Journal articles: 'Code switching (Linguistics) Australia'

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Vaughan, Jill. "Enduring and Contemporary Code-Switching Practices in Northern Australia." Languages 6, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020090.

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In Maningrida, northern Australia, code-switching is a commonplace phenomenon within a complex of both longstanding and more recent language practices characterised by high levels of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. Code-switching is observable between local Indigenous languages and is now also widespread between local languages and English and/or Kriol. In this paper, I consider whether general predictions about the nature and functioning of code-switching account for practices in the Maningrida context. I consider: (i) what patterns characterise longstanding code-switching practices between different Australian languages in the region, as opposed to code-switching between an Australian language and Kriol or English? (ii) how do the distinctions observable align with general predictions and constraints from dominant theoretical frameworks? Need we look beyond these factors to explain the patterns? Results indicate that general predictions, including the effects of typological congruence, account for many observable tendencies in the data. However, other factors, such as constraints exerted by local ideologies of multilingualism and linguistic purism, as well as shifting socio-interactional goals, may help account for certain distinct patterns in the Maningrida data.

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Alvanoudi, Angeliki. "Language contact, borrowing and code switching." Journal of Greek Linguistics 18, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 3–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01701001.

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Abstract The present study is an in-depth investigation of the Greek language spoken by immigrants in Far North Queensland, Australia. The study focuses on contact-induced changes in the language, such as borrowing of lexemes and discourse patterns, and on code switching. The data analyzed derive from participant observation and some 23 hours of audio and video-recorded conversations with first- and second-generation Greek immigrants that were collected during fieldwork in 2013 in Far North Queensland. The study contributes to the investigation of the structure and use of Greek in the diaspora by integrating perspectives from contact linguistics and interactional approaches to code switching.

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Meakins, Felicity. "Which Mix — code-switching or a mixed language? — Gurindji Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.03mea.

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Gurindji Kriol is a contact variety spoken in northern Australia which has been identified as a mixed language. Yet its status as an autonomous language system must be questioned for three reasons — (i) it continues to be spoken alongside its source languages, Gurindji and Kriol, (ii) it has a close diachronic and synchronic relationship to code-switching between Gurindji and Kriol, and (iii) its structure bears a strong resemblance to patterns found in this code-switching. Nonetheless in this paper I present criteria which support the claim of ‘language-hood’ for Gurindji Kriol. I demonstrate that Gurindji Kriol (i) is a stable language variety (it has child language learners and a high degree of inter-speaker consistency), (ii) has developed independent forms and structural subsystems which have not been adopted back into the source languages, and (iii) contains structural features from both languages which is rare in other language contact varieties including Kriol/Gurindji code-switching. I also present a number of structural indicators which can be used to distinguish Gurindji Kriol mixed language clauses from code-switched clauses.

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Zheng, Lin. "Living in two worlds." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 5.1–5.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0905.

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This paper is based on an analysis of interviews, conducted at three primary schools in Melbourne, which sought to explore the determinants of code-switching between English and Chinese. Specifically, it examined school education and other specific possible determinants of code switching amongst Chinese-Australian bilingual children. The specific determinants of codeswitching that emerge from this study include: the length of residence in an English speaking community; the exposure to languages in schools and family communication patterns. The nature of school education played a leading role in Chinese language maintenance for the bilingual children.

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Zheng, Lin. "Living in two worlds." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 1 (2009): 5.1–5.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.32.1.03zhe.

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This paper is based on an analysis of interviews, conducted at three primary schools in Melbourne, which sought to explore the determinants of code-switching between English and Chinese. Specifically, it examined school education and other specific possible determinants of code switching amongst Chinese-Australian bilingual children. The specific determinants of codeswitching that emerge from this study include: the length of residence in an English speaking community; the exposure to languages in schools and family communication patterns. The nature of school education played a leading role in Chinese language maintenance for the bilingual children.

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Keijzer, Merel C. J., and Monika S. Schmid. "Individual differences in cognitive control advantages of elderly late Dutch-English bilinguals." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, no. 1-2 (March 10, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.14032.kei.

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Abstract This study addresses a gap in the literature on executive function advantages among bilingual speakers by investigating a group of elderly, long-term, immersed bilinguals. Our participants are native Dutch speakers who emigrated to Australia as adults and have spent many years in that country. They are compared on a range of cognitive and linguistic measures to native Dutch and native English control groups. We argue that, due to the massive differences in the bilingual experience, group analyses may fall short of capturing the full picture. We argue instead for a more qualitative approach, which takes into account as detailed a picture of bilingual development, daily language habits and, in particular, code-switching habits as possible.

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O'Shannessy, Carmel. "Distributions of case allomorphy by multilingual children." Linguistic Variation 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 68–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16.1.04osh.

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When a new linguistic code emerges and stabilizes, what are the roles of children and adults in leading and consolidating the changes? This question lies at the intersection of child language acquisition and contact-induced language change. Adults and children have played different roles in the development of a new mixed code, Light Warlpiri, spoken in a Warlpiri community in northern Australia that arose from code-switching practices among bilinguals. Elements from typologically dissimilar languages are combined systematically in the new language, with verbal and nominal structures derived from different sources. Verbal morphology is from English/Kriol (which have fixed nominative-accusative word order patterns), with the addition of some innovations, probably brought in by speakers who were then children. Nominal case morphology is from Warlpiri (with ergative-absolutive case-marking, and flexible word order). But Light Warlpiri shows redistributions of case suffix allomorphy derived from Warlpiri. The paper shows the emerging case-marking patterns in Light Warlpiri, and tracks the roles played by children and adults in the changes.

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Bock, Zannie. "Code-switching." Functions of Language 18, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.18.2.02boc.

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This article analyses the function that code-switching plays in selected testimonies given at South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission which followed the country’s transition to democracy in 1994. In a number of testimonies, victims of human rights abuse under Apartheid code-switched into Afrikaans when recalling particularly offensive uses of language by the police. Within the code-switching literature, it is well recognised that a speaker’s choice of code, particularly for quoted speech, is a strategy for performing different kinds of local identities which index a range of social meanings and relationships (Álvarez-Cáccamo 1996, Koven 2001). Thus code-switching may serve a complex evaluative function although the meanings it generates are very context-dependent. In order to explore this role in the testimonies in this paper, I use the appraisal theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Martin & White 2005). I argue that on a number of occasions, code-switching into a particular variety of Afrikaans is used by testifiers as a strategy to invoke negative judgement: it has the effect of associating the police with a particular racist ideology and positioning them for our sanction. Further, it works together with other engagement resources to insert a recognisable historical voice into the text, thereby expanding the heteroglossic nature of the discourse while simultaneously allowing the speakers to signal their rejection of that voice and the ideologies it represents. In the current SFL literature, however, code-switching has not been noted as an appraisal resource. In the light of the examples from the TRC testimonies, I argue that, in multilingual contexts, code-switching has the potential to invoke complex evaluative meanings and should be included in the appraisal framework as an evaluative resource.

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Poole, Brian. "Code-switching." System 39, no. 4 (December 2011): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.06.003.

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Patria, Aditya Nur. "English Code-Switching Among Indonesian Speakers in Australia." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.6.6.

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The present study aims to explore the practice of code-switching among Indonesian speakers in Australia. The result of this study is compared to previous studies on code-switching taking place in Indonesia (Setiawan, 2016; Sumarsih et al., 2014). The present study finds that there is no difference between code-switching among Indonesian speakers taking place in Australia and that in Indonesia in terms of the most frequent switching type. However, Indonesian speakers in Australia seem to have a different attitude to code-switch to English differently. Instead of calling English code-switch “cool,” they consider such practice “normal” to take place in Australia, making it an unmarked choice for them. Other factors such as inclusiveness, expressiveness, and audience also influence their choice to switch to English.

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Gxilishe, D. S. "Conversational code-switching." South African Journal of African Languages 12, no. 3 (January 1992): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1992.10586933.

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Camilleri Grima, Antoinette. "Challenging code-switching in Malta." Revue française de linguistique appliquée XVIII, no. 2 (2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.182.0045.

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Ho-Dac, Tuc. "Tonal facilitation of code-switching." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.20.2.08hod.

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Abstract This paper investigates the role in which Vietnamese tones may hold in facilitating code-switching between Vietnamese and English. Stress patterns of English and perceptual pattern of the six Vietnamese tones were compared (Vietnamese assigns one tone to each syllable). The analysis of Vietnamese tones immediately preceding code-switching reveals that there is a statistically significant proportion of the high tone group at the point of switching. This fact, together with the perceptually phonological compatibility between Vietnamese tones of high and mid-level pitch and English stressed vs unstressed syllables, suggests that code-switching tends to be facilitated by the mid-level to high pitch Vietnamese tones.

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Zabrodskaja, Anastassia. "Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching." International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14, no. 1 (January 2011): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2010.538258.

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GREEN, DAVID W., and LI WEI. "Code-switching and language control." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 5 (February 11, 2016): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000018.

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Bilingual speakers can use one of their languages in a given interactional context or switch between them when addressing different speakers during the same conversation. Depending on community usage bilingual speakers may insert single lexical forms from one language into the morphosyntactic frame of another or alternate between languages at clause boundaries. They may also engage in dense code switching with rapid changes of language within a clause during a conversational turn (Green & Li, 2014). These varieties of language use configure the same speech production mechanism and so a theory of code-switching must be part of a theory that accounts for the range of bilingual speech. Does the proposal described in Goldrick, Putnam and Schwartz (2016) meet these criteria?

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Gross, Megan C., Ada C. López González, Maria G. Girardin, and Adriana M. Almeida. "Code-Switching by Spanish–English Bilingual Children in a Code-Switching Conversation Sample: Roles of Language Proficiency, Interlocutor Behavior, and Parent-Reported Code-Switching Experience." Languages 7, no. 4 (September 22, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040246.

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Code-switching is a complex bilingual behavior that can be affected by a variety of factors related to characteristics of the speaker, the interlocutor, and the broader sociolinguistic context. A better understanding of these factors is important for interpreting children’s use of code-switching in different elicitation contexts across research studies and in applied settings, such as language sample analysis for clinical assessment. In the current study, we used a conversation sample protocol with a code-switching adult interlocutor to examine the use of English, Spanish, intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching, and alignment with the interlocutor by Spanish/English bilingual children with a wide range of language abilities. In a single-language comparison condition, the same examiner engaged the child in conversation using only English or only Spanish. Key findings include that children exhibited limited use of code-switching in the English condition and similar frequency of code-switching in the Spanish, compared to the code-switching, conditions. Children exhibited a tendency to align with the examiner in their use of English vs. Spanish and their use of intra-sentential code-switching during the code-switching context, although they generally code-switched less than the examiner. There was also considerable variability across children. Predictors of this variability included children’s age and language proficiency. However, language proficiency was not associated with the frequency of children’s intra-sentential code-switching in a code-switching context. Parent-report measures of code-switching experience exhibited limited associations with the children’s observed code-switching behavior; inter-sentential switches into English showed the most direct associations. Based on the findings from this exploratory study, we highlight the importance of including a code-switching context when analyzing language samples from bilingual children, considering both the target child and the interlocutor’s behavior, and continuing to refine indirect report measures of code-switching experience.

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Deuchar, Margaret. "Code-Switching in Linguistics: A Position Paper." Languages 5, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5020022.

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This paper provides a critical review of the state of the art in code-switching research being conducted in linguistics. Three issues of theoretical and practical importance are explored: (a) code-switching vs. borrowing; (b) grammaticality; and (c) variability vs. uniformity, and I take a position on all three issues. Regarding switching vs. borrowing, I argue that not all lone other-language items are borrowings once more subtle measures of integration are used. I defend the use of empirical data to compare competing theoretical frameworks of grammaticality, and I exemplify quantitative research on variability in code-switching, showing that it also reveals uniformity and the possible influence of community norms. I conclude that more research is needed on a range of bilingual communities in order to determine the relative contribution of individual factors, processing and community norms to the variability and uniformity of code-switching.

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Bosma, Evelyn, and Elma Blom. "A code-switching asymmetry in bilingual children: Code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 6 (September 21, 2018): 1431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918798972.

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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Recent research suggests that cognitive control plays a role in code-switching, both in bilingual adults and in bilingual children. Code-switching would only require cognitive control, however, when speakers maintain some degree of separation between their two languages, not when they completely mix the lexicons and grammars of their languages. For Frisian–Dutch bilinguals, mixing of Dutch (majority language) into Frisian (minority language) is common, but mixing of Frisian into Dutch is not. Therefore, Frisian–Dutch bilinguals need to maintain some degree of language separation when they speak Dutch, but not when they speak Frisian, predicting that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian would affect cognitive control more than vice versa. Design/Methodology/Approach: Frisian–Dutch bilingual children aged 5 and 6 ( n = 104) completed a Flanker task. Information about frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian and frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch was obtained through a parental questionnaire. Data and Analysis: Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that frequency of code-switching from Dutch to Frisian significantly predicted performance on a Flanker task, but that frequency of code-switching from Frisian to Dutch did not. Findings/Conclusions: The results suggests that code-switching from Dutch to Frisian requires more cognitive control than code-switching from Frisian to Dutch. Originality: This is the first study that shows a code-switching asymmetry in the context of a minority–majority language pair. Significance/Implications: The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching requires more cognitive control when a bilingual speaker has to maintain some degree of language separation between her or his two languages.

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Hofweber, Julia, Theodoros Marinis, and Jeanine Treffers-Daller. "Effects of dense code-switching on executive control." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6, no. 5 (June 24, 2016): 648–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15052.hof.

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Abstract Bilingualism is reported to re-structure executive control networks, but it remains unknown which aspects of the bilingual experience cause this modulation. This study explores the impact of three code-switching types on executive functions: (1) alternation, (2) insertion, and (3) dense code-switching or congruent lexicalisation. Current models hypothesise that different code-switching types challenge different aspects of the executive system because they vary in the extent and scope of language separation. Two groups of German-English bilinguals differing in dense code-switching frequency participated in a flanker task under conditions varying in degree of trial-mixing and resulting demands to conflict-monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in more dense code-switching showed inhibitory advantages in the condition requiring most conflict-monitoring. Moreover, dense code-switching frequency correlated positively with monitoring skills. This suggests that dense code-switching is a key experience shaping bilinguals’ executive functioning and highlights the importance of controlling for participants’ code-switching habits in bilingualism research.

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Li, Hui. "Adaptability of Teacher’s Code Switching in MA’s Classes of English Majors." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1105.16.

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Code switching is a common social phenomenon in the multilingual community. Research on code switching overlaps in many fields, sociology, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, and pragmatic in particular. This paper reviewed code switching and its early research from different perspectives. And then the models of code switching and degrees of salience were discussed on the basis of adaptation theory of Verschueren’s in English majors’ MA program classes. Eventually, the significance of code switching in language teaching was restressed.

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Sudarsono, Sudarsono. "CODE-SWITCHING: STUDY ON THE SPEECH OF INDONESIAN JAVANESE EDUCATED BILINGUALS." Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/lire.v5i2.130.

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The present study aims to investigate the code-switching applied by educated bilinguals. It is a quantitative and qualitative study. The data were collected from the participants doing Master and doctoral degrees at several universities in Melbourne, Australia and their spouses. The data were sorted out of the corpora recorded from discussions, conversations, a monologue equivalent with 50,117 words of talks. They were recorded from natural speeches in natural settings. The data were analyzed and interpreted analytically. The research found out that the bilinguals code-switched in their speech at a system, not at random. The code-switching patterns were categorized into Single Lexical Code-switching, Phrasal Code-switching, Intra-sentential Code-switching, and Inter-sentential Code-switching. Bilinguals code-switched from the matrix language into the embedded language to show their communicative strategy, social-cultural values, and self-expression.

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Hofweber, Julia, Theodoros Marinis, and Jeanine Treffers-Daller. "How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 909–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000804.

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AbstractMost existing studies on the relationship between code-switching and executive functions have focused on experimentally induced language-switching, which differs fundamentally from naturalistic code-switching. This study investigated whether and how bilinguals’ code-switching practices modulate different aspects of executive functioning. Our findings suggest that existing processing models of code-switching should be extended by a dual control mode perspective, differentiating between reactive and proactive monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in code-switching types that keep languages more separate (Alternation) displayed inhibitory advantages in a flanker task inducing reactive control. Dense code-switching, which requires bilinguals to constantly monitor cross-linguistic competition, explained performance in proactive monitoring conditions. Furthermore, a correlation between Dense code-switching and response inhibition suggests that linguistic co-activation may persist during articulatory stages of language processing. Crucially, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at those aspects of the executive system that were trained by their most frequent code-switching habits. This underlines the importance of sociolinguistic variables in bilingualism research.

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Weston, Daniel, and Penelope Gardner-Chloros. "Mind the gap: What code-switching in literature can teach us about code-switching." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 3 (August 2015): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015585066.

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This article argues that contrary to sociolinguistic practice which emphasizes spontaneous speech as the main or only source of evidence, the study of literary code-switching (CS) can be relevant to an understanding of CS in general. CS is first distinguished from other forms of literary multilingualism and from borrowing. We then consider how CS fits in with the mimetic function in literary dialogue, and how its functions can be compared with those of natural speech. We will see that literary CS can provide a wealth of sociolinguistically relevant information on speech modes found in various communities, and is particularly apt to portray postcolonial tensions. More stylized CS in poetry and drama can also embody complex multicultural identities and patterns of language choice, even in the absence of strict verisimilitude.

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Olson, Daniel. "The phonetics of insertional code-switching." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.4.05ols.

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This study investigates the phonetic production of Spanish-English insertional code-switches, constituents of an embedded language inserted within a discourse of a matrix language. While previous research on the phonetics of codeswitching has focused exclusively on the segmental properties, the current study provides a detailed examination of the suprasegmental features of code-switched tokens, including pitch height and duration. Code-switched productions are compared with non-code-switched tokens, and results indicate that insertional code-switched tokens are produced with a degree of hyper-articulation, evidenced by an increase in pitch height and duration. The results are discussed within Hyper- and Hypo-articulation Theory, drawing on the notion of a decreased local probability incurred by insertional code-switches.

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Lising, Loy, Pam Peters, and Adam Smith. "Code-switching in online academic discourse." English World-Wide 41, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00044.lis.

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Abstract World Englishes are the product of contact between English and other languages in multilingual habitats through the nativization phase. Yet the actual contexts of code-switching that contribute to the emerging regional variety have scarcely been described. This research focuses on code-switching among bilingual Filipino students, to illuminate this dynamic phase in varietal evolution. Using data from an online academic forum, it analyses the code-switching patterns within and between turns in the discussion, to see how they facilitate or inhibit the mobilization of Tagalog elements into code-mixed English. The data show intense levels of code-switching especially within individual turns. At the change of turns, the sequentiality principle is often set aside, and code-switching often involves Tagalog discourse markers and other function words. These include some elements noted two decades earlier (Bautista 1998) as potential features of evolving Philippine English, which have never been codified. The new data provide empirical evidence of how non-English elements are progressively taken up into World Englishes, in interactive use of English among bi-/multilingual speakers.

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Bhatt, Rakesh Mohan. "Code-switching, constraints, and optimal grammars." Lingua 102, no. 4 (August 1997): 223–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(97)00007-7.

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Treffers-Daller, Jeanine, Sheikha Majid, Yap Ngee Thai, and Naomi Flynn. "Explaining the Diversity in Malay-English Code-Switching Patterns: The Contribution of Typological Similarity and Bilingual Optimization Strategies." Languages 7, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7040299.

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Bilingual speakers often engage in code-switching, that is the use of lexical items and grammatical features from two languages in one sentence. Malaysia is a particularly interesting context for the study of code-switching because Malay-English code-switching is widely practiced across formal and informal situations, and the available literature reveals that there is a great diversity in switch patterns in this language pair. One of the most remarkable characteristics of Malay-English code-switching is the high frequency of switches of function words (pronouns, modal verbs, demonstratives, etc.), which is very unusual in most code-switching corpora. Here, we analyse the structural properties of Malay-English code-switching, which have received less attention than functional analyses in the academic literature on code-switching in this language pair. We first summarize the literature on the different types of code-switching that are found in a range of sources, and then analyze the code-switching patterns in the speech of two teachers of English in Malaysia. We conclude with a discussion of the variables that can explain the diversity found, in particular structural factors (similarity between the word orders of both languages, and the limited number of inflections), and bilingual optimization strategies, as well as strategies of neutrality and efficiency.

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Leyew, Zelealem. "Code‐Switching: Amharic‐English." Journal of African Cultural Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1998): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13696819808717834.

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Muldner, Kasia, Leah Hoiting, Leyna Sanger, Lev Blumenfeld, and Ida Toivonen. "The phonetics of code-switched vowels." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917709093.

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Aims and Objectives: This study investigates the effects of code-switching on vowel quality, pitch and duration among English–French bilinguals. Code-switching has been claimed to influence the morphology, syntax and lexicon, but not the phonology of the switched language. However, studies on voice-onset time have found subtle phonetic effects of code-switching, even though there are no categorical phonological effects. We investigate this further through the following three questions: (1) Are F1 and F2 influenced in the process of code-switching? (2) Are code-switched words hyper-articulated? (3) Does code-switching have an effect on vowel duration before voiced and voiceless consonants? Methodology: To address our research questions we relied on an insertional switching method where words from one language were inserted into carrier phrases of the other to simulate English–French code-switching environments. Bilingual speakers were recorded while they read code-switched sentences as well as sentences that did not involve code-switching, that is, monolingual sentences. Data and Analysis: The vowels of target words in the recorded utterances were compared – code-switched contexts against monolingual contexts – for vocalic duration, F0, F1 and F2. Findings/Conclusions: Like previous voice-onset time studies, our results indicate that code-switching does not shift the phonology to that of the embedded language. We did, however, find subtle lower level phonetic effects, especially in the French target words; we also found evidence of hyper-articulation in code-switched words. At the prosodic level, target switch-words approached the prosodic contours of the carrier phrases they are embedded in. Originality: The approach taken in this study is novel for its investigation of vowel properties instead of voice-onset time. Significance: This new approach to investigating code-switching adds to our understanding of how code-switching affects pronunciation.

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Chirsheva, Galina. "Gender in Russian—English code-switching." International Journal of Bilingualism 13, no. 1 (March 2009): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006909103529.

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Meisel, Jürgen M. "Code-Switching in Young Bilingual Children." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, no. 4 (December 1994): 413–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100013449.

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This study examines the role of grammatical prerequisites on code-switching in young bilingual children. It is proposed that code-switching is constrained not only by grammatical properties of the languages involved; it is also regulated by principles and mechanisms of language use. Constraints on code-switching are therefore defined as processing principles that, however, depend on grammatical knowledge. They ensure that switching does not result in a violation of grammatical coherence, defined in terms of both linear sequencing and structural configuration. Some of these claims are tested empirically, analyzing the speech of two bilingual children acquiring French and German simultaneously. It is argued that even in the earliest uses of mixing, constraints are not violated; in many cases they do not apply because the relevant grammatical relations do not yet hold. Code-switching is nevertheless used from early on in accordance with these constraints, as soon as a certain kind of grammatical knowledge is accessible. Most importantly, functional categories have to be implemented in the child's grammar.

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DEUCHAR, MARGARET. "Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2005): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002294.

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This paper aims to contribute to elucidating the notion of congruence in code-switching with particular reference to Welsh–English data. It has been suggested that a sufficient degree of congruence or equivalence between the constituents of one language and another is necessary in order for code-switching to take place. We shall distinguish between paradigmatic and syntagmatic congruence in relation to the grammatical categories of the two languages, focusing on the insertion of English nouns and noun phrases, adjectives, verbs and participles in otherwise Welsh utterances. We shall demonstrate how differing degrees of congruence between grammatical categories in the two languages are reflected in different code-switching outcomes.

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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. "The IC model and code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 2 (August 1998): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000212.

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In his contribution Green proposes a very interesting model of bilingual speech processing, the inhibitory control (IC) model. The model's aim is to account for the way in which bilinguals control their two language systems. Although the model was not developed to account for code-switching, the author explicitly goes into implications of his model for code-switching and this makes it very relevant for linguists working in that field. Until now, psycholinguistic aspects of code-switching have received far less attention in the literature than the syntactic aspects of code-switching. The model therefore offers an excellent starting point for incorporating insights from psycholinguistics into code-switching research and vice versa.

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Pietikäinen, Kaisa S. "ELF couples and automatic code-switching." Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2014-0001.

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Umpornpun, Achiraya, and Preechaya Mongkolhutthi. "Conversational Code-Switching Among Thai Teenage Multilingual Gamers: A Sequential Analysis." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 2422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1211.24.

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Using the pragmatic approach to code-switching studies, this paper presents a case study of how a group of Thai multilingual teenagers employ code-switching to organise their discourse while gaming. Auer’s method of sequential analysis was used to reveal the ways participants used code-switching to negotiate the language for interaction and to organise conversational tasks. Participants were found to have used both participant-related and discourse-related code-switching in their interactions with one another. Analysis of these instances of code-switching suggests that code-switching is used as an additional resource by multilingual teenagers to achieve particular conversation goals in interaction, and that multilingualism is a linguistic and interactive resource that is unique to those that are able to communicate in more than one language.

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Giancaspro, David. "Code-switching at the auxiliary-VP boundary." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 3 (July 24, 2015): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.3.04gia.

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While early code-switching research (i.e., Poplack, 1980) focused on the possibility of universal constraints on switching, MacSwan’s (2010, 2014) “Constraint-Free” research program centers on the notion that code-switching is only constrained by the interaction of a bilingual’s two grammars. In following with this proposal, the current study examines whether two types of Spanish-English bilinguals are equally sensitive to the (un)grammaticality of Spanish-English code-switching at the subject-predicate and auxiliary-verb phrase boundaries. Twenty-five heritage Spanish speakers and forty-four L2 Spanish learners completed an Audio Naturalness Judgment Task in which they judged grammatical and ungrammatical Spanish-English code-switching at these two syntactic junctions. Results indicate that the L2 Spanish speakers and the heritage bilinguals, regardless of their self-reported exposure to code-switching, correctly differentiated between grammatical and ungrammatical switches, suggesting that they have implicit knowledge of code-switching grammaticality which falls out from syntactic knowledge of the two languages.

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Jansen, Veronika, Jasmin Müller, and Natascha Müller. "Code-switching between an OV and a VO language." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 337–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.4.01jan.

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The present article investigates intra-sentential code-switching in French/Italian/ Spanish-German bilingual children. The main question is what determines the syntax of code-switching in OV/VO structures and subordinate clauses. While in the domain of OV/VO, neither the language of the lexical verb nor that of the modal/auxiliary verb determines the structure of code-switched utterances, the complementizer seems to be decisive for the syntax of code-switching in subordinate clauses. The present approach focuses on the relevance of the functional head C in code-switching, claiming that the syntax of code-switched OV/VO structures is influenced by the language of a (covert) C-head, while it does not depend on the language of T or V. Our approach can explain the variability of OV/VO in code-switching data and supports the observations by Belazi, Rubin, and Toribio (1994), Cantone (2007), Chan (2003; 2007), and Gonzalez-Vilbazo and Lopez (2012) that functional categories play an important role for the syntax of code-switching.

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Moreno, Eva M., Kara D. Federmeier, and Marta Kutas. "Switching Languages, Switching Palabras (Words): An Electrophysiological Study of Code Switching." Brain and Language 80, no. 2 (February 2002): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2588.

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Kuzyk, Olivia, Margaret Friend, Vivianne Severdija, Pascal Zesiger, and Diane Poulin-Dubois. "Are there cognitive benefits of code-switching in bilingual children? A longitudinal study." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918001207.

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AbstractThe current study explored bilingual parent and child code-switching patterns over time. Concurrent and predictive models of code-switching behaviour on executive function outcomes were also examined in a sample of 29 French–English bilinguals at 36 (Wave 1) and 61 (Wave 2) months of age. We investigated whether code-switching typology in a single-language context predicted executive function performance at each wave independently, and whether growth in code-switching frequency across waves predicted executive function performance at Wave 2. At both waves, parents and children participated in two free play sessions (in English and French), followed by a battery of executive function tasks administered in the dominant language. Results indicate more frequent code-switching from the non-dominant to the dominant language in children, and that children code-switch to fill lexical gaps. Results also suggest that less frequent code-switching in a single-language context is associated with better inhibitory control skills during the preschool period.

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TORRES CACOULLOS, RENA, and CATHERINE E. TRAVIS. "Two languages, one effect: Structural priming in spontaneous code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000406.

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We investigate here the contribution of code-switching and structural priming to variable expression of the Spanish first person singular subject pronoun in the New Mexican bilingual community. Comparisons with both Spanish and English benchmarks indicate no convergence of Spanish toward English grammar, including in the presence of code-switching, where the linguistic conditioning of variant selection remains unaltered. We find a language-internal and cross-language priming effect, albeit of differing strength, such that speakers’ preceding coreferential (Spanish and English) subject pronouns favor subsequent pronouns, whereas unexpressed subjects tend to be followed by unexpressed subjects. Given the rarity of unexpressed subjects in English, in the presence of code-switching fewer tokens occur with unexpressed primes. Thus, code-switching has no intrinsic effect. Instead, it results in associated shifts in the distribution of contextual features relevant to priming, contrary to the convergence-via-code-switching hypothesis and in accordance with the contextual distribution-via-code-switching hypothesis, which we put forward here.

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Koronkiewicz, Bryan. "Preposition Stranding in Spanish–English Code-Switching." Languages 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010045.

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This study tests the acceptability of preposition stranding in the intrasentential code-switching of US heritage speakers of Spanish. Because languages vary when extracting determiner phrases from prepositional phrases, known as preposition stranding or p-stranding, a contrast arises for Spanish–English bilinguals. English allows p-stranding, but in Spanish the preposition is traditionally pied-piped with the DP. Heritage speakers of Spanish, though, have shown variability, with child sequential bilinguals requiring said pied-piping, but simultaneous bilinguals allowing p-stranding in Spanish. Participants (n = 24) completed a written acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert scale. The task included code-switched sentences (n = 16) with p-stranding, switching from either English to Spanish or vice versa, with comparison monolingual equivalents for Spanish (n = 8) and English (n = 8) included as well. The results found that the simultaneous bilinguals accepted p-stranding in both languages, while also showing no restriction in either code-switching condition. Child sequential bilinguals, however, showed the expected monolingual distinction between Spanish and English, and p-stranding was only accepted with Spanish determiner phrases extracted from an English prepositional phrase (i.e., Spanish-to-English). These findings support the previously reported differentiation between simultaneous and child sequential bilinguals regarding p-stranding, while expanding it to code-switching.

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Akande, Akinmade. "Code-switching in Nigerian hip-hop lyrics." Language Matters 44, no. 1 (March 2013): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2012.744083.

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Munarriz-Ibarrola, Amaia, Maria del Carmen Parafita Couto, and Emma Vanden Wyngaerd. "Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17082.mun.

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Petree, Nicholas. "Review of Gardner-Chloros (2009): Code-switching." English World-Wide 31, no. 2 (May 21, 2010): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.2.07pet.

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Ferguson, Gibson. "Classroom code-switching in post-colonial contexts." AILA Review 16 (July 8, 2003): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.16.05fer.

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Code-Switching in the classroom across a range of curricular subjects is a widespread phenomenon in multilingual, language contact settings in Africa and, indeed, world-wide; yet it is not infrequently regarded unfavourably by educational policy-makers. This paper reviews the literature on classroom functions of code-switching in post-colonial contexts, commenting on the merits and limitations of recent research. It also examines some of the conceptions of language underlying official and lay attitudes. Finally, as befits a paper examining classroom codeþswitching from the somewhat unusual perspective of language planning in education, it evaluates a number of policy proposals addressing the issue of how code-switching might more effectively be exploited as a communicative and pedagogic resource in instruction. The paper overall is constructed so as to inform the attitudes, practices and policies of policy-makers, teacher educators and teachers.

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Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. "Syntactic-theoretical perspectives on bilingual code-switching." Lingua 118, no. 6 (June 2008): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.05.005.

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Stoinova, Natal’ya. "Code-switching in infinitive constructions: Russian — Nanai." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2020.6.66-93.

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Gardner-Chloros, Penelope, and Daniel Weston. "Code-switching and multilingualism in literature." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 3 (August 2015): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015585065.

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Code-switching in spoken modes has now been studied fairly extensively and is better understood at the conversational as well as the grammatical level. However, interest in written code-switching has developed more slowly and is still represented mainly in relation to specific periods, such as the Classical period and the medieval period, where a large number of works have now appeared. Linguists have questioned to what extent the models developed for spoken code-switching can be applied to writing, and a fortiori to literary writing. This introductory article reviews the main types of literary multilingualism and the main functions of code-switching within it. We conclude that there is at least a partial – and not inconsiderable – overlap between the functions of code-switching in spoken and written modalities.

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Schendl, Herbert. "Code-switching in early English literature." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 3 (August 2015): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015585245.

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Code-switching has been a frequent feature of literary texts from the beginning of English literary tradition to the present time. The medieval period, in particular, with its complex multilingual situation, has provided a fruitful background for multilingual texts, and will be the focus of the present article. After looking at the linguistic background of the period and some specifics of medieval literature and of historical code-switching, the article discusses the main functions of code-switching in medieval poetry and drama, especially in regard to the different but changing status of the three main languages of literacy: Latin, French and English. This functional-pragmatic approach is complemented by a section on syntactic aspects of medieval literary code-switching, which also contains a brief comparison with modern spoken code-switching and shows some important similarities and differences between the two sets of data.

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Balam, Osmer, and María del Carmen Parafita Couto. "Adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching." Spanish in Context 16, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00034.bal.

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Abstract The current study investigates DP-internal adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching (CS). Specifically, we analyze two concomitant phenomena that have been previously investigated; namely, the distributional frequency and placement of adjectives in mixed determiner phrases (DPs). A total of 1680 DPs (477 monolingual Spanish and 1203 Spanish/English DPs), extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with 62 consultants from Northern Belize, were quantitatively examined. This paper is the first of its kind to examine adjectives in the innovative Spanish/English CS variety of Northern Belize, an understudied context where bilingual CS has thrived among younger generations. The distributional and statistical analyses revealed that the avoidance of Spanish attributive adjectives and overt gender marking is a distinguishing characteristic of mixed DPs but not monolingual Spanish DPs, a finding that supports Otheguy and Lapidus’ (2003) adaptive simplification hypothesis. In terms of adjective placement, both the Matrix Language Frame model and the Minimalist approach to CS were able to account for mixed noun-adjective DPs, with the exception of a few cases that could only be predicted by the former model. The present analysis highlights the pivotal role that simplification and convergence play in code-switchers’ optimization of linguistic resources in bi/multilingual discourse.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Code switching (Linguistics) Australia'

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