Academic literature on the topic 'Codex Runicus'

In the years 1741–3, two scholars of Anglo-Saxon and Gothic, one an Englishman and the other a Swede, were engaged in correspondence. The Englishman was the Reverend Edward Lye (1694–1767), then rector of Yardley Hastings in Northamptonshire, and the Swede was Eric Benzelius the Younger (1675–1743), bishop of Linköping and, in the last year of his life, archbishop-elect of Uppsala. For many years Benzelius had been preparing an edition of the ‘Codex Argenteus’ of the Gothic gospels, which had been in Uppsala University Library since 1669, but he had been unable to complete the work on account of his many other commitments and also through the lack of suitable publishers for such a volume in Sweden. In his frustration, he sought the help of his many highly-placed friends in England, who included Sir Hans Sloane and John Carteret, first Earl Granville, a former Ambassador to Sweden. They directed him to Edward Lye as the only man in England competent to complete the edition, and the University Press at Oxford, as the only publisher able to handle the diffcult commission, as it still possessed Junius's type fonts for printing Gothic, Old English and runic characters.

In the development of modern ethnic cultures, there is a paradoxical situation: the more powerful the onset of comprehensive globalization, aimed at the destruction of national cultures, the more actively they develop. “To blame”, in our opinion, is the ethnocultural code, which rebelled against the dominance of the virus of the death of national cultures and thus led to the flourishing, boom of ethnic cultures. Convincing evidence of this is the deep fundamental processes of revival taking place in the Chuvash national culture. Thus, the unique Kokelev International Plein Air has rightfully become a synthesis of the picturesque national schools of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The national TV and radio company “Chavash En” was established. Recreated “Chuvashkino”, designed to develop their national culture. There is a return from oblivion of the runic writing of the Chuvash people. A program for the development of the Chuvash language was adopted. And, as it were, the apotheosis of the renaissance of the Chuvash ethnic culture was the establishment of the Chuvash Embroidery Day on November 26 by the Decree of the Head of the Chuvash Republic. Globalization pressure is also causing an increase in interest in learning about other cultures. we tell about this phenomenon on the example of Chuvashia and Azerbaijan. In soviet times in Azerbaijan, few people knew that the Chuvash were a Turkic people. Tatarstan knew, Bashkortostan knew, and the Chuvash – the Turkic people – didn't [6]. The aim of our work is to study the interaction of Chuvash and Azerbaijani cultures in historical retrospect, as well as to draw the attention of scientists of Chuvashia, Russia and Azerbaijan to this problem, which is of great cognitive and scientific importance. The author comes to the conclusion that scientists-humanitarians of Chuvashia, Russia and Azerbaijan can and should combine their efforts to create a comprehensive study of the interaction of the cultures of the Chuvash and Azerbaijani nations in historical retrospect.

Recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning and Document Image Analysis and Recognition have significantly eased the creation of digital libraries and the transcription of historical documents. However, for documents in rare scripts with few labelled training data available, current Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems are too constraint. Moreover, research on HTR often focuses on technical aspects only, and rarely puts emphasis on implementing software tools for scholars in Humanities. In this article, we describe, compare and analyse different transcription methods for rare scripts. We evaluate their performance in a real use case of a medieval manuscript written in the runic script ( Codex Runicus ) and discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method from the user perspective. From this exhaustive analysis and comparison with a fully manual transcription, we raise conclusions and provide recommendations to scholars interested in using automatic transcription tools.

AM 28 8vo, ca. 1300, is one of the most famous medieval Danish manuscripts and, at the same time, also one of the most unusual: it is entirely written in medieval runes. It has interested scholars and librarians over the centuries, right up to the digital turn. The aim of the thesis has been to produce a digital edition of the entire AM 28 8vo, supplied with a full lemmatisation of its texts based on the lexical entries provided by Gammeldansk Ordbog. This is the first complete edition of a runic text of considerable length using a tailored runic font (UNI Runes font) for a close transcription in runes of the texts. This thesis is developed in two volumes: the methodological background provided in the first volume serves as an introduction to the second volume. Specifically, in the first one, the manuscript is presented in relation to the context of production of the so-called runica manuscripta, and it aims to emphasise the need to create a specific subcategory for manuscripts such as AM 28 8vo. Subsequently, a detailed codicological and palaeographical analysis – traditional and with innovative methods – is included and was made possible by research on the field. Both kind of analyses highlighted and supported the hypothesis of the involvement of three scribal hands in the writing of AM 28 8vo, but also shed light on the revision processes the texts underwent, looking, for instance, at the most frequent corrections. At the end of the first volume, the criteria on which my digital Menotic edition is based, the levels of textual representation (facsimile, rune-by-rune, and diplomatic, rune-by-Latin letter) and its structure are described. At the time of writing, the digital edition is available in the Menota test archive at , but it will be moved to the Menota main archive at . The second volume contains the edition itself; the facsimile and diplomatic levels and high-definition images for each folio can be consulted at the same time. To conclude, the output of this thesis presents AM 28 8vo as it has never seen before; the interoperable digital edition includes information that is missing in the previous editions, such as runic characters and lemmatisation. Furthermore, this edition meets the FAIR principles, which guide projects within the digital humanities. Thanks to the CC BY SA 4.0 license, the Menotic XML file of the encoding is freely available for consultation, download, reusing in other contexts, and eventually continuing the work, such as updating the metadata or adding new levels of textual representation.