Academic literature on the topic 'Codex Forster'

Leonardo da Vinci illustrated several traditional forms of “perpetual-motion machine” in small pocket books now known as the Codex Forster. He was well aware that these designs, based on waterwheel/pump combinations, mechanical overbalancing hammers or rolling balls, would not—and could not—work.

Hensikten med artikkelen er å undersøke hvordan deltakere i en videreutdanning for praksislærere i en videregående skole forstår utfordringer i praksisopplæringen. I artikkelen besvares to forskningsspørsmål: Hvilke utfordrende tema beskrives i eksamenstekstene? Hvilke tiltak identifiseres i diskusjonen om utfordrende tema i eksamenstekstene? Artikkelens utgangspunkt er en skolebasert videreutdanning gjennomført i vårsemesteret 2016 ved én av NTNUs universitetsskoler. Tematiske analyser av eksamenstekstene identifiserte fire utfordrende tema: klasseledelse, innsikt i skolekonteksten, relasjonen praksislærer praksisstudent og etiske dilemma. Diskusjonen rundt tiltak kan grupperes i fire tolkende koder: kommunikasjon, kartlegging av praksisstudentens livsrom, utvikling av praksislærerens kompetanse, og utvikling av praksisstudentens kompetanser. Deltakernes forståelse av utfordringer i praksisopplæringen knytter seg til to funn: 1) Betydningen av å utvikle et språk for å samtale med praksisstudenter, kolleger og lærerutdanningsinstitusjoner om erfaringer relatert til praksisopplæringen. 2) Temaer i praksisopplæringen som inngår i kulturelle-diskursive forhold (det semantiske rommet) og i makt (det sosiale rommet) er avgjørende for en profesjonell praksisopplæring. The purpose of the article is to investigate how participants in a further education for internship teachers in a high school understand challenges in practice training. The article answers two research questions: What challenging topics are described in the exam texts? What measures identified in the discussion of challenging topics in the exam texts? The article's starting point is a school-based further education completed in the spring semester of 2016 at one of NTNU's university colleges. Thematic analyzes of the exam texts identified four challenging topics: Classroom management, insight into the school context, the relationship of practice teacher-practice student and ethical dilemma. Discussion of measures is divided into four interpretative codes: Communication, mapping of the student's living space, developing the teacher's competence, and developing the student's competence. Participants' understanding of challenges in practice training relates to two findings: 1) the importance of developing a language for conversation with practicum-students, colleagues and teacher education institutions about experiences related to practice training. 2) Themes in practice training that are part of cultural-discursive relationships (the semantic space) and in power (the social space) are essential for a professional practice training.

Molecular phylogenies alone have failed to resolve evolutionary relationships of Nicotiana L. section Suaveolentes Goodsp. (Solanaceae), a section largely comprising Australian endemics. Comparative morphology of Suaveolentes is illustrated and characters, together with the chromosome number, coded for phylogenetic analysis. Morphological characters included discrete characters of seeds and trichomes studied by scanning electron and light microscopy, and gap-coded quantitative measurements of flowers and vegetative organs. These data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and splits network, and compared to and combined with molecular analyses based on published nuclear and chloroplast-DNA sequences. Among morphological characters, there was a high level of homoplasy, possibly attributable to convergent evolution, hybridisation and introgression, and the underlying polyploid origin of the group. There was some conflict between the morphological and molecular datasets; however, overall there was a level of concordance that identified a phylogenetic sequence of taxa that reflected a reduction in the chromosome number. With N. africana as the functional outgroup, analyses showed N. fragrans (New Caledonia and Tongatapu) and N. fatuhivensis (Marquesas islands, formerly N. fragrans var. fatuhivensis) to be a basal lineage in the Australian and South Pacific clade of Suaveolentes. N. forsteri (eastern mainland Australia, Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia) is the sister taxon to all other Australian species of Suaveolentes, which form a well supported monophyletic group. Within this Australian endemic group, species with a chromosome count of n = 24 or 23 are early lineages. Two clades with a reduced chromosome number are the ‘N. simulans clade’ (all taxa with n = 20) and the ‘N. suaveolens clade’ (n = 19, 18, 16, or 15). The position of N. cavicola (n = 20 or 23) is equivocal, and it and several other species require further study. Some widespread taxa require greater sampling of populations to test for variation in morphology, DNA sequences and chromosome number for further elucidation of the evolutionary history of Suaveolentes.

Plagiering betragtes normalt som en af dødssynderne i den akademiske verden, en form for videnskabelig uredelighed. For forskere kan plagiering have meget alvorlige karrieremæssige konsekvenser, fx tilbagekaldelse af akademiske grader og disciplinære sanktioner. I Tyskland har to ministre indenfor de senere år måttet træde tilbage efter at være blevet grebet i plagiering. Plagiering ser ud til at være et voksende problem og kontrollen er skærpet. Mange universiteter, forlag og tidskrifter har indført rutinemæssig plagiatkontrol. Efter en gennemgang af selve begrebet betydning og formelle regler i videnskabsetiske kodekser præsenteres og diskuteres forskellige etiske begrundelser for forbud mod plagiering. Tre positioner diskuteres. En naturretlig: åndelig ejendomsret, retten til viden, man selv har frembragt følger af retten til ”frugten af eget arbejde” (Locke), eller en ret, som er forudsætning for personens dannelse (Hegel). Den har svag støtte. En utilitaristisk – funktionalistisk begrundelse (Mill/ Merton): at plagiat undergraver videnskabernes anerkendelsesregime, der skal belønne efter præstation til gavn for vidensvækst. Den har stærkere støtte, om end funktionalitet kan være vanskelig at opnå og påvise i praksis. Dysfunktionalitet og perverse effekter, fx på grund af for stærkt publiceringspres, kan forekomme. Afslutningsvis inddrages Axel Honneths anerkendelsesteori op som et supplement og korrektiv til utilitarismen. ENGELSK ABSTRACT Heine Andersen: PLAGIARISM IN RESEARCH. Research ethical and sociological aspects Plagiarism is usually regarded as one of the deadly sins in science, a form of scientific misconduct. Plagiarism can have serious consequences for researcher careers, such as revocation of academic degrees and disciplinary sanctions. In recent years, two ministers in Germany had to resign after being caught in plagiarism. Plagiarism seems to be a growing problem, and many universities, publishers and scientific journals have introduced routine control for it. After a review of meaning and formal rules of ethical codes, this article discusses three ethical traditions, representing different reasons for prohibiting plagiarism. The first is natural law: a right to spiritual property, to knowledge that you yourself have generated. This is a right to “the fruit of one’s own labor” (John Locke), or that which is essential for the person’s self-realization (Hegel). There appears to be weak support for this position. The second is a utilitarian-functionalist reason (Mill/ Merton): plagiarism undermines the recognition regime in modern science, the principle of reward according to contribution to the growth of knowledge. This position has greater support, but it is often difficult to validate in practice. The strong pressure on researchers to publish may create dysfunctional and perverse effects. Finally, Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition theory is presented as a supplement and corrective to utilitarianism. Keywords: Plagiarism, scientific misconduct, research ethics.

Conhecida popularmente como pinguim-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus, se reproduz na Argentina, Chile e Ilhas Malvinas e, após, jovens e adultos migram para o norte, alcançando o litoral brasileiro. Grande número de indivíduos, a maioria jovens, chega ao Brasil, principalmente no inverno, em busca de alimento. A principal presa consumida por S. magellanicus durante a migração, no litoral brasileiro, são os cefalópodes. Por outro lado, no norte da patagônia Argentina, em período reprodutivo, os peixes constituem o item mais consumido, sendo Eugraulis anchoita a principal espécie ingerida. A helmintofauna gastrointestinal de S. magellanicus, nesta localidade, é constituída por cinco espécies: os nematoides, Cosmocephalus obvelatus e Contracaecum pelagicum, o acantocéfalo Corynosoma sp., o cestoide Tetrabothrius lutzi e o digenético Cardiocephaloides physalis. No Brasil, com exceção de C. obvelatus, foram registradas todas as citadas na Argentina, além dos digenéticos Mesostephanus odhneri, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa e Ascocotyle (P.) sp. No entanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada à relação parasita-hospedeiro. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar a composição e a estrutura da comunidade componente de helmintos do trato gastrointestinal, bem como, a dieta de S. magellanicus, frente à maturidade e à condição corporal, visando analisar a relação do parasitismo com as presas consumidas durante a migração pela costa sul do Brasil. Para tanto, foram examinados tratos gastrointestinais de pinguins-de-Magalhães, encontrados nas praias do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul durante os meses de junho, julho e agosto, em 2013 e 2014. Os helmintos foram coletados, processados rotineiramente e identificados até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Para cada espécie parasita, foram calculados e comparados estatisticamente os índices populacionais obtidos, tanto para jovens quanto para adultos, frente à condição corporal dos hospedeiros. A fim de analisar a composição das comunidades componentes de jovens e adultos, em diferentes condições corporais, foram listadas as espécies e, para avaliação da estrutura das comunidades calculou-se a riqueza, a abundância e os índices de diversidade de Brilloiun e dominância de Berger-Parker. Os itens alimentares foram separados e identificados ao menor nível taxonômico possível, e as frequências relativas de ocorrência (FO%) foram calculadas e comparadas. Foram analisados 63 pinguins-de-Magalhães, destes, 42 eram jovens, sendo 32 magros e dez com boa condição corporal, e 21 eram adultos, sendo dez magros e 11 em boa condição. A composição da comunidade componente de helmintos do trato gastrointestinal dos pinguins jovens foi similar à dos adultos, com seis espécies em comum. Duas outras espécies, consideradas raras pelos baixos valores dos índices populacionais, foram encontradas somente em pinguins jovens magros. No entanto, a estrutura dessas comunidades componentes diferiu. Os indivíduos magros, tanto jovens quanto adultos, apresentaram-se mais abundantemente parasitados. A dieta do pinguim-de-Magalhães foi constituída principalmente por peixes e cefalópodes, sendo as espécies com maior valor de FO% a anchova, E. anchoita, e a lula, Doryteuthis sanpaulensis. Os resultados, bem como a metodologia detalhada, são apresentados e discutidos no artigo intitulado “Relação da dieta e do parasitismo gastrointestinal com a condição corporal e a maturidade de pinguins-de-Magalhães, Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781) em período migratório no sul do Brasil”.
Popularly known as Magellan penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus breeds in Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands and, later, spring chicken and adults migrate northwards, reaching the Brazilian coast. Large numbers of spring chickens get to Brazil searching for food, mainly in winter. The main preys consumed by S. magellanicus are cephalopods, during the migration along the Brazilian coast. On the other hand, in Northern Argentinian Patagonia, fish is the most consumed item in the breeding season and Eugraulis anchoita, the species mainly ingested. In this location, gastrointestinal helminthfauna of S. magellanicus consists of five species: Nematodes Cosmocephalus obvelatus and Contracaecum pelagicum, acanthocephalan Corynosoma sp., cestode Tetrabothrius lutzi and digenetic Cardiocephaloides physalis. In Brazil, except for C. obvelatus, all species cited for Argentina were recorded, besides digenetics Mesostephanus odhneri, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and Ascocotyle (P.) sp. However, little attention has been given to the host-parasite relationship. In order to analyse the relationships of the parasitism with the prey ingested during the migration along Brazilian southern coast, the aim of this study is to evaluate the composition and structure of gastrointestinal helminths components communities of S. magellanicus, as well as, its diet, in relation to the maturity and body condition. Therefore, gastrointestinal tracts of Magellan penguins found along the coastal beaches of Rio Grande do Sul during the months of June, July and August in 2013 and 2014 were examined. The helminths were collected and processed routinely, and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. For each parasite species, the population indices obtained for both spring chickens and adults were calculated and statistically compared to the body condition of the hosts. The species were listed in order to analyse the composition of the helminth components communities of spring chickens and adults in different body conditions. In order to evaluate the structure of communities, It was calculated the richness, abundance and Brillouin diversity index and Berger-Parker dominance index. Food items were separated and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level, and the relative frequencies of occurrence (FO%) were calculated and compared. Sixty three Magellan penguins were analysed: 42 were spring chicken (32 underweight and ten with good body condition), and 21 were adults (ten underweight and eleven in good condition). The composition of gastrointestinal helminth components communities of spring chicken penguins was similar to adults, with six species in common. Two other species – considered rare due to its low population indices – were found only in underweight spring chicken penguins. However, the structure of these components communities differs. Underweight penguins, spring chicken and adults, presented higher levels of infection. Magellan penguin’s diet was mainly made up of fish and cephalopods, and the species with the highest value of FO% were: anchovy, E. anchoita, and squid, Doryteuthis sanpaulensis. The results, as well as the detailed methodology, are presented and discussed in the article entitled "Relationship among diet, gastrointestinal parasitism, body condition and maturity of Magellan penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster, 1781) in migratory period in the south of Brazil ".

This chapter analyses Bainbrigge’s Latin dialogue between two schoolboys, in which an older boy introduces the younger to the pleasures of sex. It explores Bainbrigge’s treatment of sex in the light of much less sexually frank contemporary examples of clandestine homoerotic writing (including E. M. Forster’s Maurice), and argues that Latin was crucial in allowing Bainbrigge to discuss homoerotic desires and acts in a frank, yet still coded manner. It explores parallel examples of Latin’s use as a homoerotic language and interrogates how Bainbrigge’s sexual vocabulary draws on classical Latin as well as a longer tradition of neo-Latin pornographic works. The chapter’s conclusion explores the queer temporality of Bainbrigge’s hybrid classical/modern world and his parody of erotic pedagogy. It also analyses Bainbrigge’s comments on the censorship of sex in the classical schoolroom, and on classical education more broadly.

Abstract In this chapter it is argued that key works of Forster’s articulate a nexus of concerns in which he employs the term ‘friend’ as code for homosexual lover. Anchored by this terminology, Forster navigates the problems of alterity and ethics through figures of unspeakability. The whole is overcoded in terms of an informal Christianity that is in constant dialogue with paganism and presented in a distinctly spectral register, one that accommodates all the various configurations demanded by this overdetermined—at times overwrought—matrix of concerns. Where Conrad deployed a phalanx of spectrality to manage the various concerns in his work, Forster uses surgical strikes, marking out specific elements in Maurice, ‘The Life to Come’, and A Passage to India as interconnected by presenting them under the common sign of the spectral. Central to this chapter is the illustration of how Forster uses spectral rhetoric to navigate the shoals of not just homosexuality, but race and eroticism, with a relentless focus on justice (and its conventionally British miscarriages). Borrowing from Cornell West, the whole is cast in terms that resonate throughout Forster’s oeuvre, as he outlines a vision of justice that is precisely ‘what love looks like in public’. For Forster, though, much of what he called love could not be publicly displayed (as evidenced in the delayed publication of Maurice and ‘The Life to Come’ only after his death). This temporal lag captures precisely the logic of tendential utopianism that adheres to modernist uses of spectrality.

A counter current LBE-Water heat exchanger is investigated with the system code TRACE with emphasize on the water side. Due to the liquid metal coolant on the outer side of the heat exchanger the present boundary conditions for the water side (pressure, mass flux, heat flux, etc.) might be out of range of normal LWR application and need therefore additional validation. The review of the physical models of TRACE, mainly the ones for pool boiling, indicated that these models might not be applicable to the present heat exchanger design. Alternative pool boiling models have been implemented into TRACE, namely the ones of Forster-Zuber and of Labuntsov. The comparison shows that the heat transfer coefficient of the original model is about 30% higher than with the alternative models but with a wall heat flux which is almost identical for the three models. This is caused by the much lower heat transfer coefficient on the LBE side which dictates the global heat transfer. The resulting wall temperature and the power which can be transferred from the hot LBE side to the water are lower for the alternative models. That indicates that with the standard model too optimistic results might be calculated.

This paper presents comparisons of the non-linear behaviours and the damping characteristics of rotors and stators. It assesses the differences between the linear FE predicted modeshapes and the measured operating deflection shapes (ODS) of rotors and stators of an axial compressor. The comparisons are between the experimental results obtained from the laboratory rig damping tests and the numerical nonlinear forced response analyses. The damping tests are performed using an experimental rig apparatus driven by piezoelectric and electromagnetic shakers. The forced response analyses are performed on the finite element (FE) models that simulate the laboratory rig configurations using in-house multi-harmonic balance non-linear forced response code named FORSE. Firstly, the measured resonant frequencies and ODS are compared against the predicted results. Moreover, some comparisons of the damping characteristics and local interactions at friction interfaces are discussed. Then, the FORSE predicted instantaneous displacements are examined to understand possible changes in ODS using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) technique. It was found that the instantaneous displacements predicted by FORSE are significantly different from the modeshapes predicted by the linear FE tool. These results suggest that the experimentally measured ODS of the components may also differ from linear FE results. The predicted normalised maximum alternating stresses are also shown to be different from the standard linear FE results due to the modal coupling effects between the neighbouring modes. These findings should alert the engineers about the possibilities of misinterpreting component vibration responses due to the changes in ODS.

The article is devoted to the research of lexical-semantic field “Food” based on the study and analysis of the vocabulary on the topic in the novels “The Forsyte Saga” and “Modern Comedy” by J. Galsworthy, as well as the menu of restaurants in modern Britain. The relevance of the article is in the study of the difference between the lexical-semantic fields, which allows to determine how the “food code” of the nation changed at a certain stage of the society development.