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Mazrui, Alamin M. "Slang and code-switching:." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-95290.
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Social identity between interlocutors s is an indispensable factor in the formation of a community (i e. a social unit whose members are held together by an international network and who share certain interests, beliefs, views and attitudes) In this regard, language is known to be an influential symbol of identity, an important clue to social group membership. As Einer Haugen states, language is at once `a social institution, like the laws, the religion, or the economy of a community, and a social instrument which accompanies and makes possible all other institutions. As an institution it may become a symbol of the community` (1956:8 7).
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PORTO, RENATA SOBRINO. "CODE-SWITCHING: MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9382@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Esta dissertação investiga o fenômeno lingüístico conhecido na literatura em línguas em contato como code-switching, que consiste no uso alternado de dois ou mais códigos por falantes bilíngües ou multilíngües em uma mesma interação conversacional. O estudo desta prática discursiva em diversas línguas tem obtido interesse crescente nas últimas três décadas. Duas abordagens principais prevalecem: sócio-pragmática e sintático-gramatical. Enquanto a primeira se volta aos aspectos sócio-pragmáticos de produção individual, através da categorização, quantificação e análise das funções pragmáticas e motivações sócio-psicológicas subjacentes ao code-switching, a segunda busca formular restrições formais e padrões de ocorrência universais para este comportamento lingüístico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma sistematização e avaliação bibliográfica da literatura internacional em code-switching através da apresentação e caracterização das principais linhas de pesquisa, ressaltando as obras de referência e os caminhos apontados por cada abordagem. A necessidade da apresentação estruturada dos diversos aspectos do code- switching encontradas na literatura sobre línguas em contato se deve ao fato de que a pesquisa sobre este fenômeno é incipiente no Brasil e o acesso ao material é ainda restrito. Esta pesquisa, portanto, busca preencher este espaço e tornar a literatura em code-switching acessível à academia brasileira.
This dissertation investigates the linguistic phenomenon referred to as codeswitching in languages in contact´s literature. Code-switching consists of the alternate use of two or more codes by bilinguals or multilinguals in the same verbal interaction. The study of this discursive practice in several languages has obtained increasing interest in the last three decades. Two main approaches prevail: socio-pragmatic and grammatical-syntactic. Whilst the first approach focuses on the socio-discursive aspects of individual production through the categorization, quantification and analysis of codeswitching pragmatic functions and socio-psychological motivations; the second one intends to formulate formal constraints and patterns of occurrence of this linguistic behavior. The present work aims at presenting a bibliographic systematization and evaluation of the international literature in code- switching through the presentation and characterization of its major research lines, emphasizing the reference works and the directions provided by each approach. The need for the structured presentation of the several aspects of code-switching found in the literature in languages in contact is due to the fact that research on this phenomenon is incipient in Brazil and the access to this material is still restricted. This research, therefore, seeks to fill this gap and make the literature in code-switching accessible to the Brazilian academy.
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Bertoncini, Elena. "Code-switching in an `Utendi´?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-92657.
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In old Swahili tendi and homiletic poems about 50% of vocabulary is of Arabic origin (Bertoncini 1973), and besides single words, they include noun phrases or even whole Arabic sentences. In order to prove my point, I will discuss some verses taken from the Utendi wa Shujaka by one Hasan bin Ali from Lamu. The only extant manuscript of this epic poem in 295 stanzas was brought to Germany in 1854 by Ludwig Krapf and is kept in the Library of the Orientalistic Society in Halle. The poem is written in the Lamu dialect with many archaic features, like the incomplete palatalization of KI, the demonstratives in S- and others. But what is striking is the great amount of Arabic phrases and whole sentences, to the extent that we may perhaps speak of a case of code-switching. In fact, several verses of the poem cannot be understood properly without some knowledge of the main features of Arabic grammar, such as verb conjugation (both perfective and imperfective), verb forms (or classes), active and passive participles, noun inflection (masculine and feminine, broken plurals, construct state), personal, relative and possessive pronouns, prepositions and their combination with enclitic pronouns, numerals, conjunctions and particles, as well as word order.
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Reynolds, Lo Kuk-chuen Sabrina, and 盧菊存. "Code-switching in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31948844.
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Barook, Anette. "Bilingual children and code switching." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-32840.
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In this dissertation I have examined bilingual families’ attitudes towards their children’s bilingualism and code switching. My research questions are how and when the informants’ children mix between their languages and if the parents have positive or negative attitudes towards their children’s language mixture. I have also asked what the bilingual families feel about bilingualism. As a method I have chosen to make qualitative interviews with my informants. Three families have been interviewed with different languages and backgrounds. The results indicate that bilingualism confers an increased interest for language and increased language awareness. Some of the informants state that their children often switch between the languages while others do not mix at all. The informants have a very positive attitude towards bilingualism and they do not see a problem in their children’s code switchingMother tongue, code switching, consecutive and sequential bilingualism, majority and minority language
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Reynolds, Lo Kuk-chuen Sabrina. "Code-switching in Hong Kong." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12324012.
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Aronsson, Johanna. "Code Switching on Flashback : A Study of Code Switching on an Internet Based Discussion Forum." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och lärande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26800.
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This essay is a study of how English is used in a Swedish discussion forum called Flashback. The mixing of two languages when speaking or writing is called Code switching. Code switching often occurs in bilingual societies. In Sweden it is possible to say that English is a second language due to the daily encounter with the language through education, but also through different media. The daily encounter with English and the number of English loan words in Swedish might be a reason why code switching exists in Sweden. The material that was analyzed in this essay was collected from Flashback and analyzed with a method based on Sharp’s (2001) study of spoken language. The aim of this study was to see how often and in what way the users on Flashback code switched between Swedish and English. The results showed that even though English was used in the discussion, Swedish was the main language. Most of the code switches that were found in the material occurred in mixed units, in other words English was mixed with Swedish.
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Clapham, Jessica. "Code-switching, pedagogy and transformation : teachers' perceptions of the dynamics of code-switching and bilingual identity." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21887.
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This thesis presents the findings from a qualitative investigation into teachers’ use of code-switching in bilingual classrooms in Wales. The results of the 2001 census show a slight increase in the proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales, to 21%. This change, combined with increasing governmental support for the Welsh language, suggests that we may now be entering a period of stable Welsh-English bilingualism for those who speak Welsh. This study builds upon previous research into teachers’ use of code-switching by investigating 6 teachers’ perceptions of code-switching during the research period. It is proposed that teachers’ perceptions and awareness of their bilingual identity, examined through case studies have a central role in the decisions made in the bilingual classroom. Synthesising various approaches to code-switching provides educators with an overview of code-switching and its implications for instruction and the classroom as a community. This study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of code-switching at classroom level rather than syntactic level, as there is very little research into the bilingual teaching interface in Wales. Ideally, the findings will contribute to the debate on multilingual practice as a natural and effective means of language teaching as well as a force for intercultural understanding. The author is interested in exploring how far and in what ways teachers are aware of the benefits of code-switching and to raise awareness of the relationship between code choice and wider social factors. The study has two main objectives. Firstly, to investigate how far teachers employ code-switching as a strategy and their reasons for doing so. Secondly, to explore how far, and in what ways, these teachers’ identities undergo a process of transformation as a result of their experiences of the research process. The study provides a number of useful insights into the dynamic interplay between code-switching and learning as a legitimate way of using a shared language to scaffold pupils’ learning. A range of teachers’ perceptions of code-switching were detected and the significance of these findings are discussed. The study provides an insight into perceptions of the functions and rationale for code-switching from a teacher’s perspective, which may contribute to the multilingual turn debate and have pedagogical implications.
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Moyer, Melissa G. "Analysis of code-switching in Gibraltar." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4918.
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Larsson, Hanna. "Code-Switching in Chinua Achebe's Novels." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1046.
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The aim of this essay is to point out how Chinua Achebe uses different features of Igbo and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) in four of his novels. Firstly, there will be an explanation of the terms code switching and proverb, followed by an overview of Pidgin Languages and Nigerian Pidgin English. This study will then deal with two aspects of code-switching in Achebe’s novels: semantic, which includes intertwined Igbo vocabulary and proverbs; and syntactic, which is a study of Nigerian Pidgin English verb phrase constructions. The study will examine how the Igbo lexicon and proverbs function in the text and if/how it is possible to understand the meaning of the Igbo vocabulary. Further, it will examine how the verb constructions of the NPE dialogues are used and if they follow the norm set up by other linguists, or if Achebe alters their usage according to his own style.
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Mesquita, Rodrigo. "Code-switching em Akwẽ-Xerente/Português." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4614.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The Xerente inhabit the right margin of the Tocantins river, approximately 100 km north of Palmas (TO), and the population comprises 3,600 individuals. After more than two hundred years of contact with non-indigenous populations, the Xerente maintain their language and unique cultural traits, a particular way to perceive and immerse themselves in real life. As a consequence of this accelerated process of contact with non-indigenous populations, the Xerente are now in a stage of high bilingualism (BRAGGIO, 2012), a situation that reveals several phenomena, among them, one which is called code-switching (CS). Our work focuses on this phenomenon. The goal is to attain a broad understanding of grammatical and typological characteristics and the social and pragmatic motivations of CS in the Xerentespeaking community. Data from the grammatical analysis, performed with the support of the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF) and 4-M (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993a, 2002) models show that, in the CS used by the Akwe, the matrix language (ML) is predominantly the Xerente language, while the Portuguese language is relegated to the position of embedded language (EL) within the bilingual projection of Complementizer (CP), the unit of analysis of the MFL. Additionally, our data present samples of facts which previous studies applying the MLF model have considered to be rare. It has to do with the isolated insertion of grammatical morphemes presenting with the trace [-refers to grammatical information outside of Maximal Projection of Head] and adverbs, which we see, along with the recurrent use of some names and verbs from the Portuguese language (probably borrowings), as evidence of the advanced degree of contact between the Xerente and the Portuguese languages. This reflects the different weight of these languages in certain social domains. The configurations of this contact are also revealed by the analysis of the sociolinguistic variables and the social and pragmatic motivation of the CS, realized under the light of the Markedness Model (MYERSSCOTTON, 1993b), supported by Gumperz (1982) social and interactional approach and the assumptions of the Ethnography of Communication (HYMES, 1972[1964], 1974, 1986). It is then possible to determine that in the urban environment, among the younger population with more schooling, there is a more intense and varied use of CS. In the topic variable analysis, CS is mostly used in subjects regarding social domains related to the predominant language/culture, exactly where there are instances of diglossic conflicts in which languages find themselves in a situation of competitiveness, as pointed out by Braggio (2010). Among the events analyzed, the ritual speech of the elders is, by far, that which presents the greatest resistance to contact with Portuguese. However, in events that take place in the city, as well as other events in which topics are related to that environment, we see CS being used more frequently and presenting greater diversity/complexity. The phenomenon presents itself as a unmarked or exploratory choice, precisely in these events, which gives Portuguese a series of attributes that include the traces [+education], [+formality], [+authority], [+official] and [+sociocultural status]. In view of that, we believe that a broad understanding of CS and of the sociolinguistic configurations in which it takes place, can contribute to the academic education of indigenous populations, in the sense that it will help in the preparation of pedagogical materials. It will also help to establish goals for linguistic policies geared towards providing vitality, and strength to the linguistic and cultural autonomy of the Xerente people. Moreover, the paper also offers a contribution to sociolinguistics, to the study of languages in contact and to the study of indigenous languages, most notably, the Akwe-Xerente language.
O povo indígena xerente (Jê) habita a margem direita do rio Tocantins, aproximadamente cem quilômetros ao norte de Palmas (TO) e tem uma população estimada em 3.600 indivíduos. Após um histórico de mais de duzentos anos de contato com os não índios, os xerente mantêm a sua língua e traços culturais singulares, que constituem uma maneira particular de perceber e se inserir na realidade. Em consequência desse processo de contato cada vez mais acelerado, os xerente se encontram em estágio de bilinguismo alto (BRAGGIO, 2012), situação reveladora de fenômenos diversos, entre eles, o code-switching (CS). Nosso trabalho tem foco especial sobre esse fenômeno, com objetivo de seu entendimento amplo no que diz respeito às características gramaticais, tipológicas e as motivações sócio-pragmáticas do code-switching na comunidade de fala xerente. Os dados da análise gramatical, realizada com suporte dos modelos Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF) e 4-M (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993a, 2002) mostram que, no CS utilizado pelos akwe, a matrix language (ML), majoritariamente, é a língua xerente, restando ao português a posição de embedded language (EL) dentro da projeção do complementador (ou CP bilíngue), unidade de análise do modelo MLF. Além disso, nossos dados apresentam amostras que constituem fatos considerados mais raros em estudos prévios que aplicaram o modelo MLF. Trata-se de inserções isoladas de morfemas gramaticais que apresentam o traço [- referência à informação gramatical externa ao núcleo do sintagma] e advérbios, o que enxergamos, juntamente com a recorrência do uso de alguns nomes e verbos do português (prováveis empréstimos), como um indício do grau avançado de contato entre as línguas xerente e portuguesa, reflexo da diferença de peso entre elas em alguns domínios sociais. Essas configurações do contato também são reveladas pelas análises das variáveis sociolinguísticas e das motivações sócio-pragmáticas do CS, realizadas sob o prisma do Modelo de Marcação (MYERS-SCOTTON, 1993b), com apoio da abordagem sociointeracional de Gumperz (1982) e dos pressupostos da Etnografia da Comunicação (HYMES, 1972[1964], 1974 e 1986). Verifica-se, então, que é no ambiente urbano, entre os mais jovens e mais escolarizados que se dá uma maior intensidade e variedade no uso de CS. Na análise da variável tópico, destaca-se o uso de CS em assuntos que abrangem domínios sociais relacionados à língua/cultura dominante, exatamente onde há pontos de conflitos diglóssicos em que as línguas são levadas, como aponta Braggio (2010), a uma situação de concorrência. Entre os eventos analisados, as falas rituais dos anciãos são, de longe, os eventos mais resistentes ao contato com o português. Já os eventos realizados na cidade, assim como os demais eventos em que os tópicos são relacionados a tal ambiente, são os que apresentam maior frequência e diversidade/complexidade de CS. O fenômeno se apresenta como escolha não marcada ou exploratória justamente nesses eventos, o que configura o português como um índice de um conjunto de atributos que inclui os traços [+educação], [+formalidade], [+autoridade], [+oficial] e [+status sociocultural]. Diante disso, acreditamos que o amplo entendimento do code-switching e das configurações sociolinguísticas em que ele ocorre, pode contribuir para educação escolar indígena, no sentido de auxiliar na elaboração de materiais didáticos e a traçar metas de políticas linguísticas voltadas para a vitalização, fortalecimento da autonomia linguística e cultural do povo akwe. Ademais, o trabalho também oferece uma contribuição à linguística, à sociolinguística, ao estudo de línguas em contato e ao estudo das línguas indígenas, em especial da língua akwe xerente.
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Alruwayeh, Marwah A. M. A. "Diglossic code-switching in Kuwaiti newspapers." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3409.
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The present study investigates the phenomenon of diglossic code-switching between Standard Arabic, as a High variety, and Kuwaiti Arabic, as a Low variety, in Kuwaiti newspaper articles. The study was precipitated by the paucity of research on the linguistic characteristics of newspaper discourse generated within this region as well as Kuwaiti perceptions towards this medium of communication. The frameworks adopted in this research were extended to novel contexts and were also utilised to gain new insights into several dimensions of diglossia, most of which have never been explored before. The findings of this study indeed revealed important insights into how diglosia is changing and how participants both use and perceive diglossic code-switching. The investigation was carried out to explore three main dimensions of code-switching in newspaper articles in Kuwait: changes in attitudes and frequency of code-switching use, the social motivations for it and the morphosyntactic constraints associated with it in this context. The first involves the study of changes in both language attitudes and in the frequency of code-switching in newspaper articles over the last 29-30 years. The second part of the study offers a social motivations’ analysis of code-switching in newspaper articles by appealing to the ideas captured in the Markedness Model (MM), proposed by Myers-Scotton 1993a. The primary goal of this element of the research was to seek explanations for the diglossic code-switching strategies identified in a sample of twelve newspaper articles. The third aspect explored in the research relates to the testing of the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model which applies specifically to the morphosyntactic constraints thought to operate in spoken code-switching contexts (Myers-Scotton 1993b, 2002). A key objective of the research overall was to evaluate the models themselves which have not, to my knowledge, been appraised heretofore using written data of this kind. In general terms, my findings regarding attitudinal change and code-switching frequency suggest that, despite the differences exhibited by a range of social variables, the nature of the attitudes expressed by the readers and columnists alike still reflect the traditional diglossic situation in Kuwait. Moreover, an analysis of language attitudes, ix employing the ‘apparent time’ hypothesis, shows that there is indeed a change in language attitudes in Kuwait between one generation and the next. This change, however, is contrary to predictions as it actually shows a favouring effect within the community at large for the H variety, i.e. SA. Non-parametric statistical analyses (specifically the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were selected as most appropriate for discriminating quantitative distinctions in the analysis of attitudes. Furthermore, an investigation of how common code-switching has become over the last three decades reveals that there is, in fact, static code-switching frequency, indicating that the practice of code-switching has remained relatively stable between 1985 and 2014-15. As for the second and third dimensions of the research, it was shown that the MM offers a very useful explanation of the linguistic behaviour of columnists and reveals the intricacies of their code-switching strategies which can be related to their understanding of community perceptions towards diglossic codeswitching in Kuwait as captured in other aspects of the research. A key finding with respect to the testing of the MLF model itself was how difficult it actually was to diglossic code-switching in a written context. My research clearly shows that the MLF approach does not, in fact, provide as much insight into the dynamics of the phenomenon as it clearly does when applied to conversational exchanges and this is partially due to the problems identified in my thesis regarding the analysis of Arabic code-switching in writing.
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Tshinki, Abby Mosetsanagape. "Code-switching in Setswana in Botswana." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132005-120122.
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Rosignoli, Alberto. "Flagging in English-Italian code-switching." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/flagging-in-englishitalian-codeswitching(4e1c9b20-c504-4226-82ab-798babbc9c37).html.
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This thesis investigates the phenomenon of flagging in code-switching. The term 'flagging' is normally used to describe a series of discourse phenomena occurring in the environment of a switch. In spite of a large literature on code- switching, not much is known about flagging, aside from the general assumption that it has signalling value and may draw attention to the switch CPoplack, 1988). The present study aims to offer a more eclectic understanding of flagging, by looking at the phenomenon from both a structural and an interpretive perspective. The analyses are based on two small corpora of naturalistic conversations collected amongst pairs of bilingual English-Italian speakers in the UK and Italy. The structural analysis looks at quantitative patterns of flagging. A relationship is observed between the frequency of an item in the data and its production with or without flagging. Higher frequency generally is related to less flagging. A similar relation holds between flagging and different grammatical categories, with nouns being less flagged than adjectives or verbs. The interpretive approach adopts the methods of Conversation Analysis (Auer, 1998) and investigates how the presence of flagging is instrumental in reconstructing participants' own understanding of the interaction. Through flagging, participants reveal to one another their orientation to single instances of language alternation as belonging or not to the medium (Gafaranga, 2000) of the conversation. While it may be seen as a peripheral occurrence, flagging can reveal the degree and ease of integration of switches in speech; an appreciation of its role can further the understanding of the dynamics of language contact in naturalistic settings. By looking at the results from the two analyses, this study shows how flagging is a patterned phenomenon that speakers interpret as having communicative value, rather than a simple disfluency typical of spontaneous speech.
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Saragih, Sylvia. "Code-switching amongst Simalungun-Indonesian bilinguals." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/912.
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This study investigates code-switching within a bilingual speech community. The languages used in this community are Indonesian, the national language 9f Indonesia, and Simalungun, one of the regional languages spoken in North Sumatra. Conversations amongst young bilinguals with balanced competence in both languages were recorded and passages containing examples of code-switching were transcribed for analysis. It was found that the base language of interaction was Simalungun, but that code-switching into Indonesian occurred in all conversations recorded. Analysis of the language data collected led to the conclusion that code-switching was used by the speakers in different ways. Indonesian loans were used to fill lexical gaps in the regional language. Indonesian was also used when quoting speakers in different interactions. Some Indonesian expressions used were generally associated with a particular domain, such as government or urban lifestyle. Speakers also used Indonesian code-switching as a conversation strategy - to mark particular expressions in contrast to the base language, to indicate interpersonal distance or for humour. Attitudes of the speakers obtained during post-recording interviews indicated that there was a general lack of consciousness of code-switching. Speech containing frequent code-switched expressions was not regarded as a particular style or described by a particular term. Speakers generally indicated positive attitudes to use of each language in its normal domain, but negative attitudes to mixing the two codes
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Youkhana, Sana. "Code-switching in the foreign language classroom." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Ämnesforskning, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14779.
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It is a frequently observed phenomenon that language learners often turn to their native language in the foreign language classroom, i.e. they code-switch, but why is it so? In order to investigate this, this study had two aims; the first aim was about trying to see if the frequency of code-switching differed depending on the questions’ levels of difficulty. This study was conducted on three different upper-secondary schools and involved 24 pupils. The pupils’ age varied from 16 to 19. The hypotheses were that pupils code-switch less when answering basic level questions and more when answering advanced level questions. Small groups were observed and they read a text and answered eight questions. The results showed that the pupils did code-switch more on the advanced level questions and less on the basic level questions. They code-switched 15 times on the basic level-questions and 21 times on the advanced level-questions. However, this is not a big difference since there were only six instances that differed between them. The second aim was about trying to see if one could categorize code-switching. It was based on Sert’s (2005) three categories; Equivalence, Reiteration and Floor-holding and four other categories invented by the researcher of this study; Student-student code-switching, Student-researcher code-switching, Comfort code-switching and Sorry code-switching, thus, seven categories in total. The results showed that the pupils did code-switch differently and that Sert’s categories did exist, but they were not enough that is why the researcher added the four other categories.
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Eppler, Eva Maria. "The syntax of German-English code-switching." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383656/.
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This thesis is about how words and (word-)forms from German and English interact with each other and with same-language elements. That is, it is a comparison of the syntax of bilingual speakers' monolingual and intra-sententially code-switched utterances. It is based on the assumption that each word in a syntactic dependency relation must satisfy the constraints imposed on it by its own language. This hypothesis is presumed to hold for monolingual and mixed dependencies alike.
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Macswan, Jeff. "A minimalist approach to intrasentential code switching /." New York ; London : Garland, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37625961p.
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ALFAIFI, SAEEDA HASSAN. "CODE SWITCHING AMONG BILINGUAL SAUDIS ON FACEBOOK." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1077.
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This study investigated the use of intrasentential code switching on Facebook. The corpus included 1000 screenshots of Facebook comments collected from 10 Saudi female Facebook friends who were bilingual in Arabic and English. The data were examined through statistical and content analysis. The results showed that intrasentential code switching occurs frequently in informal Facebook interactions. Further, the occurrence of code-switching was analyzed in relation to 10 topics of Facebook interactions, including gossip, humor, technology, compliments and thanking, achievement, movies and songs, family and intimacy, makeup, travelling, and religion. Among these 10 topics, gossip and humor elicited significantly higher frequencies of intrasentential code-switching. Moreover, the qualitative results showed that the most frequent English words within Arabic sentences were technical and academic terms, whereas the most frequent Arabic words within English sentences were religious words. Overall, this study shows that the use of intrasentential code-switching among Arabic-English female friends on the social network Facebook is a natural part of their interactions and the frequency with which they employ code-switching is related to the topic of their communication, their language environment, their cultural experiences, and their religion.
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Želtuchin, Alexander. "Orthographic codes and code-switching : a study in 16th century Swedish ortography." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-82682.
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Zheltukhin, Alexander. "Orthographic codes and code-switching : a study in 16th century Swedish orthography /." Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37164838m.
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Coria-Navia, Anneris Bibiana. "FREQUENCY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CODE SWITCHING IN HISPANIC BILINGUAL PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN OF OHIO AND CALIFORNIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1272988701.
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Mqadi, Praxedis Fikile. "Code-switching among students at the University of Zululand." Thesis, University of Zululand, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1360.
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Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of B.A. (HONS) in the Department of African Languages at
the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1990 .The purpose of this research is to investigate why students at the" University of Zululand code-switch. The research focuses particularly on environmental and social factors which lead students to code-switch. It also looks into the functions of code switching. On the whole it is intended to contribute to the findings already made on code-switching. Many researchers have found out that people tend to code switch because it has become a habit to do so. Such a reason does not sound linguistically convincing to me. Others claim that people code-switch because they want to display their 'education' or that they come from urban areas or townships. This again is not convincing enough since code-switching is a reality and would seem to come naturally. It is not something one does when one feels like it is usually done unconsciously.
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Cristino, Luciana dos Santos. "Bilingüismo e code-switching: um estudo de caso." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13934.
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This research aims at investigating the occurrence of code-switching in the speech of a late bilingual subject, under sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives. Code-switching or code alternation is a communicative strategy used by bilingual speakers in a given social situation. The word bilingual primarily describes someone who is proficient in two languages. This term can, however, also include the many people in the world who have varying degrees of proficiency in three, four or even more languages simultaneously (Wei, 2000) Adopting the parameters of qualitative research, we have done a case study of a 39-year-old Nigerian male bilingual who has lived in Brazil for about 6 years working as an English teacher and is married to a Brazilian. The data was collected by means of five different instruments: audio and video recording of an oral presentation of the subject to a group of students in a Brazilian school in a bilingual context (English/Portuguese), followed by an interview session; a closed individual interview recorded on audio tape, made by means of discrete questions; a written questionnaire in order to collect some personal data about the subject; a visual perception test to detect the preferential language in a free speech context; and an auto-confrontation or reflexive interview. Only the passages where the code-switching phenomenon occured were transcribed and analyzed. Some sentences of this corpus were selected for acoustic analysis and some charts of duration and F0 measures were made to analyze some prosody aspects of the native speaker when speaking the first language and the second language. The final results indicate that: (1) although the subject prefers the mother tongue (English), code-switching occurs in both ways: first language second language / second language first-tongue language; (2) the data analyses suggest that the subject uses different strategies for choosing lexical items, according to the context, the interlocutor, and the place, and that the change of the linguistic code appears most of the time initiated by the OK interjection. The emotional aspect is also worth mentioning: the subject is always worried about the interlocutor and wants to know whether he has made himself clear. The pronunciation of Portuguese words are heavily influenced by his first language; (3) we could observe, from the acoustic analyses , that the intonation curve of the yes/no questions produced in English bears much resemblance to English melodic patterning in that the subject keeps the the intonational aspects of the matrix language; (4) there is considerable alteration in the fonotaxe of some words used by the speaker; (5) the altered lexical item is replaced by words belonging to the same syntactic level
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de code-switching na fala de um sujeito bilíngüe tardio (inglês/português), enfocando aspectos prosódicos e de uso lexical, sob uma perspectiva sociolingüística e psicolingüística. Code-switching ou alternância no código lingüístico é uma estratégia comunicativa usada pelo falante bilíngüe de acordo com a situação socialmente estabelecida. A palavra bilíngüe descreve primariamente alguém que seja proficiente em duas línguas. Este termo pode porém, ser usado para incluir muitas pessoas no mundo que tenham diversos níveis de proficiência em duas, três ou mais línguas simultaneamente (Wei, 2000). Seguindo os parâmetros da pesquisa qualitativa, fIzemos um estudo de caso de um bilíngüe do sexo masculino, com 39 anos de idade, nacionalidade Nigeriana, professor de língua inglesa, residente no Brasil há aproximadamente 6 anos e casado com uma brasileira. Os dados foram coletados por meio de cinco instrumentos distintos: gravação em áudio e vídeo de uma apresentação oral do sujeito de pesquisa acima citado a um grupo de alunos de uma escola brasileira em contexto bilíngüe (inglês/português), seguida de sessão de perguntas; uma entrevista fechada individual gravada em áudio, composta por perguntas pontuais; um questionário escrito para levantamento de dados pessoais do sujeito da pesquisa; um teste de percepção visual, para detectarmos a língua preferencialmente escolhida para o discurso livre; e uma auto-confrontação ou entrevista reflexiva. Foram transcritos e analisados apenas os trechos que ocorrem o code-switching. Foram selecionadas algumas sentenças deste corpus para a análise acústica e elaborados alguns gráficos das medidas de duração de F0 para análise dos aspectos prosódicos do falante nativo quando produz na primeira língua e na segunda língua. Os resultados obtidos indicam que: (1) embora o sujeito tenha preferência pela língua materna (inglês), o code-switching ocorre nos dois sentidos: primeira língua segunda língua / segunda língua primeira língua; (2) a análise dos dados trouxe à tona que o sujeito utiliza diferentes estratégias para escolha do léxico, de acordo com o contexto, do interlocutor, do local, e a mudança do código lingüístico aparece na maioria das vezes iniciado com a interjeição Ok . A questão emocional também aparece como um fator: o sujeito sempre se preocupa com o interlocutor, e com a compreensão das mensagens. A pronúncia das palavras do português é fortemente influenciada pela primeira língua do sujeito; (3) com o auxílio da análise acústica pudemos verificar que a curva entoacional de frases interrogativas totais produzidas em português revelam traços prosódicos do inglês, ou seja, o sujeito mantém a língua matriz nos aspectos entoacionais; (4) a fonotaxe sofre alteração em algumas palavras pelo falante utilizada; (5) o léxico alterado é substituído por palavras do mesmo nível sintático
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Dillon, Mark A. "Code-Switching among Music Educators| An Exploratory Study." Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751313.
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The purpose of this comparative phenomenological study was to investigate whether code-switching happened among music educators and if so, whether they used code-switching in their teaching. The secondary purpose of the study was to learn how music educators with varied musical experiences differentiated and / or code-switched between settings, if at all. As there was little existent literature in the area of code-switching and musicians, it was hoped this study would fill a gap in the literature about music educators and code-switching.
This dissertation employed qualitative methodology including comparative phenomenology. The goal was to understand the lived experiences of the five participants as they reflected on their experiences code-switching. The data consisted primarily of in-depth interviews and analysis using NVIVO™ coding software to develop in vivo data, sub-themes and themes. Thick description, identifying research bias, and member checks were used to establish trustworthiness.
Five themes emerged: Teacher identity as code-switching, early exposure to oral learning and notation affects code-switching, professional “gigging” as code-switching, musical instruments as code-switching and finally, code-switching and 21st century learning and teaching. Recommendations were provided for educators and future research.
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Wong, Sydney Jing Tian. "Linguistic patterns of code switching in mainland China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/120.
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Chinese-English code switching (CS thereafter) has become a common phenomenon in mainland China in the last decades of years. Most research focuses on sociolinguistic perspectives of CS in mainland China. However, there is rarely research aiming at exploring linguistic patterns of CS. To fill the research gap, this study attempts to perceive into the linguistic patterns of Chinese-English CS. Myers-Scotton' s Matrix Language Frame model (MLF model thereafter) is used as a framework in this study. On one hand, it can help me to classify data and explain why the data comes into being. One the other hand, CS between two typologically different languages can test the universality of the MLF model. Two hundred and seven Chinese-English bilingual utterances are quantitatively classified and qualitatively described as the basis of the analysis of this study. In this study, a whole picture of linguistic patterns of Chinese-English CS was presented. I further analyze some counterexamples against the MLF model, such as creative forms, which conform to neither the grammar of Chinese nor that of English. Thus, it is revealed that the MLF model cannot offer explanations to those innovative forms. I argue that the innovative forms in the corpus of this study belong to artistic CS. Artistic codeswitching utterances mainly exist as lyrics or buzzwords on the Internet, which are intentionally created by people. These forms are invented to be different and attract people,s attention, so usually they do not conform to grammars and common language codes. No wonder that the MLF model cannot explin the artistic CS. Other limitations of the MLF model are also discussed in this dissertation.
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Lai, Wai-ying. "The occurrence of code-mixing in Hong Kong." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31949563.
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Lam, Ming-kei, and 林銘基. "English-Cantonese code-switching and code-mixing in online chats in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44676864.
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Norberg, Ingegärd. "Flerspråkig ungdom : i en guatemalansk högstadieskola." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-72771.
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Sammanfattning Denna uppsats är baserad på en undersökning med hjälp av åtta lärare i en högstadieskola i Guatemala. Studien syftade till att ta reda på hur lärarna i bergsbyn upplever att flerspråkigheten har utvecklats och om språkliga influenser från andra kulturer har märkts i elevernas språkbruk. Dessutom var det intressant att se om ”spanglish” även har brett ut sig på landsbygden långt bort från städerna, samt om kulturutbytet med svenska skolor har påverkat elevernas språkutveckling. Undersökningen bestod i en brevintervju riktad till lärarna på skolan och svaren har sedan bearbetats. Resultaten har diskuterats i förhållande till relevant litteratur och tidigare forskning inom flerspråkighet. Det visade sig att lärarna som medverkade i studien ser många fördelar med att flera språk samverkar i undervisningen, även om de också uttrycker oro för influenser från engelskan som kan bidra till att deras eget modersmål och även deras spanska språk blir kontaminerat av det engelska högstatusspråket. Respondenterna ger uttryck för positiva effekter av att lära känna andra kulturer och att språken då bidrar till en naturlig del av undervisningen. De beskriver en längtan av behärska flera språk, men förklarar att de ekonomiska förutsättningarna inte möjliggör detta. Dessutom betonar respondenterna vikten av deras modersmål chuj och uttrycker ett stort behov av att förstärka denna undervisning inte bara i talspråket utan även inom läs-och skrivutvecklingen för att stödja eleverna i all deras modersmålsundervisning, så att de ska kunna uttrycka det som verkligen berör dem och deras egen kultur, deras traditioner, språket inom familjen, deras värderingar och framför allt deras egen historia. Genom att lära sig flera språk kan de bättre uttrycka vad de tänker och vad de känner, för att lära sig ett nytt språk behöver inte betyda att man glömmer sitt eget. Nyckelord: ”code-switching”, flerspråkighet, ”spanglish”, succesiv bilingualism
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Lam, Wai, and 林蔚. "Code switching and code mixing in the broadcasts of Commercial Radio Hong Kong (CRHK)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192985.
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Being a British colony for more than a century, Hong Kong has been influenced by the western culture in multiple aspects. One of the prominent western footprints is the ubiquitous Cantonese-English code switching and code mixing behavior which permeates all walks of life in this bilingual community. Though having seen its pervasiveness in different domains, limited studies from the sociolinguistic perspective have been conducted in the broadcasting domain, especially within the radio broadcast domain. This research gap prompts a study idea to unravel the sociolinguistic motivations behind the Cantonese-English code switching and code mixing behavior in Hong Kong radio broadcasts. Instances of code-switched and code-mixed which happened during the conversations among radio hosts were transcribed from the broadcasts of Commercial Radio Hong Kong (CRHK) between April 26th and May 24th 2013 for exploratory analysis.
The language alternation behavior was investigated through a communicative discourse context. In essence, the reasons motivating code switching and code mixing behavior among radio hosts include ‘principle of economy’, ‘generality/ specificity’, ‘euphemism’ and ‘emotional buffer’. Code switching/ code mixing also serves as a purposeful communicative strategy in tone switching or creating comical effect to enhance the entertainment value of the programs. It also helps the speakers to portray a particular social orientation or specifically, to project a western image. By code switching/ code mixing, the hosts also take into consideration of the societal preference of codes. The ideas of ‘we-code’, ‘they-code’, and ‘social distance’ are also applicable in exploring the social meaning of code switching/ code mixing within the Hong Kong radio broadcasts.published_or_final_version
English Studies
Master
Master of Arts
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Bosoni, Giovanna. ""Arabizi": Code switching tra l'arabo e l'inglese in Giordania." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Con l’avvento delle nuove forme di comunicazione online e dei social media, e il conseguente ingresso della cultura occidentale in Giordania, nasce un nuovo linguaggio "online". Sui social media infatti, la maggior parte dei giovani di madre lingua araba che frequenta l'Università tende ad utilizzare l'alfabeto latino per scrivere in arabo, alternando continuamente inoltre termini arabi con termini inglesi a seconda delle situazioni. Questo fenomeno di code-switching è noto come "Arabizi", dall'unione delle parole arabo e inglese. L'elaborato cercherà di analizzare il fenomeno per intero, collocandolo nell'epoca della globalizzazione e ripercorrendo allo stesso tempo le trasformazioni che la lingua araba ha subito nel tempo, nel caso della Giordania dovute a una forte influenza dell'inglese, per cercare di comprendere le ragioni dell’uso, oggi così frequente, di questo linguaggio.
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Bassam, Loubna. "Gender Differences in SMS Code-Switching by Lebanese Undergraduates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461983.
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Aquest estudi investiga les diferències de gènere en l'alternança lingüística (code-switching) entre l'àrab i l'anglès en els missatges SMS d'estudiants libanesos de diferents universitats, diferents classes socials i diferents religions. Un corpus de 1680 missatges SMS es va recollir de 58 estudiants: 34 dones i 24 homes, amb 1013 missatges de dones i 667 d'homes. Es van dur a terme anàlisis qualitatives i quantitatives, i també es van administrar qüestionaris i entrevistes.
Els resultats indiquen que l'alternança lingüística s'utilitza àmpliament en aquests missatges SMS i que les diferències de gènere s'entrellacen amb un conjunt de variables sociolingüístiques. Es detecten diferències significatives de gènere en relació amb la classe social i la religió del emissor, l'edat del receptor, i la naturalesa intra- o inter-gènere de la comunicació. A més, les diferències de gènere interactuen amb la freqüència de l'alternança, el percentatge de diferents idiomes en els missatges amb alternança, i el percentatge d'idiomes utilitzats en els missatges que no tenen alternança.
En tots aquests aspectes, les dones són més actives que els homes. Les dones no només utilitzen l'alternança lingüística significativament més en diferents entorns, sinó també el percentatge d'alternances tendeix a ser més gran quan es tracta de les dones, ja sigui com a emissors o com a receptors. L'estudi també mostra que les dones són innovadores en el sentit que són les usuàries més freqüents de noves variables lingüístiques i són més creatives en la forma en que fan servir el llenguatge per produir certs efectes lingüístics.Esta investigación estudia las diferencias de género que se manifiestan en la alternancia lingüística (code-switching) entre el árabe y el inglés en los mensajes SMS de estudiantes libaneses de diferentes universidades, diferentes clases sociales y diferentes religiones. Se recolectó un corpus de 1680 mensajes SMS de 58 estudiantes universitarios: 34 mujeres y 24 hombres. Del total, 1013 mensajes fueron enviados por mujeres y 667 por hombres. Se realizaron análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos, y también se administraron cuestionarios y entrevistas. Los resultados indican que la alternancia lingüística se utiliza ampliamente en estos mensajes SMS y que las diferencias de género se entrelazan con un conjunto de variables sociolingüísticas. Se detectan significativas distinciones de género con respecto a la clase social y la religión del emisor, la edad del receptor y la naturaleza intra- o inter-género de la comunicación. Además, las diferencias de género interactúan con la frecuencia de las alternaciones, el porcentaje de idiomas diferentes en los mensajes con alternancia y con el porcentaje de idiomas utilizados en los mensajes que no tienen alternancia. En todos estos aspectos, las mujeres son más activas que los hombres. No sólo las mujeres cambian de idioma significativamente más en diferentes entornos, sino que también el porcentaje de alternancias tiende a ser mayor cuando las mujeres participan, ya sea como emisores o como receptores. El estudio también demuestra que las mujeres son innovadoras en el sentido de que son usuarias más frecuentes de nuevas variantes lingüísticas y son más creativas en la forma en que usan el lenguaje para producir ciertos efectos lingüísticos.
This study investigates gender differences in code-switching between Arabic and English in the SMS messages of Lebanese undergraduates from different universities, social classes and religions. A corpus of 1680 SMS messages was collected from 58 undergraduates: 34 women and 24 men; there were 1013 messages from women and 667 from men. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted; a questionnaire and an interview were administered. The results indicate that code-switching is used extensively in these SMS messages and that gender differences are interwoven with a set of sociolinguistic variables. There are significant gender distinctions with regard to the social class and religion of the sender, the age of the recipient, and the intra- or inter-gender nature of the communication. In addition, gender differences interact with the frequency of switches, the percentage of different languages in the messages with code-switching, and the percentage of languages used in the messages that have no code-switching. In all of these respects, women are more active than men. Not only do women code-switch significantly more in different settings, but also the percentage of code-switching tends to be higher whenever women are involved, either as senders or as receivers. The study also shows that women are innovators in the sense that they are more frequent users of new linguistic variables and are more creative in the way they use language to produce certain linguistic effects.
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Kong, Kam Leng. "Grammatical constraints on Chinese/Portuguese code-switching in Macao." Thesis, University of Macau, 2002. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636603.
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Khattab, Tamer. "Optical Code Division Multiplexing for sub-wavelength switching systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31083.
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Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDMA) is a method used to enable simultaneous transmission of multiple optical data flows over the same fiber using the same wavelength. In OCDMA, isolation between different data flows is achieved using a set of uncorrelated, or loosely correlated, spreading codes to encode the transmitted signal and decode it at the receiver side. The process of encoding and decoding is performed entirely in the optical domain without the need for optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion. This increases the granularity of traffic isolation in the optical domain while maintaining higher speed switching because of the all-optical encoding/decoding capability. Although code division multiplexing is a well established technique in wireless transmission where all processing of data and switching are performed electronically, there are many challenges in applying this scheme in the optical domain mainly due to the different characteristics of the medium and the fact that negative-valued signals are not easy to produce.
This thesis has three main objectives: to deploy OCDMA as a switching mechanism at the sub-wavelength level in order to increase the granularity of traffic isolation in all-optical core switching, to design new mechanisms that enhance the performance of OCDMA as a multiplexing method over long-haul optical fiber transmissions, and to
model the performance of OCDMA based switching and multiplexing mechanisms.
All-optical switching at the core of the network provides very high speed switching. However, it suffers from low utilization or lack of quality of service guarantees due to lack of fine granularity traffic isolation. This thesis presents an optical network architecture called Optical Code Labeled Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (OC-GMPLS), which utilizes OCDMA as a switching mechanism in backbone GMPLS networks. OC-GMPLS uses OCDMA as an all-optical labeling space in GMPLS switching in order to achieve finer granularity switching at the all-optical network core.
The deployment of OC-GMPLS networks mandates performance modeling to show its advantages and to enable tuning of the new network parameters so that performance can be optimized. In this thesis we present an analytical model for the throughput and switching capacity of OC-GMPLS networks. Using our model, we show how to find optimal operating points for OC-GMPLS networks based on physical layer and network layer parameters.
The performance of OC-GMPLS networks depends on the performance of OCDMA transmission, which is affected by the modulation method and the optical spreading codes properties. In order to enhance the performance of OC-GMPLS networks, we take two different approaches. The first approach is based on proposing a modulation mechanism that enhances the communication reliability while maintaining low bit error rate for OCDMA transmissions. Our Chip-Level Modulated Binary Pulse Position Modulation (CLM-BPPM) scheme provides a simple to implement (in the all-optical domain) yet a
very powerful physical layer method for sending multiple optical flows using OCDMA while maintaining the Bit Error Rate (BER) due to Multiple Access Interference (MAI) effects between these flows at a low level of about 10⁻¹² for 10 simultaneous users. Our method provides a better capability in terms of clock recovery and user activity detection while achieving error rates in the range of those provided by On-Off Keying (OOK).
Performance of OCDMA transmission depends to a great extent on the efficiency of the codes used to perform the multiplexing. In order to tackle this side, we investigate the problem of Optical Orthogonal Code (OOC) design by proposing a method called Rejected Delays Reuse (RDR) for constructing OOCs using an element-by-element based greedy algorithm. We show that our method provides a computationally less complex algorithm for designing OOCs, which makes it more practical. Our analysis and simulation results show that OOCs designed using the RDR greedy method are also higher in multiplexing efficiency than OOCs designed using classical element-by-element constructions. This is because RDR designed OOCs possesses smaller code lengths for the same code cardinality and weight than their counterpart classical element-by-element greedy designed codes.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Hofweber, Julia Elisabeth. "The effects of code-switching on bilinguals' executive functions." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74119/.
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Bilingualism has been found to modulate executive functions because bilinguals constantly manage language selection through inhibition and conflict-monitoring (Bialystok et al., 2012). However, some studies failed to replicate these findings (Paap & Greenberg, 2013). To explain these inconsistencies, research needs to pinpoint which bilingual practices modulate which aspects of the executive system (Bak, 2016). This project is novel in that it investigated the differential impact of three code-switching types (Muysken, 2000) on executive functions: (1) Alternation of structurally independent stretches from each language, (2) Insertion of lexical items from one language into the grammar of the other, (3) Dense code-switching mixing languages at the lexical and grammatical level. Processing models of code-switching suggest that code-switching types involving greater levels of language separation (Alternation) train inhibition, whilst code-switching types maintaining high levels of linguistic co-activation (Dense code-switching) train conflict-monitoring (Treffers-Daller, 2009; Green & Wei, 2014). To test this prediction, German-English bilinguals' relative usage frequency of code-switching types was assessed and correlated with their performance in executive tasks teasing apart inhibition and conflict-monitoring (Costa et aI., 2009). Study 1 compared two groups (N=22) differing in Dense code-switching frequency. As predicted, frequent Dense code-switchers excelled in the condition challenging conflict-monitoring. Study 2 investigated individual differences in immersed adult bilinguals (N=43). In line with existing models, greater usage frequency of Dense code-switching correlated positively with performance in the condition challenging conflict monitoring. Alternation predicted inhibitory performance in the low-monitoring condition, in which bilinguals also outperformed an English monolingual baseline group (N=4I). In Study 3, bilinguals (N=29) were administered a flanker task inducing different language modes (Wu & Thierry, 2013). The Ll-dominant bilinguals performed best at inhibition in the task block inducing an L2-monolingual mode. This was explained by an increase in inhibitory activation required to suppress the dominant Ll (Meuter & Allport, 1999) and suggests that dominance patterns modulated executive functioning (Treffers-Daller, 2016). Moreover, Dense code-switching was a negative predictor of inhibitory performance in the monolingual mode, suggesting that monolingual modes require more global (Guo et al., 2011) forms of inhibition than Dense code-switching. To summarise, the results provide key novel evidence that different code-switching types modulate different aspects of cognition. Moreover, the findings support existing processing models of code-switching and highlight the importance of controlling for sociolinguistic practices in bilingualism research.
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Hebblethwaite, Benjamin. "Intrasentential code-switching among Miami Haitian Creole-English bilinguals." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3278216.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of French and Italian, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 3825. Advisers: Barbara Vance; Julie Auger. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 7, 2008).
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Kibogoya, Mushumbusi Adolf. "Kiswahili/English code-switching : some morphological and syntactic aspects." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242820.
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Lo, Yuen Yi Sandy. "Cantonese-English code-switching of Manchester Chinese immigrant community." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488994.
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Cantonese and English are reported to be the two main languages used by a heterogeneous group of Chinese immigrants in Manchester (Lo 2001). This study aims to explore how these two languages are used in the spoken discourse of the Chinese community, with a focus on code-switching. While most of the studies on the Cantonese-English code-switching of Chinese immigrant communities focus on family conversation, the present study looks at cases of code-switching found in the conversations among friends, interviews with British-born Chinese and family conversations, in terms of its structural features and functions.
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Al-Yaqout, Nedal. "Code-switching and language shift : Intergenerational differences in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519558.
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Leung, Tsz-cheung, and 梁子祥. "An optimality-theoretic approach to Cantonese/English code switching." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224738.
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Keddad, Sadika. "An analysis of French-Arabic code-switching in Algiers." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521482.
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This research investigates French-Arabic. code-switching in Algeria. It is based on fifteen hours of spontaneous conversations obtained from thirty informants, selected according to sex, age and education. They were divided into three age groups (old, middle-aged, young) and three educational groups (educated, intermediate, non-educated). The informants speech was analysed from a linguistic point of view to look for possible constraints on codeswitching; the phonological, morphological and syntactic aspects of code-switching were examined. The linguistic analysis was also supplemented-with sociolinguistic findings by relating some features of code-switching to the social variables of sex, age and education. An analysis of variance was performed, to test. the main effects and interactions of age, sex and education on seven features of code-switching. These include phonological transfer, flapped /R/, morphological integration, French word switching, total word switching, intra-sentential and inter-sentential switching. The research is of interest in that it will add to our knowledge of code-switching among bilingual speakers. It tests the validity of hypotheses that have been proposed by researchers working in other situations of language contact, concerning the structure of code-switching. It is of social and educational importance also, in that it provides an empirical account of some aspects of changing language usage in Algeria today
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Abushahin, Shaker A. "Code-switching in the Qatifi dialect of Saudi Arabia." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864902.
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The Qatifi dialect of Arabic is spoken by a minority group located principally in Qatif, near Dhahran, in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Codeswitching in the Qatifi community describes the alternation, within discourse, between two local codes, such as switching from the Qatifi Arabic to either the Qatifi secret G, S, and T languages or to Classical and Modern Arabic, on the one hand. On the other hand, it describes the alternation between local and foreign codes, such as switching from the Qatifi Arabic to English, Farsi, and Broken Arabic pidgin.The Qatifi speakers frequently use the G, S, and T secret languages, which represent phonological variations in Qatifi Arabic according to particular rules. These secret languages are used by the Qatifi people to establish political solidarity, to secure social norms, or to insure discretion.Codeswitching from the Qatifi dialect to other local or foreign codes also affirms the social identity and personal pride of individuals taking part in informal conversation. It is important therefore to understand the social constraints of the society where it is found, and how it works within the linguistic rules of the source language and the mainstream communicative system. Codeswitching as spoken by the Qatifi middle class community identifies particular member of this minority group.The aim of this thesis is to explain codeswitching occurring between theQatifi dialect of Arabic and other language varieties. Using data drawn mainly from personal interviews with Qatifi natives, I investigate the type of code used in variable conversational settings and the interaction among the Qatifi trusted or non-suspicious members.Department of English
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Chen, Hui-Chun. "Code-switching in conversation : a case study of Taiwan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532992.
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In this thesis, an interactional perspective will be taken as the main spirit to explore the functionality of conversational CS. The research will be based on the TV discussion programmes collected from Taiwan. It is found that the loci of CS are tightly correlated with its surrounding contexts such as discourse, code and participants to arrive at locally-situated meanings. Based on such findings, I have proposed three types of CS in terms of its interaction with the contextual configurations: discourse-related CS, code-related CS and participant-related CS. Four basic functions of CS can be inferred from the above findings; they are amplification, contrasting, shifting, framing and differentiation. It is argued that these functions may derive from the features of CS itself: the contrastive codes, the act of switching and the act of marking. An attempt is also made to re-examine intrasentential CS from functional and facilitative perspectives. It is argued that CS is employed by speakers to highlight the implicational meanings of an utterance, a global connection to negate with a prior discussion, or the underlying contradiction between social and self expectations. Besides, the switch sites where CS occurs within a sentence are actually very- flexible, depending on the purposes and communicative effects intended to achieve in each interactive exchange. Reiteration, lexical triggering and force of contrast can best account for such a facilitation process. CS may be creatively deployed by speakers to highlight the pragmatic function/meaning of dui/tioh, tags and metalanguaging phrases, which meanwhile weaken their inherent referential meanings. From the way how CS arrives at locally-situated meanings in conversational exchanges, speakers' intentionality of language alternation can thus be detected. By means of CS, speakers intend to contextualise the upcoming speech activity by relating the current talk to the prior talk or knowledge; in so doing, the interpretations of an utterance or a stretch of talk can thus be constrained and ambiguity can also be avoided. Speakers also intend to solve a potential or an emergent problem caused by either turn-taking rules or personal confrontation, to signal the marginality of metacognitive activities from the main discourse, or to enhance communicative efficiency in internal structuring such as narrative, argumentation and side remarks. Hearers tend to display their willingness for cooperation and participation in the proceeding talk by complying with the code choice made by the current speaker. At last, by repositioning the role of CS in interaction, a procedural model regarding the production and interpretation of CS is then preliminarily proposed.
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Akbar, Rahima. "Students' and teachers' attitudes towards Kuwaiti English code-switching." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55661/.
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Research into attitudes to code-switching has frequently produced very negative and ambivalent perceptions, not only by outsiders but also by insiders. This study aims mainly to investigate the way people from different age groups and school settings evaluate major spoken varieties in the State of Kuwait. School students (14-18 years) in schools of different educational schemes (government, English and bilingual schools) were recorded telling stories of personal experiences to ingroup community members (same age group, gender and school type) in their normal way of everyday speech styles. A number of those stories were selected to represent three main spoken language varieties in Kuwait (Kuwaiti-only, English-only and Kuwaiti/English code-switching analysed into two representative types: intersentential and lexical code-switching). Teenagers drawn from the various investigated school settings (n = 417) and a group of teachers (n = 88) rated the audio-recorded speakers on a number of scales of solidarity, status, communicative and culture-based (religiousness, Kuwaitiness and conservativeness) traits in order to explore the evaluative profiles that different groups of people have towards the investigated language varieties in the country. The study revealed some strongly differentiated evaluative profiles by the various groups of respondents based on their school type, age group, gender, and for code-switching specifically, as a result of the code-switched typology. Encountering some ambiguous results, the study maintains the need for qualitative measures, not only as a separate data in their own right (focus group interviews), but also to be included within the modified matched-guise questionnaire (open ended questions). Unlike previous attitudinal studies on code-switching, the current study reveals some very positive attitudes towards the speech style, particularly by those who practise it, and specifically along cultural attributes, as a result of the differing ideologies nurtured within the three school types.
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Selles, Anthony. "Hybrid model : investigating bilingual language production through code-switching." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31373.
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Bilingual language production is an area of psycholinguistic research that has received recent attention. Experimental evidence from bilingual word production tasks has shown that both languages share representation at the mental lexicon, meaning that concepts will lead to the activation of the target lemma from both languages. Investigations into how bilinguals organise two grammatical systems has largely come from cross-linguistic syntactic priming. Syntactic priming is a phenomenon in which speakers are likely to repeat a syntactic structure in which they have recently experienced: cross-linguistic syntactic priming is when a speaker uses a syntactic structure in one language because they have recently experienced that structure from the other language. Together, the study of the bilingual lexicon and syntactic representations have led to the development of models of bilingual language production. A more recent experimental paradigm is the forced code-switching task in which participants are required to code-switch in some experimental trials. The forced code-switching task is the experimental method used in this thesis. This thesis aims to use this experimental task to test my proposed model of bilingual language production, the Hybrid model. The Hybrid model proposes an architecture of the bilingual lemma stratum that differs from previous models of bilingual language production. The Hybrid model assumes that lexical items from one language can be produced using the syntactic structure of the other language. In this thesis I report seven experiments testing the proposed lemma stratum of the Hybrid model. Experiment 3.1 investigated the production of prenominal adjectives of English and postnominal adjectives of Spanish during code-switching between Spanish and English to see whether speakers would use the lexical items from one language with the word order of the other language. The results showed that speakers almost exclusively used the word order dictated by the language in which they produced the lexical items. This did not support the proposed lemma stratum of the Hybrid model. Experiments 4.1 and 4.2 investigated gender agreement of possessive pronouns during code-switching between Spanish and English to see if the possessive pronoun from one language could be produced using the gender agreement rules from the other language. The results showed that English-Spanish and Spanish-English bilinguals sometimes produced possessive pronouns in one language with the gender agreement rules from the other language. It was demonstrated that this effect was not due to a misunderstanding of the gender agreement rules of the participants' second language. These results support the proposed lemma stratum of the Hybrid model. Experiments 5.1 and 5.2 investigated gender agreement of possessive determiners during code-switching between French and English to see if the possessive determiner from one language could be produced using the gender agreement rules from the other language. The results showed that English-French and French-English bilinguals sometimes produced possessive determiners in one language with the gender agreement rules from the other language. It was demonstrated that this effect was not due to a misunderstanding of the gender agreement rules of the participants' second language. These results support the proposed lemma stratum of the Hybrid model. Experiments 6.1 and 6.2 investigated the production of determiners during code-switching between German and English. Of specific interest was whether English determiners would be produced more often than German determiners because German determiners hold case information whereas English determiners do not. In Experiment 6.1 participants were forced to code-switch before an accusative NP. The results showed that English determiners were sometimes produced within the German NPs, but German determiners were not used within the English NPs. In Experiment 6.2 participants were forced to code-switch before a dative NP. The results showed that participants almost exclusively produced the determiner in the same language as the target noun. Analysing the frequencies of the determiner used within the experimental session, the different pattern of results between Experiments 6.1 and 6.2 may be a result of a competition for selection between determiner forms. To conclude the thesis I discuss the implications of these findings, what they mean for the Hybrid model, and directions for future research.
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Vanden, Wyngaerd Emma. "Bilingual Implications: Using code-switching to inform linguistic theory." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/314230/5/Contrat.pdf.
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In the last few decades, there has been increased interest in the incorporation of data from bi- and multilingual individuals in linguistic theory: from second language acquisition and language attrition to heritage varieties and code-switching. This dissertation discusses a range of ways in which code-switching data can provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic structures. The data will be analysed within the framework of Minimalist Generative syntax and Distributed Morphology.The first part investigates grammatical gender assignment in code- switching between English, a language without grammatical gender, and two languages with grammatical gender: French and Belgian Dutch. These languages have comparable, but different gender systems. French has two genders: masculine and feminine, whereas Belgian Dutch adds a third: neuter. The study in this part of the dissertation compares gen- der assignment strategies in bilinguals with different profiles. In addition, the code-switching data provide evidence against the default status of neuter in Belgian Dutch.The second part focuses on word order and includes two studies: one on verb-second word order in Dutch-English code-switching and one on adverb placement in English-French and Dutch-English code- switching. The verb-second chapter identifies a lacuna in the traditional Generative analysis for verb second and uses the CS data to address this. The chapter on adverb position looks at placement of the adverb between the verb and its direct object, which is allowed in Dutch and French, but not in English. For all domains investigated, it is found that the finite verb predicts word order.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that bilingual data can shine a light on elements of the theory of grammar which remain in the shadows when only monolingual data is used.Les dernières décennies ont vu croître l’intérêt pour l’intégration à la réflexion en linguistique théorique des données produites par des locuteurs/trices bilingues ou multilingues, que celles-ci concernent l’acquisition d’une langue seconde, l’attrition, les langues d’héritage ou l’alternance codique. Le présent travail développe plusieurs exemples où les données issues de l’alternance codique éclairent les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les structures linguistiques. Les données recueillies sont interprétées dans le cadre de la syntaxe générative minimaliste et de la morphologie distribuée (« distributed morphology »).Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’attribution du genre grammatical dans l’alternance entre l’anglais, d’une part, et le français et le néerlandais de Belgique, de l’autre. Alors qu’il n’y a pas en anglais de genre grammatical, le français et le néerlandais de Belgique marquent ce genre, mais de façon différente :si le français distingue deux genres, masculin et féminin, le néerlandais de Belgique y adjoint un troisième, le neutre. Dans cette partie de la thèse, nous dressons le profil des stratégies d’attribution du genre auprès de deux types distincts de bilingues et nous établissons également que le neutre n’est pas le genre par défaut en néerlandais de Belgique.Dans un second temps, nous nous penchons sur l’ordre des constituants. Dans une première étude, nous examinons l’ordre des mots avec « verbe second » (V2) dans l’alternance anglais-néerlandais. Nous abordons ensuite le placement de l’adverbe dans l’alternance anglais- français et anglais-néerlandais. Le chapitre consacré à V2 identifie une lacune dans la littérature générative et tire profit des données de l’al- ternance pour y proposer une solution. Le chapitre consacré à l’adverbe s’intéresse au placement de celui-ci entre le verbe et son objet, position licite en français et néerlandais mais pas en anglais. Dans ces deux études, il apparaît que c’est la langue du verbe à la forme finie qui prédit l’ordre des constituants.L’ensemble des recherches ici réunies démontre que les données bilingues mettent en lumière des aspects de la théorie grammaticale qui restent dans l’ombre lorsque le chercheur se limite à des données monolingues.
Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Mahsain, Fatemah H. M. "Motivations behind code-switching among Kuwaiti bilingual schools' students." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/motivations-behind-codeswitching-among-kuwaiti-bilingual-schools-students(197a2293-bb5d-475d-a42d-b618de96baf0).html.
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Code-switching is a language-contact phenomenon in which the juxtaposition of languages is intentional and purposeful. The Kuwaiti speech community has a distinctive code-switching mechanism because of the unique sociolinguistic and cultural setting; as they code-switch to English even though they are neither an immigrant community nor are/were colonised by an English speaking country. In Kuwait, code-switching between Kuwaiti Arabic and English is very common among the youth, even though English is considered to be a foreign language. It is observed that the code-switching behaviour of Kuwaiti bilinguals attending bilingual/multilingual schools differs from that of those attending monolingual schools. In this thesis, an ethnographic study has been conducted to corroborate this observation. Both bilingual/multilingual school students and bilingual students attending monolingual schools were interviewed in order to identify the motivations behind their code-switching behaviour. The interviews were analysed sequentially by adopting the conversational analysis framework. The sequential approach (Auer 1984) focuses on a turn-by-turn participant-oriented analysis (Li Wei 1994) to seek answers to the questions of how and why bilingual speakers code-switch. Here, the different code-switching behaviours of these young Kuwaitis were investigated in an attempt to analyse the conversational functions behind them. Without exception, bilinguals in monolingual schools preferred conversing in Kuwaiti Arabic with a few one-word English insertions here and there, even though free language choice was emphasised at the beginning of each conversation. On the other hand, the language choice of bilingual school students varied from choosing Kuwaiti Arabic or English as the language of conversation to code-switching between the two languages on a continuous basis. Code-switching ranged from English insertions into Kuwaiti Arabic speech or Kuwaiti Arabic insertions into English speech to alternating between the two languages. In addition to the different code-switching styles, various conversational functions behind code-switching were also recognised. In this thesis, code-switching was treated as a contextualisation cue (Gumperz 1982), highlighting the pragmatic functions and contributing to an understanding of the intended meaning. At least five motivations behind code-switching among bilingual school students were identified in our corpus: accommodation, repair, contrastiveness, filling linguistic gaps, and floor holding, among others.
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Leung, Tsz-cheung. "An optimality-theoretic approach to Cantonese/English code switching." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23001082.
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Leung, Yin-bing, and 梁燕冰. "Constraints on intrasentential code-mixing in Cantonese and English." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31949137.
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Panhwar, Farida Yasmin Ali Nawaz. "Multilingualism in Sindh, Pakistan : the functions of code-switching used by educated, multilingual Sindhi women and the factors driving its use." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/77297/.
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The present study explores the functions of code-switching and the factors which motivate speakers to use it in the context of informal conversations among educated, multilingual Sindhi women at four colleges in Hyderabad and Kotri, Pakistan. Following on from such scholars as Blom and Gumperz (1972), Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993a), Poplack (1980), this study uses a qualitative methodology consisting of audio recordings of informal interactions, the questionnaires filled in by the participants, which reveal their demographic information and observation notes by the researcher during the audio recordings. The data is then analysed using an interpretive approach. The findings provide evidence that code-switching is employed as a language strategy to achieve particular social goals. Multilingual code-switching into Sindhi, Urdu and English and a few instances of Arabic and other local languages provide sufficient evidence of participants' linguistic competence. The majority of participants use Sindhi as their L1 and English as their preferred language for code-switching. However, some participants who are Sindhi by ethnicity but acquired Urdu (their academic language) as their L1 predominantly use Urdu. The findings suggest that the participants use code switching to achieve particular social goals, such as to construct multiple identities, to express anger and humour, to discuss taboo issues and for specific textual functions such as recycling, self-repair, quotation, and idiomatic expressions. In the current study, the motivational extra-linguistic factors for the use of code-switching are historical-socio-economic factors, participants' social networks, conversational topics, and the social status of their interlocutor(s). The intra-linguistic factors consist of speakers' expression of their emotions and their linguistic competence. The most significant factor involved in the presence and absence of the use of codeswitching is the socioeconomic status of the participants. The results show the use of a huge number of English loanwords to fill lexical gaps which exist in Sindhi and Urdu. However, some instances of core borrowing (widespread borrowing in presence of equivalent in native language) from English are also used.