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Journal articles on the topic 'Coder'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Peter, Jochen, and Edmund Lauf. "Reliability in Cross-National Content Analysis." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79, no. 4 (December 2002): 815–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900404.

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Cross-national assessment of coding reliability and its methodological problems have largely been neglected. In an exploratory first study and a more elaborate second study, we investigated how coder characteristics such as language skills, political knowledge, coding experience, and coding certainty affected inter-coder and coder-trainer reliability. The second study showed that language skills influenced both reliability types, albeit mediated by coding certainty. Politically knowledgeable coders coded more reliably, while coding experience did not affect reliability. Overall, the results suggest that cross-national researchers pay more attention to cross-national assessment of reliability.

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2

Lei, Guo Wei, Yuan An Liu, and Xue Fang Xiao. "Threaded Space Time Code Design for CPM with Joint Decoding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 631-632 (September 2014): 847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.631-632.847.

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In the letter, a system of continuous phase modulation (CPM) with threaded space time codes (TSTC) is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output systems. In the system, source bits are coded via outer coder of Reed Solomon (RS). The codeword of which is suitable for TSTC design. Then inner coder mainly converts binary symbols into M-ary symbols for purpose of CPM. At receiver, Joint soft decoding approach is considered. Finally simulation results are provided for VBLAST, DBLAST, and TSTC as comparison.

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3

Painczyk, Heinrich, Sharief Hendricks, and Wilbur Kraak. "Intra and inter-reliability testing of a South African developed computerised notational system among Western Province Club Rugby Coaches." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (September 4, 2018): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118796368.

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The coach’s role is to enhance the performance of players through observing the performance, evaluating the performance, providing feedback on the performance and then implementing appropriate interventions to improve the performance. In coaching environments specifically, there can only be confidence in the data generated from computerised notational systems if the system provides reliable information and statistics. There are many systems on the market that are being utilised by amateur club rugby coaches and performance analysts; yet only a few have been tested for reliability. The aim of the study is to firstly, determine the inter- and intra-coder reliability of a South African developed computerised notational systems and secondly, to compare the coding proficiency of Western Province Rugby Union club coaches versus an experienced coder. Five club coaches with no prior experience of computerised notational systems or coding and one experienced coder participated in the study. The participants ( n = 6) each coded five international rugby matches and re-coded two of these matches to determine the intra-coder reliability. The reliability between the different coding agreements was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistic (К). The study revealed a good inter-coder agreement for all the performance indicators (К = 0.79) with the strongest agreement being for the set pieces (К = 0.93). Very good intra-coder reliability was also revealed for all the coders; there was a mean of К = 0.82. Comparing the club coach’s coding to the experienced coder showed a good mean agreement of К = 0.77. The study concluded that the EncodeProRX is a reliable computerised notational systems that can be accurately and consistently used in club rugby set-up.

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Cox, Melanna F., Greg J. Petrucci, Robert T. Marcotte, Brittany R. Masteller, John Staudenmayer, Patty S. Freedson, and John R. Sirard. "A Novel Video-Based Direct Observation System for Assessing Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Children and Young Adults." Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2019-0015.

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Purpose: Develop a direct observation (DO) system to serve as a criterion measure for the calibration of models applied to free-living (FL) accelerometer data. Methods: Ten participants (19.4 ± 0.8 years) were video-recorded during four, one-hour FL sessions in different settings: 1) school, 2) home, 3) community, and 4) physical activity. For each setting, 10-minute clips from three randomly selected sessions were extracted and coded by one expert coder and up to 20 trained coders using the Observer XT software (Noldus, Wageningen, the Netherlands). The coder defines each whole-body movement which was further described with three modifiers: 1) locomotion, 2) activity type, and 3) MET value (used to categorize intensity level). Percent agreement was calculated for intra- and inter-rater reliability. For intra-rater reliability, the criterion coder coded all 12 clips twice, separated by at least one week between coding sessions. For inter-rater reliability, coded clips by trained coders were compared to the expert coder. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated to assess the agreement of intensity category for intra- and inter-rater comparisons described above. Results: For intra-rater reliability, mean percent agreement ranged from 91.9 ± 3.9% to 100.0 ± 0.0% across all variables in all settings. For inter-rater reliability, mean percent agreement ranged from 88.2 ± 3.5% to 100.0 ± 0.0% across all variables in all settings. ICCs for intensity category ranged from 0.74–1.00 and 0.81–1.00 for intra- and inter-rater comparisons, respectively. Conclusion: The DO system is reliable and feasible to serve as a criterion measure of FL physical activity in young adults to calibrate accelerometers, subsequently improving interpretation of surveillance and intervention research.

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5

Beresford, Melissa, Amber Wutich, Margaret V. du Bray, Alissa Ruth, Rhian Stotts, Cindi SturtzSreetharan, and Alexandra Brewis. "Coding Qualitative Data at Scale: Guidance for Large Coder Teams Based on 18 Studies." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (January 2022): 160940692210758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221075860.

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We outline a process for using large coder teams (10 + coders) to code large-scale qualitative data sets. The process reflects experience recruiting and managing large teams of novice and trainee coders for 18 projects in the last decade, each engaging a coding team of 12 (minimum) to 54 (maximum) coders. We identify four unique challenges to large coder teams that are not presently discussed in the methodological literature: (1) recruiting and training coders, (2) providing coder compensation and incentives, (3) maintaining data quality and ensuring coding reliability at scale, and (4) building team cohesion and morale. For each challenge, we provide associated guidance. We conclude with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of large coder teams for qualitative research and provide notes of caution for anyone considering hiring and/or managing large coder teams for research (whether in academia, government and non-profit sectors, or industry).

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6

Antini, Carmen, Danuta Rajs, María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada, Boris Andrés Lucero Mondaca, and Gerardo Heiss. "Reliability of cause of death coding: an international comparison." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, no. 7 (July 2015): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00099814.

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This study evaluates the agreement of nosologic coding of cardiovascular causes of death between a Chilean coder and one in the United States, in a stratified random sample of death certificates of persons aged ≥ 60, issued in 2008 in the Valparaíso and Metropolitan regions, Chile. All causes of death were converted to ICD-10 codes in parallel by both coders. Concordance was analyzed with inter-coder agreement and Cohen’s kappa coefficient by level of specification ICD-10 code for the underlying cause and the total causes of death coding. Inter-coder agreement was 76.4% for all causes of death and 80.6% for the underlying cause (agreement at the four-digit level), with differences by the level of specification of the ICD-10 code, by line of the death certificate, and by number of causes of death per certificate. Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.76 (95%CI: 0.68-0.84) for the underlying cause and 0.75 (95%CI: 0.74-0.77) for the total causes of death. In conclusion, causes of death coding and inter-coder agreement for cardiovascular diseases in two regions of Chile are comparable to an external benchmark and with reports from other countries.

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7

Subotin, Michael, and Anthony R. Davis. "A method for modeling co-occurrence propensity of clinical codes with application to ICD-10-PCS auto-coding." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 5 (February 17, 2016): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv201.

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Abstract Objective Natural language processing methods for medical auto-coding, or automatic generation of medical billing codes from electronic health records, generally assign each code independently of the others. They may thus assign codes for closely related procedures or diagnoses to the same document, even when they do not tend to occur together in practice, simply because the right choice can be difficult to infer from the clinical narrative. Methods We propose a method that injects awareness of the propensities for code co-occurrence into this process. First, a model is trained to estimate the conditional probability that one code is assigned by a human coder, given than another code is known to have been assigned to the same document. Then, at runtime, an iterative algorithm is used to apply this model to the output of an existing statistical auto-coder to modify the confidence scores of the codes. Results We tested this method in combination with a primary auto-coder for International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 procedure codes, achieving a 12% relative improvement in F -score over the primary auto-coder baseline. The proposed method can be used, with appropriate features, in combination with any auto-coder that generates codes with different levels of confidence. Conclusions The promising results obtained for International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 procedure codes suggest that the proposed method may have wider applications in auto-coding.

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8

El-Hageen, Hazem M., Aadel M. Alatwi, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Laser measured rate equations with various transmission coders for optimum of data transmission error rates." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i3.pp1406-1412.

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<p> </p><p>The present study has outlined laser-measured rate equations with various transmission coders for optimum data transmission error rates. Various modulation transmission coders are employed, such as a pulse position modulation coder, a differential pulse intensity modulation coder, and a four band/five band modulation transmission coder, in order to create optimized data rates of up to 40 GB/s for a fiber extension length of up to 100 km. This study has emphasized the important role of pulse position modulation transmission coders, which exhibit superior performance in max. Q parameter and min. data error rates, even for high data rate transmission. </p>

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9

Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Joshua Krusell, Juraj Medzihorsky, Josefine Pernes, Svend-Erik Skaaning, et al. "The Methodology of “Varieties of Democracy” (V-Dem)1." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 143, no. 1 (July 2019): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106319854989.

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This article describes and discusses the new generation of methodological responses to measuring democracy and related issues generated by Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). V-Dem is distinct in several regards in addition to its unique level of disaggregation, by the combination of: historical data extending back to 1900 and for a large selection among them to 1789 for many countries in the world; use of multiple, independent coders for each evaluative question; inter-coder reliability tests incorporated into a custom designed Bayesian item-response theory measurement model; provision of confidence bounds for all point estimates associated with expert-coded questions as well as for all indices; multiple indices reflecting varying theories of democracy; fully transparent aggregation procedures; and that all data are made freely available, including original coder-level judgments (exclusive of any personal identifying information).

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10

KUMARI, R. SHANTHA SELVA, R. SURIYA PRABHA, and V. SADASIVAM. "ECG SIGNAL CODING USING BIORTHOGONAL WAVELET-BASED BURROWS–WHEELER CODER." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 09, no. 02 (March 2011): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691311004079.

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Wavelets are the powerful tool for signal processing especially bio-signal processing. Wavelet transform is used to represent the signal to some other time frequency representation better suited for detecting and removing redundancies. In this paper, electrocardiogram (ECG) signal coding using biorthogonal wavelet-based Burrows–Wheeler Coder is discussed. Biorthogonal wavelet transform is used to decompose the ECG signal. Then the Burrows–Wheeler Coder is applied in order to compress the decomposed ECG signal. The Burrows–Wheeler Coder is the combination of Burrows–Wheeler Transformation (BWT), Move-to-Front (MTF) coder and Huffman coder. Compression Ratio (CR) and Percent Root mean square Difference (PRD) are used as performance measures. ECG signals/records from MIT-BIH arrhythmic database are used to evaluate the performance of this coder. This algorithm is tested with 25 different records from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and obtained the average PRD as 0.0307% to 3.8706% for the average CR of 3.6362 : 1 to 280.48 : 1. For record 117, the CR of 8.1638 : 1 is achieved with PRD 0.1652%. This experimental results show that this coder outperforms other coders such as Djohn, EZW, SPIHT, Novel algorithm etc. that exist in the literature in terms of coding efficiency and computation.

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P, Shahnas. "Performance Analysis of Regular and Irregular LDPC Codes on SPIHT Coded Image Data." International Journal of Computer Communication and Informatics 2, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijcci2021.

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The LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code) has Shown interesting results for transmitting embedded bit streams over noisy communication channels. Performance comparison of regular and irregular LDPC codes with SPIHT coded image is done here. Different Error Sensitive classes of image data are obtained by using SPIHT algorithm as an image coder. Irregular LDPC codes map the more important class of data into a higher degree protection class to provide more protection. Different degree protection classes of an LDPC code improves the overall performance of data transmission against channel errors. Simulation results show the superiority of irregular LDPC over regular LDPC codes.

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12

Gologorsky, Yakov, John J. Knightly, Yi Lu, John H. Chi, and Michael W. Groff. "Improving discharge data fidelity for use in large administrative databases." Neurosurgical Focus 36, no. 6 (June 2014): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.3.focus1459.

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Object Large administrative databases have assumed a major role in population-based studies examining health care delivery. Lumbar fusion surgeries specifically have been scrutinized for rising rates coupled with ill-defined indications for fusion such as stenosis and spondylosis. Administrative databases classify cases with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). The ICD-9-CM discharge codes are not designated by surgeons, but rather are assigned by trained hospital medical coders. It is unclear how accurately they capture the surgeon's indication for fusion. The authors first sought to compare the ICD-9-CM code(s) assigned by the medical coder according to the surgeon's indication based on a review of the medical chart, and then to elucidate barriers to data fidelity. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of all lumbar fusions performed in the Department of Neurosurgery at the authors' institution between August 1, 2011, and August 31, 2013. Based on this review, the indication for fusion in each case was categorized as follows: spondylolisthesis, deformity, tumor, infection, nonpathological fracture, pseudarthrosis, adjacent-level degeneration, stenosis, degenerative disc disease, or disc herniation. These surgeon diagnoses were compared with the primary ICD-9-CM codes that were generated by the medical coders and submitted to administrative databases. A follow-up interview with the hospital's coders and coding manager was undertaken to review causes of error and suggestions for future improvement in data fidelity. Results There were 178 lumbar fusion operations performed in the course of 170 hospital admissions. There were 44 hospitalizations in which fusion was performed for tumor, infection, or nonpathological fracture. Of these, the primary diagnosis matched the surgical indication for fusion in 98% of cases. The remaining 126 hospitalizations were for degenerative diseases, and of these, the primary ICD-9-CM diagnosis matched the surgeon's diagnosis in only 61 (48%) of 126 cases of degenerative disease. When both the primary and all secondary ICD-9-CM diagnoses were considered, the indication for fusion was identified in 100 (79%) of 126 cases. Still, in 21% of hospitalizations, the coder did not identify the surgical diagnosis, which was in fact present in the chart. There are many different causes of coding inaccuracy and data corruption. They include factors related to the quality of documentation by the physicians, coder training and experience, and ICD code ambiguity. Conclusions Researchers, policymakers, payers, and physicians should note these limitations when reviewing studies in which hospital claims data are used. Advanced domain-specific coder training, increased attention to detail and utilization of ICD-9-CM diagnoses by the surgeon, and improved direction from the surgeon to the coder may augment data fidelity and minimize coding errors. By understanding sources of error, users of these large databases can evaluate their limitations and make more useful decisions based on them.

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Kassim, Noordiana, Yusri Yusof, Nazri Mohd Nawi, and Mohd Zakiyamani Awang. "The Development of New STEP-NС Code Generator (Milling STEP Coder)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.667.

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This research explored ISO 14649 together with ISO 6983 and utilize STEP-NC in overcoming the problems of G & M code and at the same time take advantage of the current advances in computing and controllers. A new STEP-NC Code Generator called Milling STEP Coder, which focuses on the milling process that are able to generate STEP-NC codes based on ISO 14649 Part 11 was developed. This system also has the capabilities to visualize the STEP-NC codes generated in a parent to child relationship tree-view structure, as well as give an image visualization of how the end machining will appears. The developed Milling STEP Coder uses Software Prototyping Model as its software development methodology, instead of the normal waterfall model, as prototype is a valuable mechanism for gaining better understanding of the system requirements. A small-scale mock up of the system was developed following an iterative modification process. The advantages of the proposed Milling STEP Coder program was verified and evaluated. The Milling STEP Coder can generates STEP-NC codes through a STEP-NC compliant interface and will give industries and academician more in-depth understanding and confidence to make the switch from G & M code to STEP-NC.

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Torres, S., and F. J. Casajús-Quirós. "Vocal system phase coder for sinusoidal speech coders." Electronics Letters 33, no. 20 (1997): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19971139.

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15

Kleijn, Willem Bastiaan, and Dror Nahumi. "RCELP Coder." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (1998): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424307.

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16

Ozawa, Kazunori. "Speech coder." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, no. 4 (April 1994): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.408593.

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17

Yamashita, Yukihiko. "Arithmetic Coder." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 66, no. 1 (2012): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.66.65.

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18

Ishino, Toshiyuki. "Audio coder." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 1 (July 1997): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.419822.

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19

Logan, Ellen, Maria O'Neill, and Corrie Martin. "Coder Educator: The Way Forward." Health Information Management 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830303100207.

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The introduction of a new Coder Educator position in the Coding Unit at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, has been a key strategy in the development and maintenance of a skilled coding workforce, the improvement of the level of knowledge of the coding staff, and the provision of a career structure for clinical coders. In this report, the experience is related from the perspectives of the Coding Manager and the Coder Educator.

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Marichal, X., M. P. Queluz, and B. Macq. "Generic coder for binary sources: the M-coder." Electronics Letters 31, no. 7 (March 30, 1995): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19950358.

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21

Ulacha, Grzegorz, and Ryszard Stasinski. "Entropy Coder for Audio Signals." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2015-0029.

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Abstract In the paper an effective entropy coder designed for coding of prediction errors of audio signals is presented. The coder is implemented inside a greater structure, which signal modeling part is a lossless coding backward adaptation algorithm consisting of cascaded Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), three Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS), and prediction error bias correction sections. The technique performance is compared to that of four other lossless codecs, including MPEG-4 Audio Lossless (ALS) one, and it is shown that indeed, on the average the new method is the best. The entropy coder is an advanced context adaptive Golomb one followed by two context adaptive arithmetic coders.

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Syafrawati, Syafrawati, Rizanda Machmud, Prof Syed Mohammed Aljunid, and Rima Semiarty. "INCIDENCE AND ROOT CAUSE OF UPCODING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE IN RURAL PROVINCE HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA." Asia Pacific Fraud Journal 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v5i1.135.

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Upcoding is one of important indicators of moral hazard and fraud in Social Health Insurance scheme. However, there seems to be little evidence about incidence of upcoding and how upcoding occurs in hospital, especially in rural province hospital. The objective of this study is to determine incidence and root cause of upcoding in the implementation of Social Health Insurance in Rural Province Hospital in Indonesia. The data used in this study were both qualitative and quantitative data (mixed method). Three hundred and sixty (360) inpatient medical records from six rural province hospitals were examined in this study. Diagnosis and procedure codes recorded in these medical records were re-coded by an independent senior coder (ISC). Codes from hospitals’ coders and codes from ISC were then re-grouped using INA-CBG casemix grouper to determine the casemix groups and the hospital tariffs. If the hospital tariff obtained by hospital coder is higher than that obtained by ISC, it is considered as upcoding. This qualitative study was conducted using Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews in hospitals located in a rural province of Indonesia. In depth interview was held for two hospital directors and two officers from the Social Security Administrator (Indonesia: BadanPenyelenggaraJaminanSosial/BPJS), an agent that manages the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI). Six clinicians and six coders attended the FGD. We asked open-ended questions about their perceptions on upcoding in hospitals. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were then thematically analyzed. Upcoding cases were found in 11.9% (43/360) medical records. Upcoding cases were dominated by Deliveries Group 2.8% (10/360) and Female reproductive system Groups 1.7% (6/360). The potential loss of income due to upcoding was IDR 154.626.000 or 9% of hospital revenue. Appointment of non-medical doctors as internal verifiers, lack of clear coding guidelines, lack of training for doctors and coders, and poor coordination between hospital and BPJS to resolve coding disagreement were root causes of upcoding in hospital. Policies to prevent and manage upcoding should be urgently developed and implemented in the Statutory Health Insurance (SHI) program in Indonesia especially to prepare upcoding guidelines, enhance medical coding trainingregularly, increase number of coders and verification staff from medical background, and strengthen coordination for coding problem solving in hospital.

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Walker, Sue. "National Coder Workforce Issues Project — Update on Coder Accreditation." Health Information Management 25, no. 1 (March 1995): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335839502500113.

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Sloos, Marjoleine. "Accent-induced coder bias." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 13, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.1.03slo.

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Recent research has shown that speech perception can easily be influenced by the overall accent of the speaker. This paper investigates whether such accentinduced bias also occurs in speech transcription by professional and linguistically trained coders and to what extent such a bias may affect linguistic analyses. We compare the transcriptions of the Bären vowel in Standard German with the acoustic values of these vowels, as well as sociolinguistic analyses based on both of these. The results of the two analyses turn out to be considerably different. Further examination shows that the coders only partly relied on the acoustic values. The residual does not consist of random errors, but correlate with the degree of accentedness of the speakers. We conclude that this accent-induced coder bias led the coders to transcribe the codings according to their expectations about the pronunciation in the local dialect – expectations that were quite different from the acoustic reality.

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Mikhaylov, Slava, Michael Laver, and Kenneth R. Benoit. "Coder Reliability and Misclassification in the Human Coding of Party Manifestos." Political Analysis 20, no. 1 (2012): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr047.

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The Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP) provides the only time series of estimated party policy positions in political science and has been extensively used in a wide variety of applications. Recent work (e.g., Benoit, Laver, and Mikhaylov 2009; Klingemann et al. 2006) focuses on nonsystematic sources of error in these estimates that arise from the text generation process. Our concern here, by contrast, is with error that arises during the text coding process since nearly all manifestos are coded only once by a single coder. First, we discuss reliability and misclassification in the context of hand-coded content analysis methods. Second, we report results of a coding experiment that used trained human coders to code sample manifestos provided by the CMP, allowing us to estimate the reliability of both coders and coding categories. Third, we compare our test codings to the published CMP “gold standard” codings of the test documents to assess accuracy and produce empirical estimates of a misclassification matrix for each coding category. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of coding misclassification on the CMP's most widely used index, its left-right scale. Our findings indicate that misclassification is a serious and systemic problem with the current CMP data set and coding process, suggesting the CMP scheme should be significantly simplified to address reliability issues.

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Jamieson, Donald G., Vijay Parsa, Moneca C. Price, and James Till. "Interaction of Speech Coders and Atypical Speech II." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 4 (August 2002): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/055).

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We investigated how standard speech coders, currently used in modern communication systems, affect the quality of the speech of persons who have common speech and voice disorders. Three standardized speech coders (GSM 6.10 RPELTP, FS1016 CELP, and FS1015 LPC) and two speech coders based on subband processing were evaluated for their performance. Coder effects were assessed by measuring the quality of speech samples both before and after processing by the speech coders. Speech quality was rated by 10 listeners with normal hearing on 28 different scales representing pitch and loudness changes, speech rate, laryngeal and resonatory dysfunction, and coder-induced distortions. Results showed that (a) nine scale items were consistently and reliably rated by the listeners; (b) all coders degraded speech quality on these nine scales, with the GSM and CELP coders providing the better quality speech; and (c) interactions between coders and individual voices did occur on several voice quality scales.

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Walker, D., and K. Rao. "Motion-Compensated Coder." IEEE Transactions on Communications 35, no. 11 (November 1987): 1171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096703.

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Lenglet, Marc. "Coder, décoder, recoder ?" Revue Française de Gestion 43, no. 269 (November 2017): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rfg.2017.00202.

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Slattery, M. J., and J. L. Mitchell. "The Qx-coder." IBM Journal of Research and Development 42, no. 6 (November 1998): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.426.0767.

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30

Atal, Bishnu S., and Joel R. Remde. "Digital speech coder." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, no. 4 (October 1988): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.397204.

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Abdulhamid, Mohanad, and Mbugua Thairu. "Performance Analysis of Turbo Codes Over AWGN Channel." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sbeef-2019-0009.

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AbstractTurbo coding is a very powerful error correction technique that has made a tremendous impact on channel coding in the past two decades. It outperforms most known coding schemes by achieving near Shannon limit error correction using simple component codes and large interleavers. This paper investigates the turbo coder in detail. It presents a design and a working model of the error correction technique using Simulink, a companion softwareto MATLAB. Finally, graphical and tabular results are presented to show that the designed turbo coder works as expected.

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Nghia, Tran Van, Le Van Ky, Tran Minh Hai, and Le Thi Trang Linh. "EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF FPGA-BASED FORWARD ERROR CORRECTING COMBINATION AND BIT TO CELL WORD DE-MULTIPLEXER FOR A SECOND GENERATION DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISION BROADCASTING SYSTEM." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, no. 2 (2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-2-18-21.

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This article focus on the implementation of FEC part. The motivation of the design is that FEC is an effective tool to mitigate problems associated with OFDM which stem from multipath fading channel, high speed data rate. One of the key features of BCH codes is that during code design, there is a precise control over the number of symbol errors that are correctable by the code. BCH coder proccesses parralelly with high-speed operation. 8-bit parallel data input and output helps to maximize the throughput. DVB-T2 used LDPC coder, as inner codes with word length up to 64,800 bits, enabling significant proximity to Shannon limit. This encoder supports all code rates and both normal and short frames. Output of LDPC encoder is interleaved with bit interleaver. This project was fully optimized for speed and memory area, fully synchronized by using a single clock. The design was coded in VHDL, synthesized by using Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7. The design has been tested on development Kit NetFPGA-1G-CML of Digilent Corporation and the bit map was downloaded into Xilinx Kintex-7 XC7K325T-1FFG676, which is integrated on experimental transmitter system DVB-T2. This research product belong to program “Research of experimental testing of second generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting system DVB-T2” of Vietnamese Communications Television Development JSC.

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Abdulla, Suha, Natalie Simon, Kelvin Woodhams, Carla Hayman, Mohamed Oumar, Lucy Rose Howroyd, and Gulshan Cindy Sethi. "Improving the quality of clinical coding and payments through student doctor–coder collaboration in a tertiary haematology department." BMJ Open Quality 9, no. 1 (March 2020): e000723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000723.

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Hospitals within the UK are paid for services provided by ‘Payment-by-Results’. In a system that rewards productivity, effective collaboration between coders and clinicians is crucial. However, clinical coding is frequently error prone and has been shown to impact negatively on departmental revenue. Our aim was to increase the median number of diagnostic codes per sickle cell inpatient admission at Guy’s Hospital by 3. Three interventions were implemented using the Plan, Do, Study, Act structure. This consisted of student doctors searching for diagnoses along with comorbidities that clinical coders had missed, distributing laminated cards with common clinical codes and implementing discharge pro formas. Through auditing, student doctors generated a total of £58 813 over 16 weeks. We observed an increase in the median number of codes by ≥2 additional codes. We improved coding accuracy where we identified errors in an average of 32.5% of admissions each month, improving the quality of patient documentation. We have demonstrated student doctor involvement in clinical coding as a potentially sustainable means of achieving accurate payment for services provided; increasing departmental revenue. We are the first to report the efficacy of student–coder collaboration in improving the accuracy of clinical coding.

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Di Prospero, Carolina. "SUBJETIVIDADES TECNOARTÍSTICAS: INTERVENCIÓN IMAGINATIVA." De Signos y Sentidos, no. 20 (October 1, 2019): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/ss.v0i20.8497.

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El objeto de estudio en este trabajo es el Live Coding, expresión musical digital desarrollada por un colectivo artistas computacionales, programando música en vivo. El live coder como programador artista, dialoga en un ida y vuelta con el lenguaje de programación que utiliza en sus performances, a través de la manipulación de los códigos en vivo (on the fly). En ese diálogo se produce la intervención imaginativa que los constituye como live coders: híbrido lenguaje–artista constituido en el momento de la improvisación. La intención exploratoria y experiencial caracteriza esta práctica tecnoartística. El artista y el software se hacen uno, se confunden, y los códigos tipeados en ese aquí y ahora se proyectan sobre el cuerpo del live coder, quien los porta como una máscara que los cubre durante toda la performance. En este artículo se aborda la subjetividad live coder: como artista computacional, como agente activo que subsume varios roles en una misma persona buscando eliminar las barreras entre quienes crean los lenguajes de programación y quienes ejecutan la música. Asímismo se analizará cómo a partir de la improvisación de la música algorítmica, los live coders construyen tanto su expresión artística como su autocomprensión como programadores artistas.

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Ulacha, Grzegorz, Ryszard Stasiński, and Cezary Wernik. "Extended Multi WLS Method for Lossless Image Coding." Entropy 22, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22090919.

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In this paper, the most efficient (from data compaction point of view) and current image lossless coding method is presented. Being computationally complex, the algorithm is still more time efficient than its main competitors. The presented cascaded method is based on the Weighted Least Square (WLS) technique, with many improvements introduced, e.g., its main stage is followed by a two-step NLMS predictor ended with Context-Dependent Constant Component Removing. The prediction error is coded by a highly efficient binary context arithmetic coder. The performance of the new algorithm is compared to that of other coders for a set of widely used benchmark images.

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Arzumanyan, R. V. "Arithmetic coder optimization for compressing images obtained through remote probing of water bodies." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2019-19-1-86-92.

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Introduction.The fast program algorithm of arithmetic coding proposed in the paper is for the compression of digital images. It is shown how the complexity of the arithmetic coder algorithm depends on the complexity measures (the input size is not considered). In the course of work, the most computationally complex parts of the arithmetic coder algorithm are determined. Performance optimization of their software implementation is carried out. Codecs with the new algorithm compress photo and video records obtained through the remote probing of water bodies without frame-to-frame difference.Materials and Methods.In the presented paper, a selection of satellite images of the Azov Sea area was used. At this, the software algorithm of the arithmetic coder was optimized; a theoretical study was conducted; and a computational experiment was performed.Research Results.The performance of the software implementation of the arithmetic coder is increased by the example of the VP9 video codec. Numerous launches of reference and modified codecs were made to measure the runtime. Comparison of the average time of their execution showed that the modified codec performance is 5.21% higher. The overall performance improvement for arithmetic decoding was 7.33%.Discussion and Conclusions.Increase in the speed of the latest digital photo and video image compression algorithms allows them to be used on mobile computing platforms, also as part of the onboard electronics of unmanned aerial vehicles. The theoretical results of this work extend tools of the average-case complexity analysis of the algorithm. They can be used in case where the number of algorithm steps depends not only on the input size, but also on non-measurable criteria (for example, on the common RAM access scheme from parallel processors).

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LI, JIN, HEUNG-YEUNG SHUM, and YA-QIN ZHANG. "ON THE COMPRESSION OF IMAGE BASED RENDERING SCENE: A COMPARISON AMONG BLOCK, REFERENCE AND WAVELET CODERS." International Journal of Image and Graphics 01, no. 01 (January 2001): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467801000050.

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In image based rendering (IBR), a 3D scene is recorded through a set of photos which is then rendered to form novel views. Compression is essential to reduce the huge data amount of IBR. In this paper, we examine three categories of IBR compression algorithms: the block coder, the reference coder and the wavelet coder. We examine both the compression efficiency and the capability to render the compressed IBR bitstream in real-time. It is observed that the block coder consumes the least computation resource, however, its compression ratio is low. The reference coder achieves good compression ratio with reasonable computation complexity. The wavelet coder achieves the best compression ratio.

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Babcock, Julia C., and Josilyn C. Banks. "Interobserver agreement and the effects of ethnicity on observational coding of affect." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, no. 9 (October 7, 2018): 2842–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407518803474.

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Objectives: The Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) is a reliable system for coding observed affect but few studies have tested its generalizability and susceptibility to bias. Methods: The current study compared highly trained African American and Caucasian coders’ scores when coding the same videos of African American and Caucasian American couples. Results: While it was hypothesized that Caucasian Americans may code African America couples as being more aggressive and less positive based on stereotypes, results revealed a significant Ethnicity of Coder × Ethnicity of Couple interaction on the “neutral” code only. Both African American and Caucasian coders tended to rate out-group couples as being less neutral and showing less interest than in-group couples. No other emotion was identified as being over-coded in lieu of neutral, however. Conclusion: Results suggest a subtle bias in SPAFF coding. Adding a diversity component to the SPAFF training and recruiting diverse coders is recommended.

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Gouvianakis, Nikolaos, and Costas Xydeas. "Multi‐pulse speech coder." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 5 (November 1992): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.404305.

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Groom, Andrea. "Making a Quality Start: A Coder Orientation Program." Health Information Management 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830303100209.

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Orienting new clinical coders to the hospital's case mix should be a basic function of the organisation's Coding Service. After much trial and error, Southern Health Coding and Casemix Services has devised an orientation program that brings together, in a structured and logical manner, all the elements a coder needs to know. This article describes the current coding orientation program.

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Jenkins, Valerie, Ivonne Solis-Trapala, Carolyn Langridge, Susan Catt, Denis C. Talbot, and Lesley J. Fallowfield. "What Oncologists Believe They Said and What Patients Believe They Heard: An Analysis of Phase I Trial Discussions." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.30.0814.

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Purpose Evaluation of the communication and informed consent process in phase I clinical trial interviews to provide authentic, practice-based content for inclusion in a communication skills training intervention for health care professionals. Patients and Methods Seventeen oncologists and 52 patients from five United Kingdom cancer centers consented to recording of phase I trial discussions. Following each consultation, clinicians completed questionnaires indicating areas they felt they had discussed, and researchers conducted semistructured interviews with patients examining their recall and understanding. Patients and oncologists also completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised questionnaire, measuring predisposition toward optimism. Independent researchers coded the consultations identifying discussion of key information areas and how well this was done. Observed levels of agreement were analyzed for each consultation between oncologist-coder, oncologist-patient, and patient-coder pairs. Results In several key areas, information was either missing or had been explained but was interpreted incorrectly by patients. Discussion of prognosis was a frequent omission, with patients and coders significantly more likely to agree that oncologists had not discussed it (odds, 4.8; P < .001). In contrast, coders and oncologists were more likely to agree that alternate care plans to phase I trial entry had been explained (odds, 2.5; P = .023). Conclusion These data indicate that fundamental components of communication and information sharing about phase I trial participation are often missing from interviews. Important omissions included discussion of prognosis and ensuring patient understanding about supportive care. These findings will inform educational initiatives to assist communication about phase I trials.

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Cariola, Laura A. "Assessing the inter-coder reliability of the Body Type Dictionary (BTD)." ICAME Journal 38, no. 1 (April 28, 2014): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icame-2014-0001.

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Abstract Computer-assisted content analysis has many advantages compared to a manual scoring system, provided that computerised dictionaries represent valid and reliable measures. This study aimed to assess the inter-coder reliability, alternate- form reliability and scoring consistency of the Body Type Dictionary (BTD) (Wilson 2006) based on Fisher and Cleveland’s (1956, 1958) manual body boundary scoring scheme. The results indicated an acceptable inter-coder agreement with barrier and penetration imagery in the sub-sample (N = 53) of manually coded Rorschach responses. Additionally manually coded scores showed an acceptable correlation with the computerised frequency counts, and thus indicating an alternate-form reliability. In the full data set (N = 526), barrier imagery in the Rorschach responses only correlated with the picture response test, showing low scoring consistency, which might disconfirm the notion of body boundary awareness representing a stable personality trait but instead it might be dependent on the level of cognitive dedifferentiation.

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Li, Qiang, Xiao Hong Zhang, Xu Jiu Xia, and Hao Ran Zhang. "A 2.4kb/s Speech Coder with Improved Analysis and Synthesis Based on MELP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1264.

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This paper describes a speech coder which has an input signal frame interval of 20ms percent in duration, contains 160 voice samples (8,000 samples/s) and 48 bits. A key feature of the coder is a novel Line Spectral Frequencies (LSF) quantization scheme, requiring only 19 bits per frame. This new coder, through algorithmic improvements, enhanced quantization techniques and new harmonic synthesis method, produces better speech quality at 2.4 kb/s transnission rate than the new U.S. Federal Standard MELP coder.

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Mitchell, Jennifer, and Leanne Holmes. "Accredited Clinical Coder Examination 1996 Results." Health Information Management 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335839702600410.

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In September 1996, 148 candidates sat for the first Australian Clinical Coder (ACC) accreditation examination at 19 sites across Australia and New Zealand. This event was an important milestone for clinical coders in Australia. Around one third of the candidates who sat for the exam gained accreditation. The results show that the candidates who were most likely to be successful in gaining accreditation: worked in public hospitals (of any size) or private hospitals with more than 150 beds spent 25 hours or more each week on coding or coding-related activities had been coding for three or more years. The greatest percentage of successful candidates had been coding for 10 or more years.

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Glory, V., and S. Domnic. "Re-Ordered FEGC and Block Based FEGC for Inverted File Compression." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2013010105.

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Data compression has been widely used in many Information Retrieval based applications like web search engines, digital libraries, etc. to enable the retrieval of data to be faster. In these applications, universal codes (Elias codes (EC), Fibonacci code (FC), Rice code (RC), Extended Golomb code (EGC), Fast Extended Golomb code (FEGC) etc.) have been preferably used than statistical codes (Huffman codes, Arithmetic codes etc). Universal codes are easy to be constructed and decoded than statistical codes. In this paper, the authors have proposed two methods to construct universal codes based on the ideas used in Rice code and Fast Extended Golomb Code. One of the authors’ methods, Re-ordered FEGC, can be suitable to represent small, middle and large range integers where Rice code works well for small and middle range integers. It is also competing with FC, EGC and FEGC in representing small, middle and large range integers. But it could be faster in decoding than FC, EGC and FEGC. The authors’ another coder, Block based RFEGC, uses local divisor rather than global divisor to improve the performance (both compression and decompression) of RFEGC. To evaluate the performance of the authors’ coders, the authors have applied their methods to compress the integer values of the inverted files constructed from TREC, Wikipedia and FIRE collections. Experimental results show that their coders achieve better performance (both compression and decompression) for those files which contain significant distribution of middle and large range integers.

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Wang, Cheng, Chenlong Yao, Pengfei Chen, Jiamin Shi, Zhe Gu, and Zheying Zhou. "Artificial Intelligence Algorithm with ICD Coding Technology Guided by the Embedded Electronic Medical Record System in Medical Record Information Management." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3293457.

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The study aims to explore the application of international classification of diseases (ICD) coding technology and embedded electronic medical record (EMR) system. The study established an EMR information knowledge system and collected the data of patient medical records and disease diagnostic codes on the front pages of 8 clinical departments of endocrinology, oncology, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, neurosurgery, and cardiovascular medicine for statistical analysis. Natural language processing-bidirectional recurrent neural network (NLP-BIRNN) algorithm was used to optimize medical records. The results showed that the coder was not clear about the basic rules of main diagnosis selection and the classification of disease coding and did not code according to the main diagnosis principles. The disease was not coded according to different conditions or specific classification, the code of postoperative complications was inaccurate, the disease diagnosis was incomplete, and the code selection was too general. The solutions adopted were as follows: communication and knowledge training should be strengthened for coders and medical personnel. BIRNN was compared with the convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) in accuracy, symptom accuracy, and symptom recall, and it suggested that the proposed BIRNN has higher value. Pathological language reading under artificial intelligence algorithm provides some convenience for disease diagnosis and treatment.

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Resslar, Mary A., Lana V. Ivanitskaya, Mario A. Perez, and Dimitrios Zikos. "Sources of variability in hospital administrative data: Clinical coding of postoperative ileus." Health Information Management Journal 48, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1833358318781106.

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Background: Multiple studies have questioned the validity of clinical codes in hospital administrative data. We examined variability in reporting a postoperative ileus (POI). Objective: We aimed to analyse sources of coding variations to understand how clinical coding professionals arrive at POI coding decisions and to verify existing knowledge that current clinical coding practices lack standardised applications of regulatory guidelines. Method: Two medical records (cases 1 and 2) were provided to 15 clinical coders employed by a midsize nonprofit hospital in the northwest region of the United States. After coding these cases, the study participants completed a survey, reported on the application of guidelines, and participated in a focus group led by a health information management regulatory compliance expert. Results: Only 5 of the 15 clinical coders correctly indicated no POI complication in case 1 where the physician documentation did not establish a link between the POI as a complication of care and the surgery. In contrast, 13 of the 15 study participants correctly coded case 2, which included clear physician documentation and contained the clinical parameters for the coding of the POI as a complication of care. Clinical coder education, credentials, certifications, and experience did not relate to the coding performance. The clinical coders inconsistently prioritised coding rules and valued experience more than education. Conclusion and implications: The application of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; coding conventions; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services coding guidelines; and American Hospital Association coding clinic advice was subject to the clinical coders’ interpretation; they perceived them as conflicting guidance. Their reliance on subjective experience in dealing with this conflicting guidance may limit the accuracy of reporting outcomes of clinical performance.

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Lee, Shih-Chieh, Jiann-Jone Chen, Yao-Hong Tsai, and Chin-Hua Chen. "Toward enhancing the distributed video coder under a multiview video codec framework." Journal of Electronic Imaging 25, no. 6 (December 20, 2016): 063022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jei.25.6.063022.

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Srinivasan, R., and K. Rao. "Motion-Compensated Coder for Videoconferencing." IEEE Transactions on Communications 35, no. 3 (1987): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096766.

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Effros, M., P. A. Chou, E. A. Riskin, and R. M. Gray. "A progressive universal noiseless coder." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 40, no. 1 (1994): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.272460.

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