Academic literature on the topic 'Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Sánchez-Izquierdo, Macarena, and Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros. "Cognition in Healthy Aging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030962.
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The study of cognitive change across a life span, both in pathological and healthy samples, has been heavily influenced by developments in cognitive psychology as a theoretical paradigm, neuropsychology and other bio-medical fields; this alongside the increase in new longitudinal and cohort designs, complemented in the last decades by the evaluation of experimental interventions. Here, a review of aging databases was conducted, looking for the most relevant studies carried out on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. The aim was to review not only longitudinal, cross-sectional or cohort studies, but also by intervention program evaluations. The most important studies, searching for long-term patterns of stability and change of cognitive measures across a life span and in old age, have shown a great range of inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning changes attributed to age. Furthermore, intellectual functioning in healthy individuals seems to decline rather late in life, if ever, as shown in longitudinal studies where age-related decline of cognitive functioning occurs later in life than indicated by cross-sectional studies. The longitudinal evidence and experimental trials have shown the benefits of aerobic physical exercise and an intellectually engaged lifestyle, suggesting that bio-psycho-socioenvironmental factors concurrently with age predict or determine both positive or negative change or stability in cognition in later life.
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Leong, Sook Ling, Ian H. Robertson, Brian Lawlor, and Sven Vanneste. "Associations between Hypertension, Treatment, and Cognitive Function in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113735.
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Epidemiological studies have produced conflicting results regarding the associations between the use of different hypertensive drugs and cognition. Data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), a nationwide prospective longitudinal study of adults aged 50 or more years, was used to explore the associations between hypertensive status, categories of antihypertensive and cognitive function controlling for age, education, and other demographic and lifestyle factors. The study sample included 8173 participants. ANCOVAs and multivariate regressions were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cognitive function and hypertension status and the different categories of hypertensive medication. Hypertension was not associated with decline in global cognitive and executive functions and were fully explained by age and education. Different hypertensive medications were not associated with cognitive function. Consistent with previous studies, changes in cognition can largely be explained by age and education. The use of antihypertensive medications is neither harmful nor protective for cognition.
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Ikeuchi, Tomoko, Satoshi Seino, Yu Taniguchi, Miki Narita, Takumi Abe, Hidenori Amano, Akihiko Kitamura, and Shoji Shinkai. "INFLUENCING FACTORS OF SUBJECTIVE AGE: FINDINGS FROM THE KUSATSU LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING AND HEALTH." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S695—S696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2561.
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Abstract Background: Subjective age (SA) has been found to be a biopsychosocial marker of aging, yet little is known about factors that influence SA development. This study examined factors influencing SA using longitudinal data of community-dwelling older Japanese. Methods: Data drawn from the Kusatsu Longitudinal Study were collected during annual health check-ups in 2017 and 2018 from participants (aged 65-95) who completed all the measurement items used for this analysis (N=981). SA was indexed by asking participants to specify in years how old they felt. Proportional discrepancy scores ((subjective age - chronological age)/chronological age ×100) were calculated to indicate younger or older SAs and used as a dependent variable. As influencing factors of SA, chronological age, sex, years of schooling, history of smoking, cognitive function (using MMSE scores, range 14-30 at baseline), depressive symptoms, physical function (gait speed), and social function (employment status) were examined. Analyses were performed with random-effects GLS regression models. Results: Significant partial regression coefficients were found for cognitive function (0.48%, CI: 0.18, 0.79), years of schooling (-0.42%, CI: -0.69, -0.15), depressive symptoms (0.32%, CI: 0.11, 0.53), and chronological age (-0.18%, CI: -0.30, -0.68). Implications: This study found that older age and longer years of schooling were associated with younger SA, while better cognition and depressive symptoms were linked to older SA. Better cognition being associated with older SA was inconsistent with existing studies. This may be due in part to the association of better cognition and the level of satisfaction influenced by awareness of age-related physical/social changes.
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Scott, Stacey, Zared Shawver, Sean Clouston, Yun Zhang, Stacey Voll, Patrick O'Keefe, Joeseph Rodgers, and Scott M. Hofer. "COHORT EFFECTS IN OLD-AGE COGNITIVE AGING: A STUDY OF SOCIAL CONTEXT IN CHILDHOOD IN 140,030 OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.874.
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Abstract Researchers have reported that later-born cohorts often have higher scores on cognitive tests, potentially indicating that some of the differences normally attributed to cognitive aging may reflect developmental differences. The present study examined the hypotheses that social factors at birth and in early adolescence might partially explain birth cohort effects. This secondary analysis of data collected prospectively as part of four internationally comparable and nationally representative studies of individuals aged 50 and older residing in 17 European countries and the United States (N=140,030). Cognition was prospectively measured longitudinally 360,150 observations spanning, on average, 4.27 (SD=5.12) years allowing us to leverage age/cohort variability. Multilevel longitudinal modeling was used incorporated random intercepts and slopes at the country and individual levels to model lifetime cognition while adjusting for contextual factors. Birth cohort was associated with height (B=0.095, SE=0.002, P< 1E-06), episodic memory (B=0.105, SE=0.001, P< 1E-06), and verbal fluency (B=0.217, SE=0.002, P< 1E-06). Approximately 7.72% (95% C.I.=[7.60-7.86]) of participants were exposed to at least two years of famine in childhood, and were born into countries with moderate levels of income inequality. Multivariable adjustment accounted for 15.10-24.96% of birth cohort effects in episodic memory and verbal fluency respectively. Longitudinal modeling revealed that after adjusting for famine, war, income inequality, educational attainment, and height, these factors explained 81.58-63.65% of the birth cohort effect in episodic memory and verbal fluency respectively. Global research has reported that early life factors can have an impact on development, so this study extends this to suggest these factors have a lifelong impact.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "331 - Global cognition modified the relationship between Anemia and Depression in old age: longitudinal analysis from The IMIAS Study." International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (October 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220002318.
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Running head:role of global cognition in the association between Anemia and depression.Background:We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or Anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up.Methods:A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy.Results:Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over four years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was also an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of Anemia and depression.Conclusion:In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of Anemia, were independent risk factors for depression, and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Ahmed, Tamer, and Helen-Maria Vasiliadis. "Global Cognition Modified the Longitudinal Relationship Between Anemia and Depression in Old Age: The IMIAS Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.546.
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Abstract Background: We examined the longitudinal relationships between hemoglobin concentrations or the severity of anemia and depression and whether baseline cognitive function modifies these longitudinal relationships over 4 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 1608 community-dwelling older adults from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS) aged 65 to 74 years were recruited in Natal (Brazil), Manizales (Colombia), Kingston (Ontario, Canada), and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada). The study outcome was depression, defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Longitudinal associations over four years follow-up were examined using generalized estimating equations. Models reported were either unadjusted and adjusted for research sites, alcohol drinking status, body mass index, chronic conditions, activities of daily life disabilities, and polypharmacy. Results: Longuitinal relationships suggested an evidence of multiplicative interaction by baseline global cognition in which 1g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentrations there was a significant reduction in the risk of depression with a stronger effect among participants with good cognitive function (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.92) compared to those with poor cognition (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97). Anemia and poor cognition at baseline were associated with an increased risk of depression over 4 years of follow-up (OR=5.80, 95% CI: 1.84-18.23). Global cognition was an effect modifier of the longitudinal association between the severity of anemia and depression. Conclusion: In international samples of older adults, hemoglobin concentrations, as well as the severity of anemia, were independent risk factors for depression and these associations differed by global cognitive function.
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Zhang, Li, Jiao Yang, Zhangyi Liao, Xiaomeng Zhao, Xuefeng Hu, Wenli Zhu, and Zhaofeng Zhang. "Association between Diabetes and Cognitive Function among People over 45 Years Old in China: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071294.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between diabetes status including characteristics of diabetes and cognition among the middle-aged and elderly population (≥45 years) in China. Methods: A sample of 8535 people who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from June 2011 to March 2012 was analyzed. Two cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function were measured through questionnaires. People were classified into four groups: no diabetes, controlled diabetes, untreated diabetes, treated but uncontrolled diabetes. Weighted multiple regression model was conducted to explore the association between diabetes and cognition in full sample as well as three different age groups (45–59, 60–74, ≥75). Adjustments were made for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: After adjusting several covariates, untreated diabetes (β = −0.192, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with episodic memory. In the age group of 45–69 years, untreated diabetes (β = −0.471, p < 0.05) and HbA1c level (β = −0.074, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with episodic memory. When adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, all correlations were non-significant. Conclusion: The cross-sectional study suggests that untreated diabetes and HbA1c are the potential risk factor for cognitive impairment, and these associations are more significant in the age group of 45–59 years old. Cardiovascular factors are important mediating factors in the pathway between diabetes and cognitive impairment. More longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these associations.
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Massa, Fernando, Alejandra Marroig, Graciela Muniz Terrera, and Scott Hofer. "NEW EVIDENCE OF HEALTHIER AGING. POSITIVE COHORT EFFECT ON COGNITIVE DECLINE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2953.
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Abstract Cross sectional studies have shown cohort effects in cognition, limited research exists about cohort effects on cognitive trajectories. Indeed, most longitudinal research conducted to study aging-related cognitive change focus on the association between risk factors and mean change in cognition, considering individual differences too, but longitudinal norms of cognitive function are less studied. In this study, we aim to test whether cohort effects exist across the distribution of verbal fluency trajectories, that is, whether cohort effects vary across different trajectory quantiles. With this purpose, we estimated norms using data from 9 waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). We considered the individuals born in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s to assess cohort effects. The methodological framework consisted of quantile mixed models where the effect of age was adjusted using splines. To test for possible cohort effects across the 5th, 50th and 90th quartiles, the coefficients associated with the splines varied among cohorts. Our results suggest that cognitive decline is less pronounced for individuals born in more recent decades (p < 0.001), supporting our hypothesis of cohort effects. Moreover, these results are consistent across quantiles (p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that quantiles of verbal fluency at a certain age is higher in participants from more recent cohorts compared to those in older cohorts. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of cognitive decline in older adults, demonstrating population changes over time at different levels of changes in verbal fluency.
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Kremen, William S., Asad Beck, Jeremy A. Elman, Daniel E. Gustavson, Chandra A. Reynolds, Xin M. Tu, Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino, et al. "Influence of young adult cognitive ability and additional education on later-life cognition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 22, 2019): 2021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811537116.
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How and when education improves cognitive capacity is an issue of profound societal importance. Education and later-life education-related factors, such as occupational complexity and engagement in cognitive-intellectual activities, are frequently considered indices of cognitive reserve, but whether their effects are truly causal remains unclear. In this study, after accounting for general cognitive ability (GCA) at an average age of 20 y, additional education, occupational complexity, or engagement in cognitive-intellectual activities accounted for little variance in late midlife cognitive functioning in men age 56–66 (n= 1009). Age 20 GCA accounted for 40% of variance in the same measure in late midlife and approximately 10% of variance in each of seven cognitive domains. The other factors each accounted for <1% of the variance in cognitive outcomes. The impact of these other factors likely reflects reverse causation—namely, downstream effects of early adult GCA. Supporting that idea, age 20 GCA, but not education, was associated with late midlife cortical surface area (n= 367). In our view, the most parsimonious explanation of our results, a meta-analysis of the impact of education, and epidemiologic studies of the Flynn effect is that intellectual capacity gains due to education plateau in late adolescence/early adulthood. Longitudinal studies with multiple cognitive assessments before completion of education would be needed to confirm this speculation. If cognitive gains reach an asymptote by early adulthood, then strengthening cognitive reserve and reducing later-life cognitive decline and dementia risk may really begin with improving educational quality and access in childhood and adolescence.
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Arevalo, Sandra. "Sleep and Cognition: Results From a Longitudinal Cohort of Older Puerto Rican Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.290.
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Abstract We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations of sleep duration and insomnia symptoms with measures of cognitive function among older adults aged 45-75 y from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a longitudinal cohort of 1500 participants of Puerto Rican ancestry. We found, statistically significant cross-sectional associations of sleep duration (hours) and an executive function domain before (F=6.20; Prob>F=0.0001) and after (F=2.33; Prob>F=0.05) controlling for covariates (age, sex, education, smoking, drinking, mental and health conditions and medication use); between sleep duration and global cognition before (F=5.38; Prob>F=0.0003) and a trend after controlling for covariates (F=2.20; Prob>F=0.0669). In longitudinal associations, sleep duration (time2) was significantly associated with global condition at time3 (F=2.42; Prob>F=0.0475) after controlling for time2 global cognition. In conclusion, we found hours of sleep and insomnia symptoms significantly associated with various cognitive factors. A public health focus on sleep hygiene may improve cognitive health outcomes in older Puerto Rican adults.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Ross, Amy Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Longitudinal study of cognitive and functional brain changes in ageing and cerebrovascular disease, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Psychiatry, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/27329.
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The neurophysiological basis of cognition changes with age is relatively unexplained, with most studies reporting weak relationships between cognition and measures of brain function, such as event related potentials, brain size and cerebral blood flow. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is an in vivo method used to detect metabolites within the brain that are relevant to certain brain processes. Recent studies have shown that these metabolites, in particular N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which is associated with neuronal viability, correlate with performance on neuropsychological tests or other measures of cognitive function in patients with a variety of cognitive disorders associated with ageing and in normal ageing subjects. We have studied the relationship between metabolites and cognitive function in elderly patients 3 months and 3 years after a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and in an ageing comparison group. Metabolites were no different between stroke/TIA patients and elderly controls, however, there were significant metabolite differences between stroke/TIA patients with cognitive impairment (Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Dementia) and those without. Frontal measures of NAA and NAA/Cr predicted cognitive decline over 12 months and 3 years in stroke/TIA patients and elderly controls, and these measures were superior predictors than structural MRI measures. Longitudinal stability of metabolites in ageing over 3 years was associated with stability of cognitive function. The results indicate that 1H-MRS is a useful tool in differentiating stroke/TIA patients with and without cognitive impairment, with possibly superior predictive ability than structural MRI for assessing future cognitive decline. The changes in 1H-MRS that occur with ageing and cognitive decline have implications for the neurophysiological mechanisms and processes that are occurring in the brain, as well as application to clinical diagnosis, the early detection of pathology and the examination of longitudinal change.
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Eriksson, Sörman Daniel. "The influence of social relationships and leisure activity on adult cognitive functioning and risk of dementia : Longitudinal population-based studies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101840.
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Today, as we live longer, dementia diseases are becoming more prevalent around the world. Thus, further knowledge of how to maintain levels of cognitive functioning in old age and how to identify factors that postpone the onset of dementia are of acute interest. Lifestyle patterns and social life are important aspects to consider in this regard. This thesis includes three studies. Study I investigated the association between participation in various leisure activities in old age (≥65 years) and risk of incident all-cause dementia. Analyses of the total follow-up time period (15 years) showed that higher levels of “Social” and “Total” leisure activity were associated with decreased risk of dementia. In Study II, the aim was to investigate the association between various aspects of social relationships in old age (≥65 years) and risk of incidents of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Results showed that over the total follow-up period (16 years) higher values on the relationship index were associated with reduced risk of both dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Visiting/visits of friends and acquaintances more than once a week was related to decreased risk for all-cause dementia, but not for Alzheimer's disease. However, in neither Study I nor II did any of these factors alter the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease when near-onset dementias were removed from the analyses (Study I, up to five years; Study II, up to three years). In Study III the aim was to investigate the association between social network size and cognitive ability in a middle-aged (40–60 years) sample. The idea was that if social network size can moderate negative age-related influence on memory functions, it might also put an individual on a cognitive trajectory that is beneficial in old age. Results from longitudinal analyses showed that baseline network size was positively related to five-year changes in semantic memory and with changes in both semantic and episodic memory at the ten-year follow-up. Social network size was unrelated to changes in visuospatial performance. Taken together, enrichment factors measured in old age (≥ 65 years) did not alter the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease when near-onset dementias were removed from the analyses. These results might reflect protective short-term effects or reverse causality, meaning that in the prodromal phase of dementia individuals tend to withdraw from activity. Social network size in middle age (40-60 years), however, appears to have beneficial long-term effects on cognitive functioning. The results highlight the importance of long follow-up periods and the need to adjust for the influences of reverse causality when investigating the impact of a socially and mentally active life on cognitive functioning.
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Popa, Mihaela A. "Modifiable factors for disability : is there potential for reducing racial disparities in disability in older age?" [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002054.
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Hasselberg, Marie. "The social patterning of road traffic injuries during childhood and youth : national longitudinal register-based studies /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-902-1/.
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Haas, Alex Nogueira. "Epidemiologia da progressão de perda de inserção periodontal : estudo de Porto Alegre." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14770.
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O objetivo desta tese foi estimar a progressão de perda de inserção periodontal (PI) após 5 anos de acompanhamento e estudar fatores de risco para a sua ocorrência em uma amostra urbana do sul do Brasil. O Estudo de Porto Alegre teve início em 2001 com a constituição de uma amostra representativa da região metropolitana obtida por uma amostragem probabilística proporcional estratificada de múltiplo-estágio. A amostra inicial constituiu-se de 1465 indivíduos dentados e 121 desdentados (14-103 anos de idade; média 37,9 anos, desvio padrão 13,3). Em 2006, 697 (47,6%) indivíduos dentados (294 homens e 403 mulheres) e 48 desdentados participaram novamente. Dados demográficos, comportamentais e socioeconômicos foram coletados através de um questionário estruturado. PI foi obtida em seis sítios de todos dentes, por periodontistas calibrados. Duas análises foram realizadas, uma para estimar a ocorrência da progressão de PI proximal, e outra para estimar a associação de fatores de risco para progressão de PI. Do total, 56,0% e 36,2% dos indivíduos apresentaram progressão de PI ≥3mm em 2+ e 4+ dentes, respectivamente. Em geral, a extensão da progressão foi localizada, com média de 3,76 dentes com progressão ≥3mm. A média de progressão de PI foi 0,3mm/ano, sendo que 67% dos indivíduos apresentaram taxa de progressão moderada (>0,1mm/ano a ≤0,5mm/ano), 16,9% leve/nenhuma progressão (≤0,1mm/ano) e 16,1% rápida progressão (>0,5mm/ano). A progressão de PI aumentou estatisticamente com a idade e foi significativamente maior nos homens. Na análise multivariável pode-se observar que: indivíduos de 30-49 e 50+ anos tiveram risco duas vezes maior do que indivíduos com <30 anos; baixa educação aumentou o risco de progressão em 53%; homens nunca-fumantes tiveram risco aumentado em 33% comparados a mulheres nunca-fumantes; entre os fumantes, o risco aumentou em 8% para homens e em 21% para mulheres a cada 10 maços-ano. Pode-se concluir que uma grande proporção desta amostra urbana brasileira apresentou progressão de PI. Idade, gênero, educação e fumo foram encontrados como fatores de risco independentes para progressão de PI. Medidas de promoção de saúde devem ser estabelecidas para diminuir a ocorrência e progressão das doenças periodontais destrutivas nessa população.The aim of this thesis was to estimate the occurrence of progression of periodontal attachment loss (PAL) and determine its risk factors in an urban sample from South Brazil. The “Porto Alegre Study” started in 2001 and was an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of the Porto Alegre metropolitan area obtained by a multistage probability sampling. At baseline, the sample comprised 1465 dentate and 121 edentulous individuals (mean age: 37.9 years, standard deviation:13.3). After 5 years, 697 (47.6%) dentate (294 males and 403 females) and 48 edentulous subjects were re-evaluated. Demographics, behavioral and socioeconomic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. PAL was obtained in six sites of all teeth present by calibrated periodontists. Two analyses were performed, one aiming at estimating the occurrence of PAL progression, and another aiming at determining risk factors for PAL progression. Overall, 56.0% and 36.2% of the subjects presented PAL progression ≥3mm in 2+ and 4+ teeth, respectively. In general, extent of progression was localized with 3.76 teeth presenting PAL progression ≥3mm. Overall mean PAL progression was 0.3mm/year. When subjects were categorized according to the mean annual PAL progression, 67.0% of subjects showed a moderate progression rate (>0.1mm/year to ≤0.5mm/year), whereas 16.1% were deemed as having no/ slight (≤0.1mm/year) and 16.9% as rapid progression (>0.5mm/year) rates. PAL progression increased significantly with age and was statistically higher among males. The multivariable model showed that: 30-49 and 50+ years-old individuals had approximately two times higher risk than <30 year-olds; low education increased the risk of PAL progression by 53%; among never-smokers, males were 33% more likely to experience PAL progression than females, while the risk increased by 8% for smoker males and by 21% for smoker females per 10 packyears of lifetime smoking exposure. It can be concluded that a large proportion of this urban Brazilian sample was affected by PAL progression underscoring the need for health promotion initiatives aiming at preventing progression of destructive periodontal disease. Age, gender, education and smoking were found to be independent risk factors for PAL progression.
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MacDonald, Stuart Warren Swain. "Longitudinal profiles of terminal decline: associations between cognitive decline, age, time to death, and cause of death." Thesis, 2002. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10324.
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Normative age differences and declines in cognition may be overestimated due to influences reflecting impending mortality. The terminal decline hypothesis posits that accelerated cognitive decline for older adults is a function of proximity to death. Although previous research has demonstrated mortality-cognition associations, key questions remain unresolved. This study examined five neglected aspects of terminal decline research: (a) are mortality deficits uniform across age? (b) does impending mortality differentially influence cognitive domains? (c) does cause of death influence magnitude of mortality deficits? (d) do individuals closer to death show accelerated cognitive declines? and (e) do mortality deficits share associations with indicators of neurological disturbance such as performance inconsistency?
The sample consisted of 707 adults from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (VLS) who completed between 1 to 5 waves of measurement over a 12-year period. Participants were classified as either Young-Old (59 to 79 years, M = 71.86) or Old-Old (80 to 95 years, M = 83.66). A total of 442 Survivors completed all waves and relevant measures compared with 265 Decedents who participated on at least one occasion and subsequently died. An extensive battery of tests was administered including measures of verbal speed, working memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, and crystallized verbal ability.
Results were informative for each of the five research questions. First, mortality-related cognitive deficits were magnified with increasing age. Old-Old decedents exhibited steeper decline compared with similarly aged and younger survivors. Further, multilevel analyses demonstrated that Decedents declined at significantly faster rates per year increase in age. For the second research question, terminal decline was found to differentially influence select cognitive measures. Relative to Survivors, Old-Old Decedents displayed large variation across measures exhibiting poorer performance for verbal speed and episodic memory with considerably better performance for vocabulary. Results for the third research goal demonstrated that specific cause of death differentially influenced cognitive performance. Greater cross-sectional differences and declines were found for those who died of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A fourth contribution to the terminal decline literature found that the shape of cognitive decline for Decedents was accelerated in closer proximity to death. Evidence for the final research question revealed that impending death, presence of CVD, and older age were all associated with increased performance inconsistency. Considered together, these results provide both converging evidence and novel contributions to the terminal decline literature.Graduate
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Batterham, Philip. "The relationship between cognition and mortality in a community sample of older adults." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148180.
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Cognitive performance has previously been shown to be associated with time to death in a broad range of studies. There are multiple perspectives that have been used to better understand this relationship, including identifying the types of cognitive abilities that predict mortality, investigating potential mechanisms that might explain the relationship, examining whether level of ability or changes in ability are responsible for the association, assessing evidence of terminal decline and exploring patterns of late-life decline. It is also important to rule out the confounding of the relationship between cognition and time to death by other factors such as mental health. Five research articles investigated multiple aspects of the relationship between cognition and mortality using the Canberra Longitudinal Study cohort, a sample of 896 community-dweIIing Australians aged 70 and older. Findings suggested that fluid inteIIigence was a better predictor of mortality than crystaIIised inteIIigence. While socioeconomic status, health behaviours and health status accounted for some of the variance in the relationship, certain domains of cognitive ability including processing speed and global ability had an independent effect on mortality. Using unbiased estimates of cognitive change, it was found that initial cognitive performance was a better predictor of mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality, than the rate of change in ability. However, there was evidence of terminal decline in the sample, with decline accelerating two-to four-fold, beginning 6-8 years prior to death across various abilities. Although education modified the time course of terminal decline, the effects were not consistent with the predictions of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Age-related decline in ability could not be attributed to common biological constraints, as little evidence was found for late-life dedifferentiation of abilities after accounting for dementia. FinaIIy, depression and anxiety had no significant association with mortality after accounting for physical health, indicating that the cognition-mortality relationship did not result from confounding by mental health status. Overall, late-life cognitive performance appears to be related to mortality partly because it reflects life-long outcomes from a range of health behaviours, disease states, educational experience and socioeconomic background. In addition, pathological events including dementia and cardiovascular changes may contribute to the decline of cognitive performance that occurs in proximity to death. However, beyond these influences, there is an aspect of cognitive ability that is independently predictive of mortality.
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Kiely, Kim Matthew. "Out of sight, out of mind : population estimates and dynamic interplay between age-related decline in hearing and cognitive functioning in late life." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155977.
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Age-related sensory loss and major neurocognitive impairment are two of the leading drivers of non-fatal disability burden among the oldest-old, and are often reported to co-occur. Both biological and social explanations have been given to account for links between these two functional domains. This thesis explores inter-associations between age-related hearing-loss with cognitive function. The broad substantive aims of this dissertation are: 1) to document the levels of hearing impairment, dual sensory loss, and co-morbid hearing-loss with cognitive impairment in an older adult population; 2) to identify predictors of decline in hearing acuity and its association with all-cause mortality risk; 3) to investigate longitudinal pathways between hearing thresholds, hearing aid use and processing speed. The Dynamic Analyses to Optimise Ageing (DYNOPTA) project is a collaborative inter-disciplinary project that has pooled nine Australian longitudinal studies of ageing. The DYNOPTA project constitutes an important methodological backdrop to this thesis. Data pooling is advantageous because it can enhance representativeness of a population, increased statistical power and allows for direct replication of effects. However, variability in study protocols and the need to orientate functionally equivalent measures onto a common scale can create analytic challenges. A subsidiary aim of this thesis will be to illustrate and evaluate the use of harmonised longitudinal data pooled from independently designed epidemiological surveys. This research presented in this thesis primarily draws upon data from two contributing DYNOPTA studies that began in the early 1990s and are ongoing. These two studies were selected because they collected functionally equivalent clinical measures of hearing, vision and cognition, as well as a range of comparable contextual variables including data on socio-demographics, health, noise exposure, and hearing aid use. Multistate Markov Chain models estimated transition rates and expected years lived with sensory impairment. Joint Survival-Growth Curve models demonstrated that hearing loss was associated with increased mortality risk in women but not in men. Linear Mixed Models were used to identify predictors of hearing trajectories. Bi-variate Dual Change Score models demonstrated that low levels of hearing were leading indicators of subsequent rates of decline in processing speed. Finally, hearing-aid use was shown to be associated with improved levels of processing speed after adjusting for the effects of hearing thresholds, but did not attenuate rates of decline in processing speed. Hearing loss and cognitive impairment are highly prevalent and contribute to a significant number of years lived with functional impairment in late life. Links between hearing and cognition may be due to common biological processes. Alternatively, hearing loss could limit opportunities to engage in activities that promote and maintain cognitive reserves. Reductions in cognitive resources may also mean that older adults are less well equipped to deal with sensory ageing. In the context of this thesis, the main benefits of pooling and harmonization were the capacity to derive coarse population level estimates and the fostering of inter-disciplinary collaboration. However, it was necessary to return to the use of single study data to facilitate investigations into more fine grained causal pathways between hearing and cognition.
Books on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The seattle longitudinal study. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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L, Maddox George, Buckley C. Edward, and Duke University. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development., eds. The Duke longitudinal studies of normal aging, 1955-1980: Overview of history, design, and findings. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1985.
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Schaie, K. Warner. Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle longitudinal study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle longitudinal study. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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Pratt, Laura A. Measures of cognitive functioning in the 1994-2000 Second Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2008.
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Clinical effects of ageing: A longitudinal study. London: Croom Helm, 1985.
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Thorvaldsson, Valgeir. Change and variability in cognitive performance in old age: Effects of retest, terminal decline, and pre-clinical dementia. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, 2008.
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Thorvaldsson, Valgeir. Change and variability in cognitive performance in old age: Effects of retest, terminal decline, and pre-clinical dementia. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg, 2008.
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Acquiring phonology: A cross-generational case-study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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F, Hultsch David, ed. Memory change in the aged. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Orme, William H., J. Christopher Fowler, and John M. Oldham. "Personality disorders." In Oxford Textbook of Social Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Driss Moussaoui, and Tom J. Craig, 369–76. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0039.
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Abstract Since the beginning of theorizing about personality disorders (PDs), social factors have figured centrally into models of pathogenesis. The relative emphasis on social factors has changed over the years in response to a growing appreciation of genetic contributions to personality pathology. However, factors such as abuse, neglect, disturbed parental involvement, burden of stress, socio-economic status, and peer victimization continue to receive support from longitudinal studies for their associations with PD development. This chapter reviews theories of PD pathogenesis, details current research on known social factors, and highlights social impairments linked with PDs. A brief review of social cognition research is offered to explain broader functional impairments associated with PDs. Finally, treatment and prevention efforts are highlighted to illustrate that these factors, traditionally researched within the social domain, often have favourable impacts on the course of illness.
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Weich, Scott, and Martin Prince. "Cohort studies." In Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology, 155–76. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198515517.003.0009.
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A cohort study is one in which the outcome (usually disease status) is ascertained for groups of individuals defined on the basis of their exposure. At the time exposure status is determined, all must be free of the disease. All eligible participants are then followed up over time. Since exposure status is determined before the occurrence of the outcome, a cohort study can clarify the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome, with minimal information bias. The historical and the population cohort study (Box 9.1) are efficient variants of the classical cohort study described above, which nevertheless retain the essential components of the cohort study design. The exposure can be dichotomous [i.e. exposed (to obstetric complications at birth) vs. not exposed], or graded as degrees of exposure (e.g. no recent life events, one to two life events, three or more life events). The use of grades of exposure strengthens the results of a cohort study by supporting or refuting the hypothesis that the incidence of the disease increases with increasing exposure to the risk factor; a so-called dose–response relationship. The essential features of a cohort study are: ♦ participants are defined by their exposure status rather than by outcome (as in case–control design); ♦ it is a longitudinal design: exposure status must be ascertained before outcome is known. The classical cohort study In a classical cohort study participants are selected for study on the basis of a single exposure of interest. This might be exposure to a relatively rare occupational exposure, such as ionizing radiation (through working in the nuclear power industry). Care must be taken in selecting the unexposed cohort; perhaps those working in similar industries, but without any exposure to radiation. The outcome in this case might be leukaemia. All those in the exposed and unexposed cohorts would need to be free of leukaemia (hence ‘at risk’) on recruitment into the study. The two cohorts would then be followed up for (say) 10 years and rates at which they develop leukaemia compared directly. Classical cohort studies are rare in psychiatric epidemiology. This may be in part because this type of study is especially suited to occupational exposures, which have previously been relatively little studied as causes of mental illness. However, this may change as the high prevalence of mental disorders in the workplace and their negative impact upon productivity are increasingly recognized. The UK Gulf War Study could be taken as one rather unusual example of the genre (Unwin et al. 1999). Health outcomes, including mental health status, were compared between those who were deployed in the Persian Gulf War in 1990–91, those who were later deployed in Bosnia, and an ‘era control group’ who were serving at the time of the Gulf war but were not deployed. There are two main variations on this classical cohort study design: they are popular as they can, depending on circumstances, be more efficient than the classical cohort design. The population cohort study In the classical cohort study, participants are selected on the basis of exposure, and the hypothesis relates to the effect of this single exposure on a health outcome. However, a large cohort or panel of subjects are sometimes recruited and followed up, often over many years, to study multiple exposures and outcomes. No separate comparison group is required as the comparison group is generally an unexposed sub-group of the panel. Examples include the British Doctor's Study in which over 30,000 British doctors were followed up for over 20 years to study the effects of smoking and other exposures on health (Doll et al. 1994), and the Framingham Heart Study, in which residents of a town in Massachusetts, USA have been followed up for 50 years to study risk factors for coronary heart disease (Wolf et al. 1988). The Whitehall and Whitehall II studies in the UK (Fuhrer et al. 1999; Stansfeld et al. 2002) were based again on an occupationally defined cohort, and have led to important findings concerning workplace conditions and both physical and psychiatric morbidity. Birth cohort studies, in which everyone born within a certain chronological interval are recruited, are another example of this type of study. In birth cohorts, participants are commonly followed up at intervals of 5–10 years. Many recent panel studies in the UK and elsewhere have been funded on condition that investigators archive the data for public access, in order that the dataset might be more fully exploited by the wider academic community. Population cohort studies can test multiple hypotheses, and are far more common than any other type of cohort study. The scope of the study can readily be extended to include mental health outcomes. Thus, both the British Doctor's Study (Doll et al. 2000) and the Framingham Heart Study (Seshadri et al. 2002) have gone on to report on aetiological factors for dementia and Alzheimer's Disease as the cohorts passed into the age groups most at risk for these disorders. A variant of the population cohort study is one in which those who are prevalent cases of the outcome of interest at baseline are also followed up effectively as a separate cohort in order (a) to study the natural history of the disorder by estimating its maintenance (or recovery) rate, and (b) studying risk factors for maintenance (non-recovery) over the follow-up period (Prince et al. 1998). Historical cohort studies In the classical cohort study outcome is ascertained prospectively. Thus, new cases are ascertained over a follow-up period, after the exposure status has been determined. However, it is possible to ascertain both outcome and exposure retrospectively. This variant is referred to as a historical cohort study (Fig. 9.1). A good example is the work of David Barker in testing his low birth weight hypothesis (Barker et al. 1990; Hales et al. 1991). Barker hypothesized that risk for midlife vascular and endocrine disorders would be determined to some extent by the ‘programming’ of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis through foetal growth in utero. Thus ‘small for dates’ babies would have higher blood pressure levels in adult life, and greater risk for type II diabetes (through insulin resistance). A prospective cohort study would have recruited participants at birth, when exposure (birth weight) would be recorded. They would then be followed up over four or five decades to examine the effect of birth weight on the development of hypertension and type II diabetes. Barker took the more elegant (and feasible) approach of identifying hospitals in the UK where several decades previously birth records were meticulously recorded. He then traced the babies as adults (where they still lived in the same area) and measured directly their status with respect to outcome. The ‘prospective’ element of such studies is that exposure was recorded well before outcome even though both were ascertained retrospectively with respect to the timing of the study. The historical cohort study has also proved useful in psychiatric epidemiology where it has been used in particular to test the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for schizophrenia (Jones et al. 1994; Isohanni et al. 2001). Jones et al. studied associations between adult-onset schizophrenia and childhood sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioural factors in the UK 1946 birth cohort; 5362 people born in the week 3–9 March 1946, and followed up intermittently since then. Subsequent onsets of schizophrenia were identified in three ways: (a) routine data: cohort members were linked to the register of the Mental Health Enquiry for England in which mental health service contacts between 1974 and 1986 were recorded; (b) cohort data: hospital and GP contacts (and the reasons for these contacts) were routinely reported at the intermittent resurveys of the cohort; (c) all cohort participants identified as possible cases of schizophrenia were given a detailed clinical interview (Present State examination) at age 36. Milestones of motor development were reached later in cases than in non-cases, particularly walking. Cases also had more speech problems than had noncases. Low educational test scores at ages 8,11, and 15 years were a risk factor. A preference for solitary play at ages 4 and 6 years predicted schizophrenia. A health visitor's rating of the mother as having below average mothering skills and understanding of her child at age 4 years was a predictor of schizophrenia in that child. Jones concluded ‘differences between children destined to develop schizophrenia as adults and the general population were found across a range of developmental domains. As with some other adult illnesses, the origins of schizophrenia may be found in early life’. Jones' findings were largely confirmed in a very similar historical cohort study in Finland (Isohanni et al. 2001); a 31 year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland birth cohort (n = 12,058). Onsets of schizophrenia were ascertained from a national hospital discharge register. The ages at learning to stand, walk and become potty-trained were each related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced, and later milestones increased, the risk in a linear manner. These developmental effects were not seen for non-psychotic outcomes. The findings support hypotheses regarding psychosis as having a developmental dimension with precursors apparent in early life. There are many conveniences to this approach for the contemporary investigator. ♦ The exposure data has already been collected for you. ♦ The follow-up period has already elapsed. ♦ The design maintains the essential feature of the cohort study, namely that information bias with respect to the assessment of the exposure should not be a problem. ♦ As with the Barker hypothesis example, historical cohort studies are particularly useful for investigating associations across the life course, when there is a long latency between hypothesized exposure and outcome. Despite these important advantages, such retrospective studies are often limited by reliance on historical data that was collected routinely for other purposes; often these data will be inaccurate or incomplete. Also information about possible confounders, such as smoking or diet, may be inadequate.
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Gopalan, Rejani Thudalikunnil. "ADHD Symptoms, Comorbidities, Social, and Familial Adversities on Offences." In New Developments in Diagnosing, Assessing, and Treating ADHD, 259–77. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5495-1.ch017.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) manifests with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The long term consequences of ADHD have been explored on different dimensions such as physical growth, cognitive functions, and other mental health problems. The link between ADHD and criminal activities in adolescents and adulthood were also studied cross sectional and longitudinal methods and many found a relation with criminal activities. But it is important to explore how the disorder, its symptoms, co morbidities including addiction, social and familial adversities affects the relation. This chapter attempted to find the link on these dimensions. Studies have pointed out that ADHD diagnosis poses the increased risk for committing offenses and repetition of acts as well as prone for bullying and victimization, and it is not the symptoms but other environmental and familial factors are also need to be looked in to understand the link between ADHD and crime. Though many studies have shown an association of ADHD with co morbid Addictive disorders to crime, more studies are required to establish exact nature of the relationship.
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Berardi, Nicoletta, Alessandro Sale, and Lamberto Maffei. "Optimizing cognition in older adults: lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and cognitive reserve." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, 1281–88. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0166.
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Cognitive decline with age shows strong interindividual variance. Several epidemiological studies have shown that some of the factors associated with maintaining a good cognitive performance with age are lifestyle factors, such as practising physical activity and being engaged in cognively stimulating activities, which are potentially modifiable even in old age. In parallel, studies in animal models have shown that physical exercise and environmental stimulation result in better cognitive performance, potentiation of neural plasticity, neuroprotection. More recently, intervention studies in humans begin to show that training based on cognitive or physical activity enhance cognitive performance in older adults. At the core of lifestyle effects on cognitive ageing is neural plasticity and the action of multiple molecular factors which translate physical and cognitive activity into adaptive and protective changes in the brain, allowing elders to better face ageing-related cognitive changes.
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Williams, Adrian J. "Medical management of sleep-disordered breathing." In Oxford Handbook of Sleep Medicine, 85–94. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192848253.003.0009.
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People with obstructive sleep apnoea can be affected by a huge variety of unpleasant symptoms, ranging from broken nocturnal sleep and nocturia, to overwhelming daytime sleepiness and low mood. They also are more likely to be involved in car crashes, and to have significantly impaired concentration and daytime functioning. However, a combination of sleepiness, cognitive or psychological symptoms, and an incremental reduction in overall economic productivity are unlikely to cause undue public or scientific excitement. Where OSA becomes more relevant from a population health perspective is in its relationship with long-term illness and death, a relationship largely mediated through an apparent effect of OSA on the likelihood of people developing cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and possibly also cancer. Longitudinal observational studies consistently show that increasing OSA severity is associated with excess morbidity and mortality, above and beyond the expected effects of confounding factors such as obesity.
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Muñoz, Alvaro, and F. Javier Nieto. "Cohort studies." In Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, edited by Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li, and Alastair H. Leyland, 85–100. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0030.
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The simplest cohort design is to obtain exposure data at baseline and follow-up individuals to obtain data up to the point when the event of interest occurs. A richer design includes regularly scheduled visits at which data on exposures are updated. The exposures can be either fixed over time (e.g. race), change directly with time (e.g. age and calendar), or change at their own pace (e.g. biological markers). According to the scientific aims of a cohort study, disease occurrence can be measured as an event in person-time, time-to-endpoint of interest, or change in a biomarker repeatedly measured at follow-up visits. Analytical methods include survival analyses to handle censored observations and late entries due to incomplete observation of the development of events and origin, and longitudinal data analyses for the trajectories of markers of disease progression. Stratification, multivariate regression, and causal inference methods are key tools to accomplish comparability among exposed and unexposed groups. Identification of exposures and risk factors for disease provides a basis for prevention strategies. Data from cohort studies can be used to assess the effects of interventions by using data at the individual level to determine individual effectiveness or by comparing occurrence of disease in the population when typically none or only a few are intervened to determine population effectiveness.
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Ferrari Cestari, José Augusto, Gisele Maria Campos Fabri, Jorge Kalil, Ricardo Nitrini, Wilson Jacob-Filho, José Tadeu Tesseroli De Siqueira, and Silvia Regina D. T. Siqueira. "Oral Infections and Cytokine Levels in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Compared with Controls." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad220039.
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Background: Oral infections are prevalent in the adult population. Their impact includes the implication as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), altering its progression. One of the potential mechanisms involves immune mediators such as circulating cytokines. Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of oral infections and blood levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and controls. Methods: Sixty-five elderly were evaluated (25 AD, 19 MCI, and 21 controls) by the following methods: Mini Mental State Exam, Questionnaire of Functional Activities, periodontal and oral evaluation, and blood concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6. Results: Patients with AD had high serum IL-6 levels (p = 0.029), and patients with periodontitis had high serum TNF-α levels (p = 0.005). There was an association between IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with AD/MCI and periodontitis (p = 0.023). Conclusion: The increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in this study suggests their implication in the overlapping mechanisms between oral infections and AD. Longitudinal studies are necessary for further investigation.
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Symmons, Deborah P. M. "Epidemiology and the rheumatic diseases." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 203–11. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0027.
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Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations. Clinical epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of outcomes in populations with a specific disease. The occurrence of disease may be described in terms of incidence (the number of new cases per 100 000 population per year), prevalence (the proportion of the population affected), and mortality. The distribution of disease may be influenced by person, place, and time. Risk factors for disease and disease outcome are generally divided into genetic and non-genetic factors. In order to determine whether a particular factor influences disease onset or outcome it is important to have an appropriate non-disease group as a comparison. This chapter describes the types of study design which are suitable for evaluating disease occurrence (cross-sectional and longitudinal studies) and risk markers for disease and disease outcome (case-control and cohort studies). The chapter presents a template which includes the incidence and prevalence of the most common musculoskeletal conditions by age and gender with a common perspective (presentation to primary care in the United Kingdom). It also includes a summary of the best recognized risk factors for disease onset and outcome. Finally there is reference to common pitfalls in interpreting statistics on risk.
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Huang, Fang-Yi, and Monika Ardelt. "Pathways to Retirement in Taiwan: Do Ethnicity and Cohort Matter?" In Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire? IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92147.
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Studies about retirement often neglect ethnic identity. This research utilized the “Taiwan Longitudinal Study in Aging” data from 1989 to 1996 when political and social changes in the country occurred to examine the influence of ethnicity (dominant Mainlanders versus Southern Min, Hakka, and various indigenous people) on Taiwanese men’s working status at age 60 and above. We asked three questions: (1) Are Mainlanders more likely to retire earlier than non-Mainlanders? (2) Does working in the public versus the private sector affect the age of retirement and does this differ by ethnicity? (3)What factors determine retirement ages of two cohorts? Using chi-square and t-tests, results of a comparison of two cohorts (n = 1254 and n = 526 for the 1989 and 1996 cohorts, respectively) showed that being a Mainlander, being unmarried, older age, self-reported poor health, and functional limitation were associated with a higher likelihood of earlier retirement. In logistic regression models, public sector work mediated and moderated the effect of ethnicity on the likelihood of earlier retirement only in the older cohort, where Mainlander public sector workers had the greatest likelihood of earlier retirement, indicating that the incentive structure of public pensions contributes to earlier retirement. The results are consistent with cumulative advantage theory. To delay the retirement age for public sector workers, policymakers could reduce public pension incentives.
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Teplin, Linda A., Jessica A. Jakubowski, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, Marquita L. Stokes, and Leah J. Welty. "Firearm Homicide and Other Causes of Death in Delinquents: A 16-Year Prospective Study." In Firearm-Related Injuries and Preventions, 99–117. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022750-firearm_homicide.
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BACKGROUND Delinquent youth are at risk for early violent death after release from detention. However, few studies have examined risk factors for mortality. Previous investigations studied only serious offenders (a fraction of the juvenile justice population) and provided little data on females. METHODS The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a prospective longitudinal study of health needs and outcomes of a stratified random sample of 1829 youth (657 females, 1172 males; 524 Hispanic, 1005 African Amer-ican, 296 non-Hispanic white, 4 other race/ethnicity) detained between 1995 and 1998. Data on risk factors were drawn from interviews; death records were obtained up to 16 years after detention. We compared all-cause mortality rates and causes of death with those of the general population. Survival analyses were used to examine risk factors for mortality after youth leave detention. RESULTS Delinquent youth have higher mortality rates than the general population to age 29 years (P < .05), irrespective of gender or race/ ethnicity. Females died at nearly 5 times the general population rate (P < .05); Hispanic males and females died at 5 and 9 times the general population rates, respectively (P < .05). Compared with the general population, significantly more delinquent youth died of homicide and its subcategory, homicide by firearm (P < .05). Among delinquent youth, racial/ethnic minorities were at increased risk of homicide compared with non-Hispanic whites (P < .05). Significant risk factors for external-cause mortality and homicide included drug dealing (up to 9 years later), alcohol use disorder, and gang membership (up to a decade later). CONCLUSIONS Delinquent youth are an identifiable target population to reduce disparities in early violent death.
Conference papers on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Khosroshahi, Maryam, Fred Barez, Amer El-Hage, and James Kao. "Dependence of Elastic Properties of Human Femoral Cortical Bone on Porosity." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52318.
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Hip fracture is one of the most serious and common health problems among elderly which may lead to permanent disability or death. Hip fracture commonly occurs in the femoral bone, the major bone in the hip joint. Microscopic age-related changes in the structure of cortical bone is one of the factors that is considered to be partially responsible for the increase of fracture risk in elderly. It is of great interest to develop a predictable model of such fractures for the aging population in preparation of a suitable therapy. These micro structural changes influence mechanical properties and, therefore, behavior of bone and are critical to understand risk and mechanics of fracture of bone. Correlation between cortical bone strength and porosity, as a microscopic structural factor, has been examined frequently as a function of age and/or porosity. These studies have investigated the effect of porosity experimentally and have not studied the effect of porosity independently from other structural factors such as bone mineral density. In this study effect of porosity on elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone was studied independently using finite element analysis assuming transversely isotropic behavior in terms of elastic properties with the axis of elastic properties along the longitudinal axis of femur shaft. In this study, published standard mechanical tests for transversely isotropic materials were simulated using finite element computer simulation on models with different porosities. The developed finite element model utilized material properties based on the best fit regression in previously published articles. Pores’ size, shape and distribution were also modeled based on previous experimental studies. The finite element model, in general, predicted behavior of five independent elastic mechanical properties, namely, longitudinal Young’s modulus, transverse poisson’s ratio, transverse shear modulus, transverse Young’s modulus and longitudinal poisson’s ratio, as a function of porosity. Furthermore, effect of porosity on the elastic properties across various age groups was investigated using published data on age-related changes in bone porosity. Mathematical models based on Finite Element Analysis results have been developed using linear least square regression. These models show negative linear relationship between studied elastic properties of human femoral cortical bone and porosity. The Finite Element Analysis results compared well with the previously published experimental data. Furthermore, the results obtained show the elastic properties as functions of age for females and males. The predicted values for elastic properties are lower for men compared to women of age 20 to 40 years old. However, after the age of 44, elastic properties of femoral cortical bone for men are higher than women. The Finite Element Model developed in this study will help to create a clinical bone model for the prediction of fracture risk or the selection of suitable therapy in orthopedic surgery.
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Srinivasan Rammanoharan, Sneha, Jose Alguindigue, Apurva Narayan, and Siby Samuel. "SHRP2 Naturalistic Data Analysis of Older Drivers’ Gap-Acceptance Behaviour." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002478.
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Drivers aged 65 and older are very prone to motor vehicle crashes. Intersections appear to be hazardous for drivers of this age group due to the driver’s cognitive, perceptual, and psychomotor challenges. Literature notes that older drivers find it incredibly challenging to safely navigate left turns at signalized intersections. Studies have identified the driver’s physical health, vision, and cognition as factors that impact the ability of older drivers to sufficiently monitor the gaps in oncoming traffic to make a left turn safely. The current paper aims to address the gap in the literature by explicitly examining older drivers’ gap acceptance behaviors during left turns at protected intersections. We utilize the Naturalistic Driving Study Data collected via the Strategic Highway Research Plan (SHRP2) to understand older driver behavior better. SHRP2 makes available a geo-spatially linked, comprehensive database over a multi-year period from over 3400 participants across six sites. SHRP2 databases contain a relatively more significant proportion of younger and older drivers than the national driver population databases. This dataset includes a trip summary, vehicle data, driver questionnaire, and test battery data specifying driving history, physical and psychological conditions, demographics and exit interview data, time-series data of the drivers approaching the intersections or just after the intersections, and forward video data of the drivers approaching the intersections or just after the intersections. Data is analyzed for participants over the age of 65 and participants between the ages of 30-50. Several hundred baseline, near-crash, and crash events are obtained for comparison. The video data is annotated using the DREAM methodology. The Roadway Information Database (RID) also considers additional variables such as crash histories and traffic and weather conditions. The samples of the forward video data provide the start time and end time of each gap accepted or rejected by the turning driver, especially when turning left, during unprotected phases, and help understand the participant’s interactions with other vehicles just before and after the intersections. As the data has been collected over multiple years across multiple sites, the dataset is considered a multivariate time series model. As there is more than a one-time dependent variable, the data was analyzed using Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), and Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous factors (SARIMAX) models. These models are expected to achieve an accuracy of around 80 percent at four-way intersections and approximately 60 percent in T-intersections. We anticipate that the older drivers will exhibit longer gap acceptance times and a greater frequency of gap rejections than their younger counterparts while turning left across traffic at signalized intersections. The findings of the current study will have implications for older driver safety. Researchers may use the findings to understand gap acceptance behaviors further, while policymakers may utilize the results to design mobility guidelines.
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Hamid, Aamna, Zumin Shi, and Lukman Thalib. "Association between Soft Drink Consumption and Bone Mineral Density among Qatari Women- Analysis of Qatar Biobank data." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0182.
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Background: Decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) increases the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis. It is common in older women, as the BMD tends to decrease with age, particularly after menopause. While age and hormonal changes are well-established risk factors, other factors have been investigated for possible links to increase the risk of osteoporosis. These factors include dietary patterns and lifestyle. Aim: To explore the association between soft drink consumption and BMD. Method: This cross-sectional study included data from 1000 Qatari women age ≥ 40 year’s participated in the Qatar Biobank Study. BMD levels were measured using the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan and the soft drink consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaires. Multiple quantile regression models were used to assess the association between bone mineral density and soft drink consumption. Results: While most of the participants did not drink soft drinks (68%), around one third reported consuming soft drinks. A total of 16.4% of participants reported consuming soft drinks < 1 time/ week and 15.6% of participants reported consuming soft drinks ≥ 1 time/ week. There was an inverse association between BMD and soft drink consumption. Compared with non-consumers, ≥ 1 time/week consumption of soft drink had a -0.034 95%CI (-0.056, -0.012) at 0.25 quantile for BMD after adjusting for age, BMI, menopausal status, smoking status, physical activities, milk intake, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Also, BMD was negatively associated with regular soft drinks, but not with diet soft drink and energy drink. Conclusion: High consumption of soft drink is inversely related to BMD among Qatari women. Further longitudinal and clinical studies are required before developing public health intervention to improve bone health by reducing soft drink consumption.
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Santos, Trinnye Luizze, Paula Drumond Batista de Oliveira, Maria Paula Travasso Oliveira, Gustavo Henrique Duarte de Morais, Bruna Carolina Rangel Fortes, Darina Andrade Addario Rizzardi, Milena Gonçalves Guerreiro, Silvia Regina Seibel De Matos, and Milena Marques. "Clinical prognosis of Charles Bonnet Syndrome: A review of Integrative Literature." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.143.
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Background: Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is defined by repetitive experiences of visual hallucinations. This classically affects the elderly with visual impairment, intact cognition and the absence of psychiatric illness. Hallucinations remain indefinitely and can be static, dynamic, elementary or complex, colored or in black and white, centrally or peripherally. Objectives: To analyze the scientific information available on the clinical aspects of CBS. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the PubMed database, in the last 10 years, using the descriptors “Charles Bonnet Syndrome”, “Hallucinations” and “Prognosis”, associated with the Boolean operator “AND’’. English and Portuguese were included, inconclusive studies were excluded, with biases or duplicates, whose approaches did not indicate an outcome in the syndrome, selecting 12 articles. Results: It was observed that there is no consensus on the pathophysiology and age range of CBS involvement, which varies between 70 and 80. The incidence is up to 1.4%. As for the prognosis, one of the articles pointed to the presence of hallucinations between 7 and 18 months, these varying in complexity, frequency and impact on patients’ lives. Diagnosis is made by exclusion, emphasizing the benign character, assertive diagnosis and effective treatment are essential factors for the mild evolution of the disorder. Conclusion: As it is considered a rare disease, it is rarely addressed in the literature and, therefore, new studies are desirable, in order to demystify the condition and ensure an appropriate approach to patients.
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Yang, Jianping, and Lixia Hua. "Neural decision-making application of Internet product interaction design based on EEG." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002755.
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The rapid development of information technology and the rapid growth of "Internet +" have brought many new challenges to human factors science. At present, in the practice of information product design that emphasizes user experience, new human factors measurement methods and tools are urgently needed to evaluate the effect of product interaction design more accurately and objectively, and to provide theoretical support and basis for product design and decision-making. Different from traditional human factors research methods, neural measurement overcomes the subjective bias of questionnaires, scales and other methods, and can dynamically grasp the user's cognitive process of products with millisecond precision in the process of users' cognition of products. Design practice provides the basis and guidance for neurological decision-making. On the basis of the comprehensive evaluation of the neural mechanism, neural decision-making and emotional experience in the product interaction design, an interaction design scheme in line with neurocognitive science is proposed. The established indicator threshold ranges are compared to determine the range of user experience; longitudinal comparison refers to comparing with the plan before design intervention to test whether the optimization effect is significant. With the help of neural evaluation indicators, the design scheme is finally determined.Misoperations during the use of Internet products are usually caused by factors such as inattention and identification errors. Therefore, it is very important to study the influence of various design elements on the components of the attentional neural response, including latency, amplitude, and response position. Focus on two cognitive neural components N2 and LPP, N2 is a cognitive neural response component of early attention, LPP is a neural component related to attention after full cognition, and reflects the user's emotional changes, which is an important part of emotional experience. Cognitive Neural Indicators. Existing studies have shown that product decision-making is related to the P300 component in cognitive nerves. In interaction design, the P300 amplitude corresponding to easily recognizable icons is greater than the P300 amplitude corresponding to difficult-to-recognize icons.This paper firstly summarizes and sorts out the research progress and related achievements of domestic and foreign scholars in the past five years from the aspects of cognitive ability research of product interaction design and neural decision-making technology of product interaction design scheme. Secondly, it puts forward a detailed review of the research objectives and technical routes of neural decision-making in interaction design, and summarizes the current application fields of neural decision-making in Internet product interaction design based on EEG. The source of electrical data and other issues, and the prospect of EEG neural decision-making in the field of Internet product interaction design research.
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Uluer, Pınar, Can Göçmenoğlu, and Tankut Acarman. "Evaluation of Drivers Authority in a Structured Set of Driving Tasks and Decisions: Preliminary Results on Vehicle Simulator Study." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82675.
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One of the most challenging factors in the development of autonomous vehicles and advanced driver assistance systems is the imitation of an expert driver system which is the observer and interpreter of the technical system in the related driving scenario. To achieve an expert human-like situational understanding and decision making may be an important feature to fulfill the necessary active safety requirements. In this paper, an exploratory study on a multimodal adaptive driver assistance system is presented. The main goal is to determine the human driver’s attention and authority level in a cognitive model and to trigger the timely warnings according to his/her driving intents and driving skills with respect to the possible driving situation and hazard scenarios. In the previous studies, a fairly restrictive vision-based driver assistance system has been deployed to detect lane departure, blind-spot and to monitor following distance, headway time. This vision-based driver assistance system considers the driver’s driving performance metric sampled during the longitudinal and lateral vehicle control tasks as well as the processed information about the surrounding traffic environment consisting of the interactions with the other vehicles and the road situations. The presented active safety system models the driving task in a cognitive architecture and assesses the cognition of the human driver by modeling the situation awareness of the driver by using fuzzy sets. Each fuzzy set simply represents the expert driver’s perception in both of the longitudinal and lateral traffic. The presented system evaluates the driver’s driving skills and attention level by comparing the expert and human driver’s reactions suited in a finite set of decision and maneuvering task. In case of hazard analysis, the system triggers timely warnings pointing the driver’s attention at the lateral or longitudinal maneuvering tasks depending on the interpreted situation. Introductory experiments are performed with a limited number of participants, the test driving data including the driver’s perception and reaction to the surrounding vehicles and traffic situations are collected by the use of a vehicle simulator. And the presented multimodal adaptive driver assistance system is evaluated by the simulator. The preliminary results seem to be promising.
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"Psychological Issues Encountered by People During COVID-19 Pandemic." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.749.
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This study was carried to assess the level of depression in people that may be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary data of this research were collected from respondents who completed the online survey after reading the consent notification. The survey was distributed through colleagues, friends and their acquaintances. It followed a non-probabilistic sampling to reach for as many participants as possible, who were driven by their interest and contribution to take part in this research. More into it, the handling and the analysis of the collected data were at high confidence measures. To fulfill the research’s aim, the authors constructed an online questionnaire in google forms which contained 3 main sections: the demographic information, depression measurement based on the PHQ-9 questions as a valid depression scale and the last section covered the depression management. The demographic section covered information about age, gender, education level, type of employment and income. The following section considered the PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire as an accredited, 9-questions depression assessment measuring tool presenting a particular individual on a scale of 0-27. It is important to mention that the last question is scored in this current research, but usually not scored for assisting the clinician to assess the influence of the patient's symptoms on his or her life. The majority of participants showed some kind of depression, most of which were mild. Management of depression could include watching television, reading, exercising, socializing, having a pet and a garden. Future studies should be longitudinal to enable us and other scholars to investigate how varied factors may alter the progression of depression. In addition, a larger study group is needed to make accurate conclusions.
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Parnes, Jamie, Ethan Mereish, Samuel Meisel, and Hayley Treloar Padovano. "Parental Rejection, Cannabis Craving, and Alcohol Craving among Sexual Minority Youth." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.24.
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Parental rejection is associated with poor mental health and addiction liability outcomes for sexual minority youth (SMY; e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual). Theoretical models purport that SMY who experience greater parental rejection and non-acceptance related to their sexual orientation may have greater risk for substance use, including cannabis and alcohol use. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies provide initial support for this contention by showing that SMY who perceive heterosexist rejection from their parents have greater substance use as young adults. However, research has yet to examine whether experiencing greater parental rejection is associated with drug craving as an adolescent. Understanding the impact of parental rejection at this level may be of particular importance, as sexual minority young adults report greater alcohol craving in response to heterosexist stigma, above and beyond general negative mood. Since adolescent cannabis and alcohol use are influenced by contextual factors (e.g., availability), craving has been examined as a salient proxy for substance use in this population. This study leveraged data collected from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine how varying levels of heterosexist parental rejection may influence in-the-moment levels of cannabis and alcohol craving. SMY who used nicotine were recruited for an EMA study. Participants completed a baseline survey measuring lifetime parent rejection experiences (M = 0.34, SD = 0.33) and a timeline followback of past-month substance use. Next, participants completed a 30-day EMA period where they responded to approximately 5 random prompts per day measuring current level of cannabis and alcohol craving (range 0 to 10). The analytic sample included a subset of SMY who reported baseline cannabis (n = 37) or alcohol (n = 32) use. Craving was dichotomized to either no craving (0) or any craving (1). Multilevel logistic regression was conducted using N = 2,885 observations to examine the associations between baseline parental rejection and momentary substance craving, controlling for baseline substance use frequency, weekday versus weekend, time of day, age, and presence of peers. Results indicated that greater baseline parental rejection was associated with greater odds of reporting momentary cannabis craving (b = 1.71, p = .05, OR = 5.51) and alcohol craving (b = 2.53, p = .035, OR = 12.55) in the natural environment. Findings underscore the influence of parental rejection on adolescent substance craving. SMY who experience greater parental rejection likely perceive having less supportive parental relationships. Consistent with the minority stress model, SMY may be more likely to experience identity-related distress (e.g., heterosexist parental rejection) and, in turn, may use cannabis and alcohol to cope. This may explain why parental rejection experiences were related to greater day-to-day substance cravings. Clinical implications support the importance of providing family interventions to reduce parental rejection for SMY, as these may result in a myriad of benefits, possibly including reduced substance use craving. Future research should examine how lifetime versus recent parental rejection experiences may influence SMY substance craving.
Reports on the topic "Cognition – Age factors – Longitudinal studies"
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Tiruneh, Dawit T., John Hoddinott, Caine Rolleston, Ricardo Sabates, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding Achievement in Numeracy Among Primary School Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from RISE Ethiopia Study. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/071.
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Ethiopia has succeeded in rapidly expanding access to primary education over the past two decades. However, learning outcomes remain low among primary school children and particularly among girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Starting with a systematic review of quantitative studies on the determinants of learning outcomes among primary school children in Ethiopia, this study then examined key determinants of students’ numeracy achievement over the 2018-19 school year. The study focused on Grade 4 children (N=3,353) who are part of an on-going longitudinal study. The two questions that guided this study are: what are the key determinants of numeracy achievement at Grade 4 in primary schools in Ethiopia, and how does our current empirical study contribute to understanding achievement differences in numeracy among primary school children in Ethiopia? We employed descriptive and inferential statistics to examine factors that determine differences in numeracy scores at the start and end of the school year, as well as determinants of numeracy scores at the end of the school year conditional on achievement at the start of the school year. We examined differences across gender, region, and rural-urban localities. We also used ordinary least squares and school ‘fixed effects’ approaches to estimate the key child, household and school characteristics that determine numeracy scores in Grade 4. The findings revealed that boys significantly outperformed girls in numeracy both at the start and end of the 2018/19 school year, but the progress in numeracy scores over the school year by boys was similar to that of girls. Besides, students in urban localities made a slightly higher progress in numeracy over the school year compared to their rural counterparts. Students from some regions (e.g., Oromia) demonstrated higher progress in numeracy over the school year relative to students in other regions (e.g., Addis Ababa). Key child (e.g., age, health, hours spent per day studying at home) and school- and teacher-related characteristics (e.g., provision of one textbook per subject for each student, urban-rural school location, and teachers’ mathematics content knowledge) were found to be significantly associated with student progress in numeracy test scores over the school year. These findings are discussed based on the reviewed evidence from the quantitative studies in Ethiopia.