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Journal articles on the topic 'Cocoa economy'
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Satrio, Refin, and Andi Kurniawan. "External Efforts to Increase Cocoa Exports to the European Market: A Comparison between Ghana and Indonesia." JISPO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 12, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jispo.v12i1.14324.
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Cocoa is one of the essential commodities that contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy. As the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world, Indonesia is facing competition from Ghana, a global cocoa-producing country which is relatively similar to Indonesia in terms of politics, economy, and the cocoa industry. Ghana has a competitive advantage that makes its cocoa products appear superior to Indonesia in terms of quality, productivity figures, and cocoa export value. Especially, this is seen in terms of cocoa export to the European Union market. This article aims to study the external efforts made by Ghana and Indonesia to increase their cocoa exports to the European Union market, the largest chocolate consumer region in the world. To do this, it used a qualitative research method with descriptive-analytical and comparative analysis employing the theory of competitive advantage and the concept of economic diplomacy. The article found that Indonesia has excellent cocoa potential that can be developed further and can learn from what Ghana has attempted to increase its cocoa exports to the European Union market.
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Muojama, Olisa Godson. "Cocoa Marketing Board and the Sustainable Cocoa Economy in Colonial Nigeria." African Economic History 47, no. 1 (2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2019.0001.
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Effendi, Yuventus. "Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i1.212.
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In recent years, there is a significant decline of cocoa beans in terms of exports value and share after 2010. Several studies claimed that this downward trend was caused by the introduction of an export tax on cocoa beans in 2010. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the impacts of decreasing cocoa beans exports to the Indonesian economy. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate the impacts of the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans to the economy as well as unemployment. Methodology of this study utilised the Input-Output Table. In particular, this study calculated the impacts of export tax on cocoa beans to the changes of output, primary inputs, and unemployment in several scenarios. The main result of this study was that at extreme scenario, where the cocoa beans sector’s export was eliminated, the impacts on the whole economy and unemployment were insignificant. Moreover, this study found that the impacts on value added such as decreasing of profit were relatively higher than decreasing ra te on the output and others value added such as salary and wages and indirect taxes. On the other hand, this study argued that even though the introduction of export tax effectively reduced raw cocoa beans exports, there was an increasing on the exports’ value on the down stream industries.
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Widhiyoga, Ganjar, and Hasna Wijayati. "Challenges Faced by Cocoa-based Industries from Indonesia in Global Value Chains." Husnayain Business Review 2, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54099/hbr.v2i2.288.
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Purpose – Products originated from cocoa are globally popular. Therefore there is an economic significance in developing the cocoa-based industry. Indonesia, as one of the countries having good quality cocoa specimens, should benefit from this commodity. However, the cocoa-based industry has not contributed much to Indonesia’s GDP. Thus, this paper seeks to understand Indonesia’s cocoa industry’s position within the cocoa industry’s global value chain and any difficulties that prevent the cocoa-based industry from flourishing in Indonesia. Approach - This paper drew from the literature on the cocoa industry in Indonesia and the cocoa global value chain. Findings - This research shows that Indonesia’s underdeveloped cocoa industry lacks an understanding of Indonesia’s cocoa value in the global value chains. This lack of understanding is prevalent in the Indonesian economic bureaucracy and local cocoa industrial actors’ perspective. Novelty – In the study of political economy, the optimization of economic benefits can be achieved through good synergy in political policies to support the achievement of maximum value added for a leading commodity in a country. When the synergy among the stakeholders is optimal, the implemented regulations can be adequately implemented.
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Ghazali, Puspa Liza, Dede Ansyari Guci, Eni Noreni Mohammad Zain, Hamidah Che Abdul x. Hamid, Roslida Abdul Razak, Juliana Arifin, Sharifah Arni Syed Jaaffar, and Norizan Remli. "The Factors of Risk Management Effect at Slope Construction Site." Husnayain Business Review 2, no. 2 (September 28, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54099/hbr.v2i2.323.
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Purpose – Products originated from cocoa are globally popular. Therefore there is an economic significance in developing the cocoa-based industry. Indonesia, as one of the countries having good quality cocoa specimens, should benefit from this commodity. However, the cocoa-based industry has not contributed much to Indonesia’s GDP. Thus, this paper seeks to understand Indonesia’s cocoa industry’s position within the cocoa industry’s global value chain and any difficulties that prevent the cocoa-based industry from flourishing in Indonesia. Approach - This paper drew from the literature on the cocoa industry in Indonesia and the cocoa global value chain. Findings - This research shows that Indonesia’s underdeveloped cocoa industry lacks an understanding of Indonesia’s cocoa value in the global value chains. This lack of understanding is prevalent in the Indonesian economic bureaucracy and local cocoa industrial actors’ perspective. Novelty – In the study of political economy, the optimization of economic benefits can be achieved through good synergy in political policies to support the achievement of maximum value added for a leading commodity in a country. When the synergy among the stakeholders is optimal, the implemented regulations can be adequately implemented.
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Wijayati, Hasna, and Halifa Haqqi. "The Indonesian Global Cocoa Chain’s Position in the Pandemic Era." International Journal on Social Science, Economics and Art 12, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/ijosea.v12i1.75.
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In the GVC of cocoa commodities, Indonesia has a potential position as one of the suppliers of cocoa commodities. However, the cocoa industry sector is increasingly threatened when the world enters a crisis period due to the global pandemic in early 2020. For this reason, Indonesia has made many efforts to maintain its position in the GVC of cocoa commodities. This study attempts to analyze Indonesia's position in the global cocoa chain in the pandemic era. The method used is qualitative research with a library research approach. The theory used to analyze focuses on global value chain theory. This study finds that Indonesia's tried to maintain it’s position in global cocoa chain through economic stability, both at the domestic and global levels. This position is described in the aspect of increasing the contribution of cocoa commodities to GDP, increasing the export market share of Indonesian cocoa commodities in the global market, as well as increasing the competitiveness of the Indonesian economy. This condition becomes a parameter to measure the performance of Indonesia's political economy as well as demonstrates the capability of the Indonesian government in dealing with the global crisis due to the pandemic and minimizing the impact of the crisis on national stability. Thus, it can be concluded that Indonesia can still maintain its position in the global cocoa chain as an important supplier.
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Dwi Anggraeni and Rina Fariyani. "Green Economy Model Development Strategy in Cocoa Tourism Village in Banyuwangi." Proceedings of International Conference on Economics Business and Government Challenges 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2022): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/ic-ebgc.v1i1.45.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the application of the Green Economy concept in the development of tourist villages as an effort to realize environmentally sound development as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in the development of tourist villages in Banyuwangi Regency. This research will be conducted in the Glennmore Cocoa Tourism Village, Banyuwangi Regency. In this study the research method used is descriptive qualitative . This research is expected to have a long-term economic impact on the community and the preservation of the environment. The results of the study indicate that the application of draft green economy in development Village Tour Cocoa as effort realize development insightful environment, namely: Application principles development insightful environment in Banyuwangi Regency, in development field tourist, not yet fully applied. Thing this seen from the principle that has not been applied justice in one generation and internalisation environmental costs. Application of the principles green economy on development Village Tour Cocoa not yet applied fully. However, there is a number of factor which Becomes constraint in development Village Tour Cocoa, that is source existing human resources, facilities not enough complete, per- farm cocoa which experience decrease in quantity and quality, parties fraudulent travel, and promotions that not yet conducted by maximum.
Keywords: green economy, tourist village
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Zia'ulhaq As Shidqi, Muhammad Abdul Azis, Ni Nyoman Clara Listya Dewi, and Walda Okvi Juliana Ningsih. "The Development of Bali's Cocoa Industry through the Hexagon Model for Local Economic Development (LED): Sorga Chocolate Factory." Journal of World Trade Studies 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jwts.v6i1.2455.
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Local Economic Development (LED) is the foundation for maintaining the national economic cycle and supporting local financial independence. In addition to its tourism sector, Bali has potential in the cocoa industry. In 2009, Bali had 12,850 hectares of cocoa land. Balinese cocoa is also famous for its taste and fermentation quality. Unfortunately, the cocoa industry still has several challenges, such as cocoa farmers being comfortable with the value chain formed by the world's largest cocoa companies, Indonesian cocoa's renowned mixed and low-quality cocoa; access to buyers; different prices between farmers, wholesaler, and lead firms; productivity consistency and quality in the upstream sector; and climate change. This research will examine the cocoa industry in Bali using the Hexagon Model for LED and also analyze the upstream-downstream process of the Balinese cocoa industry. The objective of this article is to examine how the Hexagon model for LED in the Balinese cocoa industry can further activate local economic activities and form a resilient and sustainable local economy. The local government has established regulations for the protection of cocoa farmers in collaboration with Kalimajari and Udayana University, however, optimization in implementing the regulations still need to be done, especially in the government sector
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Faila Sophia Hartatri, Diany, Alvin Rizki Ramadhani, Sholahuddin Akbar, Burhanuddin Fauzi, and Hendy Firmanto. "Added Value Analysis of Intermediate and Final Cocoa Products: Case Study in a Cocoa Producing Unit in Jember, East Java." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 37, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i2.482.
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Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contribute to Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodityas their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beans produced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gateprice. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi (down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required. Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contributeto Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodity as their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beansproduced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gate price. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi(down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required.
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Cahyanto, T. A., S. Wahjuni, H. Sukoco, H. Rahmawan, and S. N. Neyman. "Intelligent ubiquitous technology as a precision agri-food framework: a proposed framework." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1041, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012022.
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Abstract Agri-Food is another term for the agriculture-based food sector, which is currently one of Indonesia’s main pillars of the national economy. One of the well-known plants for agricultural-based food processing called Agri-Food in Indonesia is Cocoa. Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities that has an essential role in economic activities in Indonesia. Given the critical role of cocoa as a source of the country’s economy, it must guarantee productivity and quality of cocoa and sustainability. To ensure cocoa productivity and quality sustainability, agricultural activities in today’s era can integrate intelligent ubiquitous technology as a framework for obtaining precise production results. What can measure precision production results from three aspects: increasing agricultural land productivity, reducing production costs, and minimizing the environmental impact. This paper discusses the proposed framework with intelligent ubiquitous technology to support precision agri-food that focuses on context-aware systems. The context-aware system in the proposed framework is expected to become a control center in collecting and processing data in real-time to help farmers make the best decisions regarding weather conditions and diseases caused by plants.
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Aviny, Eva Yolynda. "Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Kakao Selama Pandemi Covid-19: Sebuah Pendekatan Economic Value Added (EVA)." Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia 10, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jai.2022.10.1.76-84.
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The Covid-19 pandemic brings around a multidimensional crisis that sway the world’s economy and believed to affect the performance of any industry. Cocoa processing industry, which is well known greatly contributes to Indonesia’s economy, is one of industry that is suspected has a significant effect to the performance of Indonesia’s economy. As one of export commodity, during the pandemic (2019-2020) the cocoa processing industry contributed for about USD 548 million to total Indonesia’s foreign exchange. This lead to a question: does the increase implies that the cocoa processing industry has a good financial performance? Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the financial performance of two cocoa processing company before and during Covid-19 pandemic by occupying the financial report of PT Bumi Teknokultura Unggul TBK and PT Wahana Interfood Nusantara from 2018 till 2020. The Economic Value Added approach was used to evaluate the financial performance of both company. The result of Economic Value Added (EVA) Analysis confirmed that this pandemic seem affecting the financial performance of the two company, which is both company’s performance tend to decrease. Yet, a different performance between the two was depicted as well by EVA, in which the EVA of PT Wahana Interfood Nusantara is positive while the PT Bumi Teknokultura Unggul Tbk’s is negative. This implies that PT Wahana Interfood Nusantara has a better financial performance than PT Bumi Teknokultura Unggul Tbk.
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Kone, Kouwelton, Karl Akueson, and Graeme Norval. "On the Production of Potassium Carbonate from Cocoa Pod Husks." Recycling 5, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5030023.
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Cocoa beans are found inside an outer husk; 60% of the cocoa fruit is the outer husk, which is a waste biomass. The husk cannot be used directly as a soil amendment as it promotes the fungal black pod disease, which reduces crop yield. The pods are segregated from the trees, and their plant nutrient value is wasted. This is particularly true for the small acreage farmers in West Africa. Cocoa pod husk is well suited to be used as a biomass source for electricity production. The waste ash is rich in potassium, which can be converted in various chemical products, most notably, high-purity potassium carbonate. This study reviews the information known about cocoa and cocoa pod husk, and considers the socio-economic implications of creating a local economy based on collecting the cocoa pod husk for electricity production, coupled with the processing of the waste ash into various products. The study demonstrates that the concept is feasible, and also identifies the local conditions required to create this sustainable economic process.
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Prah, Ishmael, and Peter Dzakah Fanam. "Empirical analysis of the best warehousing practices and its impact on cocoa beans quality." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.353.
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The importance of cocoa to the economy of Ghana cannot be overemphasized. For several decades, cocoa has been the backbone of the country's economy and plays a major role in employment, foreign exchange earnings, government revenue, education, and infrastractural development of Ghana. Ghana is the world premier supplier of high quality cocoa and second largest exporter of the commodity. Maintaining this high quality of cocoa beans is important if Ghana is to maintain this status, and in so doing, continue charging a premium price for its cocoa. In this study, four best practices of cocoa warehousing were identified from literature and the impact they have on the quality of cocoa beans was explored in mach detail using data collected from sixty-six district managers and depot keepers of cocoa warehouses in the Agona East and Agona West districts of the Central region of Ghana. A structural equation model was developed and tested to explore this phenomenon and the findings revealed that the four cocoa warehousing best practices - inventory control, warehouse maintainance, warehouse inspection, and records keeping- were significantly positively associated with the quality of cocoa beans. This suggests that all efforts aimed at improving these aspects of cocoa warehousing would reflect positively on the quality of cocoa beans. The study also revealed important challenges to cocoa warehousing in the sampled cocoa warehouses and depots including low capacity of warehouses, poor lighting, poor ventilation, attack by pest and diseases, mishandling, insufficient equipments and facilities, pilferage and damage of cocoa beans, and lack of training for staff and other workers of cocoa warehousing and storage institutions. These challenges threaten to lower the quality of Ghana's cocoa beans. The study recommends that greater investment should be channelled into cocoa warehousing as doing so would address most of the challenges identified. The study also calls for further research into other cocoa warehousing practices not tackled in this study to determine how they impact on the quality of cocoa bean.
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Pahlevi, Omar, and Muhamad Kusumo Atmojo. "Application of Expert System for Diagnosing Diseases Cocoa Plants Using the Forward Chaining Algorithm Method." SinkrOn 4, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v4i2.10481.
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Cacao plants originated from South America, then spread to North America, Africa and Asia. In Indonesia, cocoa has been known since 1560, but has become an important commodity since 1951. Cacao commodity plays an important role in the national economy and is a national mainstay commodity. This shows that cocoa is one of the results of plantation commodities that have a high economic value and play an important role as a source of foreign exchange through exports, as well as encouraging the regional economy, especially in rural areas. But behind the high value of cocoa production, there are problems faced, including the low quality of cocoa in Indonesia because cocoa plantations in Indonesia are threatened by pests and plant diseases. Lack of information that is known by the plantation and cocoa farmers about the types of diseases that attack cocoa plants, causing many cocoa plants that are not handled properly. If this is allowed to continue it will impact on the declining quality and production of cocoa plants. Current advances in information technology, especially cellular phones, can be used as a means to improve public services, one of the results of the development of cellular technology is the birth of cellular phones with the android operating system. In this research produced if the symptoms data entered could not find the type of cocoa plant disease because the input data did not match any disease data in the database, the system would display the word "Can not find the disease you are looking for because it is not related to fruit rot disease, stem cancer, vascular antraknosem, streak dieback, upas fungus and root fungus ". From the data of symptoms, diseases and relations above, the algorithm is depicted using a decision tree. Decision tree is a picture of tracking symptoms, determining the disease and concluding results in the form of a solution. In this application, using the Forward Chaining method so that tracking begins with the selection of symptoms experienced then the results of the diagnosis in the form of cocoa plant diseases.
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Liku, Andarias, Muslimin B, and Yuanita Yuanita. "Decision Support System Selection Cocoa Seed Using Web-Based AHP Hybrid WP Method." TEPIAN 1, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/tepian.v1i4.197.
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Cocoa Plant (Theobroma cacao L) is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in the Indonesian economy. One of the cocoa-producing regions in Indonesia is East Kalimantan, the expanse of land in KALTIM Province is still a lot that is not optimally cultivated so that if utilized for cocoa crops, it will have a positive impact on the regional economy. The first step that should be taken by cocoa farmers is the need to use superior cocoa planting materials (seeds). But in cocoa seed selection there are still many who use manual systems so that this kind of thing takes a long time and is less efficient, so a system is needed that is the System supporting cocoa seed selection decisions using AHP hybrid WP method based on the web. This aims to make it easier for cocoa farmers to efficiently select cocoa seeds. This study aims to calculate and create a system that can manage cocoa seed selection by applying modeling of hybrid WP AHP method that can be accessed by many people. The method used is the AHP Hybrid WP Method which is the merging of two methods namely the AHP method and the WP method. The AHP method is used to evaluate the weight value of the criteria, while the WP method is used to evaluate alternative values so that the two methods get a ranking decision. This application can calculate and process cocoa seedlings to produce the best cocoa seed sequence and accessible to many in need.
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Agung Prasetyo and Mahananto. "PENGARUH VOLATILITAS HARGA COCOA DUNIA TERHADAP EKSPOR COCOA INDONESIA." JURNAL ILMIAH AGRINECA 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36728/afp.v20i1.993.
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Cocoa was one of the commodities, which are crucial to the economy of Indonesia. Cocoaserve as a source of income, driving the development of the region, a provider of employment and agro-industry and foreign exchange earnings, The purpose of this study to analyze the influence of the world cocoa price volatility against Indonesian cocoa exports. This study used ordinary least squares (OLS) to analyze the data. The time interval used was 2013-2017 with monthly data. The results showed that independent variables such as world cocoa prices, consumption and world stocks of cocoa have a significant effect on the Indonesian cocoa exports. World cocoa prices were down led to a decline of Indonesian cocoa exports. Besides that, Government policy states the imposition of export duty on exported goods to guarantee the supply of raw materials for cocoa in the country, OLS also indicates that cocoa production, exchange rate, and world cocoa consumption did not affect the export cocoa of Indonesia.
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Yao Sadaiou Sabas, Barima, Konan Gislain Danmo, Kouakou Akoua Tamia Madeleine, and Bogaert Jan. "Cocoa Production and Forest Dynamics in Ivory Coast from 1985 to 2019." Land 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120524.
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The cocoa economy of Ivory Coast started in the eastern part of the country in the 1970s and spread to the central-western and then south-western regions. For nearly a decade, it has been in the West of Ivory Coast with a population increase caused by large waves of migration. This study aims to determine different factors explaining dynamics of the cocoa economy from the East to West of Ivory Coast. The method adopted consisted of processing Landsat images from 1985–2018 and an individual survey of 278 heads of households. The results obtained showed that the development of the cocoa economy led forest cover degradation with a total loss estimated at 60.80%, 46.39%, 20.76% and 51.18% of forest area in the East, Centre-West, South-West and West, respectively. The creation of new cocoa farms in the West of Ivory Coast is governed by non-native people (51.13%) settled between 2010 and 2018. About 41% of these producers come mainly from the Centre-West (25%) and the South-West (16%). In addition, 29% of producers come from the West of Ivory Coast. Despite the abiotic characteristics being considered unfavourable, the west of Ivory Coast is in the process of becoming the country’s new zone of high cocoa production.
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Herman, Fitriani. "Performance Analysis of Cocoa Certification Program in Polewali Mandar Regency." ANJORO: International Journal of Agriculture and Business 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/anjoro.v1i1.641.
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One of the agricultural development income is through agribusiness activities oriented to increasing competitiveness and sustainable economic development of the community, which is carried out within the framework of autonomy to strengthen the regional economy. Cocoa is a strategic commodity in case, firstly, Indonesia is the number two cocoa producer in the world after Ivory Coast, with production of 809,586 tons in 2012. In 2012, this commodity has contributed foreign exchange of US $ 1.1 billion, which is the third foreign exchange earnings spread after oil palm and rubber. Secondly, this product involves 95% of smallholder farmers with increased land ownership of 0.5-2 ha. Thus, the development of the cocoa business will directly or indirectly affect the microeconomics. This study aims to determine the performance and the level of satisfaction of the cocoa certification program in one of cocoa production center in Polewali Mandar. This study uses Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The results of this study indicate that the achievement of the performance of the cocoa certification program has been running quite well, but there are still some that have not worked optimally where the level of satisfaction of the cocoa certification program that 78.03% are satisfied with the program's performance cocoa certification and 21.97% farmers were not satisfied with the performance of the cocoa certification program carried out in Polewali Mandar.
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Walker, Ezekiel Ayodele. "Structural change, the oil boom and the cocoa economy of southwestern Nigeria, 1973–1980s." Journal of Modern African Studies 38, no. 1 (March 2000): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99003250.
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The oil boom that lasted from the early 1970s until about 1983 spawned a phenomenal expansion of the Nigerian economy. Within a few years, oil revenues rose from 1·4 billion naira in 1973 to 12·86 billion naira by 1980. The oil boom led to the assigning of substantial sums of money to the cocoa industry of southwestern Nigeria. In spite of these investments, the cocoa industry stagnated during the oil boom years. Using oral interviews and archival documents, this paper examines structural change in the cocoa industry before the oil boom, and analyses the failure of government rehabilitation programmes during the oil boom years.
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Calmon da Conceição, Ronisson Lucas, Renato Droguett Droguett Macedo, Andréa Da Silva Gomes, Mônica De Moura Pires, Gustavo Joaquim Lisboa, and Monick Midlej do Espírito Santo. "Specialization and competitiveness: analysis of Brazilian exports of cocoa beans and products." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 11, no. 6 (September 18, 2020): 1207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v11i6.2348.
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Cocoa farming was and still is an economic activity of great importance for the economy of Brazil and the rest of the world. During the last few decades, African and Asian countries have increased their presence as producers, increasing global competition and leading to changes in Brazil’s participation in foreign markets. In this context, this study analyzes the competitiveness of Brazilian cocoa farming based on exports of cocoa beans and products (powder and press cake, cocoa butter and cocoa liquor).To do so, foreign trade indicators were calculated for the period from 1996 to 2016, in the form of: revealed comparative advantage (RCA); coverage ratio (CR); and trade balance contribution index (TBCI). The data showed that, from 1997, Brazil has moved from being an exporter to import cocoa beans, as a result of the significant drop in production and productivity of the agriculture of the state of Bahia, the largest exporter and importer of cocoa beans in Brazil. In several years, exports of cocoa butter accounted for the greatest contribution to foreign trade. In general, the indicators showed the poor competitive performance of Brazil in the international market of cocoa beans and products.The country lost market share and suffered the greatest loss of competitiveness in the export of such commodities. There is a need to formulate competitive strategies to support the cocoa industry in order to increase its global market share. This could involve conquering more dynamic or little-exploited markets, mainly for cocoa products which offer higher added value.
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Hadinata, Sebastian, and Maria Merry Marianti. "Analisis Dampak Hilirisasi Industri Kakao di Indonesia." Jurnal Akuntansi Maranatha 12, no. 1 (May 17, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jam.v12i1.2287.
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Cocoa is one of Indonesia’s plantation commodity that is important for the national economy. Cocoa plays a role in encouraging regional development and agro-industry. The purpose of this study was to find out the cocoa value chain in Indonesia and find out the impact of the downstream cocoa processing industry in Indonesia. The method used is literature study. The results of the analysis show that the downstreaming of the cocoa processing industry has a positive impact on Indonesia, the benefits of which are getting value added of raw material products, strengthening industrial structures, providing employment, attracting investors, and providing business opportunities in Indonesia.
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Setiawan, Risqi Firdaus, Pawana Nur Indah, and Endang Yektiningsih. "Analysis of Cocoa Supply Chain Risk in Kare Village, Madiun District with Method Analytic Network Process." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v4i2.43.
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Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities whose role is quite important for the national economy of Indonesia. However, the cocoa industry faces several problems including the various risks involved in the cocoa supply chain. The aim of this study were: 1) Identifying risks in the cocoa supply chain 2) Analyzing the members of the supply chain with the highest risk 3) Evaluating and mitigating cocoa supply chain risks effectively and efficiently. An integrated analytic network process (ANP) and weighted failure mode effect analysis (WFMEA) method will be used to determine and analyze the highest risk in the cocoa supply chain. The results of the priority of the members of the value chain in the cocoa supply chain risk management are SMEs (0.43801), with the risk having the highest priority is production risk (0.29262) as well as alternative strategic priorities namely by increasing income (0.28754). The results of risk control are mainly focused on efforts to increase the income of cocoa farmers by utilizing cocoa processing byproducts such as cocoa bean pulp and cocoa pod husks. The cocoa bean pulp can be processed into nata products and cocoa juice, while the cocoa pod skin can be used as fertilizer.
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Pamanyo, Krisniati, Dian Puspapratiwi, Hertasning Yatim, Hidayat Arismunandar Katili, Mihwan Sataral, and Taufik Bidullah. "Analysis of land carrying capacity and production factors of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Banggai Regency." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 18, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v18i1.7377.
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This study aimed to determine the carrying capacity of land and production factors in the development of cocoa production in the Banggai Regency of Central Sulawesi. This research was conducted in 23 sub-districts of the Banggai Regency. Determination of respondents using cluster sampling method or grouping based on area or population location with 114 cocoa farmers. The research data were obtained from primary data, i.e., interviews, questionnaires. In contrast, secondary data were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency, the Banggai Regency Agriculture Office, and the Center for Research and Development on Agricultural Land Resources. The variables analyzed include regional economics (used LQ and SSA), land carrying capacity (DDL), and the production factors were land area (X1), number of workers (X2), fertilizer costs (X3), and pesticide costs (X4). Thus, this study indicated the direction of land allocation based on the regional economy, land carrying capacity, and cocoa production factors. Overall, cocoa plants could be developed in the Banggai Regency with an area of 419,236.9 hectares. However, there was a need for sound land use data management and intensive cocoa cultivation assistance to increase comparative and competitive human resources and improve the economy for the welfare of the cocoa farming community in the Banggai Regency.
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Inayah, Nurul, Nur Anim Jauhariyah, Komarudin Komarudin, and Mahbub Mahbub. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pengolahan Kulit Kakao." LOYALITAS, Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/loyal.v2i2.497.
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Sumberagung Village is one of the villages in Banyuwangi Regency which is in the southern region precisely at the foot of Mount Tumpang Pitu, Mount Lompong, Mount Bayur, and Bukit Kapur (Gunung Gamping). The village has the potential of cocoa plants. There is a problem of wasted cocoa skin waste, so we took the initiative to help the community to reduce cocoa skin waste by utilizing food preparations that could add to the economy in Sungailembu Hamlet. So that the cocoa skin waste will have a high selling value, and can be used as a typical product of the Sungailembu Hamlet. Therefore, to help with the problem of reducing cocoa skin waste, a training was held in Sungailembu Hamlet, which was attended by IIK (Employees 'Wives' Association) housed in the Punta Dewa building. By giving direction on the innovation of cocoa skin waste to be processed into cocoa skin crackers.
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Knudsen, Michael Helt. "Making a living in the cocoa frontier, Western Ghana: Diversifying incomes in a cocoa economy." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 107, no. 2 (January 2007): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2007.10649567.
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Wardhany, Medha, and Fauzul Adzim. "Determinant of Cocoa Export in Indonesia." Economics Development Analysis Journal 7, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i3.25262.
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International Trade is one of the activities that plays an important role for the economy. Indonesia is one of the countries whose depends on exports. One of the agricultural commodities that become the leading commodity is cocoa. Although it is a main flag export commodity, cocoa farming still has many challenges. The export volume of cocoa beans in the period 1987-2016 increase slightly, but in the last six years the export tend to decrease. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the export of cocoa beans. The analytical method used is Multiple Linear Regression with the ordinary least squares rank method (OLS). The results showed that the variables of production have a positive and significant effect with coefficient value of 0.642607. Domestic cocoa price does not affect the export volume of cocoa beans. The international cocoa price variable has a negative and significant effect on export volume of Indonesian cocoa beans with coefficient value of -7,073793. The rupiah exchange rate variable to US Dollar has a positive and significant effect on the export volume of Indonesian cocoa beans with coefficient value of 15.22362. While simultaneously, production variables, domestic cocoa prices, international cocoa prices, and Rupiah exchange rate against US Dollar together affect the export volume of Indonesian cocoa beans.
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Valenzuela-Cobos, Juan Diego, Fabricio Guevara-Viejó, Purificación Vicente-Galindo, and Purificación Galindo-Villardón. "Eco-Friendly Biocontrol of Moniliasis in Ecuadorian Cocoa Using Biplot Techniques." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 4223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054223.
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Cocoa is the main crop in Ecuador’s agricultural sector and is the most important to the country’s economy. This crop is mainly threatened by moniliasis caused by Moniliophthora roreri and Moniliophthora perniciosa. Monialisis is a disease that causes the watery rot of cocoa beans, causing serious yield losses at crop harvest and great economic losses. In this research, we used 50 Trichoderma spp. cultivated in two culture media, PDA and MEA, to demonstrate mycelial growth and antagonistic capacity against two cacao-crop pathogens: M. roreri and M. perniciosa. Multivariate methods, namely a PCA biplot and a GGE biplot, indicated that four strains of Trichoderma spp. (17, 33, 42 and 44) cultivated on the PDA medium had the highest mycelial characteristic values and antagonistic capacities against Moniliophthora perniciosa. The experimental test showed that the lowest incidence of moniliasis and highest yield of cocoa occurred when using the treatments based on the Trichoderma spp. The results obtained in this study allow the use of strain 42 to control moniliasis in cocoa, avoiding economic losses.
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Anwar, A., Muliati Galib, and Farizah Dhaifina Amran. "Analysis of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) Sustainability Status in Bantaeng District." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.1.13.
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Cocoa cultivation business that still has great potential in the future. The problem faced by farmers in cocoa cultivation is that farmers are still lacking in implementing post-harvest management that can provide added value and competitiveness of cocoa quality in the market. This study aimed to 1) analyze the status of cocoa sustainability in Gantarangkeke sub-regency, Bantaeng Regency; 2) analysing the sensitive leverage to the sustainability of cocoa in the Gantarangkeke sub-district. Based on the results of the analysis of the social and cultural dimension index value of 55.19 percent and infrastructure and technology of 51.66 with the category of quite sustainable. While the ecological dimension is 46.68 percent, economy 36.69 percent and legal and institutional 27.45 percent with the category of less sustainable. The results of the analysis of leverage factor, there are fourteen sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability of cocoa in Gantarangkeke sub-district, Bantaeng district. Improvement of attributes, especially sensitive attributes, can improve the cocoa sustainability index.
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Olaiya, Taiwo A. "Examining the Political-economy of Cocoa Exports in Nigeria." International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijaef.2016.1.13.
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Ramadhani, Ersalia Shifa, Ignatia Martha Hendrati, and Kiki Asmara. "Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Kakao Olahan Indonesia di Pasar Jerman." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v8i2.24612.
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One of the commodities which play a role in the economy of Indonesia is Cocoa, as one of the largest cocoa producers in the world, every year Indonesia keeps giving its effort to fulfilling the demand of the market, including Germany. This article has the objective of analyzing the competitiveness of Indonesian processed cocoa in Germany and analyzing the export competitiveness of processed cocoa between Indonesia and Ivory Coast, Belgium, Switzerland, and the Netherlands from 2014 to 2019. The data used are secondary data, obtained through various institutions such as the Indonesian National Agency for Statistics Center, International Trade Center (ITC), UN COMTRADE, and International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). In order to analyze the competitiveness of all processed cocoa commodities, the methodology used is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The result of the RCA calculation shows that all Indonesian processed cocoa commodities such as cocoa paste (HS 1803), cocoa butter (HS 1804), and cocoa powder (HS 1805) have a comparative advantage in the German market. The result of this analysis shows that cocoa powder commodity has a higher RCA score compared with the other processed cocoa products. The implication of the research is that the research was conducted as empirical support that cocoa processed commodities in Indonesia must be taken into account in order to compete in the German market. Indonesia must increase the export volume of its processed cocoa in order to increase the value of the domestic cocoa industry. This research is expected to provide input to the government so that it can provide assistance in the form of incentives to small cocoa entrepreneurs engaged in the export sector so that these entrepreneurs can reduce production costs and stabilize Indonesian cocoa prices.
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Wijayati, Hasna. "Dampak Pandemi bagi Global Value Chain Industri Kakao Indonesia." Jurakunman (Jurnal Akuntansi dan Manajemen) 15, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.48042/jurakunman.v15i1.87.
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The contribution of the cocoa industry to the Indonesian economy is very large. However, the Indonesian cocoa industry is heavily dependent on the global cocoa industry, due to its position in the Global Value Chain. The majority of cocoa products destined for the global market are produced by smallholders who are limited in the implementation of Good Corporate Governance. The presence of a pandemic and these limitations presents a multidimensional crisis and threatens the position of the Indonesian cocoa industry. The study analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the GVC of the Indonesian cocoa industry, by relating it to the limitations of the implementation of GCG in the cocoa industry. The research method is descriptive qualitative with a document study approach. The main theory used is GVC. The results showed that the pandemic era had many impact on various aspects of the cocoa industry, one of which was also related to the limitations of GCG implementations. The impact including price channels, supply channels and financial channels. In these three networks, Indonesia experienced several declines, such as the value of exports, although they did not occur significantly.
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Munawir, Abdillah, Donwil Panggabean, Bachtiar Bachtiar, Siti Umamah Naili Muna, Edi Rusdiyanto, and Sri Dewi Nirmala. "TRADITIONAL CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES OF COCOA PLANTS AND THE UTILIZATION TURMERIC EXTRACT BECOME VEGETABLE PESTICIDES FOR MANAGING VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK (VSD)." Abdi Dosen : Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2022): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/abdidos.v6i4.1516.
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The cocoa plant is the main ingredient in the manufacture of chocolate and its de-rivative products. The demand for cocoa derivative products is always high in line with the globalization of food and beverages made from chocolate. Traditional co-coa cultivation techniques are the main priority for farmers and the handling of Vascular Streak dieback (VSD) pests is a top priority for farmers. The purpose of this service is to improve the economy of cocoa farmers in Poli-Polia Village, Poli-Polia District, East Kolaka Regency. The method used is discussion, practice and demonstration material. The results of the shoot grafting technique for cacao seed-lings and the manufacture of organic fertilizers increase the productivity of cocoa plants and the results of turmeric extract can directly deal with VSD diseases that attack cocoa plants. In practice, the method of processing and the efficacy of tur-meric extract is the cause of not developing VSD disease in cocoa plants. On the other hand, cocoa yields can be sold at a high value based on training in harvesting techniques and how to improve the quality of cocoa beans.
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Rojo-Poveda, Olga, Letricia Barbosa-Pereira, Giuseppe Zeppa, and Caroline Stévigny. "Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041123.
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Cocoa bean shells (CBS) are one of the main by-products from the transformation of cocoa beans, representing 10%‒17% of the total cocoa bean weight. Hence, their disposal could lead to environmental and economic issues. As CBS could be a source of nutrients and interesting compounds, such as fiber (around 50% w/w), cocoa volatile compounds, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and a large spectrum of polyphenols, CBS may be a valuable ingredient/additive for innovative and functional foods. In fact, the valorization of food by-products within the frame of a circular economy is becoming crucial due to economic and environmental reasons. The aim of this review is to look over the chemical and nutritional composition of CBS and to revise the several uses that have been proposed in order to valorize this by-product for food, livestock feed, or industrial usages, but also for different medical applications. A special focus will be directed to studies that have reported the biofunctional potential of CBS for human health, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, or neuroprotective activities, benefits for the cardiovascular system, or an anti-inflammatory capacity.
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ALENCE, ROD. "COLONIAL GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL CONFLICT AND STATE INVOLVEMENT IN AFRICA’S OPEN ECONOMIES: THE ORIGINS OF THE GHANA COCOA MARKETING BOARD, 1939–46." Journal of African History 42, no. 3 (February 2001): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701007952.
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State-controlled cocoa marketing was introduced in the Gold Coast during the Second World War and has had lasting impact. Most accounts of this change have emphasized the influence of metropolitan interests and ideas more conducive to state involvement in colonial economies. Although they explain the new found metropolitan willingness to ‘supply’ financial and administrative backing for state-controlled economic institutions, they neglect the sources of the Gold Coast government’s ‘demand’ for those institutions. I argue that pressures on the government to mitigate domestic social conflict caused by volatility in the world economy are crucial to understanding the shift to controlled cocoa marketing.
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Sudjarmoko, Bedy, Dewi Listyati, and Abdul Muis Hasibuan. "Analisis Penyusunan Prioritas Kegiatan dalam Mendukung Diberlakukannya Kewajiban Fermentasi Biji Kakao." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n3.2017.p153-162.
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<em>Cocoa is a strategic commodity with an important role in Indonesian economy. Despite being the world's third largest cocoa producer and exporter after Ivory Coast and Ghana, Indonesia still faces a number of problems in production, processing, and marketing. The government issued Permentan Nomor 67/Permentan/OT.140 /5/2014 which aims to improve the competitiveness and added value of Indonesian cocoa, support national cocoa postharvest industries, protect the consumers of unqualified cocoa beans, increase cocoa farmers’ income, and facilitate the tracing for production and circulation deviation. The study aimed to develop a strategic priority recommendation in achieving the goals of Permentan Nomor 67/ Permentan/OT.140/5/2014. The study was conducted in West Sumatra, West Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, and DKI Jakarta from January to December 2016. The study was conducted by survey method and the data was analyzed analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results indicated that priorities should be put forward on: 1) implementing national regulation on cocoa beans fermentation consistenly and continuously; 2) product diversification with affordable and achievable cost and technology; 3) a massive, continuous, and intensive campaign on social awareness of the importance of sustainable energy; 4) stimulating small to big scale cocoa processing industries; 5) intensification, rehabilitation, and rejuvenation of the cocoa farming to meet the domestic demand for cocoa.</em>
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Suprapto, Muhamad Eza, Santi Rosniawaty, and Mira Ariyanti. "Pengaruh Pupuk Kompos Kulit Buah Kakao Dan Pupuk Tablet Terhadap Produksi Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v6i1.76.
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Cocoa is one of the estate crop whose role is quite important for the national economy, particularly as a provider of employment, income and foreign exchange. The high export opportunities of cocoa beans has not been followed by the production of cocoa beans in Indonesian. The production of dried cacao beans in Indonesia is still low. The low productivity of seeds generally caused by Cherelle wilt of cacao. Wilting occurs due to inability of the cherelle to compete with the other cherelle in absorbing nutrients. Fertilization is an effort to maintain and fulfill the nutrients in the plants. This research is aimed to assess the effect of fertilization using cocoa pod husk and NPK tablets fertilization on cocoa crop yields. This experiment was conducted at PT. PP. Bajabang Indonesia, Cipeundeuy, West Bandung regency from December 2016 to March 2017. The experiment was conducted using a Simple Randomized Block Design that consists 10 treatments: control, single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + single N, P, K fertilizer 297 g/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/ tree, cocoa pod husk 18 kg/ tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 10 tablets/tree. The result of experiment showed that there was an influence of cocoa pod husk and NPK tablet fertilizer on cocoa fruit weight at 12 MSP, that is cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree. Number of cherelle wilted at 12 MSP with cocoa pod husk 9 kg/tree + NPK tablet fertilizer 20 tablets/tree.
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Baja, S., Harli, L. Asrul, R. Padjung, and R. Neswati. "The Effect of Soil Chemicals on Cocoa Productivity in West Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 921, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/921/1/012046.
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Abstract As Indonesia is one of the largest cocoa producing countries in the world, cocoa plays an important role in the Indonesian economy. However, cocoa bean production has continued to decline since 2012 in several cocoa producing regions in Indonesia, including West Sulawesi. The main problem for cocoa in Indonesia is the low productivity of the plants. The average productivity of cacao cocoa plants in West Sulawesi in 2019 was only 797 kg/ha/year. The productivity of the cocoa plants can reach 2,000-3,000 kg/ha/year. One of the causes of the low cocoa plant productivity of their cocoa plant is the mismatch between plant needs of and with soil chemical properties. This study uses quantitative methods with a deductive approach. Theis research took place in four districts in West Sulawesi, namely : Polewali Mandar, Majene, Mamasa and Mamuju Regencies. The determination of the 30 sampling point stations to provide representative profiles was based on cocoa productivity data. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between cation exchange capacity (CEC) and cocoa productivity. The amount abundance of exchangeable bases cations (Ca+, Ma+ and K+) hads a significant effect on cocoa plants in the high productivity category . There was a negative correlation between salinity for and cocoa plant productivity in the high (1500-2500 kg/ha/year) and low (<800kg/ha/year) productivity categories productivity category (1500-2500 kg / ha / year. Higher salinity causes lower productivity of cocoa plants. Likewise in the low productivity category (<800kg/ha/year). There was no correlation between pH H2OH2O pH with and cocoa productivity at all the representative profile points stations. There was a positive correlation between pH H2O pH and four other soil chemical characteristics, namely: C-Organic carbon, salinity, base saturation and the abundance of the number of exchangeable base cations can be exchanged.
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Soares, Thiago F., and M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira. "Cocoa By-Products: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Beneficial Health Effects." Molecules 27, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051625.
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The annual production of cocoa is approximately 4.7 million tons of cocoa beans, of which only 10% corresponds to the cocoa bean and the remaining value corresponds to a high number of residues, cocoa bean shell, pulp and husk. These by-products are a source of nutrients and compounds of notable interest in the food industry as possible ingredients, or even additives. The assessment of such by-products is relevant to the circular economy at both environmental and economic levels. Investigations carried out with these by-products have shown that cocoa husk can be used for the production of useful chemicals such as ketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, furans, heterocyclic aromatics, alkylbenzenes, phenols and benzenediols, as well as being efficient for the removal of lead from acidic solutions, without decay in the process due to the other metals in this matrix. The fibre present in the cocoa bean shell has a considerable capacity to adsorb a large amount of oil and cholesterol, thus reducing its bioavailability during the digestion process, as well as preventing lipid oxidation in meats, with better results compared to synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and β-tocopherol). Finally, cocoa pulp can be used to generate a sweet and sour juice with a natural flavour. Thus, this review aimed to compile information on these by-products, focusing mainly on their chemical and nutritional composition, simultaneously, the various uses proposed in the literature based on a bibliographic review of articles, books and theses published between 2000 and 2021, using databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ScieLO, PubMed and ResearchGate.
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Sharkova, Antonina, and Irina Sycheva. "Pricing of the commodity market on the example of an integrated model of the economy of the cocoa industry." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 10033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124410033.
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The article describes the peculiarities of pricing of the cocoa industry, the world experience of state management of export supplies of beans that affect international trade in raw materials. The factors influencing the exchange pricing of large volumes of supplies were identified. An integrated price model based on the economic relationships of the cocoa market has been developed.
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Melina Hidayah, Melina. "Analisis Kelayakan Usahtani Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L) Di Kecamatan Wanasaba." Journal of Agri Rinjani: Social Agricultural Economics - Faculty of Agriculture, UGR 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53952/jar.v2i2.182.
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Cocoa is one of the mainstay commodities of plantations whose role is quite essential for the national economy, and plantation commodities have an accurate and reliable role in realizing agricultural development programs. Wanasaba District is one of the sub-districts in East Lombok Regency, which has the potential for the development of cocoa farming. This research was conducted in Wanasaba District, East Lombok Regency. The method used in this research was the R/C/Ratio analysis method. The results of this study showed that the cost of cocoa farming income was Rp. 1,537,540/LLG with an average/ha of Rp. 4,021,465 indicates that cocoa farming in Wanasaba District, East Lombok Regency is feasible, with the R/C ratio of 1.2.
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Fitriana, Nisa Hafiidhoh, Indra Tjahaja Amir, and Pawana Nur Indah. "Analysis and Development of Cocoa Agribusiness in Kare Village, Madiun District, East Java." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v4i2.45.
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Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities whose role is quite important for the national economy, especially as a provider of employment, a source of income, and foreign exchange. Financial profit is a necessity in exploiting a commodity. The market aspect is one of the determining factors for the success of cocoa plantation operations. So the results of the analysis above are combined with stakeholder opinions on the development of cocoa agribusiness. The objectives of this study are: 1) Analyzing the financial feasibility of cocoa farming 2) Analyzing cocoa farming chain and marketing margins 3) Identifying stakeholders' opinions on alternative decision making for cocoa agribusiness development 4) Developing cocoa agribusiness development directives. Financial feasibility analysis methods (NPV, Net B / C, IRR, Payback Period, and Sensitivity Analysis), marketing analysis (chain analysis and marketing margins), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that: (1) Cocoa farming is feasible to be developed financially, because the value of NPV> 0, Gross B / C> 1, Net B / C> 1, IRR> applicable interest rate, and return on capital with a time limit less than 20 years. The sensitivity of cocoa farming occurs in decreasing production. Where cocoa farming is still feasible if these conditions occur. (2) Marketing chains and margins, namely, there are two cocoa marketing channels, marketing margins of IDR 5,000 and IDR 2,000. (3) The selection of alternatives that greatly affect the development of cocoa agribusiness is market factors, HR factors, and technology factors. The direction of agribusiness development needed is the availability of a market that has stable cocoa prices for farmers, the availability of skilled human resources in cultivation and post-harvest technology that is able to provide greater added value to cocoa.
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Duncan, Beatrice Akua. "Cocoa, Marriage, Labour and Land in Ghana: Some Matrilineal and Patrilineal Perspectives." Africa 80, no. 2 (May 2010): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2010.0206.
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There is evidence to show that the institution of marriage, particularly customary law marriage, has served as an important framework for the extraction of conjugal labour as a factor in cocoa production since its introduction in the Gold Coast in 1879. This was necessitated by the abolition in 1874 of slavery and pawning, and the consequent need to replace an illegitimate and coercive system with a legitimate one. By virtue of a pre-existing customary obligation placed on women to assist their husbands in their economic pursuits, the marriage institution provided a basis for this transition. It has been argued, however, that some forms of economic relationship in Ghana revolve around expectations of reciprocity, and that human beings are not altogether altruistic in their dispensation of labour. Hence, women who provide labour support to their husbands expect to be rewarded with land or cocoa farms. In this article, I argue that the pivotal role of cocoa in the rural economy intensified the use of conjugal labour and the consequent expectation of land by wives from their husbands, resulting in a situation in which cocoa, marriage, labour and land rights eventually evolved as ‘institutional quadruplets’. Through case studies extracted from field work conducted in six communities in the Brong Ahafo, Western and Volta Regions of Ghana I demonstrate the continued interplay between these forces in modern times, and outline some policy-centred concerns for the future direction of the cocoa industry.
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Gbadeboa, Ogunniyi, and Osuolale Timothy Oluwoye. "Tenure implication and property right on adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques in osun state of nigeria." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2015.6.
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In an effort to achieve increased cocoa production in Nigeria, a number of initiatives were introduced towards increasing yields with the aim of reviving the old glory of cocoa and make it an engine of Nigerian economy. Despite this, farmers still produce below expected cocoa production figure due to conditions associated with their farmland. Tenure insecurity hindered acceptability of the established initiatives since majority of the farmers in the cocoa industries areholding the farmland in possession through different arrangements which provide the legal and normative framework within which all agricultural as well as other economic activities are conducted. On this note, this study aims to investigate the effects of tenure arrangement on adoptionof CRTs. Result shows that respondents were mostly males, Christians, members of CFAN with mean age of 59.0+10.18 with average household size of 8 people, cultivating an average farm size of 17.38 acres, obtained mostly through different tenural patterns and scattered in different locations.Findings further reveals that age, membership to CFAN and tenure arrangement had significant relationship with adoption of cocoa rehabilitation techniques. And also, there was significant, difference in the perception, as well as adoption of selective tree replanting, planting under old cocoa trees, chupon regeneration, coppicing, gapping up between tenant farmers and farm owners at p=0.05. Cocoa industry is mostly populated with tenant farmers who had unfavourable perception about cocoa rehabilitation resulting in low adoption rate due to challenge of insecurity of tenure.Thus, there is need for development of technological packages that meet the need of different categories of farmers based on their respective tenure. Also there is the need for securing land-use rights through improved tenancy arrangements to better meet the interests of small, tenant.
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Osman, Najat, John Tennyson Afele, Eunice Nimo, David Ofoe Gorleku, Louisa Adomaa Ofori, and Akwasi Adutwum Abunyewa. "Assessing the Impact of Illegal Small-Scale Mining (Galamsey) on Cocoa Farming and Farmer Livelihood: A Case Study in the Amansie West District of Ghana." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 38, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v38i1.496.
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Cocoa and gold are significant contributors to the gross dormestic product of Ghana which makes both commodities key parts of the Ghanaian economy. Unfortunately, in Ghana, most cocoa-growing communities are the hub of illegal small-scale mining commonly known as galamsey. It is alleged that cocoa farmerssell their farmlands for galamsey; however, given that cocoa farming is the primary source of income for many households in rural Ghana. This research aimed at investigating the motivations for galamsey and how the practice impacts cocoa farming and the environment as well as farmer livelihood. The study was undertakenin Amansie West District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana where both cocoa farming and illegal mining operations coexist. The data for the study was collected using structured questionnaires. Cocoa farmers were purposively selected as respondents in two cocoa-growing communities. Data were obtained from 90 purposively sampled respondents through snowballing. Data collected were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Scientist software. The results revealed that cocoa farmers face challenges due to galamsey such as; labour shortages, water pollution, competition for land amongst others. Also, cocoa farms, especially those downslope, get flooded whenever it rains as a result of uncovered galamsey pits near farms and cause black pod disease, early dropping of immature pods and stunted growth which ultimately reduce the output of cocoa farms. Farmers revealed that this affected their source of income adversely since the majority of them mainly depend on cocoa farming for their livelihood. They also reported a loss of green space and land degradation as some environmental hazards posed by galamsey. Information gathered from tenant farmers revealed that it is mostly landowners who give out their lands for galamsey. The major reasons that encourage galamsey were identified as higher short-term income, financial problems (40%) due to unemployment, and poor cocoa yield (26%).
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Belwal, Tarun, Christian Cravotto, Sudipta Ramola, Monika Thakur, Farid Chemat, and Giancarlo Cravotto. "Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Husk: Extraction, Analysis and Applications in Food Production Chain." Foods 11, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060798.
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Cocoa husk is considered a waste product after cocoa processing and creates environmental issues. These waste products are rich in polyphenols, methylxanthine, dietary fibers, and phytosterols, which can be extracted and utilized in various food and health products. Cocoa beans represent only 32–34% of fruit weight. Various extraction methods were implemented for the preparation of extracts and/or the recovery of bioactive compounds. Besides conventional extraction methods, various studies have been conducted using advanced extraction methods, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). To include cocoa husk waste products or extracts in different food products, various functional foods such as bakery products, jam, chocolate, beverage, and sausage were prepared. This review mainly focused on the composition and functional characteristics of cocoa husk waste products and their utilization in different food products. Moreover, recommendations were made for the complete utilization of these waste products and their involvement in the circular economy.
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Rusli, A. L., and F. A. Fatah. "A review on participation of cocoa smallholders in agricultural certification scheme." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012018.
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Abstract The ability of cocoa smallholders to comply with the agricultural certification scheme has led to the improvement of commodity profits in agriculture, especially cocoa crops. This study aims to determine the participation of cocoa smallholders in agricultural certification schemes. Cocoa production contributes to the national economy by generating exchange profits. Factors such as the age of smallholders, gender, training, farming experience, education, and attitude influence the smallholder’s participation in the agricultural certification scheme. Educational status had a significant positive relationship with the certification scheme. Based on the review, the multinomial logistic regression model and other methods are used to analyse smallholders’ participation in the certification. Therefore, the certification has some benefits for smallholders in terms of food safety standards. Consequently, it can improve the safety of the consumer, the livelihood of smallholders, and the quality of agricultural products. This capacity will locate the cocoa crops at the global demand linked together from top to down of the value chain process.
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Alger, Keith, and Marcellus Caldas. "The declining cocoa economy and the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil: Conservation attitudes of cocoa planters." Environmentalist 14, no. 2 (June 1994): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01901304.
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Paula, Nélio Ranieli F., Érica O. Araújo, Emily E. Almeida, and Aretha Steffany da Silva Rezende. "Physicochemical and Sensory Quality of Fermented Milk With Different Blends of Theobroma grandiflorum and Theobroma cacao." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 5 (April 15, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n5p131.
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The production of fermented milk added of fruits is a considerable alternative for dairy industries and can constitute a rational and logical form of different types of processing, in various flavors, being part of a promising market in the Brazilian scenario. In view of the above, the present study aimed to research the biotechnological processes of production of fermented milk with different blends of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao). The experimental design used was completely randomized, with six treatments, consisting of different concentrations of pulp (blends) of cocoa and cupuaçu (T1: 100% cupuaçu, T2: 100% cocoa, T3: 50% cupuaçu + 50% cocoa, T4: 60% cupuaçu + 40% cocoa, T5: 70% cupuaçu + 30% cocoa, and T6: 80% cupuaçu + 20% cocoa) and four replicates. The results showed that the production of fermented milk added with 100% cocoa and 70% cupuaçu + 30% cocoa showed good lightness, yellowish color, slight sweetness and moderate acidity, according to the data of a*, b*, %Brix and pH. Fermented milk added of 100% cupuaçu, 70% cupuaçu + 30% cocoa and 60% cupuaçu + 40% cocoa had greater acceptability in regard to color and texture, while fermented milk added of 70% cupuaçu + 30% cocoa had the highest values of acceptability for aroma and flavor. The production of fermented milk with the use of different regional raw materials is feasible, because there is great potential as a sustainable alternative, and the addition of pulp of Amazonian fruits promotes greater nutritional and sensory value in fermented milk, contributing to the regional economy.
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Sánchez, Karen, Jorge Bacca, Laura Arévalo-Sánchez, Henry Arguello, and Sergio Castillo. "Classification of Cocoa Beans Based on their Level of Fermentation using Spectral Information." TecnoLógicas 24, no. 50 (January 30, 2021): e1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.1654.
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Cocoa beans are the most important raw material for the chocolate industry and an essential product for the economy of tropical countries such as Colombia. Their price mainly depends on their quality, which is determined by various aspects, such as good agricultural practices, their harvest point, and level of fermentation. The entities that regulate the international marketing of cocoa beans have been encouraging the development of new classification methods that, compared to current techniques, could save time, reduce waste, and increase the number of evaluated beans. In particular, hyperspectral images are a novel tool for food quality control. However, studies that have examined some quality parameters of cocoa using spectroscopy also involve the chemical evaluation of cocoa powder and liquor and the interior of the beans, which implies an invasive analysis, longer times, and waste generation. Therefore, in this paper, we assess the quality of cocoa beans based on their level of fermentation using a noninvasive system to obtain hyperspectral information, as well as fast image processing and spectral classification techniques. We obtained hyperspectral images of 90 cocoa beans in the range between 350 and 950 nm in an optical laboratory. In addition, each cocoa bean was classified according to its fermentation level: slightly fermented (SF), correctly fermented (CF), and highly fermented (HF). We compared this classification with that carried out by experts from the Colombia National Federation of Cocoa Growers and reported in the Colombian technical standard No. 1252. The results show that the level of fermentation of dried cocoa beans can be estimated using noninvasive hyperspectral image acquisition and processing techniques.
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Abiodun Okunlola, Funso, Godswill Osagie Osuma, and Alexander Ehimare Omankhanlen. "Has Nigerian agricultural output spurred economic growth: the financing gap model using stepwise regression." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.15.
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This study examined if the Nigerian agricultural output has spurred economic growth and the best fit agricultural financing gap model for growing the economy. The study explored the dynamics of different technicality approach that stepwise regression has to offer. From the seven baskets of predictors – agricultural guaranteed finance to oil palm, cocoa, groundnuts, fishery, poultry, cattle, roots and tubers – the step fitted three predictors: roots and tubers, cocoa and poultry based on “a b” parameter with the highest “t-stats” and significant p-value and subsequently executed the model using stepwise regression analysis with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The dataset covers a thirty-six year period from 1981 to 2017. The source of the data is from the Central Bank of Nigeria 2018 statistical bulletin. The findings showed that individually, root and tubers has the most contributory impact on economic growth with 81 percent. Jointly followed is cocoa at 87 percent and poultry at 90 percent. The study thus recommends a comparative cost advantage to financing agriculture with the most impactful contribution to economic growth based on the model.