders, we also consider the influence of OCs on symptoms of schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and indirectly, sleep quality. Results: Research has shown that while there are no differences between OC users and non-users, androgenic OCs enhance visuospatial ability and anti-androgenic OCs enhance verbal fluency. Little is known about OCs effects on other cognitive domains, such as memory and executive function. There is little research examining OC use in schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. There is some evidence that OC use is associated with depression, however the exact causality of this association remains to be verified. Conclusion: We maintain that future studies need to address several methodological limitations, such as separating OCs based on androgenicity to avoid the masking effects that occur when various OCs are considered as one group. As this review highlights several significant effects of OC use on the brain, the implications of OC use needs to be considered in future research.
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Holland, Negin, Trevor W. Robbins, and James B. Rowe. "The role of noradrenaline in cognition and cognitive disorders." Brain 144, no. 8 (March 16, 2021): 2243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab111.
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Abstract Many aspects of cognition and behaviour are regulated by noradrenergic projections to the forebrain originating from the locus coeruleus, acting through alpha and beta adrenoreceptors. Loss of these projections is common in neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to their cognitive and behavioural deficits. We review the evidence for a noradrenergic modulation of cognition in its contribution to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and other cognitive disorders. We discuss the advances in human imaging and computational methods that quantify the locus coeruleus and its function in humans, and highlight the potential for new noradrenergic treatment strategies.
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Humphreys, Glyn. "Disorders of Visuo-spatial Cognition." Neurocase 11, no. 2 (April 2005): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554790590925547.
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Başar, Erol. "Special issue: Brain oscillations in cognition and cognitive disorders." Brain Research 1235 (October 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.010.
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Desmarais, Philippe, Krista L. Lanctôt, Mario Masellis, Sandra E. Black, and Nathan Herrmann. "Social inappropriateness in neurodegenerative disorders." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217001260.
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ABSTRACTBackground:New onset of mood and behavioral changes in middle-aged patients are frequently the first manifestations of an unrecognized neurocognitive disorder. Impairment of social cognition, the cognitive ability to process social information coming from others, such as emotions, to attribute mental states to others, and to respond appropriately to them, is often at the origin of behavioral manifestations in neurodegenerative disorders.Methods:This paper reviews the current literature on social cognition impairment in neurocognitive disorders, particularly in prodromal stages of behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD). The concepts of social cognition will be reviewed, including its impairment and neural basis, its clinical assessment, and the different therapeutic interventions available clinically.Results:Socially inappropriate behaviors, such as loss of empathy, inappropriateness of affect, and disinhibition are frequently reported in prodromal bvFTD and in prodromal AD. Lack of self-control, reduced perception of social cues, such as recognition of facial emotions and sarcastic speech, and impaired Theory of Mind all contribute to the neuropsychiatric symptoms and are secondary to neurodegeneration in specific brain regions. In contrasts to bvFTD and AD, deficits in social cognition in IPD occur later in the course of the disease and are often multifactorial in origin.Conclusions:Through various manifestations, social inappropriateness is frequently the first clinical sign of a neurodegenerative process, especially in AD and bvFTD, years before noticeable impairment on classical neuropsychological assessment and brain atrophy on imaging.
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Mucci, A., and S. Galderisi. "Cognitive Dysfunctions in the Psychoses and their Impact on Patients’ Social Functioning." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.205.
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IntroductionImpairment of neurocognitive functions, such as attention, memory or executive functions, as well as of social cognition, particularly of affect recognition and theory of mind, are frequently observed in people with Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. These dysfunctions are associated with poor real-life functioning. Social cognition deficits mediate in part the impact of neurocognitive dysfunction on functional outcome.AimsTo review literature findings on prevalence, severity and association with functional outcome of neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.MethodsWe searched PubMed for English/Italian or French full-text publications with the keywords.schizophr*/psychosis/psychot*/AND neurocognitive/cognitive/neuropsychological/memory/attention/”executive function”/learning/”social cognition”/”theory of mind”/”affect recognition”/”acial emotion recognition”/”emotional intelligence”/”emot* recognition”. Furthermore, we manually searched the reference lists of relevant papers, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.ResultsIn people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features, neurocognitive and social cognition deficits were observed in all phases of the disorders, even after symptom remission. Some of these deficits were observed in subjects at high-risk to develop schizophrenia before psychotic onset. In all these subjects, cognitive deficits are associated with worse psychosocial functioning and poor quality of life. Pharmacological treatments do not alleviate cognitive deficits, which can also limit the benefit of other psychological or psychosocial interventions.ConclusionsNeurocognitive and social cognition deficits need to be targeted by specific interventions to improve real-life functioning and quality of life of people with schizophrenia or psychotic disorders.Disclosure of interestAM received honoraria or advisory board/consulting fees from the following companies: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka, Pfizer and Pierre Fabre.SG received honoraria or advisory board/consulting fees from the following companies: Lundbeck, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hoffman-La Roche, Angelini-Acraf, Otsuka, Pierre Fabre and Gedeon-Richter.
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Li, Chenlu, Delia A. Gheorghe, John E. Gallacher, and Sarah Bauermeister. "Psychiatric comorbid disorders of cognition: a machine learning approach using 1175 UK Biobank participants." Evidence Based Mental Health 23, no. 4 (July 29, 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2020-300147.
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BackgroundConceptualising comorbidity is complex and the term is used variously. Here, it is the coexistence of two or more diagnoses which might be defined as ‘chronic’ and, although they may be pathologically related, they may also act independently. Of interest here is the comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders and impaired cognition.ObjectivesTo examine whether anxiety and/or depression are/is important longitudinal predictors of cognitive change.MethodsUK Biobank participants used at three time points (n=502 664): baseline, first follow-up (n=20 257) and first imaging study (n=40 199). Participants with no missing data were 1175 participants aged 40–70 years, 41% women. Machine learning was applied and the main outcome measure of reaction time intraindividual variability (cognition) was used.FindingsUsing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the anxiety model achieves the best performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68, followed by the depression model with an AUC of 0.63. The cardiovascular and diabetes model, and the covariates model have weaker performance in predicting cognition, with an AUC of 0.60 and 0.56, respectively.ConclusionsOutcomes suggest that psychiatric disorders are more important comorbidities of long-term cognitive change than diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and demographic factors. Findings suggest that psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) may have a deleterious effect on long-term cognition and should be considered as an important comorbid disorder of cognitive decline.Clinical implicationsImportant predictive effects of poor mental health on longitudinal cognitive decline should be considered in secondary and also primary care.
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Eum, Seenae, Scot Kristian Hill, and Jeffrey R. Bishop. "Considering medication exposure in genomic association studies of cognition in psychotic disorders." Pharmacogenomics 23, no. 14 (September 2022): 791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2022-0070.
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Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of psychosis-spectrum illnesses, and the characterization of related genetic mechanisms may provide insights regarding the disease pathophysiology. Substantial efforts have been made to determine the genetic component of cognitive symptoms, without clear success. Illness-related moderators and environmental factors such as medications hinder the detection of genomic association with cognition. Polypharmacy is common in psychotic disorders, and the cumulative effects of medication regimens can confound gene–cognition associations. A review of the relative contributions of important pharmacological and genetic relationships identifies that the effects of medications on cognition in psychotic disorders may be at least, if not more, impactful than individual genes, thus underscoring the importance of accounting for medication exposure in gene–cognition association studies.
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Temple, Elise. "The developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of developmental disorders." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02420134.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of developmental disorders and normal cognition that include children are becoming increasingly common and represent part of a newly expanding field of developmental cognitive neuroscience. These studies have illustrated the importance of the process of development in understanding brain mechanisms underlying cognition and including children in the study of the etiology of developmental disorders.
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Ramey, Tatiana, and Paul S. Regier. "Cognitive impairment in substance use disorders." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001426.
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Cognitive impairments in substance use disorders have been extensively researched, especially since the advent of cognitive and computational neuroscience and neuroimaging methods in the last 20 years. Conceptually, altered cognitive function can be viewed as a hallmark feature of substance use disorders, with documented alterations in the well-known “executive” domains of attention, inhibition/regulation, working memory, and decision-making. Poor cognitive (sometimes referred to as “top-down”) regulation of downstream motivational processes—whether appetitive (reward, incentive salience) or aversive (stress, negative affect)—is recognized as a fundamental impairment in addiction and a potentially important target for intervention. As addressed in this special issue, cognitive impairment is a transdiagnostic domain; thus, advances in the characterization and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in substance use disorders could have benefit across multiple psychiatric disorders. Toward this general goal, we summarize current findings in the abovementioned cognitive domains of substance use disorders, while suggesting a potentially useful expansion to include processes that bothprecede(precognition) andsupersede(social cognition) what is usually thought of as strictly cognition. These additional two areas have received relatively less attention but phenomenologically and otherwise are important features of substance use disorders. The review concludes with suggestions for research and potential therapeutic targeting of both the familiar and this more comprehensive version of cognitive domains related to substance use disorders.
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Rokita, Karolina I., Maria R. Dauvermann, and Gary Donohoe. "Early life experiences and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review." European Psychiatry 53 (June 19, 2018): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.06.006.
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AbstractObjective:To present a systematic review of the literature on the associations between early social environment, early life adversity, and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.Method:Relevant studies were identified via electronic and manual searches of the literature and included articles written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals up to May 2018. Quality assessment was performed using the quality evaluation scale employed in previous systematic reviews.Results:A total of 25 studies were included in the systematic review with the quality assessment scores ranging from 3 to 6 (out of 6). The vast majority of the studies reviewed showed a significant association between early childhood social experience, including both insecure attachment and adversity relating to neglect or abuse, and poorer social cognitive performance.Conclusion:We discuss these findings in the context of an attachment model, suggesting that childhood social adversity may result in poor internal working models, selective attention toward emotional stimuli and greater difficulties with emotional self-regulation. We outline some of the steps required to translate this understanding of social cognitive dysfunction in major psychiatric disorders into a target for interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of childhood maltreatment and poor parental attachment on social cognition.
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Briscoe, J. "The beauty of models for developmental disorders." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 750–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02220130.
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Cognitive frameworks provide important means for uniting concepts of specificity, cognition, and dynamic change in development. Two points are challenged by evidence from special populations: (1) that boundary constraints such as Residual Normality and a cognitive “endstate” compromise the use of cognitive models; and (2) the developmental process itself automatically rejects either Residual Normality or residual deviance from typical development.
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O’Gara, Brian P., Lei Gao, Edward R. Marcantonio, and Balachundhar Subramaniam. "Sleep, Pain, and Cognition: Modifiable Targets for Optimal Perioperative Brain Health." Anesthesiology 135, no. 6 (November 9, 2021): 1132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000004046.
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The prevention of perioperative neurocognitive disorders is a priority for patients, families, clinicians, and researchers. Given the multiple risk factors present throughout the perioperative period, a multicomponent preventative approach may be most effective. The objectives of this narrative review are to highlight the importance of sleep, pain, and cognition on the risk of perioperative neurocognitive disorders and to discuss the evidence behind interventions targeting these modifiable risk factors. Sleep disruption is associated with postoperative delirium, but the benefit of sleep-related interventions is uncertain. Pain is a risk factor for postoperative delirium, but its impact on other postoperative neurocognitive disorders is unknown. Multimodal analgesia and opioid avoidance are emerging as best practices, but data supporting their efficacy to prevent delirium are limited. Poor preoperative cognitive function is a strong predictor of postoperative neurocognitive disorder, and work is ongoing to determine whether it can be modified to prevent perioperative neurocognitive disorders.
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Mohapatra, Bijoyaa. "The contribution of cognition to the rehabilitation of language and communication deficits." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 27, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.0098.
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Background/Aims There is growing evidence to suggest that cognitive processes, in particular working memory and executive functions, are related to language functions such as syntactic processing, reading comprehension, narration and conversational discourse. This article offers rehabilitation considerations for speech-language pathologists to include cognitive assessment and treatment in their clinical practice. The information presented will also be useful in promoting multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Methods A critical review of the literature on the interaction between cognitive processes and linguistic functions in communication disorders was undertaken. Specific key terms including but not limited to executive functioning, working memory, language, assessment, intervention and communication disorders were searched on the Google Scholar database. Relevant literature from the last three decades pertaining to cognitive behavior, assessment and intervention in communication disorders of all age groups and severities is included in the review. Results The review presents analyses of the multidimensional and dynamic interaction of language and cognition in children (specific language impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stuttering) and adults (traumatic brain injury, stroke, dementia) with communication disorders. The article elaborates on the speech-language pathologist's scope of practice in cognitive assessment and intervention that are consistent with the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Conclusions By documenting cognitive-communication behaviour, speech-language pathologists are able to effectively contribute to the clinical assessment and management of cognitive deficits. However, future research efforts are required to develop clinically reliable tests of cognitive functioning in communication disorders and promote evidence-based cognitive treatment practices.
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O’Caoimh, Rónán, Mary J. Foley, Suzanne Timmons, and D. William Molloy. "Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Movement Disorders: Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen in Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports 8, no. 1 (June 21, 2024): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/adr-230207.
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Background: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is recommended by the Movement Disorder Society for cognitive testing in movement disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and lewy body dementia. Few studies have compared cognitive screening instruments in these diseases, which overlap clinically. Objective: To compare the MoCA and Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen in this population. Methods: Patients attending memory and movement disorder clinics associated with a university hospital had the MoCA and Qmci screen performed and diagnostic accuracy compared with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Duration and severity of movement disorders was assessed using the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). Results: In total, 133 assessments were available, median age 74±5. Median education was 11±4 years and 65% were male. Median total UPDRS score was 37±26. Median Qmci screen was 51±27, median MoCA was 19±10. There were statistically significant differences in test scores between those with subjective symptoms but normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia (p < 0.001). The Qmci screen had significantly greater accuracy differentiating normal cognition from MCI versus the MoCA (AUC 0.90 versus 0.72, p = 0.01). Both instruments had similar accuracy in identifying cognitive impairment and separating MCI from dementia. The median administration time for the Qmci screen and MoCA were 5.19 and 9.24 minutes (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Both the MoCA and Qmci screen have good to excellent accuracy in a population with movement disorders experiencing cognitive symptoms. The Qmci screen was significantly more accurate for those with early symptoms and had a shorter administration time.
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Rezayi, Saeed, and Mohammad Bagher Hasanvand. "Effectiveness of Play Therapy Based on Social Cognition in Children With Internalized Behavioral Disorders." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.20.3.1610.1.
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Objectives: Internalizing disorders include disorders, such as major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and somatic disorders. In the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is recognized as a distinct group, but anxiety is a common symptom. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of play therapy programs based on social cognition in children with internalized behavioral disorders. Methods: This study was an experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The subjects were screened based on the inclusion criteria, then 20 children with internalized behavioral disorders were selected after the matching process, and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (10 persons in each group). The intervention program was implemented in 10 sessions over 3 months. In this research, the Achenbach questionnaire (teacher report form) was used to assess students’ behavioral problems. Results: The results showed that play therapy with the social cognition method decreased the behavioral problems in children with the internalizing disorder (P≤0.05). Discussion: It suggested that this supportive program can be implemented in a community of children with internalizing behavioral disorders.
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Domschke, K. "Genetics in anxiety disorders - an update." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73800-7.
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Twin studies propose a strong genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders with a heritability of about 50%. The dissection of the complex-genetic underpinnings of anxiety disorders requires a multi-level approach using molecular genetic, imaging genetic, (cognitive)-behavioral genetic and pharmacogenetic techniques linking basic and clinical research.The present talk will first give an overview of results from linkage and association studies yielding support for several candidate genes contributing to the genetic risk for anxiety and panic disorder in particular such as the adenosine 2A receptor, the catechol-O-methyltransferase, the neuropeptide S receptor and the serotonin receptor 1A genes. Results from the first genome-wide association studies in the field of anxiety disorders will be discussed. Additionally, studies on gene-environment interactions between anxiety disorder risk variants and environmental factors will be presented. Imaging genetics approaches have yielded evidence for several risk genes to crucially impact activation in brain regions critical for emotional processing. Gene variation has furthermore been found to potentially confer an increased risk for panic disorder via elevated autonomic arousal and dysfunctional cognitions regarding bodily sensations. Finally, there is first evidence for genetic variants impacting treatment response to antidepressant pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders.Thus, converging lines of evidence will be presented for several candidate genes of anxiety to exert an increased disease risk potentially via a distorted cortico-limbic interaction during emotional processing, increased physiological arousal or dysfunctional cognition. Additionally, a possible impact of genetic variants on pharmacoresponse in anxiety disorders and its potential clinical implications will be discussed.
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McDonald, Skye. "What's New in the Clinical Management of Disorders of Social Cognition?" Brain Impairment 18, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2017.2.
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Social cognition refers to the ability to use social cues to infer the meaning and intentions behind the behaviour of others in order to respond in a socially adaptive manner. It is increasingly recognised that disorders of social cognition, including problems with emotion perception, theory of mind, conversational inference, morality judgements, decision making and social inhibition, characterise many developmental and psychiatric disorders and are highly relevant to many with acquired brain injuries or diseases, especially the frontotemporal dementias. This review provides an introduction and overview of the papers in this special edition on social cognition and places these in the context of other recent research. In doing so, several current issues in the clinical management of social cognition are delineated. Given that social cognition seems to be a sensitive predictor of psychosocial function, the assessment of social cognition is seen by many clinicians to be important although which profession is responsible is yet to be resolved. Issues in how social cognition are assessed are discussed, including the importance of context to social cognition, its interactive nature and the need to recognise influences such as family upbringing, gender and emotional state on social cognitive performance. There also needs to be development of tests that address all aspects of social cognition, including decision making and inhibition. Finally, this review discusses intervention research. Interventions are especially well developed in relation to schizophrenia, and less well developed in brain injury. These appear to be generally effective although treatments for emotional self-awareness are yet to be developed.
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Wang, Bin, Lan Yang, Wenjie Yan, Weichao An, Jie Xiang, and Dandan Li. "Brain asymmetry: a novel perspective on hemispheric network." Brain Science Advances 9, no. 2 (June 2023): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2023.9050014.
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Brain asymmetry, involving structural and functional differences between the two hemispheres, is a major organizational principle of the human brain. The structural and functional connectivity within each hemisphere defines the hemispheric network or connectome. Elucidating left-right differences of the hemispheric network provides opportunities for brain asymmetry exploration. This review examines the asymmetry in the hemispheric white matter and functional network to assess health and brain disorders. In this article, the brain asymmetry in structural and functional connectivity including network topologies of healthy individuals, involving brain cognitive systems and the development trend, is highlighted. Moreover, the abnormal asymmetry of the hemispheric network related to cognition changes in brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and bipolar disorder, is presented. This review suggests that the hemispheric network is highly conserved for measuring human brain asymmetries and has potential in the study of the cognitive system and brain disorders.
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Salehinejad, Mohammad Ali, Elham Ghanavati, Md Harun Ar Rashid, and Michael A. Nitsche. "Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282110077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23982128211007769.
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Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of neuropsychiatric disorders. Different models and approaches are proposed for describing how executive functions are functionally organised in the brain. One popular and recently proposed organising principle of executive functions is the distinction between hot (i.e. reward or affective-related) versus cold (i.e. purely cognitive) domains of executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is traditionally linked to executive functions, but on the other hand, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices are hugely involved in executive functions as well. In this review, we first define executive functions, their domains, and the appropriate methods for studying them. Second, we discuss how hot and cold executive functions are linked to different areas of the prefrontal cortex. Next, we discuss the association of hot versus cold executive functions with the cingulate cortex, focusing on the anterior and posterior compartments. Finally, we propose a functional model for hot and cold executive function organisation in the brain with a specific focus on the fronto-cingular network. We also discuss clinical implications of hot versus cold cognition in major neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, substance use disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism) and attempt to characterise their profile according to the functional dominance or manifest of hot–cold cognition. Our model proposes that the lateral prefrontal cortex along with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are more relevant for cold executive functions, while the medial–orbital prefrontal cortex along with the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex are more closely involved in hot executive functions. This functional distinction, however, is not absolute and depends on several factors including task features, context, and the extent to which the measured function relies on cognition and emotion or both.
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Troisi, Alfonso. "Psychiatric disorders and the social brain: Distinguishing mentalizing and empathizing." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004408.
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AbstractSocial cognition is a broad term, incorporating all aspects of social functioning from perceiving emotional stimuli to attributional style and theory of mind. Not distinguishing between these different capacities may confound the interpretation of the data deriving from studies of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and the social brain. The distinction between cognitive and affective components of social cognition is clearly exemplified by the abnormalities observed in psychopathy and Williams syndrome.
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Balanzá-Martínez, Vicent, Flavio M. Shansis, Amparo Tatay-Manteiga, and Pilar López-García. "Diet and Neurocognition in Mood Disorders - An Overview of the Overlooked." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 20 (June 21, 2020): 2353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200318152530.
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Bipolar disorder and major depression are associated with significant disability, morbidity, and reduced life expectancy. People with mood disorders have shown higher ratios of unhealthy lifestyle choices, including poor diet quality and suboptimal nutrition. Diet and nutrition impact on brain /mental health, but cognitive outcomes have been less researched in psychiatric disorders. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a major driver of social dysfunction and a therapeutic target in mood disorders, although effective cognitive-enhancers are currently lacking. This narrative review aimed to assess the potential cognitive benefits of dietary and nutritional interventions in subjects diagnosed with mood disorders. Eight clinical trials with nutrients were identified, whereas none involved dietary interventions. Efficacy to improve select cognitive deficits has been reported, but results are either preliminary or inconsistent. Methodological recommendations for future cognition trials in the field are advanced. Current evidence and future views are discussed from the perspectives of precision medicine, clinical staging, nutritional psychiatry, and the brain-gut-microbiota axis.
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Operto, Francesca Felicia, Grazia Maria Giovanna Pastorino, Chiara Padovano, Chiara Scuoppo, Valentina Vivenzio, and Giangennaro Coppola. "Social Cognition in Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Pediatric Age." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/124.
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Objective: The purpose of our study was to assess social cognition in adolescents and children with epilepsy or Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) compared to typical individuals. It was verified whether the age of onset, duration and drug therapy of epileptics can influence this ability and if there is a correlation between Social Cognition, intelligence and executive functions. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that included a total of 125 subjects between 7 and 16 years (62 with focal epilepsy and 63 with SLD). The control group included 32 healthy subjects. Study subjects were evaluated with neuropsychological tools to evaluate executive functions (EpiTrack Junior), Social Cognition (NEPSY-II), and intelligence; a nonverbal cognitive test (Raven's Matrices) was used in subjects with Epilepsy, while WISC-IV was administered to SLDs. Results: the groups of subjects scored significantly lower than the controls in Social Cognition. The results showed a positive correlation between affect recognition scores and executive function in both groups. In patients with epilepsy the deficit in Affect Recognition appeared to be linked with early age of onset of epilepsy, long term of disease and lack of non-verbal intelligence; a high frequency of seizures, on the other hand, was related to poor performance in the Theory of Mind (ToM). In the SLD group there was no correlation between social cognition and intellectual level. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that individuals with focal epilepsy or SLD have deficits in the recognition of facial emotions and ToM compared to their peers. In epilepsy group, the Social Cognition deficit seems to be linked to characteristics of epilepsy, particularly the deficits in the recognition of facial emotions seems linked to problems in nonverbal intelligence and in executive function. In the SLD group, however, the ability to recognize emotions was correlated only with executive functions.
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Martinez, M., C. Fichera, L. Fusar-Poli, A. Rodolico, S. Guloksuz, E. Aguglia, and M. S. Signorelli. "Association between polygenic risk scores for psychiatric disorders and social cognition: a systematic review." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2262.
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Introduction Social cognition refers to a complex set of mental abilities that support the construction of adequate social competence and adaptation. Impairments in social cognition can be found in several psychiatric disorders, particularly in psychoses. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRSs) represent single metrics of molecular genetic risk and are a predictor of the genetic susceptibility to diseases, although they explain only a small part of the risk. Objectives To explore the association between PRS for psychiatric disorders and social cognition. Methods We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Scopus according to the PRISMA guidelines up to August 2021. We included papers evaluating PRS and social cognition with psychometric scales. Articles concerning single-nucleotide polymorphisms and biological measures of social cognition (e.g., neuroimaging, peripheral biomarkers) were excluded. Results We initially retrieved 150 articles. After removing duplicates, we screened 133 titles and abstracts and preliminary selected 19 papers. Participants recruited in the papers of interest were either people with schizophrenia, ASD or ADHD, their family members or healthy subjects. Articles evaluated the association between different psychometrical measures of social cognition and PRS for schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD. Conclusions Literature regarding the association between PRS for psychiatric disorders and social cognition is heterogeneous in terms of populations, genetic risk evaluation, and outcome tools. Given the critical role played by social cognition in the onset and progression of mental disorders and its association with real-world functioning, future research should try to disentangle the complex genetic basis of this domain. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Verhey, Frans R. J., and Pieter Jelle Visser. "Phenomenology of Depression in Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 12, S1 (July 2000): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610200006906.
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Dementia and depression are the two most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Although dementia has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of cognition, and depression as a disorder of mood, this simple classification has recently been questioned, and the complex interrelationship between depression and dementia is being elucidated (Emery & Oxman, 1992; Raskind, 1998). Patients with depression may show cognitive deficits, simulating dementia (Berrios, 1989), and patients with dementing disorders may show symptoms of depression (Allen & Burns, 1995; Burns, 1991). In addition, depression may precede dementia and represent the very first signs of dementing illness, or may be a risk factor for subsequent dementia.
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Keifer, Cara M., Amori Yee Mikami, James P. Morris, Erin J. Libsack, and Matthew D. Lerner. "Prediction of social behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Explicit versus implicit social cognition." Autism 24, no. 7 (June 2, 2020): 1758–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320922058.
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Deficient social communication and interaction behaviors are a hallmark feature of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. These social communication and interaction deficits potentially stem from problems with explicit social cognition (i.e. processes that are controlled and largely conscious) as well as with implicit social cognition (i.e. processes that are fast, spontaneous, and primarily unconscious). This study aimed to investigate the relative contributions of implicit and explicit social cognition factors as predictors of multi-informant measures of social communication and interaction behaviors in a sample of 34 youth with clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder. Behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological indices of implicit and explicit social cognition were entered into partial least squares regression models designed to identify latent factors that optimally predict parent-report, observer-coded, and clinician-rated social communication, and interaction outcomes. Results indicated that while both implicit and explicit social cognition factors optimally predicted outcomes, implicit social cognition factors were relatively more predictive. Findings have important implications for the conceptualization and measurement of social functioning as well as the development of targeted social interventions in autism spectrum disorder populations. Lay abstract Difficulties with social communication and interaction are a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorder. These difficulties may be the result of problems with explicit social cognition (effortful and largely conscious processes) such as learning and recalling social norms or rules. Alternatively, social deficits may stem from problems with implicit social cognition (rapid and largely unconscious processes) such as the efficient integration of social information. The goal of this study was to determine how problems in explicit and implicit social cognition relate to social behavior in 34 youth with autism spectrum disorder. We measured aspects of implicit and explicit social cognition abilities in the laboratory using behavioral, cognitive, and brain (electrophysiological) measures. We then used those measures to predict “real-world” social behavior as reported by parents, clinicians, and independent observers. Results showed that overall better aspects of implicit and explicit social cognition predicted more competent social behavior. In addition, the ability to fluidly integrate social information (implicit social cognition) was more frequently related to competent social behavior that merely knowing what to do in social situations (explicit social cognition). These findings may help with the development of interventions focusing on improving social deficits.
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Huihong, Zhang, Wang Pan, Zhang Chunfeng, Wang Yan, Zhang Hui, Cai Li, and Zhou Yuying. "Olfactory and imaging features in atypical Alzheimer’s disease." Translational Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2018-0001.
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Abstract Objectives Cognition and speech disorders are the most common symptoms of dementia in neurodegenerative disease. Here, we present a detailed clinical evaluation of a case of logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia (lv-PPA), an atypical form of Alzheimer disease (AD), including cognitive testing over time, brain imaging, electrophysiology, and tests of olfactory function. Case report We present the case of a 58-year-old man suffering from progressive language difficulties who was finally diagnosed with lv-PPA. Clinical data included neuropsychological examinations, electrophysiology tests, neuroimaging, biomarkers, olfactory tests, and olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results and Discussion The patient suffered from language disorders, including stumbling speech and forgetting appropriate words and how to pronounce some words. This had started 2 years earlier, and he had begun to deteriorate in recent months. In addition to his speech disorder, scores on the Mini Mental State Examination and Montreal cognitive assessment indicated that his cognition was affected. Structural imaging revealed no obvious hippocampal atrophy (score of 1), and molecular imaging showed hypometabolism and amyloid deposits in the temporal parietal region. The patient also presented with olfactory impairment. Although his odour detection threshold was normal, his cognitive threshold for scent recognition was significantly increased. Olfactory fMRI showed that activation of the whole brain and primary olfactory cortex was rare. Conclusion This case provides evidence suggesting that lv-PPA is an atypical form of AD, with symptoms including speech disorders and impaired cognition. This patient with lv-PPA presented with olfactory impairment.
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Hottman, David A., Dustin Chernick, Shaowu Cheng, Zhe Wang, and Ling Li. "HDL and cognition in neurodegenerative disorders." Neurobiology of Disease 72 (December 2014): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.015.
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