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1

Shah, Jagdeep. "Optical Code Division Multiple Access." Optics and Photonics News 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.14.4.000042.

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2

Buehrer, R. Michael. "Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)." Synthesis Lectures on Communications 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/s00017ed1v01y200508com002.

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3

Milstein, L. B. "Wideband code division multiple access." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 18, no. 8 (August 2000): 1344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.864000.

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4

G, Narayana Gowda. "Chaotic Code Division Multiple Access." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 04 (April 2, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem29967.

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Chaotic signals are gaining importance in the field of communication these days. The chaotic Pseudo Noise sequences give a uniform spread over the entire frequency bandwidth. The sequences produce good performance as Pseudo random patterns when used in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems. This paper introduces to the field of chaotic signals and demonstrates how it is used in CDMA systems Key Words: Chaotic signals, DS CDMA, Nonlinear systems, PN sequences.
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5

Crespo, P. M., M. L. Honig, and J. A. Salehi. "Spread-time code-division multiple access." IEEE Transactions on Communications 43, no. 6 (June 1995): 2139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.387455.

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6

Sampson, David D., Graeme J. Pendock, and Robert A. Griffin. "Photonic code-division multiple-access communications." Fiber and Integrated Optics 16, no. 2 (January 1997): 129–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468039708202284.

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7

Wei Li, Wei Li. "Fiber Bragg grating sensing system based on code division multiple access." Chinese Optics Letters 11, s2 (2013): S20602–320604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.s20602.

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8

Kanj, Khalil, Ahmed K. Elhakeem, and Tho Le-Ngoc. "Orthogonal short codes for code division multiple access networks." European Transactions on Telecommunications 7, no. 4 (July 1996): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460070402.

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9

Martín-González, J. A., R. Pérez-Jiménez, F. J. López-Hernández, E. Poves, and O. González. "Code acquisition of random optical codes in optical code-division multiple-access." IET Communications 6, no. 18 (December 18, 2012): 3176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2012.0305.

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10

Yang, Lie-Liang. "Time-Hopping Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 56, no. 2 (March 2007): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2006.889577.

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11

Sanz, Inmaculada. "New code division multiple access encoder-decoder." Optical Engineering 32, no. 3 (1993): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60854.

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12

Pan, Peng, and Lie-Liang Yang. "Spatially Modulated Code-Division Multiple-Access for High-Connectivity Multiple Access." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 18, no. 8 (August 2019): 4031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2920644.

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13

Lam, Pham Manh, and Do Quang Minh. "Optical fiber code-division multiple-access networks using concatenated codes." Journal of Communications and Networks 4, no. 3 (September 2002): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jcn.2002.6596910.

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14

Johannsen, K. G. "Code division multiple access versus frequency division multiple access channel capacity in mobile satellite communication." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 39, no. 1 (1990): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.54952.

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15

Abbas, Huda Saleh, Mark A. Gregory, and Michael W. Austin. "A New Prime Code for Synchronous Optical Code Division Multiple-Access Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3192520.

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A new spreading code based on a prime code for synchronous optical code-division multiple-access networks that can be used in monitoring applications has been proposed. The new code is referred to as “extended grouped new modified prime code.” This new code has the ability to support more terminal devices than other prime codes. In addition, it patches subsequences with “0s” leading to lower power consumption. The proposed code has an improved cross-correlation resulting in enhanced BER performance. The code construction and parameters are provided. The operating performance, using incoherent on-off keying modulation and incoherent pulse position modulation systems, has been analyzed. The performance of the code was compared with other prime codes. The results demonstrate an improved performance, and a BER floor of 10−9 was achieved.
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16

Taubin, F. A. "MULTIPLE ACCESS IN WIRELESS CHANNELS USING NONORTHOGONAL CODING AND FREQUENCY INTERLEAVING." System analysis and logistics 4, no. 34 (December 20, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/2077-5687-2022-4-73-82.

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Code division multiple access (CDMA) is currently considered as one of the promising technologies that can significantly improve the efficiency of modern and future communication networks. In code division multiple access systems, users can share a dedicated space-frequency-time resource to simultaneously transmit their own traffic. To ensure the separation of individual user streams on the receiving side, each user is provided with his own code sequence embedded in the broadband signal transmitted by this user, the spectrum of which, as a rule, occupies the entire allocated frequency band. When centimeter-and- millimeter wave wireless channels are used as the transmission medium, such factors as fading, multipath, and Doppler scatter can significantly degrade the performance of a code division multiple access system. The standard solution in this situation is to combine code division multiple access with OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) technology, known as multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA). To ensure the acceptable level of performance of multiple access systems under oversaturated conditions, many novel approaches based on the use of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have been proposed. The paper considers a variant of multiple access with non-orthogonal coding that is close in approach to sparse coding multiple access (SCMA). The proposed access procedure is based on dividing the allocated time-frequency resource into relatively small clusters and sharing each cluster with its own group of users, equipped with a non-orthogonal cluster code with the ability to change the loading factor. For the proposed class of cluster codes, a general encoding and decoding scheme is presented. Examples of specific cluster code constructions and numerical results are given that allow one to get a number of the parameters for tradeoffs between an increase of the loading factor in the system and additional energy loss.
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17

Anjum, Irfan, Aqeel A. Syed, and Azhar A. Rizvi. "Independent Code Division Multiple Access in DS-CDMA." Wireless Personal Communications 117, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 1717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07443-7.

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18

Patel, Shweta, Mukesh Tiwari, and Jaikaran Singh. "Multiuser Interface Optical Code Division Multiple Access System." International Journal of Communication and Networking System 001, no. 001 (June 16, 2012): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20894/ijcnes.103.001.001.007.

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19

Liu, Yusha, Lie-Liang Yang, Pei Xiao, Harald Haas, and Lajos Hanzo. "Spatial Modulated Multicarrier Sparse Code-Division Multiple Access." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 1 (January 2020): 610–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2947042.

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20

Willner, Alan, and Janet Jackel. "Call for Papers: Optical Code Division Multiple Access." Journal of Optical Networking 5, no. 9 (2006): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jon.5.0000ii.

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21

Bouregaa, Mouweffeq, Mohammed El Kebir Chikh-Bled, Mohammed Debbal, Mohammed Chamse Eddine Ouadah, and Hicham Chikh-Bled. "Optical Code Division Multiple Access for FTTH system." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i4.861.

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Many multiple access techniques have been proposed and demonstrated to provide flexible solutions for FTTH network configurations. The performance of this system suffers because of the correlation properties that contribute to a high level of Multiple Access Interference (MAI), low system capacity (users), and lower transmission rate. In this paper, we have proposed Optical CDMA (OCDMA) as a configuration solution for FTTH networks to improve the performance of this type of network. Full Text: PDF References. Z. Mateusz, M. Mariusz, On cost of the uniformity in FTTH network design, Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (2017), 87-90 CrossRef CEDRIC F. LAM, Passive Optical Networks- Principles and Practice, first ed., British Library, USA, 2007. DirectLink M.K. Abdullah, W.T. P'ng, P.W. Lau, E.R. Tee, FTTH access network protection using a switch, Asia Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), 3(2003) 1219–1222. CrossRef J. Ronnakorn, S. Napat, L. Somkiat, Design and implement of GPON-FTTH network for residential condominium, Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, (2017), 333-339. CrossRef M. BOUREGAA, M. CHIKH-BLED, Comparative Study of Optical Unipolar Codes for Incoherent DS-OCDMA system, International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, 6 (2013) 225-236. CrossRef M. BOUREGAA, M. CHIKH-BLED, The performance of a DS-OCDMA system using Orthogonal Optical Codes (OOC), European Scientific Journal, 9 (2013), 322-335 CrossRef M. Iwase, Y. Ishikawa, T. Komatsu, J. Kasahara, N. Hattori, M. Miura, N. Nakamura, K. Odaka, Optical transceiver modules for gigabit Ethernet PON FTTH systems, Furukawa Review, 28 (2005) 8-10. DirectLink
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22

Kar, Subrat. "Code Division Multiple Access in Fiber Optic Networks." IETE Journal of Education 38, no. 3-4 (July 1997): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09747338.1997.11415675.

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23

Liu, Yusha, Lie-Liang Yang, and Lajos Hanzo. "Spatial Modulation Aided Sparse Code-Division Multiple Access." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 17, no. 3 (March 2018): 1474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2017.2778722.

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24

Lee, J., and C. Un. "A Code-Division Multiple-Access Local Area Network." IEEE Transactions on Communications 35, no. 6 (June 1987): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096825.

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25

Elhakeem, A. K., R. Kohno, P. W. Baier, M. Nakagawa, and D. L. Schilling. "Guest Editorial Code Division Multiple Access Networks III." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 14, no. 8 (October 1996): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1996.539402.

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26

Elhakeem, A. K., R. Kohno, P. W. Baier, M. Nakagawa, D. l. Schilling, and A. Bush. "Code Division Multiple Access Networks IV [Guest Editorial]." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 14, no. 9 (December 1996): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1996.545690.

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27

Salehi, J. A. "Emerging optical code-division multiple access communication systems." IEEE Network 3, no. 2 (March 1989): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/65.21908.

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28

Shengli Zhou, G. B. Giannakis, and C. Le Martret. "Chip-interleaved block-spread code division multiple access." IEEE Transactions on Communications 50, no. 2 (2002): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.983320.

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29

Hooghiemstra, Gerard, Marten J. Klok, and Remco van der Hofstad. "Large Deviations for Code Division Multiple Access Systems." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 62, no. 3 (January 2002): 1044–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s003613999936372x.

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30

Arora, A. K., and S. L. Maskara. "Wireless Local Loop using Code Division Multiple Access." IETE Journal of Research 47, no. 3-4 (May 2001): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2001.11416212.

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31

Shakya, I. L., F. H. Ali, and E. Stipidis. "High user capacity collaborative code-division multiple access." IET Communications 5, no. 3 (February 11, 2011): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.0150.

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32

Elhakeem, A. K., D. L. Schiling, P. W. Baier, M. Nakagawa, and A. Bush. "Guest editorial. Code division multiple access networks. I." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 12, no. 4 (May 1994): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.286658.

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33

Zhang, Jian-Guo, Wing C. Kwong, Lian-Kuan Chen, and Kwok-Wai Cheung. "Synchronous all-optical code-division multiple-access networks." European Transactions on Telecommunications 8, no. 2 (March 1997): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460080210.

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34

Monga, Himanshu, and R. S. Kaler. "Performance Analysis of Multiple User Optical Code Division Multiple Access." Optics and Photonics Journal 04, no. 02 (2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/opj.2014.42004.

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35

Farhan, Ikhlas Mahmoud, Dhafer R. Zaghar, and Hadeel Nasrat Abdullah. "Enhancement of code division multiple access system performance using raptor codes." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v26.i3.pp1460-1468.

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Some kinds of communication systems work in very low signal-to-noise (LSNR) environments. For these systems to function reliably, <span>specific techniques and methodologies have to be used to mitigate the degrading effects of the channel. The channel coding method is the key element in most LSNR communication systems, but emphasizing the code division multiple access (CDMA) is a new transmission technique in these channels. To enhance the CDMA scheme's system capacity and reach unprecedented ranges of LSNR values in wireless sensor network. This paper suggests combining CDMA with certain types of channel coding algorithms, such as the raptor codes. The raptor channel encoding technique has improved the CDMA system's performance when using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation in additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. It has achieved a low bit error rate in range of 10-7 at Eb/No value of (-3) dB and about 10-6 at shannon's limit. The Raptor-coded CDMA scheme works well for channel signal to noise ration (SNR) values of greater than -9 dB, showing an improvement of about 7 dB compared with turbo/convolutional channel coding methods used with the CDMA system bit error rate (BER) and throughput. On the other hand, it has been shown that the convolutional encoder presents the weakest performance compared to both the turbo and raptor codes.</span>
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36

Brunel, Loïc, and Joseph Boutros. "Code division multiple access based on independent codes and turbo decoding." Annales Des Télécommunications 54, no. 7-8 (July 1999): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02997762.

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37

Tarhuni, Naser G., Mohammed Elmusrati, and Timo Korhonenn. "POLARIZED OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODE FOR OPTICAL CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS SYSTEMS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research 65 (2006): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pier06082303.

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38

Yang, Zong-kai, Guang-ran Liu, and Jian-hua He. "New code match strategy for wideband code division multiple access code tree management." Journal of Central South University of Technology 13, no. 3 (June 2006): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-006-0121-6.

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39

Mahmoud, Magdi, and Matasm Hassan Hamid. "Distributed Power Control for Code Division Multiple Access Systems." International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2012): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327911202020081.

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40

Seo, Bo-Min, Junho Cho, and Ho-Shin Cho. "A Signaling-Free Underwater Code Division Multiple Access Scheme." Electronics 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080880.

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In this paper, we propose an underwater code division multiple access system where each sensor node independently evaluates whether a channel is available or not without control message exchanges with a central data-gathering node named a sink. A sensor node is able to estimate how large power is currently received at a sink in the distance based on the overheard power at the node from neighbors. If the estimated power is below a certain threshold level, the sensor node is allowed to transmit data in a p-persistent manner, where the probability p depends on the available capacity. Simulation results show the traffic estimation works well as demonstrated by a success probability of approximately 100%, and the data throughput improves in most of the offered traffic region because of the removal of the control signaling related to channel allocation.
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41

Mishra, Anuja, and Sharad Mohan Shrivastava. "Code Division for Multiple Access: Opportunities and - Perhaps - Pitfalls." i-manager’s Journal on Wireless Communication Networks 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2015): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.4.3.4845.

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42

Zhang, Ying. "Dual detection for optical code division multiple access communication." Optical Engineering 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1812327.

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43

Shalaby, Hossam M. H. "Optical code-division multiple-access protocol with selective retransmission." Optical Engineering 45, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 055007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2205193.

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44

Kyeongcheol Yang, Young-Ky Kim, and P. Vijay Kumar. "Quasi-orthogonal sequences for code-division multiple-access systems." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 46, no. 3 (May 2000): 982–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.841175.

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45

Heritage, Jonathan P., and Andrew M. Weiner. "Advances in Spectral Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Communications." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 13, no. 5 (2007): 1351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2007.901891.

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46

Sang Wu Kim and A. J. Goldsmith. "Truncated power control in code-division multiple-access communications." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 49, no. 3 (May 2000): 965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.845113.

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47

Griffin, R. A., D. D. Sampson, and D. A. Jackson. "Coherence coding for photonic code-division multiple access networks." Journal of Lightwave Technology 13, no. 9 (1995): 1826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.464731.

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48

Brandt-Pearce, M., and B. Aazhang. "Multiuser detection for optical code division multiple access systems." IEEE Transactions on Communications 42, no. 2/3/4 (February 1994): 1801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.1994.582889.

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49

Chen, Lawrence R., and Peter W. E. Smith. "Fiber Bragg Gratings Enable Optical Code-Division Multiple Access." Optics and Photonics News 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.11.12.000017.

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50

Sangin Kim, Minjeong Kang, Soojin Park, Youngbok Choi, and Sangpil Han. "Incoherent bidirectional fiber-optic code division multiple access networks." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12, no. 7 (July 2000): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.853555.

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