Journal articles on the topic 'Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies'
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1
Sánchez-Izquierdo, Macarena, and Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros. "Cognition in Healthy Aging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030962.
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The study of cognitive change across a life span, both in pathological and healthy samples, has been heavily influenced by developments in cognitive psychology as a theoretical paradigm, neuropsychology and other bio-medical fields; this alongside the increase in new longitudinal and cohort designs, complemented in the last decades by the evaluation of experimental interventions. Here, a review of aging databases was conducted, looking for the most relevant studies carried out on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. The aim was to review not only longitudinal, cross-sectional or cohort studies, but also by intervention program evaluations. The most important studies, searching for long-term patterns of stability and change of cognitive measures across a life span and in old age, have shown a great range of inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning changes attributed to age. Furthermore, intellectual functioning in healthy individuals seems to decline rather late in life, if ever, as shown in longitudinal studies where age-related decline of cognitive functioning occurs later in life than indicated by cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal evidence and experimental trials have shown the benefits of aerobic physical exercise and an intellectually engaged lifestyle, suggesting that bio-psycho-socioenvironmental factors concurrently with age predict or determine both positive or negative change or stability in cognition in later life.
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Leong, Sook Ling, Ian H. Robertson, Brian Lawlor, and Sven Vanneste. "Associations between Hypertension, Treatment, and Cognitive Function in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113735.
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Epidemiological studies have produced conflicting results regarding the associations between the use of different hypertensive drugs and cognition. Data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), a nationwide prospective longitudinal study of adults aged 50 or more years, was used to explore the associations between hypertensive status, categories of antihypertensive and cognitive function controlling for age, education, and other demographic and lifestyle factors. The study sample included 8173 participants. ANCOVAs and multivariate regressions were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cognitive function and hypertension status and the different categories of hypertensive medication. Hypertension was not associated with decline in global cognitive and executive functions and were fully explained by age and education. Different hypertensive medications were not associated with cognitive function. Consistent with previous studies, changes in cognition can largely be explained by age and education. The use of antihypertensive medications is neither harmful nor protective for cognition.
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Ikeuchi, Tomoko, Satoshi Seino, Yu Taniguchi, Miki Narita, Takumi Abe, Hidenori Amano, Akihiko Kitamura, and Shoji Shinkai. "INFLUENCING FACTORS OF SUBJECTIVE AGE: FINDINGS FROM THE KUSATSU LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING AND HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S695—S696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2561.
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Abstract Background: Subjective age (SA) has been found to be a biopsychosocial marker of aging, yet little is known about factors that influence SA development. This study examined factors influencing SA using longitudinal data of community-dwelling older Japanese. Methods: Data drawn from the Kusatsu Longitudinal Study were collected during annual health check-ups in 2017 and 2018 from participants (aged 65-95) who completed all the measurement items used for this analysis (N=981). SA was indexed by asking participants to specify in years how old they felt. Proportional discrepancy scores ((subjective age - chronological age)/chronological age ×100) were calculated to indicate younger or older SAs and used as a dependent variable. As influencing factors of SA, chronological age, sex, years of schooling, history of smoking, cognitive function (using MMSE scores, range 14-30 at baseline), depressive symptoms, physical function (gait speed), and social function (employment status) were examined. Analyses were performed with random-effects GLS regression models. Results: Significant partial regression coefficients were found for cognitive function (0.48%, CI: 0.18, 0.79), years of schooling (-0.42%, CI: -0.69, -0.15), depressive symptoms (0.32%, CI: 0.11, 0.53), and chronological age (-0.18%, CI: -0.30, -0.68). Implications: This study found that older age and longer years of schooling were associated with younger SA, while better cognition and depressive symptoms were linked to older SA. Better cognition being associated with older SA was inconsistent with existing studies. This may be due in part to the association of better cognition and the level of satisfaction influenced by awareness of age-related physical/social changes.
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Scott, Stacey, Zared Shawver, Sean Clouston, Yun Zhang, Stacey Voll, Patrick O'Keefe, Joeseph Rodgers, and Scott M. Hofer. "COHORT EFFECTS IN OLD-AGE COGNITIVE AGING: A STUDY OF SOCIAL CONTEXT IN CHILDHOOD IN 140,030 OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.874.
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Abstract Researchers have reported that later-born cohorts often have higher scores on cognitive tests, potentially indicating that some of the differences normally attributed to cognitive aging may reflect developmental differences. The present study examined the hypotheses that social factors at birth and in early adolescence might partially explain birth cohort effects. This secondary analysis of data collected prospectively as part of four internationally comparable and nationally representative studies of individuals aged 50 and older residing in 17 European countries and the United States (N=140,030). Cognition was prospectively measured longitudinally 360,150 observations spanning, on average, 4.27 (SD=5.12) years allowing us to leverage age/cohort variability. Multilevel longitudinal modeling was used incorporated random intercepts and slopes at the country and individual levels to model lifetime cognition while adjusting for contextual factors. Birth cohort was associated with height (B=0.095, SE=0.002, P< 1E-06), episodic memory (B=0.105, SE=0.001, P< 1E-06), and verbal fluency (B=0.217, SE=0.002, P< 1E-06). Approximately 7.72% (95% C.I.=[7.60-7.86]) of participants were exposed to at least two years of famine in childhood, and were born into countries with moderate levels of income inequality. Multivariable adjustment accounted for 15.10-24.96% of birth cohort effects in episodic memory and verbal fluency respectively. Longitudinal modeling revealed that after adjusting for famine, war, income inequality, educational attainment, and height, these factors explained 81.58-63.65% of the birth cohort effect in episodic memory and verbal fluency respectively. Global research has reported that early life factors can have an impact on development, so this study extends this to suggest these factors have a lifelong impact.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "331 - Global cognition modified the relationship between Anemia and Depression in old age: longitudinal analysis from The IMIAS Study." International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (October 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220002318.
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Running head:role of global cognition in the association between Anemia and depression.Background:We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or Anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up.Methods:A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy.Results:Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over four years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was also an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of Anemia and depression.Conclusion:In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of Anemia, were independent risk factors for depression, and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "Global Cognition Modified the Longitudinal Relationship Between Anemia and Depression in Old Age: The IMIAS Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.546.
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Abstract Background: We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or the severity of anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy. Results: Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over 4 years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of anemia and depression. Conclusion: In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of anemia, were independent risk factors for depression and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Zhang, Li, Jiao Yang, Zhangyi Liao, Xiaomeng Zhao, Xuefeng Hu, Wenli Zhu, and Zhaofeng Zhang. "Association between Diabetes and Cognitive Function among People over 45 Years Old in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071294.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between diabetes status including characteristics of diabetes and cognition among the middle-aged and elderly population (≥45 years) in China. Methods: A sample of 8535 people who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from June 2011 to March 2012 was analyzed. Two cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function were measured through questionnaires. People were classified into four groups: no diabetes, controlled diabetes, untreated diabetes, treated but uncontrolled diabetes. Weighted multiple regression model was conducted to explore the association between diabetes and cognition in full sample as well as three different age groups (45–59, 60–74, ≥75). Adjustments were made for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: After adjusting several covariates, untreated diabetes (β = −0.192, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with episodic memory. In the age group of 45–69 years, untreated diabetes (β = −0.471, p < 0.05) and HbA1c level (β = −0.074, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with episodic memory. When adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, all correlations were non-significant. Conclusion: The cross-sectional study suggests that untreated diabetes and HbA1c are the potential risk factor for cognitive impairment, and these associations are more significant in the age group of 45–59 years old. Cardiovascular factors are important mediating factors in the pathway between diabetes and cognitive impairment. More longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations.
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Massa, Fernando, Alejandra Marroig, Graciela Muniz Terrera, and Scott Hofer. "NEW EVIDENCE OF HEALTHIER AGING. POSITIVE COHORT EFFECT ON COGNITIVE DECLINE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2953.
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Abstract Cross sectional studies have shown cohort effects in cognition, limited research exists about cohort effects on cognitive trajectories. Indeed, most longitudinal research conducted to study aging-related cognitive change focus on the association between risk factors and mean change in cognition, considering individual differences too, but longitudinal norms of cognitive function are less studied. In this study, we aim to test whether cohort effects exist across the distribution of verbal fluency trajectories, that is, whether cohort effects vary across different trajectory quantiles. With this purpose, we estimated norms using data from 9 waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). We considered the individuals born in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s to assess cohort effects. The methodological framework consisted of quantile mixed models where the effect of age was adjusted using splines. To test for possible cohort effects across the 5th, 50th and 90th quartiles, the coefficients associated with the splines varied among cohorts. Our results suggest that cognitive decline is less pronounced for individuals born in more recent decades (p < 0.001), supporting our hypothesis of cohort effects. Moreover, these results are consistent across quantiles (p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that quantiles of verbal fluency at a certain age is higher in participants from more recent cohorts compared to those in older cohorts. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of cognitive decline in older adults, demonstrating population changes over time at different levels of changes in verbal fluency.
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Kremen, William S., Asad Beck, Jeremy A. Elman, Daniel E. Gustavson, Chandra A. Reynolds, Xin M. Tu, Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino, et al. "Influence of young adult cognitive ability and additional education on later-life cognition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 22, 2019): 2021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811537116.
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How and when education improves cognitive capacity is an issue of profound societal importance. Education and later-life education-related factors, such as occupational complexity and engagement in cognitive-intellectual activities, are frequently considered indices of cognitive reserve, but whether their effects are truly causal remains unclear. In this study, after accounting for general cognitive ability (GCA) at an average age of 20 y, additional education, occupational complexity, or engagement in cognitive-intellectual activities accounted for little variance in late midlife cognitive functioning in men age 56–66 (n= 1009). Age 20 GCA accounted for 40% of variance in the same measure in late midlife and approximately 10% of variance in each of seven cognitive domains. The other factors each accounted for <1% of the variance in cognitive outcomes. The impact of these other factors likely reflects reverse causation—namely, downstream effects of early adult GCA. Supporting that idea, age 20 GCA, but not education, was associated with late midlife cortical surface area (n= 367). In our view, the most parsimonious explanation of our results, a meta-analysis of the impact of education, and epidemiologic studies of the Flynn effect is that intellectual capacity gains due to education plateau in late adolescence/early adulthood. Longitudinal studies with multiple cognitive assessments before completion of education would be needed to confirm this speculation. If cognitive gains reach an asymptote by early adulthood, then strengthening cognitive reserve and reducing later-life cognitive decline and dementia risk may really begin with improving educational quality and access in childhood and adolescence.
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Arevalo, Sandra. "Sleep and Cognition: Results From a Longitudinal Cohort of Older Puerto Rican Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.290.
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Abstract We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations of sleep duration and insomnia symptoms with measures of cognitive function among older adults aged 45-75 y from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort of 1500 participants of Puerto Rican ancestry. We found, statistically significant cross-sectional associations of sleep duration (hours) and an executive function domain before (F=6.20; Prob>F=0.0001) and after (F=2.33; Prob>F=0.05) controlling for covariates (age, sex, education, smoking, drinking, mental and health conditions and medication use); between sleep duration and global cognition before (F=5.38; Prob>F=0.0003) and a trend after controlling for covariates (F=2.20; Prob>F=0.0669). In longitudinal associations, sleep duration (time2) was significantly associated with global condition at time3 (F=2.42; Prob>F=0.0475) after controlling for time2 global cognition. In conclusion, we found hours of sleep and insomnia symptoms significantly associated with various cognitive factors. A public health focus on sleep hygiene may improve cognitive health outcomes in older Puerto Rican adults.
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Tate, Rio, and Gizem Hueluer. "Physical Activity and Episodic Memory: An Analysis of Longitudinal Associations Over 12 Years." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2656.
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Abstract With the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s and related dementias, it is becoming a growing public health concern to identify modifiable risk factors to prevent cognitive decline. Previous research suggest that physical exercise may promote cognitive function in aging. However, most of this research is based on experimental or cross-sectional studies and fewer studies have studied longitudinal associations over longer time frames. In the present study, we examined how physical activity is related to cognition in older adults. To do so, we applied multilevel models to data from 29,740 participants (age at baseline: M = 63 years, SD = 11 years, 50 to 102 years) from years 2004-2016, measured biennially (waves 7-13) of the Health and Retirement Study. Our findings showed that at the between-person level, those who practiced light, moderate, and vigorous- physical activity more frequently than others showed higher levels of episodic memory than others at the age of 70. At the within-person level, participants performed better than usual on a test of episodic memory on occasions when they reported more frequent physical activity of light, moderate and vigorous intensity. More frequent vigorous physical activity was related to less age-related decline in episodic memory, while the frequency of moderate physical exercise was unrelated to age-related change in memory. Contrary to our expectations, more frequent light physical exercise was related to more age-related decline in episodic memory. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and practice.
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Etnier, Jennifer L., Chia-Hao Shih, and Aaron Piepmeier. "Behavioral interventions to benefit cognition (Intervenciones cognitivas para beneficiar la cognición)." Retos, no. 27 (March 5, 2015): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i27.34377.
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With the growing population of older adults, the identification of treatment strategies to prevent or ameliorate age-related cognitive decline has been an important topic in recent years. After reviewing cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimentally designed studies, as well as evidence from narrative and meta-analytic reviews, the authors concluded that behavioral approaches such as physical activity, cognitive training, and dietary interventions show promising results. In addition, given the likelihood that multiple underlying mechanisms support cognitive function, research is currently focusing on how to combine lifestyle factors into multi-component interventions to generate greater and more meaningful effects. Though evidence for these enhanced benefits exists from animal studies, few multi-component studies have been performed with humans. However, the findings from these studies are promising and a continued pursuit of multi-component behavioral interventions to benefit cognitive performance is warranted. Given the world’s aging population and accompanying age-related health issues such as cognitive decline and dementia, future research should focus on understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects in order to allow for the development of behavioral lifestyle prescriptions to benefit cognitive performance.Keywords. aging, cognitive function, exercise intervention, oxidative stress, cognitive engagement.Resumen. Con la creciente población de adultos mayores, la identificación de las estrategias de tratamiento para prevenir o mejorar el deterioro cognitivo relacionado con la edad ha sido un tema importante en los últimos años. Después de revisar estudios con diseños transversales, longitudinales y experimentales, así como la evidencia de revisiones de literatura narrativa y meta-analítica, los autores concluyen que los enfoques conductuales como la actividad física, el entrenamiento cognitivo y las intervenciones dietéticas muestran resultados prometedores. Además, dada la probabilidad de que múltiples mecanismos subyacentes apoyan la función cognitiva, las investigaciones se enfocan actualmente en la manera de cómo combinar factores del estilo de vida en las intervenciones con múltiples componentes para generar efectos mayores y más significativos. Aunque existe evidencia de estos beneficios a partir de estudios en animales, se han realizado pocos estudios de componentes múltiples en humanos. Sin embargo, los resultados de estos estudios son prometedores y se garantiza un seguimiento continuo de las intervenciones conductuales de componentes múltiples para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo. Teniendo en cuenta el envejecimiento de la población mundial y los problemas de salud relacionados con la edad que la acompañan, tales como el deterioro cognitivo y la demencia, la investigación futura debería centrarse en la comprensión de los mecanismos biológicos responsables de estos efectos con el fin de permitir el desarrollo de las prescripciones de comportamiento de estilo de vida para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo.Palabras claves. envejecimiento, funcionamiento cognitivo, intervención con ejercicio, estrés oxidativo, participación cognitiva.
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Zhang, Lingling, Ye Luo, Xi Pan, and Qing Wang. "Impact of Green Space, Air Pollution, and Weather on Cognitive Function in Middle and Old Age in China." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2356.
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Abstract Population aging will inevitably bring an increasing burden of poor cognitive function. The risk factors for cognitive decline have been widely studied. Even though environmental hazards have the greatest adverse impacts on older adults and the existing evidence has shown that green space, air pollution, and weather have an impact on cognitive function, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries and limited to cross-sectional analyses. China has the largest aging population in the world so the research evidence from it can offer an insight to the study in other developing countries facing similar issues and inform future public health policy and disease control. Using the data from a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and older from the three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011-2015) and China City Statistical Yearbook, this study estimated multilevel growth curve models for the effects of green space coverage, air pollution, and weather conditions on cognitive function and cognitive decline. It showed that after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, built area green coverage rate was positively associated with cognition score at baseline, and higher annual minimum temperature was associated with faster decline in cognitive function. These effects did not substantially change after weekly total hours of physical activities and levels of social engagement were added and the interaction effects were examined between environmental conditions with them, respectively. More research on the mechanisms of the effects of environmental factors on cognition is needed such as the subgroup analyses.
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Phansikar, Madhura, Sadia Anjum Ashrafi, Naiman A. Khan, William V. Massey, and Sean P. Mullen. "Active Commute in Relation to Cognition and Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Future Recommendations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245103.
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Active commuting to school (ACS) is an important source of physical activity among children. Recent research has focused on ACS and its benefits on cognition and academic achievement (AA), factors important for success in school. This review aims to synthesize literature on the relationship between ACS and cognition or AA among children and adolescents. Peer-reviewed articles in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library assessing ACS with cognition and/or AA among children, until February 2019, were selected. Twelve studies across nine countries (age range 4–18.5 years) were included. One study used accelerometers, whereas all others used self-report measures of ACS. A wide range of objective assessments of cognitive functioning and AA domains were used. Five among eight studies, and four among six found a positive relationship between ACS and cognitive or AA measure, respectively. Four studies found dose–response relationships, and some studies found sex differences. The quantitative analysis found that ACS was not significantly associated with mathematics score (odds ratio = 1.18; CI = 0.40, 3.48). Findings are discussed in terms of methodological issues, potential confounders, and the strength of the evidence. Future studies should conduct longitudinal studies and use objective measures of ACS to understand this relationship further.
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Martinez-Miller, Erline E., Whitney R. Robinson, Christy L. Avery, Yang C. Yang, Mary N. Haan, Aric A. Prather, and Allison E. Aiello. "Longitudinal Associations of US Acculturation With Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 11 (May 22, 2020): 1292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa088.
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Abstract US Latinos, a growing, aging population, are disproportionately burdened by cognitive decline and dementia. Identification of modifiable risk factors is needed for interventions aimed at reducing risk. Broad sociocultural context may illuminate complex etiology among culturally diverse Latinos. Among 1,418 older (≥60 years), low–socioeconomic position (SEP) Latinos (predominantly of Mexican descent) in Sacramento, California, we examined whether US acculturation was associated with cognitive performance, cognitive decline, and dementia/ cognitive impairment without dementia over a 10-year period and whether education modified the associations (Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, 1998–2008). Analyses used linear mixed models, competing-risk regression, and inverse probability of censoring weights for attrition. Participants with high US acculturation had better cognitive performance (0.21 fewer cognitive errors at grand-mean-centered age 70 years) than those with low acculturation after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, practice effects, and survey language. Results may have been driven by cultural language use rather than identity factors (e.g., ethnic identity, interactions). Rate of cognitive decline and risk of dementia/cognitive impairment without dementia did not differ by acculturation, regardless of education (β = 0.00 (standard error, 0.00) and hazard ratio = 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.49, 1.35), respectively). High US acculturation was associated with better cognitive performance among these older, low-SEP Latinos. Acculturation may benefit cognition when SEP is low. Future studies should incorporate extended longitudinal assessments among more diverse groups.
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Lee, Seung Jae, Rachel J. Steiner, Yang Yu, Sarah J. Short, Michael C. Neale, Martin Andreas Styner, Hongtu Zhu, and John H. Gilmore. "Common and heritable components of white matter microstructure predict cognitive function at 1 and 2 y." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604658114.
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Previous studies indicate that the microstructure of individual white matter (WM) tracts is related to cognitive function. More recent studies indicate that the microstructure of individual tracts is highly correlated and that a property common across WM is related to overall cognitive function in adults. However, little is known about whether these common WM properties exist in early childhood development or how they are related to cognitive development. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate common underlying factors in 12 fiber tracts, their relationship with cognitive function, and their heritability in a longitudinal sample of healthy children at birth (n = 535), 1 y (n = 322), and 2 y (n = 244) of age. Our data show that, in neonates, there is a highly significant correlation between major WM tracts that decreases from birth to 2 y of age. Over the same period, the factor structure increases in complexity, from one factor at birth to three factors at age 2 y, which explain 50% of variance. The identified common factors of DTI metrics in each age group are significantly correlated with general cognitive scores and predict cognitive ability in later childhood. These factors are moderately heritable. These findings illustrate the anatomical differentiation of WM fiber from birth to 2 y of age that correlate with cognitive development. Our results also suggest that the common factor approach is an informative way to study WM development and its relationship with cognition and is a useful approach for future imaging genetic studies.
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Hilal, Saima, Chuen Seng Tan, Hieab H. H. Adams, Mohamad Habes, Vincent Mok, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Edith Hofer, et al. "Enlarged perivascular spaces and cognition." Neurology 91, no. 9 (August 1, 2018): e832-e842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006079.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the association of enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) with cognition in elderly without dementia.MethodsWe included 5 studies from the Uniform Neuro-Imaging of Virchow-Robin Space Enlargement (UNIVRSE) consortium, namely the Austrian Stroke Prevention Family Study, Study of Health in Pomerania, Rotterdam Study, Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study, and Risk Index for Subclinical Brain Lesions in Hong Kong study. ePVS were counted in 4 regions (mesencephalon, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and centrum semiovale) with harmonized rating across studies. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and general fluid cognitive ability factor (G-factor) were used to assess cognitive function. For each study, a linear regression model was performed to estimate the effect of ePVS on MMSE and G-factor. Estimates were pooled across studies with the use of inverse variance meta-analysis with fixed- or random-effect models when appropriate.ResultsThe final sample size consisted of 3,575 persons (age range 63.4–73.2 years, 50.6% women). Total ePVS counts were not significantly associated with MMSE score (mean difference per ePVS score increase 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.007 to 0.008, p = 0.885) or G-factor (mean difference per ePVS score increase 0.002, 95% CI −0.001 to 0.006, p = 0.148) in age-, sex-, and education-adjusted models. Adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors and MRI markers did not change the results. Repeating the analyses with region-specific ePVS rendered similar results.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that ePVS counts were not associated with cognitive dysfunction in the general population. Future studies with longitudinal designs are warranted to examine whether ePVS contribute to cognitive decline.
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Meunier, Claire C., Ellen Smit, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, and Michelle C. Odden. "Balance and cognitive decline in older adults in the cardiovascular health study." Age and Ageing 50, no. 4 (March 10, 2021): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab038.
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Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated an association between gait speed and cognitive function. However, the relationship between balance and cognition remains less well explored. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship of balance and cognitive decline in older adults. Methods A cohort of 4,811 adults, aged ≥65 years, participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study was followed for 6 years. Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to measure cognition. Tandem balance measures were used to evaluate balance. Regression models were adjusted for demographics, behavioural and disease factors. Results Worse balance was independently associated with worse cognition in cross-sectional analysis. Longitudinally, participants aged ≥76 years with poorer balance had a faster rate of decline after adjustment for co-variates: −0.97 points faster decline in 3MSE per year (95% confidence interval (CI): −1.32, −0.63) compared to the participants with good balance. There was no association of balance and change in 3MSE among adults aged <76 years (P value for balance and age interaction < 0.0001). DSST scores reflected −0.21 (95% CI: −0.37, −0.05) points greater decline when adjusted for co-variates. In Cox proportional hazard models, participants with worse balance had a higher risk of being cognitively impaired over the 6 years of follow-up visits (adjusted HR:1.72, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.29). Conclusions Future studies should evaluate standing balance as a potential screening technique to identify individuals at risk of cognitive decline. Furthermore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological link between balance and cognition may inform strategies to prevent cognitive decline.
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Nyberg, Lars. "Neuroimaging in aging: brain maintenance." F1000Research 6 (July 25, 2017): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11419.1.
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Neuroimaging studies of the aging brain provide support that the strongest predictor of preserved memory and cognition in older age is brain maintenance, or relative lack of brain pathology. Evidence for brain maintenance comes from different levels of examination, but up to now relatively few studies have used a longitudinal design. Examining factors that promote brain maintenance in aging is a critical task for the future and may be combined with the use of new techniques for multimodal imaging.
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Hueluer, Gizem, and George W. Rebok. "THE ROLE OF WORK AND RETIREMENT IN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.090.
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Abstract According to the “use it or lose it” hypothesis of cognitive aging, cognitive enrichment and cognitively engaging activities are associated with the maintenance of high levels of cognitive functioning in old age. Similar ideas have been brought forward with respect to characteristics of individuals’ work environment, with more cognitively enriching work demands providing an optimal environment for cognitive development and maintenance. The goal of this research group is to showcase new developments in research on work, retirement and cognitive aging. Hülür et al. examine the role of perceived work environment for cohort differences in trajectories of cognitive change based on 56-year longitudinal data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Andel et al. use data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging to examine trajectories of cognitive aging before vs. after retirement with two-slope growth curve models. Zulka et al. conduct a systematic literature review on the association between retirement and cognition and examine the role of factors such as occupational experiences and the cognitive domain studied. Burzynska et al. investigate the relationship between stressful and stimulating occupational exposures and structural brain health and cognition in older age. The discussion by George Rebok will focus on how these findings contribute to our understanding of the role of occupational experiences for cognitive and brain aging and how they can be utilized to promote maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age.
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Demetriou, Andreas, George Spanoudis, Mislav Žebec, Maria Andreou, Hudson Golino, and Smaragda Kazi. "Mind-Personality Relations from Childhood to Early Adulthood." Journal of Intelligence 6, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6040051.
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We present three studies which investigated the relations between cognition and personality from 7 to 20 years of age. All three studies showed that general cognitive ability and the general factor of personality are significantly related throughout this age span. This relation was expressed in several ways across studies. The first investigated developmental relations between three reasoning domains (inductive, deductive, and scientific) and Eysenck’s four personality dimensions in a longitudinal-sequential design where 260 participants received the cognitive tests three times, and the personality test two times, covering the span from 9 to 16 years. It was found that initial social likeability significantly shapes developmental momentum in cognition and vice versa, especially in the 9- to 11-year period. The second study involved 438 participants from 7 to 17 years, tested twice on attention control, working memory, reasoning in different domains, and once by a Big Five Factors inventory. Extending the findings of the first, this study showed that progression in reasoning is affected negatively by conscientiousness and positively by openness, on top of attention control and working memory influences. The third study tested the relations between reasoning in several domains, the ability to evaluate one’s own cognitive performance, self-representation about the reasoning, the Big Five, and several aspects of emotional intelligence, from 9 to 20 years of age (N = 247). Network, hierarchical network, and structural equation modeling showed that cognition and personality are mediated by the ability of self-knowing. Emotional intelligence was not an autonomous dimension. All dimensions except emotional intelligence influenced academic performance. A developmental model for mind-personality relations is proposed.
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Caselli, Richard J., Amylou C. Dueck, Dona E. C. Locke, Bruce R. Henslin, Travis A. Johnson, Bryan K. Woodruff, Charlene Hoffman-Snyder, and Yonas E. Geda. "Impact of Personality on Cognitive Aging: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 7 (June 27, 2016): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716000527.
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AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between personality factors and age-related longitudinal cognitive performance, and explore interactions of stress-proneness with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4, a prevalent risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: A total of 510 neuropsychiatrically healthy residents of Maricopa County recruited through media ads (mean age 57.6±10.6 years; 70% women; mean education 15.8±2.4 years; 213 APOE ɛ4 carriers) had neuropsychological testing every 2 years (mean duration follow-up 9.1±4.4 years), and the complete Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory-Revised. Several tests were administered within each of the following cognitive domains: memory, executive skills, language, visuospatial skills, and general cognition. Primary effects on cognitive trajectories and APOE ɛ4 interactions were ascertained with quadratic models. Results: With personality factors treated as continuous variables, Neuroticism was associated with greater decline, and Conscientiousness associated with reduced decline consistently across tests in memory and executive domains. With personality factors trichotomized, the associations of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were again highly consistent across tests within memory and to a lesser degree executive domains. While age-related memory decline was greater in APOE ɛ4 carriers as a group than ɛ4 noncarriers, verbal memory decline was mitigated in ɛ4 carriers with higher Conscientiousness, and visuospatial perception and memory decline was mitigated in ɛ4 carriers with higher Openness. Conclusions: Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were associated with changes in longitudinal performances on tests sensitive to memory and executive skills. APOE interactions were less consistent. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that have suggested that personality factors, particularly Neuroticism and Conscientiousness are associated with cognitive aging patterns. (JINS, 2016, 22, 765–776)
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Gao, Qi, Xinyi Gwee, Liang Feng, Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt, Lei Feng, Simon L. Collinson, Mei Sian Chong, et al. "Mild Cognitive Impairment Reversion and Progression: Rates and Predictors in Community-Living Older Persons in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies Cohort." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2018): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488936.
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Background: Studies report varying rates and predictors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progression and reversion. Methods: We determined MCI reversion and progression among 473 community-living adults aged ≥55 years in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study with an average of 6 years of follow-up and estimated association with baseline variables. Results: A total of 208 MCI participants reverted to normal cognition (44.0%) and 19 progressed to dementia (4.0%). In a model adjusted for age, gender, education, ethnicity, cardiovascular risk factors/diseases, APOE ε4 status, depressive symptoms, leisure-time activities (LTA), and baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), we found that LTA score (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.13), MMSE score (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.11–1.31), and subjective memory complaint (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.16–2.90) significantly predicted MCI reversion. Controlling for all variables, age (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.17), lower education (OR = 3.26, 95% CI 1.01–10.49), and the metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.12–8.77) significantly predicted MCI progression. Controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and education, diabetes significantly predicted MCI progression (OR = 3.19, 95% CI 1.23–8.26), but the presence of other cardiometabolic factors reduced this association to an OR of 2.18 (95% CI 0.72–6.60). Conclusion: In this relatively younger population, there were higher rates of MCI reversion and lower rates of MCI progression which were predicted by the positive effects of LTA and a higher MMSE score as well as by the deleterious effect of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
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Hertzog, Christopher, Arthur F. Kramer, Robert S. Wilson, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x.
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In this monograph, we ask whether various kinds of intellectual, physical, and social activities produce cognitive enrichment effects—that is, whether they improve cognitive performance at different points of the adult life span, with a particular emphasis on old age. We begin with a theoretical framework that emphasizes the potential of behavior to influence levels of cognitive functioning. According to this framework, the undeniable presence of age-related decline in cognition does not invalidate the view that behavior can enhance cognitive functioning. Instead, the course of normal aging shapes a zone of possible functioning, which reflects person-specific endowments and age-related constraints. Individuals influence whether they function in the higher or lower ranges of this zone by engaging in or refraining from beneficial intellectual, physical, and social activities. From this point of view, the potential for positive change, or plasticity, is maintained in adult cognition. It is an argument that is supported by newer research in neuroscience showing neural plasticity in various aspects of central nervous system functioning, neurochemistry, and architecture. This view of human potential contrasts with static conceptions of cognition in old age, according to which decline in abilities is fixed and individuals cannot slow its course. Furthermore, any understanding of cognition as it occurs in everyday life must make a distinction between basic cognitive mechanisms and skills (such as working-memory capacity) and the functional use of cognition to achieve goals in specific situations. In practice, knowledge and expertise are critical for effective functioning, and the available evidence suggests that older adults effectively employ specific knowledge and expertise and can gain new knowledge when it is required. We conclude that, on balance, the available evidence favors the hypothesis that maintaining an intellectually engaged and physically active lifestyle promotes successful cognitive aging. First, cognitive-training studies have demonstrated that older adults can improve cognitive functioning when provided with intensive training in strategies that promote thinking and remembering. The early training literature suggested little transfer of function from specifically trained skills to new cognitive tasks; learning was highly specific to the cognitive processes targeted by training. Recently, however, a new generation of studies suggests that providing structured experience in situations demanding executive coordination of skills—such as complex video games, task-switching paradigms, and divided attention tasks—train strategic control over cognition that does show transfer to different task environments. These studies suggest that there is considerable reserve potential in older adults' cognition that can be enhanced through training. Second, a considerable number of studies indicate that maintaining a lifestyle that is intellectually stimulating predicts better maintenance of cognitive skills and is associated with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in late life. Our review focuses on longitudinal evidence of a connection between an active lifestyle and enhanced cognition, because such evidence admits fewer rival explanations of observed effects (or lack of effects) than does cross-sectional evidence. The longitudinal evidence consistently shows that engaging in intellectually stimulating activities is associated with better cognitive functioning at later points in time. Other studies show that meaningful social engagement is also predictive of better maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age. These longitudinal findings are also open to important rival explanations, but overall, the available evidence suggests that activities can postpone decline, attenuate decline, or provide prosthetic benefit in the face of normative cognitive decline, while at the same time indicating that late-life cognitive changes can result in curtailment of activities. Given the complexity of the dynamic reciprocal relationships between stimulating activities and cognitive function in old age, additional research will be needed to address the extent to which observed effects validate a causal influence of an intellectually engaged lifestyle on cognition. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that an active lifestyle that requires cognitive effort has long-term benefits for older adults' cognition is at least consistent with the available data. Furthermore, new intervention research that involves multimodal interventions focusing on goal-directed action requiring cognition (such as reading to children) and social interaction will help to address whether an active lifestyle enhances cognitive function. Third, there is a parallel literature suggesting that physical activity, and aerobic exercise in particular, enhances older adults' cognitive function. Unlike the literature on an active lifestyle, there is already an impressive array of work with humans and animal populations showing that exercise interventions have substantial benefits for cognitive function, particularly for aspects of fluid intelligence and executive function. Recent neuroscience research on this topic indicates that exercise has substantial effects on brain morphology and function, representing a plausible brain substrate for the observed effects of aerobic exercise and other activities on cognition. Our review identifies a number of areas where additional research is needed to address critical questions. For example, there is considerable epidemiological evidence that stress and chronic psychological distress are negatively associated with changes in cognition. In contrast, less is known about how positive attributes, such as self-efficacy, a sense of control, and a sense of meaning in life, might contribute to preservation of cognitive function in old age. It is well known that certain personality characteristics such as conscientiousness predict adherence to an exercise regimen, but we do not know whether these attributes are also relevant to predicting maintenance of cognitive function or effective compensation for cognitive decline when it occurs. Likewise, more information is needed on the factors that encourage maintenance of an active lifestyle in old age in the face of elevated risk for physiological decline, mechanical wear and tear on the body, and incidence of diseases with disabling consequences, and whether efforts to maintain an active lifestyle are associated with successful aging, both in terms of cognitive function and psychological and emotional well-being. We also discuss briefly some interesting issues for society and public policy regarding cognitive-enrichment effects. For example, should efforts to enhance cognitive function be included as part of a general prevention model for enhancing health and vitality in old age? We also comment on the recent trend of business marketing interventions claimed to build brain power and prevent age-related cognitive decline, and the desirability of direct research evidence to back claims of effectiveness for specific products.
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Boyd, J. L., C. A. Cruickshank, C. W. Kenn, P. Madeley, R. H. S. Mindham, A. G. Oswald, R. J. Smith, and E. G. S. Spokes. "Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease: a controlled study." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 4 (November 1991): 911–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700029901.
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SYNOPSISThe performance of 47 patients with Parkinson's disease on a battery of tests of cognition, motor function, disability and mood was compared with the performance of 47 healthy control subjects who were matched to the patients on the basis of age, sex and pre-morbid IQ. An increased prevalence of impairment over a range of cognitive functions was observed in the Parkinson's disease patients as compared with their matched controls. The differences between the Parkinson's disease patients and controls could not be accounted for by factors such as depressed mood, effects of medication or motor impairment. Our findings are discussed in relation to the methodology of previous studies in this area and to the need for a comprehensive clinico-pathological longitudinal study.
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Handing, Elizabeth, Michael Miller, Haiying Chen, Laura Baker, and Stephen Kritchevsky. "Examining the intersection of cognitive & physical function in the Brain Networks and Mobility Function (BNET) Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3305.
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Abstract Cognitive function and physical function are associated however less is known about task complexity and how individual tasks relate to one another. This project seeks to describe the relationship between cognition and physical function measures across 22 tasks ranging in task complexity and difficulty. Data are from the baseline visits of a new longitudinal study, Brain Networks and Mobility Function (B-NET) Study, mean age: 76.0±4.2 years; 55% women, and 90% Caucasian. We hypothesize there would be a set of “complex” tasks that would intersect both cognitive and physical function abilities such as the Four Square Step Test or Dual Task. We conducted principal components analysis on data from the first 110 participants to describe what factors could be identified across cognition and physical function measures. Seven factors, explaining 73% of the variability, were identified: 1) a complex physical function (postural sway on foam, expanded Short Physical Performance Battery, 400 meter walk, Four Square Step Test, Dual Task), 2) physical strength (grip strength and leg press), 3) visual recall (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test- immediate and delayed), 4) Craft story recall (immediate and delayed), 5) global cognition & fluency (MoCA, category and word fluency) 6) auditory recall (Auditory Verbal Learning Test- immediate and delayed), and 7) executive function (Trail Making Test A & B). We did not identify factors that intersected both physical and cognitive tasks. These results may help to inform measurement selection in future studies that seek to evaluate components of function among older adults.
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Zucchetto, Jillian Minahan. "Protective and Exacerbating Cognition and Attribution Factors From the Cognitive Discrepancy Theory of Loneliness." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.150.
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Abstract According to the cognitive discrepancy theory, although the discrepancy between actual and desired social resources may result in loneliness, Perlman and Peplau (1998) suggested that cognitive processing and attributional style also impact the interpretation of social information. Previous empirical research investigating predictors of loneliness have not assessed a wide range of cognition and attribution factors, so this study filled this gap by examining how protective (optimism, sense of mastery, and purpose in life) and exacerbating (depression, control constraints, negative self-perceptions of aging (SPA), and experiences of age-based discrimination) factors influence and moderate the experience of loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally using a sample of 3,345 Americans aged 50 years and older from the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Optimism (βs = -.15, -.13), mastery (βs = -.08, -.07), purpose in life (βs = -.19, -.18), depression (βs = .22,.14), control constraints (βs = .18, .17), negative SPA (βs = .13, .14), and experiences of ageism (βs = .07, .06) were significantly related to loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally, respectively. Optimism buffered the negative impact of poor functional social resources (e.g., low social support) on loneliness cross-sectionally while control constraints, negative SPA, and experiencing ageism exacerbated the relationship between low functional social resources and loneliness cross-sectionally. None of the protective or exacerbating factors modulated the relationship between functional social resources and loneliness longitudinally. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions that target loneliness. Targeting maladaptive cognitions may be particularly effective in reducing loneliness.
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Rabinowitz, Jill, Yang An, Sarah Wanigatunga, Vadim Zipunnikov, Mark Wu, Eleanor Simonsick, Susan Resnick, and Adam Spira. "Circadian Rest and Activity Rhythms and Cognitive Change in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1722.
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Abstract Alterations in 24-hour movement patterns, or circadian rest/activity rhythms (RARs), commonly occur with aging. Using linear mixed effects (LME) modeling, we examined associations of baseline RARs with longitudinal change in cognition. Participants (N=424; 47% male, baseline age 72.8±10.1 years) were from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and completed 5.6±0.8 nights of wrist actigraphy at baseline. Tests of memory, executive function, attention, language, and visuospatial ability were administered at baseline and subsequent visits (3.7±1.7 years of follow-up in those with >1 visit (n=295)). In unadjusted random intercept and slope LME models, greater RAR stability predicted slower memory decline, and higher activity during participants’ least active 5 hours (L5) predicted slower decline in visuospatial ability. After covariate adjustment, higher activity in participants’ most active 10 hours (M10) and higher L5 predicted slower decline in visuospatial ability (p<.05). Further research is needed on RARs as risk factors for later-life cognitive decline.
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Weiss, David. "THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF SUBJECTIVE AGE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.643.
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Abstract A large body of research has confirmed that from childhood to old age most individuals feel significantly younger or older than their chronological age. Up to now, however, there is no clear theoretical understanding as to why younger adults tend to feel on average older and older adults tend to feel on average younger. We adopt a motivated social-cognition perspective on subjective age and examine age-differential antecedents and correlates of subjective age across the adult life span. Results from a cross-sectional study (N = 1652, 18-84 years) and a 9-month longitudinal study (N = 814; 18-84 years) highlight the dynamic link between subjective age bias and individual (motivation and emotion) as well as social factors (social comparison, meta stereotypes). We discuss the role of reciprocal dynamics between individuals and social contexts in explaining why individuals adopt a younger or older subjective age.
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Bond, Gail E., Robert L. Burr, Susan M. McCurry, Madeline Murguia Rice, Amy R. Borenstein, and Eric B. Larson. "Alcohol and cognitive performance: a longitudinal study of older Japanese Americans. The Kame Project." International Psychogeriatrics 17, no. 4 (September 27, 2005): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610205001651.
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Background: Recent data demonstrate that moderate consumption of alcohol (13–52 grams of ethanol per day) may be beneficial to cognitive functioning among older adults.Methods: Longitudinal growth curve analyses controlling for baseline age, body mass index (BMI), education/income, migrant status, smoking, history of diagnosed stroke, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), depression, diabetes and stroke (time-varying) were used to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption, gender and cognitive performance over an 8-year follow-up period. The sample included 1624 Japanese American community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older who were cognitively intact at baseline and participated in at least one follow-up examination. Cognitive performance was measured using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI; 0–100 point scale), a global test of cognitive function.Results: Current consumers (n=480) scored significantly (p<0.05) higher on CASI (mean rate of change−1.22 CASI units) over the 8-year follow-up period than past consumers or abstainers (n=1144; mean rate of change−3.77 CASI units). There was no significant main effect for gender, or an alcohol and gender interaction.Conclusions: This study provides further support regarding the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive performance over time. Observed benefits were not modified by gender. Future studies need to determine whether alcohol preserves cognition directly or whether other factors such as physiology or cultural drinking practices are driving the observed association.
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Luo, Ye, Xi Pan, and Lingling Zhang. "Neighborhood Environments and Cognitive Decline in Middle and Old Age in China: Gender and Age Variations." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.946.
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Abstract Older adults are more vulnerable to neighborhood physical and social conditions due to longer exposure, increased vulnerability, changing spatial use, and a greater reliance on access to community sources of integration. Previous research has demonstrated an association between neighborhood environments and cognitive function in older adults. However, most studies were cross-sectional, focused on western countries, and did not examine potential moderating factors. This study examined gender and age variations in the relationship between neighborhood environments and cognitive decline in middle and old age in a developing country that is experiencing rapid population aging and rising prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Using data from a nationally representative sample of adults aged 45 years and older from the three waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011-2015), this study estimated multilevel growth curve models for the effects of neighborhood environments on cognitive decline separately for men and women and for those aged 45 to 64 and those aged 65 and above. It showed that the cross-sectional effect of outdoor facility and longitudinal effect of handicapped access were more significant for men, but the cross-sectional effect of community social participation and longitudinal effects of raining days, number of disasters, employment service, and community SES were more significant for women. The cross-sectional effect of infrastructure advantages and longitudinal effects of employment service and old age income support were more significant for adults aged 65 and over. These findings suggest that community-level interventions may be more beneficial for older women.
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Terrera, Graciela Muniz, Carol Brayne, and Fiona Matthews. "One size fits all? Why we need more sophisticated analytical methods in the explanation of trajectories of cognition in older age and their potential risk factors." International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 2 (November 12, 2009): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209990937.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Cognitive decline in old age varies among individuals. The identification of groups of individuals with similar patterns of cognitive change over time may improve our ability to see whether the effect of risk factors is consistent across groups.Methods: Whilst accounting for the missing data, growth mixture models (GMM) were fitted to data from four interview waves of a population-based longitudinal study of aging, the Cambridge City over 75 Cohort Study (CC75C). At all interviews global cognition was assessed using the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE).Results: Three patterns were identified: a slow decline with age from a baseline of cognitive ability (41% of sample), an accelerating decline from a baseline of cognitive impairment (54% of sample) and a steep constant decline also from a baseline of cognitive impairment (5% of sample). Lower cognitive scores in those with less education were seen at baseline for the first two groups. Only in those with good performance and steady decline was the effect of education strong, with an increased rate of decline associated with poor education. Good mobility was associated with higher initial score in the group with accelerating change but not with rate of decline.Conclusion: Using these analytical methods it is possible to detect different patterns of cognitive change with age. In this investigation the effect of education differs with group. To understand the relationship of potential risk factors for cognitive decline, careful attention to dropout and appropriate analytical methods, in addition to long-term detailed studies of the population points, are required.
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Eymundsdottir, Hrafnhildur, Milan Chang, Olof Geirsdottir, Maria Jonsdottir, Palmi V. Jonsson, Vilmundur Gudnason, and Alfons Ramel. "LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM 25 HYDROXY VITAMIN D AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION AMONG ICELANDIC OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1799.
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Abstract Studies have indicated that low levels of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) are associated with lower cognitive function among older adults while longitudinal studies have revealed controversial results. The aim was to investigate the longitudinal associations between 25OHD and cognitive function among older adults with 5-years follow up. The Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study (N=3411) assessed cognitive function measuring memory function, speed of processing and executive function. 25OHD was measured using the Liaison chemiluminescence immunoassay and used as a continuous variable. Multivariate linear analysis, adjusting for numerous confounding factors, was used to calculate the longitudinal associations. All analyses were performed separated by gender. There was a high tendency for low levels of 25OHD i.e. 29.6% men and 37.7% women had hypovitaminosis D (<50 nmol/l). Both men and women had significantly lower scores in all aspects of cognitive function at the follow-up time period. Unadjusted correlations between 25OHD and cognitive functions showed a stronger correlation for women, whereas women had lower scores in all aspects of cognitive function associated with low 25OHD. After adjusting for potential confounders, e.g. age, education, lifestyle and health-related factors, 25OHD and cognitive function were not significantly associated. Observational studies indicate that lower levels of vitamin D are associated with lower cognitive function. Intervention studies are yet to show a clear benefit from vitamin D supplementation. More longitudinal- and interventional studies, with longer follow-up duration, are needed.
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Zheng, Fanfan, Li Yan, Baoliang Zhong, Zhenchun Yang, and Wuxiang Xie. "Progression of cognitive decline before and after incident stroke." Neurology 93, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): e20-e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007716.
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ObjectiveTo determine the trajectory of cognitive decline before and after incident stroke.MethodsBy using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we studied 9,278 participants without dementia with no history of stroke who underwent cognitive assessment at baseline (wave 1) and at least 1 other time point (waves 2–7). We used linear mixed models to analyze repeated measures and longitudinal data.ResultsAmong the 9,278 participants (56.8% women, mean age 63.1 ± 10.3 years), 471 (5.1%) incident stroke events were identified. Compared with stroke-free participants, multivariable-adjusted rates of prestroke cognitive decline in global cognition, memory, semantic fluency, and temporal orientation of participants who later experienced an incident stroke were increased by −0.029 , −0.016, −0.022, and −0.024 SD/y, respectively. Among the 471 stroke survivors, the multivariable-adjusted acute changes in the 4 cognitive domains were −0.257, −0.150, −0.121, and −0.272 SD, respectively. In the years after stroke, global cognition declined over time and was steeper than its prestroke slope, that is, by −0.064 SD/y after multivariable adjustment. The rates of memory, semantic fluency, and temporal orientation decline were −0.046, −0.033, and −0.037 SD/y, respectively.ConclusionsAccelerated prestroke cognitive decline and poststroke cognitive decline were associated with incident stroke over a follow-up period of 12 years. Attention should be paid to the long-term cognitive problems of stroke survivors, and intervention and management of major vascular risk factors should start from early life or midlife to reduce the risk of cerebrovascular disease and the associated cognitive impairment.
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Männikkö, Reija, Pirjo Komulainen, Ursula Schwab, Harri M. Heikkilä, Kai Savonen, Maija Hassinen, Tuomo Hänninen, Miia Kivipelto, and Rainer Rauramaa. "The Nordic diet and cognition – The DR's EXTRA Study." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 2 (June 24, 2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515001890.
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The rapid increase in the prevalence of dementia associated with ageing populations has stimulated interest in identifying modifiable lifestyle factors that could prevent cognitive impairment. One such potential preventive lifestyle factor is the Nordic diet that has been shown to reduce the risk of CVD; however, its effect on cognition has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to estimate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of the baseline Nordic diet with cognitive function at baseline and after a 4-year follow-up in a population-based random sample (n1140 women and men, age 57–78 years) as secondary analyses of the Finnish Dose-Responses to Exercise Training study. The Nordic diet score was created based on reported dietary components in 4-d food records. Cognition was assessed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological battery and the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). The baseline Nordic diet score had been positively associated with Verbal Fluency (β 0·08 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·16),P= 0·039) and Word List Learning (β 0·06 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·10),P= 0·022) at 4 years but not with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease total score (CERAD-TS) or MMSE at 4 years, after adjustment for baseline cognitive scores, demographic factors and health-related factors. After excluding individuals with impaired cognition at baseline, the baseline Nordic diet score had also been positively associated with the CERAD-TS (β 0·10 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·20),P= 0·042) and MMSE (β 0·03 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·06),P= 0·039) at 4 years. These associations disappeared after further adjustment for energy intake. In conclusion, the Nordic diet might have a positive association with cognition in individuals with normal cognition.
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Rieck, Miriam, Ilan Arad, and Dvorah Netzer. "Developmental Evaluation of Very-low-birthweight Infants: Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Studies." International Journal of Behavioral Development 19, no. 3 (September 1996): 549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549601900306.
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The cognitive development of 83 children of very-low-birthweight (VLBW; birthweight - 1500 grams), ages three to seven years, was evaluated in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. In the longitudinal study, head circumference had the strongest association with cognitive scores. Other factors related to cognitive scores included neurological complications during hospitalisation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the child's age at the present investigation, and mother's level of education. In the cross-sectional study, the VLBW children were compared with control groups of children from middle class families (MC) and lower class families (LC). The VLBW group scored significantly lower than the MC group on all the McCarthy scales, but did not differ from the LC group. When level of mother's education was partialled out, group differences remained significant, except for the perceptual-performance scale. Evaluation of the increase in VLBW children's raw scores on the subtests, from age three to seven, demonstrated that VLBW advanced significantly less than the MC children in Word Knowledge, Conceptual Grouping, and Numerical Memory Backwards. Furthermore, the gap between the scores of VLBW and MC children increased over time. These results demonstrate that VLBW children with normal levels of IQ score significantly lower than the MC group on many cognitive tasks, and that on some of these the gap increased over age.
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Krysko, Kristen M., and Paul O’Connor. "Quality of Life, Cognition and Mood in Adults with Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, no. 3 (January 22, 2016): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.354.
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AbstractBackground: Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (MS) negatively affects cognitive function, mood and health related quality of life (HRQOL). We aimed to explore the cognitive, psychological and HRQOL impacts of pediatric MS on young adults and to explore the relationships between disability, disease duration, cognition, mood and HRQOL in this hypotheses generating study. Methods: Thirty-four young adults with pediatric onset MS at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto were included in this cross-sectional study (mean age 21.3 years, 56% female). Participants completed assessments of physical disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)), cognitive function (Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)), mood (Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)), and HRQOL (Short Form Health Survey (SF-36v2)). Findings were compared to age- and gender- matched normative data. Results: Individuals with pediatric MS performed worse on the SDMT compared to normative data, with 53% demonstrating cognitive impairment. There was no difference in BDI-II scores from normative data, but 21% showed at least mild depression. There was a non-significant impairment in physical HRQOL compared to normative data. Decreased physical HRQOL was related to disability (EDSS), while mental HRQOL was related to depression (BDI-II). Conclusions: Young adults with pediatric MS have reduced cognitive function. Non-significant reductions in HRQOL may be partly attributed to physical disability and depression. These factors should be addressed in the care of adults with pediatric MS. Further studies including control groups and longitudinal design are needed to confirm these findings.
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Yao, Yao, Huashuai Chen, Danan Gu, and Yi Zeng. "Type of Tea Consumption and Mild Cognition Impairment in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.949.
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Abstract Existing studies have testified the neuroprotective qualities of tea. As there are several types of tea, question on which type of tea may exert substantial influence on cognitive health is intriguing and remains unknow. We aim to estimate the association between type of tea consumption and mild cognition impairment (MCI) using a nationally representative dataset of older population in China. Type of tea consumption was classified as three groups: Green, fermented (White, Oolong, Black, and Pu’eh), and flower tea. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was adopted to assess cognitive function. We conducted multivariate logistic regressions to evaluate the association between type of tea drinking and cognition outcomes (MMSE score and MCI). Potential confounders including sociodemographic factors, health conditions, dietary patterns, lifestyles, activities of daily living, mental health, and living environments. A total of 10,923 participants (mean age: 85.4 yr; female: 53.5%) included in the study. The type of current tea consumption among the participants were: 2143 for green tea, 1302 for fermented tea, and 844 for flower tea. Compared to those who had no habit of tea consumption, the odds ratio of MCI in green tea drinkers was 0.80 (0.68-0.95), in fermented tea drinkers was 1.07 (0.89-1.30), and in flower tea drinkers were 0.85 (0.67-1.09). Our study showed green tea and flower tea consumption associated with lower odds of MCI, while the association was not found among fermented tea drinkers. Future experimental and longitudinal studies are warranted to illustrate the association between varied type of tea and cognitive health.
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Willmann, Caroline, Kathrin Brockmann, Robert Wagner, Stephanie Kullmann, Hubert Preissl, Günter Schnauder, Walter Maetzler, et al. "Insulin sensitivity predicts cognitive decline in individuals with prediabetes." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, no. 2 (November 2020): e001741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001741.
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IntroductionEpidemiological studies indicate an association between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction that appear to start already in the prediabetic state. Although cross-sectional studies have linked insulin resistance to impaired cognition, the potential predictive value of insulin resistance has not yet been sufficiently studied longitudinally without confounding by overt diabetes (and its pharmacological treatment).Research design and methodsWe investigated longitudinal data from participants of the ‘Tübinger Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration’ Study. Subjects underwent a neurocognitive assessment battery (CERAD Plus battery; Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease) at baseline and followed every 2 years (median follow-up 4.0 Q1–3: 2.2–4.3 years). Subjects within a pre-diabetic glycated hemoglobin range of 5.6%–6.5% underwent 5-point 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) with assessment of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion (n=175). Subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus or with major depressivity (Beck Depression Inventory >20) were excluded (n=15). Data were analyzed by mixed models using sex, age and glycemic trait as fixed effects. Subject and time since first measurement were used as random effects.ResultsInsulin sensitivity was positively associated with the CERAD sum score (higher is better) in a time-dependent manner (p=0.0057). This result is mainly driven by a steeper decrease in the memory domain associated with lower insulin sensitivity (p=0.029). The interaction between age and insulin sensitivity was independent of glycemia (p=0.02). There was also no association between insulin secretion and cognition.ConclusionsInsulin resistance rather than sole elevation of blood glucose predicts cognitive decline, specifically in the memory domain, in persons with prediabetes. Treatments of diabetes that improve insulin sensitivity might therefore have the potential to postpone or even prevent cognitive decline in patients with diabetes.
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Kim, Ah-Ram, Jin-Hyuck Park, and Hae Yean Park. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Depression in Older Adults in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 9887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189887.
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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting depression among South Korean middle-aged and older adults using data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Methods: We analyzed data regarding demographic characteristics, lifestyle, quality of life, cognitive level, and depression. Cognitive level and depression were evaluated using the Korean-Mini-Mental Status Examination and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, respectively. Results: Depression was correlated with age, gender, residential area, level of education, alcohol intake, regular exercise, life satisfaction, and cognitive level, but not smoking. Furthermore, depression was highly affected by age, residential area, regular exercise, life satisfaction, and cognitive level, with a prediction accuracy of 80.26% achieved through machine learning analysis. Conclusions: Various factors are associated with depression in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, multifaceted interventions for preventing depression in these age groups are required.
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Lövdén, Martin, Laura Fratiglioni, M. Maria Glymour, Ulman Lindenberger, and Elliot M. Tucker-Drob. "Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 21, no. 1 (August 2020): 6–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576.
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Cognitive abilities are important predictors of educational and occupational performance, socioeconomic attainment, health, and longevity. Declines in cognitive abilities are linked to impairments in older adults’ everyday functions, but people differ from one another in their rates of cognitive decline over the course of adulthood and old age. Hence, identifying factors that protect against compromised late-life cognition is of great societal interest. The number of years of formal education completed by individuals is positively correlated with their cognitive function throughout adulthood and predicts lower risk of dementia late in life. These observations have led to the propositions that prolonging education might (a) affect cognitive ability and (b) attenuate aging-associated declines in cognition. We evaluate these propositions by reviewing the literature on educational attainment and cognitive aging, including recent analyses of data harmonized across multiple longitudinal cohort studies and related meta-analyses. In line with the first proposition, the evidence indicates that educational attainment has positive effects on cognitive function. We also find evidence that cognitive abilities are associated with selection into longer durations of education and that there are common factors (e.g., parental socioeconomic resources) that affect both educational attainment and cognitive development. There is likely reciprocal interplay among these factors, and among cognitive abilities, during development. Education–cognitive ability associations are apparent across the entire adult life span and across the full range of education levels, including (to some degree) tertiary education. However, contrary to the second proposition, we find that associations between education and aging-associated cognitive declines are negligible and that a threshold model of dementia can account for the association between educational attainment and late-life dementia risk. We conclude that educational attainment exerts its influences on late-life cognitive function primarily by contributing to individual differences in cognitive skills that emerge in early adulthood but persist into older age. We also note that the widespread absence of educational influences on rates of cognitive decline puts constraints on theoretical notions of cognitive aging, such as the concepts of cognitive reserve and brain maintenance. Improving the conditions that shape development during the first decades of life carries great potential for improving cognitive ability in early adulthood and for reducing public-health burdens related to cognitive aging and dementia.
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DiGirolamo, Ann M., Laura Ochaeta, and Rosa Mery Mejía Flores. "Early Childhood Nutrition and Cognitive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 1_suppl (June 2020): S31—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572120907763.
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Background: The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study provides a unique opportunity to examine the role of nutrition in cognitive functioning over time, controlling for other sociocultural factors. Objective: This article describes results of analyses carried out in the INCAP Longitudinal Study on relationships between early childhood nutritional status and supplementation with concurrent and subsequent cognitive development in childhood and adolescence/young adulthood. Methods: Articles were chosen for review that addressed this topic from the original and 1988 follow-up studies; 41 articles were reviewed and key results summarized for relationships between early nutrition and cognition in infancy, early childhood, and adolescence/young adulthood. Results: Overall, results suggest strong relationships between indicators of a child’s early nutritional status and motor and cognitive development in infancy and through the preschool years, continuing into adolescence/young adulthood, particularly for males. Nutritional supplementation during gestation through 2 years of age was associated with improvements in motor development and small, but consistent improvements in cognitive development during infancy and preschool years, with similar results of greater magnitude found with cognitive functioning in adolescence and young adulthood. Findings remain strong after controlling for various sociocultural factors (eg, socioeconomic status [SES]) and schooling. Among adolescents, significant interactions were found with SES and years of school attained; differences in performance favored Atole over Fresco children, with greatest differences for participants of low SES and those with higher levels of schooling. Conclusions: Results support the need for programs to address unmet nutritional requirements among at-risk mothers and children and potential beneficial effects for human cognitive development.
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Ritchie, Stuart J., W. David Hill, Riccardo E. Marioni, Gail Davies, Saskia P. Hagenaars, Sarah E. Harris, Simon R. Cox, et al. "Polygenic predictors of age-related decline in cognitive ability." Molecular Psychiatry 25, no. 10 (February 13, 2019): 2584–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0372-x.
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AbstractPolygenic scores can be used to distil the knowledge gained in genome-wide association studies for prediction of health, lifestyle, and psychological factors in independent samples. In this preregistered study, we used fourteen polygenic scores to predict variation in cognitive ability level at age 70, and cognitive change from age 70 to age 79, in the longitudinal Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study. The polygenic scores were created for phenotypes that have been suggested as risk or protective factors for cognitive ageing. Cognitive abilities within older age were indexed using a latent general factor estimated from thirteen varied cognitive tests taken at four waves, each three years apart (initialn = 1091 age 70; finaln = 550 age 79). The general factor indexed over two-thirds of the variance in longitudinal cognitive change. We ran additional analyses using an age-11 intelligence test to index cognitive change from age 11 to age 70. Several polygenic scores were associated with the level of cognitive ability at age-70 baseline (range of standardizedβ-values = –0.178 to 0.302), and the polygenic score for education was associated with cognitive change from childhood to age 70 (standardizedβ = 0.100). No polygenic scores were statistically significantly associated with variation in cognitive change between ages 70 and 79, and effect sizes were small. However,APOEe4 status made a significant prediction of the rate of cognitive decline from age 70 to 79 (standardizedβ = –0.319 for carriers vs. non-carriers). The results suggest that the predictive validity for cognitive ageing of polygenic scores derived from genome-wide association study summary statistics is not yet on a par withAPOEe4, a better-established predictor.
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Maasakkers, Carlijn M., Jurgen A. H. R. Claassen, Paul A. Gardiner, Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert, Darren M. Lipnicki, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Efthimios Dardiotis, et al. "The Association of Sedentary Behaviour and Cognitive Function in People Without Dementia: A Coordinated Analysis Across Five Cohort Studies from COSMIC." Sports Medicine 50, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01186-7.
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Abstract Background Besides physical activity as a target for dementia prevention, sedentary behaviour is hypothesized to be a potential target in its own right. The rising number of persons with dementia and lack of any effective treatment highlight the urgency to better understand these modifiable risk factors. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether higher levels of sedentary behaviour are associated with reduced global cognitive functioning and slower cognitive decline in older persons without dementia. Methods We used five population cohorts from Greece, Australia, USA, Japan, and Singapore (HELIAD, PATH, SALSA, SGS, and SLAS2) from the Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium. In a coordinated analysis, we assessed the relationship between sedentary behaviour and global cognitive function with the use of linear mixed growth model analysis (mean follow-up range of 2.0–8.1 years). Results Baseline datasets combined 10,450 older adults without dementia with a mean age range between cohorts of 66.7–75.1 years. After adjusting for multiple covariates, no cross-sectional association between sedentary behaviour and cognition was found in four studies. One association was detected where more sedentary behaviour was cross-sectionally linked to higher cognition levels (SLAS2, B = 0.118 (0.075; 0.160), P < 0.001). Longitudinally, there were no associations between baseline sedentary behaviour and cognitive decline (P > 0.05). Conclusions Overall, these results do not suggest an association between total sedentary time and lower global cognition in older persons without dementia at baseline or over time. We hypothesize that specific types of sedentary behaviour may differentially influence cognition which should be investigated further. For now, it is, however, too early to establish undifferentiated sedentary time as a potential effective target for minimizing cognitive decline in older adults without dementia.
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Portaccio, Emilio, Ermelinda De Meo, Angelo Bellinvia, and Maria Pia Amato. "Cognitive Issues in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040442.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of disability in young adults. The onset of MS during developmental age makes pediatric patients particularly susceptible to cognitive impairment, resulting from both disease-related damage and failure of age-expected brain growth. Despite different test batteries and definitions, cognitive impairment has been consistently reported in approximately one-third of pediatric patients with MS. However, the lack of a uniform definition of cognitive impairment and the adoption of different test batteries have led to divergent results in terms of cognitive domains more frequently affected across the cohorts explored. This heterogeneity has hampered large international collaborative studies. Moreover, research aimed at the identification of risk factors (e.g., demographic, clinical, and radiological features) or protective factors (e.g., cognitive reserve, leisure activities) for cognitive decline is still scanty. Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can be detected in these patients alongside cognitive decline or in isolation, and can negatively affect quality of life scores as well as academic performances. By using MRI, cognitive impairment was attributed to damage to specific brain compartments as well as to abnormal network activation patterns. However, multimodal MRI studies are still needed in order to assess the contribution of each MRI metric to cognitive impairment. Importantly, longitudinal studies have recently demonstrated failure of age-expected brain growth and of white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) maturation plays a relevant role in determining cognitive dysfunction, in addition to MS-related direct damage. Whether these growth retardations might result in specific cognitive profiles according to the age at disease onset has not been studied, yet. A better characterization of cognitive profiles in pediatric MS patients, as well as the definition of neuroanatomical substrates of cognitive impairment and their longitudinal evolution are needed to develop efficient therapeutic strategies against cognitive impairment in this patient population.
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Hall, Charles B., Richard B. Lipton, Mindy J. Katz, and Cuiling Wang. "Correcting Bias Caused by Missing Data in the Estimate of the Effect of Apolipoprotein ε4 on Cognitive Decline." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 1 (November 12, 2014): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617714000952.
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AbstractLongitudinal administration of neuropsychological instruments are often used to assess age-related changes in cognition. Informative loss to follow-up may bias the results of these studies. Herein, we use auxiliary data to adjust for informative loss to follow-up. In the Einstein Aging Study, memory was assessed annually in a community sample of adults age 70+, free of dementia at baseline, using the free recall from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, andviatelephone using the Memory Impairment Screen for Telephone (the auxiliary data). Joint linear mixed models were used to assess how the effect of the APOE ε4 genotype may be affected by informative missingness in the in-person data. A total of 620 EAS participants contributed 2085 person years of follow-up to the analyses. Memory decline rates estimated in joint models were 19% greater in ε4 negative participants and 27% greater in ε4 positive participants compared to traditional approaches; the effect of APOE ε4 on memory decline was 37% greater. Joint modeling methods can help address bias caused by informative missing data in the estimation of the effect of risk factors on cognitive change, and may be applicable to a broader range of outcomes in longitudinal aging studies. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–6)
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Betthauser, Tobey J., Rebecca L. Koscik, Erin M. Jonaitis, Samantha L. Allison, Karly A. Cody, Claire M. Erickson, Howard A. Rowley, et al. "Amyloid and tau imaging biomarkers explain cognitive decline from late middle-age." Brain 143, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz378.
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Abstract This study investigated differences in retrospective cognitive trajectories between amyloid and tau PET biomarker stratified groups in initially cognitively unimpaired participants sampled from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention. One hundred and sixty-seven initially unimpaired individuals (baseline age 59 ± 6 years; 115 females) were stratified by elevated amyloid-β and tau status based on 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) and 18F-MK-6240 PET imaging. Mixed effects models were used to determine if longitudinal cognitive trajectories based on a composite of cognitive tests including memory and executive function differed between biomarker groups. Secondary analyses investigated group differences for a variety of cross-sectional health and cognitive tests, and associations between 18F-MK-6240, 11C-PiB, and age. A significant group × age interaction was observed with post hoc comparisons indicating that the group with both elevated amyloid and tau pathophysiology were declining approximately three times faster in retrospective cognition compared to those with just one or no elevated biomarkers. This result was robust against various thresholds and medial temporal lobe regions defining elevated tau. Participants were relatively healthy and mostly did not differ between biomarker groups in health factors at the beginning or end of study, or most cognitive measures at study entry. Analyses investigating association between age, MK-6240 and PiB indicated weak associations between age and 18F-MK-6240 in tangle-associated regions, which were negligible after adjusting for 11C-PiB. Strong associations, particularly in entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, were observed between 18F-MK-6240 and global 11C-PiB in regions associated with Braak neurofibrillary tangle stages I–VI. These results suggest that the combination of pathological amyloid and tau is detrimental to cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease during late middle-age. Within the Alzheimer’s disease continuum, middle-age health factors likely do not greatly influence preclinical cognitive decline. Future studies in a larger preclinical sample are needed to determine if and to what extent individual contributions of amyloid and tau affect cognitive decline. 18F-MK-6240 shows promise as a sensitive biomarker for detecting neurofibrillary tangles in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease.
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Javierre-Petit, Carles, Julie A. Schneider, Alifiya Kapasi, Nazanin Makkinejad, Ashish A. Tamhane, Sue E. Leurgans, Rupal I. Mehta, Lisa L. Barnes, David A. Bennett, and Konstantinos Arfanakis. "Neuropathologic and Cognitive Correlates of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in a Community-Based Cohort of Older Adults." Stroke 51, no. 9 (September 2020): 2825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.029388.
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Background and Purpose: Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) have been associated with aging, increased stroke risk, decreased cognitive function, and vascular dementia. However, the relationship of EPVS with age-related neuropathologies is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the neuropathologic correlates of EPVS in a large community-based cohort of older adults. The cognitive correlates of EPVS over and beyond those of other pathologies were also assessed. Methods: This study included 654 older deceased and autopsied participants of 3 longitudinal community-based studies of aging that had available data on cognition, ex vivo brain magnetic resonance imaging, and detailed neuropathologic examination. EPVS seen on ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging were histologically validated. Experienced observers rated EPVS burden in ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging using a semiquantitative 4-level scale. Elastic-net regularized ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate associations of EPVS burden with age-related neuropathologies. Mixed-effects models of cognition controlling for neuropathologies, demographics, and clinical factors, were used to determine whether EPVS burden has additional contributions to cognitive decline. Results: EPVS burden in the whole group was associated with gross infarcts (odds ratio=1.67, P =0.0017) and diabetes mellitus (odds ratio=1.73, P =0.004). When considering only nondemented participants (with mild or no cognitive impairment), EPVS burden was associated with gross infarcts (odds ratio=1.74, P =0.016) and microscopic infarcts (odds ratio=1.79, P =0.013). EPVS burden was associated with faster decline in visuospatial abilities (estimate=−0.009, P =0.028), in the whole group, as well as lower levels of semantic memory (estimate=−0.13, P =0.048) and visuospatial abilities (estimate=−0.11, P =0.016) at the time of death. Conclusions: EPVS and infarcts may share similar neurobiological pathways regardless of dementia status. EPVS burden is linked to diabetes mellitus independently of neuropathologies, extending recent findings in animal studies implicating diabetes mellitus in impairment of the glymphatic system. Finally, EPVS burden may reflect additional brain tissue injury that may contribute to cognitive decline, not captured with traditional neuropathologic measures.
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Eddy, Clare M., Hugh E. Rickards, and Andrea E. Cavanna. "The cognitive impact of antiepileptic drugs." Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 4, no. 6 (September 13, 2011): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756285611417920.
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Effective treatment of epilepsy depends on medication compliance across a lifetime, and studies indicate that drug tolerability is a significant limiting factor in medication maintenance. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function and therefore compromise patient wellbeing. On the other hand, some agents may serve to enhance cognitive function. In this review paper, we highlight the range of effects on cognition linked to a variety of newer and older AEDs, encompassing key alterations in both specific executive abilities and broader neuropsychological functions. Importantly, the data reviewed suggest that the effects exerted by an AED could vary depending on both patient characteristics and drug-related variables. However, there are considerable difficulties in evaluating the available evidence. Many studies have failed to investigate the influence of patient and treatment variables on cognitive functioning. Other difficulties include variation across studies in relation to design, treatment group and assessment tools, poor reporting of methodology and poor specification of the cognitive abilities assessed. Focused and rigorous experimental designs including a range of cognitive measures assessing more precisely defined abilities are needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge and follow up reported patterns in the literature. Longitudinal studies are needed to improve our understanding of the influence of factors such as age, tolerance and the stability of cognitive effects. Future trials comparing the effects of commonly prescribed agents across patient subgroups will offer critical insight into the role of patient characteristics in determining the cognitive impact of particular AEDs.
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Hsu, Hui-chuan, and Chyi-Huey Bai. "Person, Place, and Time Effects on Cognitive Function Among Older People in Taiwan." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2632.
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Abstract Purpose: Individual’s factors across time or combined with area characteristics related to cognitive function for older people have been widely explored, but little research examined person, place, and time effects altogether. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of individuals, cities, and time on older people’s cognitive function in Taiwan. Methods: A nation-representative longitudinal individual data were from Taiwan Longitudinal Survey on Aging (TLSA) 1999-2015 panel data (analysis sample n=6349 persons, observations=12042). Cognitive function was scored 0-19. Individual’s factors included demographics, health conditions and health behaviors, mental health and stress, social support and social participation, etc. Eleven city-level indicators were based on 22 cities and data were from the government open data sources. Mixed linear modeling analysis was applied. Results: Better cognitive function was significantly related to individuals’ working, ethnicity, younger age, better education level, better self-rated health, less psychological stress, receiving more emotional support, having higher economic satisfaction at the intercept. Sex, ethnicity, age, education, self-rated health, physical function, and social connectedness were significant at the time slope. When controlling for individuals’ factors, population density and green land were significant at the intercept and at the time slope. Interactions of individual- and city-level factors were not significant. Discussion: Individual’s social participation and social support are protective factors of cognitive function for older adults. And an age-friendly environment providing appropriate cognitive stimulation and chances of social participation may be beneficial for cognitive function.