Academic literature on the topic 'Cocoa agroforests'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cocoa agroforests"
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Batsi, Germain, Denis Jean Sonwa, Lisette Mangaza, Jérôme Ebuy, and Jean-Marie Kahindo. "Biodiversity of the Cocoa Agroforests of the Bengamisa-Yangambi Forest Landscape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101096.
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Cocoa agroforestry has evolved into an accepted natural resource conservation strategy in the tropics. It is regularly proposed as one of the main uses for REDD+ projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, few studies have characterized the cocoa agroforestry systems in this country. Hence, this research proposes to determine the impact of distance from Kisangani (the unique city in the landscape) and land-use intensity on the floristic composition of cocoa agroforests in Bengamisa-Yangambi forest landscape in the Congo Basin. The results revealed that species diversity and density of plants associated with cocoa are influenced by the distance from Kisangani (the main city in the landscape and province). Farmers maintain/introduce trees that play one or more of several roles. They may host caterpillars, provide food, medicine, or timber, or deliver other functions such as providing shade to the cocoa tree. Farmers maintain plants with edible products (mainly oil palms) in their agroforests more than other plants. Thus, these agroforests play key roles in conserving the floristic diversity of degraded areas. As cocoa agroforestry has greater potential for production, biodiversity conservation, and environmental protection, it should be used to slow down or even stop deforestation and forest degradation.
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Ballesteros-Possú, William, Juan Carlos Valencia, and Jorge Fernando Navia-Estrada. "Assessment of a Cocoa-Based Agroforestry System in the Southwest of Colombia." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159447.
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Cocoa-based agroforests play an important role in farmer livelihood and the global environment; however, despite these facts, their low yields and tree aging put at risk their fate. This project investigated the carbon storage potential, productivity, and economics of different agroforestry arrangements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) with Melina (Gmelina arborea) trees, in the southwest of Colombia. We established the experiment under a Randomized Complete Blocks design with seven treatments and three repetitions. Different allometric models were tested. Allometric models were made for G. arborea trees with dbh, ranging between 30.24 and 50.11 cm. The total carbon accumulation fluctuated between 49.2 (Treatment 4) and 88.5 t ha−1 (Treatment 2), soil organic matter (SOM) ranged between 9 and 17%, bulk density decreased from 0.83 to 0.77 g cm−3. Cocoa yield ranged between 311 kg ha−1 year−1 (Treatment 7, traditional farm) and 922 kg ha−1 year−1 (Treatment 6). Treatment 6 showed the best performance with a net present value (NPV) of COP 1,446,467 (US $337.6), an internal rate of return (IRR) of 42%, and a cost-benefit ratio (B/C) of 1.67%. The benefits of AFS were also evidenced in some of the physical and chemical soil properties. Despite local marginality, these cocoa agroforest arrangements are a viable alternative to improve the traditional (local) cocoa systems because cacao agroforest arrangements increased cacao yield and carbon storage becoming a suitable alternative to improve traditional systems.
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Numbisi, Frederick N., Frieke M. B. Van Coillie, and Robert De Wulf. "Delineation of Cocoa Agroforests Using Multiseason Sentinel-1 SAR Images: A Low Grey Level Range Reduces Uncertainties in GLCM Texture-Based Mapping." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040179.
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Delineating the cropping area of cocoa agroforests is a major challenge in quantifying the contribution of land use expansion to tropical deforestation. Discriminating cocoa agroforests from tropical transition forests using multispectral optical images is difficult due to the similarity of the spectral characteristics of their canopies. Moreover, the frequent cloud cover in the tropics greatly impedes optical sensors. This study evaluated the potential of multiseason Sentinel-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to discriminate cocoa agroforests from transition forests in a heterogeneous landscape in central Cameroon. We used an ensemble classifier, Random Forest (RF), to average the SAR image texture features of a grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) across seasons. We then compared the classification performance with results from RapidEye optical data. Moreover, we assessed the performance of GLCM texture feature extraction at four different grey levels of quantization: 32 bits, 8 bits, 6 bits, and 4 bits. The classification’s overall accuracy (OA) from texture-based maps outperformed that from an optical image. The highest OA (88.8%) was recorded at the 6 bits grey level. This quantization level, in comparison to the initial 32 bits in the SAR images, reduced the class prediction error by 2.9%. The texture-based classification achieved an acceptable accuracy and revealed that cocoa agroforests have considerably fragmented the remnant transition forest patches. The Shannon entropy (H) or uncertainty provided a reliable validation of the class predictions and enabled inferences about discriminating inherently heterogeneous vegetation categories.
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SCHNEIDER, M., C. ANDRES, G. TRUJILLO, F. ALCON, P. AMURRIO, E. PEREZ, F. WEIBEL, and J. MILZ. "COCOA AND TOTAL SYSTEM YIELDS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL AGROFORESTRY VS. MONOCULTURE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM FIELD TRIAL IN BOLIVIA." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000417.
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SUMMARYCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is produced in systems of varying complexity ranging from monoculture with temporary shade to highly diverse agroforests. Producers have to weigh high cocoa yields in the short to medium term in monocultures against higher total system yields in the short term and sustainable production systems in the long term in conjunction with ecosystem services in agroforestry systems (AFs). More long-term data on the comparative agronomic, economic and ecological performance of differently managed cocoa production systems is required to make sound recommendations to farmers. This paper describes the only long-term field trial worldwide comparing different cocoa production systems under conventional and organic management. The factors (i) crop diversity (monoculture vs. agroforestry), (ii) management practice (conventional vs. organic) and (iii) cultivar are being tested in a full-factorial, randomized complete block design with four replications. First, results showed significantly faster development of trunk circumferences in monocultures (+21%) compared to AFs. Cocoa yields were 47% lower in the organic compared to the conventional monoculture. In the AFs, however, the organic–conventional yield gap was less pronounced (−16%) and statistically insignificant. The cumulative yields of all products harvested were significantly higher in the AFs (+161%) compared to the monocultures. The productivity of cocoa by-crops in AFs may contribute to local food security and risk distribution in smallholder contexts.
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Somarriba, Eduardo, and Philippe Lachenaud. "Successional cocoa agroforests of the Amazon–Orinoco–Guiana shield." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 22, no. 1 (March 2013): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2013.770316.
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Akoutou Mvondo, E., E. G. D. Ndo, M. L. Tsouga Manga, C. L. Aba'ane, J. Abondo Bitoumou, Bella Manga, L. Bidzanga Nomo, Z. Ambang, and C. Cilas. "Effects of complex cocoa-based agroforests on citrus tree decline." Crop Protection 130 (April 2020): 105051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105051.
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Ruf, François Olivier. "The Myth of Complex Cocoa Agroforests: The Case of Ghana." Human Ecology 39, no. 3 (April 7, 2011): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9392-0.
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Schroth, Götz, Arzhvaël Jeusset, Andrea da Silva Gomes, Ciro Tavares Florence, Núbia Aparecida Pinto Coelho, Deborah Faria, and Peter Läderach. "Climate friendliness of cocoa agroforests is compatible with productivity increase." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 21, no. 1 (May 11, 2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9570-7.
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L., Zapfack, Chimi Djomo C., Noiha Noumi V., Zekeng J. C., Meyan-ya Daghela G. R., and Tabue Mbobda R. B. "Correlation between Associated Trees, Cocoa Trees and Carbon Stocks Potential in Cocoa Agroforests of Southern Cameroon." Sustainability in Environment 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v1n2p71.
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This study was conducted in the Cocoa Agro-Forests (CAF) of Mengomo’s locality. The aim was to<br />evaluate the influence of some factors on carbon stocks. The sampling was done in 30 plots of 25 x 25 m<br />2 in which all trees with a dbh≥10 cm were inventoried. The Shannon, Simpson and Evernnessindexes<br />were calculated to characterize the diversity of trees associated with cocoa. 62 species belonging to 48<br />genera and 27 families were identified, the Anacardiaceae, Moraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae<br />and Rutaceae, were revealed the most diverse families, with 5 species each. Shannon’s (3.66),<br />Evernness’s (0.76) and Simpson’s (0.96) indexes have reflected a low diversity, dominated by some few<br />species. The average density of cocoa trees is 1028 trees/ha. They store about 22.51±5.86 Mg C/ha.<br />Associated trees stored 124.20±60.05Mg C/ha for tree density of 113 trees/ha. These CAF sequestered<br />about 146.71Mg C/ha. The multiple correspondence analyses showed that carbon stocks in the CAF are<br />positively correlated with the associated trees and the age of the CAF and negatively correlated with the<br />abundance of cocoa trees. The biomass of cocoa is independent of the associated trees, but is inversely<br />related to the density of the associated trees.
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Numbisi, Frederick N., and Frieke Van Coillie. "Does Sentinel-1A Backscatter Capture the Spatial Variability in Canopy Gaps of Tropical Agroforests? A Proof-of-Concept in Cocoa Landscapes in Cameroon." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244163.
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A reliable estimation and monitoring of tree canopy cover or shade distribution is essential for a sustainable cocoa production via agroforestry systems. Remote sensing (RS) data offer great potential in retrieving and monitoring vegetation status at landscape scales. However, parallel advancements in image processing and analysis are required to appropriately use such data for different targeted applications. This study assessed the potential of Sentinel-1A (S-1A) C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter in estimating canopy cover variability in cocoa agroforestry landscapes. We investigated two landscapes, in Center and South Cameroon, which differ in predominant vegetation: forest-savannah transition and forest landscape, respectively. We estimated canopy cover using in-situ digital hemispherical photographs (DHPs) measures of gap fraction, verified the relationship with SAR backscatter intensity and assessed predictions based on three machine learning approaches: multivariate bootstrap regression, neural networks regression, and random forest regression. Our results showed that about 30% of the variance in canopy gap fraction in the cocoa production landscapes was shared by the used SAR backscatter parameters: a combination of S-1A backscatter intensity, backscatter coefficients, difference, cross ratios, and normalized ratios. Based on the model predictions, the VV (co-polarization) backscatter showed high importance in estimating canopy gap fraction; the VH (cross-polarized) backscatter was less sensitive to the estimated canopy gap. We observed that a combination of different backscatter variables was more reliable at predicting the canopy gap variability in the considered type of vegetation in this study—agroforests. Semi-variogram analysis of canopy gap fraction at the landscape scale revealed higher spatial clustering of canopy gap, based on spatial correlation, at a distance range of 18.95 m in the vegetation transition landscape, compared to a 51.12 m spatial correlation range in the forest landscape. We provide new insight on the spatial variability of canopy gaps in the cocoa landscapes which may be essential for predicting impacts of changing and extreme (drought) weather conditions on farm management and productivity. Our results contribute a proof-of-concept in using current and future SAR images to support management tools or strategies on tree inventorying and decisions regarding incentives for shade tree retention and planting in cocoa landscapes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cocoa agroforests"
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Smiley, Gary LeRoy. "Biophysical resource use and productivity in cocoa-gliricidia agroforests of Central Sulawesi /." Weikersheim : Margraf, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015452091&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Gateau, Lauranne Aude Marina. "Cocoa yield, nutrients and shade trees in traditional cocoa agroforests in a climate change context : a case study in Bahia, Brazil." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286339.
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Brazil is the world's sixth largest cocoa producer with 270,000 tonnes of cocoa produced per year. In a world with an increasing demand for chocolate, but with agriculture threatened by climate change, the chocolate industry is worried about a possible shortage of cocoa. Furthermore, growing cocoa is a main cause of deforestation. However, in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, cocoa is grown in traditional agroforests called 'cabrucas' which maintain a forest cover. Cocoa, an understorey crop, is planted under the shade of native Atlantic Forest trees and exotic fruit trees introduced by the farmers. These cabrucas have high conservation value but very low cocoa yield. In my thesis I investigate the factors limiting cocoa yield and how to increase yield in cabrucas. I explore the role of shade trees and the nutrient dynamics in litterfall. Finally, I explore the risk that climate change could represent for cocoa production in the future by looking at the effects of an unexpected drought caused by an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event between November 2015 and May 2016. My study is based on data collected in permanent transects in 32 randomly chosen cabruca farms in Barro Preto a municipality of Bahia over a period of three years. I also established littertraps in 10 cocoa farms where I intensively studied nutrient dynamics and cocoa yield per tree over 12 months. My results showed that unproductive trees, low cocoa tree density, high shade cover and high cocoa mortality due to drought were the main factors limiting cocoa yield in cabrucas. Surprisingly, adding fertilisers to the cocoa trees did not increase yield. This suggests that there is no nutrient deficiency in cabrucas. In the farms, I found 69 species of shade trees for an average density of 125 ± 32 trees per hectare. Half of the species of shade trees were Atlantic Forest species of conservation value. The litterfall experiment showed the shade tree species and the quantity of litterfall produced, can affect the number of cocoa pods per tree. In cabrucas, a higher number of cocoa pods was found on cocoa trees under shade trees than under no shade. Finally, I showed that the exceptionally severe ENSO-related drought caused 80% loss in yield and 11% cocoa tree mortality in Barro Preto. Climate models predict an increased frequency of strong ENSO events in the future. Farmers in Bahia are not prepared to face regular drought events. The 2015/16 drought affected the dynamics of cocoa production in Brazil: it accelerated the decrease of extensive wildlife-friendly cocoa production in Bahia whereas it increased the development of cocoa production in intensive low shade plantations in the state of Pará. This suggests that climate change could be a threat to traditional cocoa agroforests in Bahia. Developing wildlife-friendly certification schemes and Payment for Ecosystem Services to internalise the value of forest conservation and to encourage farmers to maintain their shade trees could save cabruca systems from going extinct.
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Krauss, Judith. "Cocoa sustainability initiatives and the environment : mapping stakeholder priorities and representations." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cocoa-sustainability-initiatives-and-the-environment-mapping-stakeholder-priorities-and-representations(cf6db173-5a55-4049-8b7a-ae045aeef971).html.
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Given growing concerns regarding the chocolate sector's long-term future, ever more private-sector, public-sector and civil-society stakeholders have become involved in initiatives aiming to make cocoa production more 'sustainable'. However, despite the omnipresent term, stakeholders' understandings of associated environmental, commercial and socio-economic priorities diverge: while transforming cocoa into a more attractive livelihood for farmers is paramount for some, others prioritise links to global environmental challenges. A third dimension encompasses commercial concerns related to securing supply, an increasing qualm given projected cocoa shortages and ever-rising concentration in the marketplace. This research argues there are considerable tensions between different stakeholders' commercial, socio-economic and environmental priorities in cocoa sustainability initiatives especially in light of the sector's intensifying challenges. Further tensions emerge between underlying drivers and representations, as public-facing communication continues to emphasise altruism rather than commercial necessity, locating engagements in 'nice-to-have' rather than 'business imperative' territory. Based on documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation, this thesis aims to capture how cocoa-sector changes have driven shifts in stakeholder priorities and representations, incorporating voices from across the initiatives ranging from cocoa producers to chocolate consumers. Utilising a modified global production networks lens to represent the full spectrum of stakeholders involved, the research maps three cocoa sustainability initiatives incorporating conservation or carbon measures in terms of power and embeddedness, stakeholder drivers and representations. While identifying tensions, it also argues that acknowledging divergent understandings of the polysemic 'sustainability' concept constitutes an opportunity for a much-needed redressing of power and embeddedness asymmetries to address systemic issues threatening the sector's future. However, the thesis also observes that despite protestations of partnership, few actors are willing to contemplate the systemic changes in favour of more equitable treatment and power distribution which would be required to safeguard the sector's long-term viability. This thesis's contributions include its unprecedented critical exploration of the diverging socio-economic, commercial and environmental drivers which diverse stakeholders associate with cocoa sustainability, the meanings they create towards the public, and the link to underlying power and embeddedness structures. These analytical foci have proved instrumental in unpacking emerging tensions, which are likely to grow more marked as cocoa shortages become more acute and understandings of sustainability continue to diverge.
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N-unkyer, Anglaaere Luke Cyprian. "Improving the sustainability of cocoa farms in Ghana through utilization of native forest trees in agroforestry systems." Thesis, Bangor University, 2005. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/improving-the-sustainability-of-cocoa-farms-in-ghana-through-utilization-of-native-forest-trees-in-agroforestry-systems(2db9c4a0-0a9c-4a66-a2b1-570ccecbf094).html.
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The study investigatedf armers' ecologicalk nowledgea nd managemenrte lating to cocoa aggroforestins the Atwima district of Ghana,w ith the view to selecting and developing the potential of native forest tree species for use as shade in multi-strata cocoa agroforestry systems. More specifically, the study investigate farmers' knowledge about the ecology and managemenot f multi-stratac ocoas ystems,w ith the view to identifying native forest tree species preferred by farmers as shade for cocoa. Based on this preliminary survey of fanner knowledge and preferences, eight indigenous forest tree speciesw ere selectedf or field screening. Field studies involved: (i) assessmenot f their natural distribution in different landuse systems, to determine natural regeneration potential; (ii) evaluation of their phenological patterns and light regimes under their canopies, with the view to determining their suitability for shade provision; (iii) evaluation of growth performance, when planted as shade on cocoa farms; (iv) determination of potential below-ground complementarity in resource use (particularly water) between planted shade and the cocoa, through evaluation of root competitivity indices for the planted species, as well as determination of water use by means of sap flow measurementT. he study also evaluatedm ethodso f seedp re-treatmentt o enhance germinationo f T. letraptera seedsw, hich usually take a long time to germinate. Farmers' knowledge on site selection for cocoa cultivation was based on soil types and biological indicators. Their description of soil types was based on soil texture and colour. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species are used as indicators of soil fertility status. Farmers identified over 50 forest tree species and their role in the cocoa farming system. In Eight of these were selected for screening on-farm and on-station. These included: Albizia adianthifolia, Entandrophragma angolense, Entandrophragma utile, Newbouldia laevis, Pericopsis elata, Terminalia ivorensis and Tetrapleura tetraptera. The natural distribution of these species in mature cocoa farms, fallow lands and natural forest was evaluated and their regeneration potential discussed. Results of phenolog&icIa l patterns and crown characteristicso f the shadet ree speciesa re presenteda nd discussedw ith regards to their temporal complementarity in light (PAR and Red/Far Red light) capture. Seed pre-treatment and vegetative propagation techniques for T. tetraptera were investigated, with results indicating a good potential for the use of locally grown Citrusjambhiri Lush. (rough lemon) juice for seed pre-treatment. Auxin (IBA) application on leafy stem cuttings, at concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.6% produced good rooting responses, compared to a control (0%), with 0.4% producing the highest response. Growth performance of all the planted species was evaluated over a two-year period, while root structure of, and rates of water uptake by, E. angolense, T. ivorensis and T tetraptera, which appeared to be the most promising species in terms of initial growth performance on the field, were also investigated. The results showed that T ivorensis, which appeared to be more shallow rooting than the others at this age Q years), was drawing more water from the soil than the other two species while T. tetraptera, with its roots oriented more vertically, was using less water than the others. Above-ground biomass, carbon and nutrient content, as well as litterfall, decomposition and nutrient release patterns of a multi-strata cocoa-Gliricidia agroforest are also reported and discussed.
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Milz, Joachim. "Einfluss von Anbau- und Pflegemaßnahmen auf die Hexenbesenkrankheit (Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer) bei Kakaoklonen im Siedlungsgebiet Alto Beni - Bolivien." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15729.
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Die Hexenbesenkrankheit (Crinipellis perniciosa) ist eine Pilzkrankheit, die nur meristematisches Pflanzengewebe des Kakaobaumes befällt. Sie tritt bisher ausschließlich auf dem Lateinamerikanischen Kontinent auf. Für die Region des Alto Beni im feuchttropischen Tiefland Boliviens wurden die Interaktionen zwischen Witterung, Inokulum und Phänologie der Wirtspflanze untersucht, um effiziente und ökonomisch vertretbare Kontroll- und Bekämpfungsprogramme zu entwickeln. Von 1994 bis 97 wurden zudem die Kakaoklone ICS 1, ICS 6, ICS 8, ICS 95 und TSH 565 unter Feldbedingungen auf Hexenbesentoleranz und Ertrag untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden unterschiedliche Baumschnittfrequenzen auf ihre Effizienz hinsichtlich des Ertragsverhaltens der Klone und der Auswirkung auf Hexenbeseninfektionen überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlagsereignissen und der Ausbildung von Fruchtkörpern an Hexenbesen. Es konnte im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum jedoch kein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der Intensität von Fruchtkörperbildungen an Hexenbesentrieben und der Anzahl an Hexenbeseninfektionen der untersuchten Bäume festgestellt werden. Die fünf Klone zeigten sowohl signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf ihre Anfälligkeit gegenüber Hexenbesen als auch in ihrem Ertragsverhalten. Die unterschiedliche Schnitthäufigkeit zeigte dagegen weder statistisch abgesicherte Differenzen hinsichtlich der Anzahl von Hexenbeseninfektionen noch hatte sie Einfluss auf den Ertrag. Die gängigen Bekämpfungsmethoden wie Baumschnitt und der Einsatz von tolerantem Pflanzenmaterial stellen keine grundsätzliche Lösung des Problems dar. Die bisher gewonnen Erfahrungen im Landbau unter Anwendung der Prinzipien sukzessionaler Agroforstsysteme zeigten, dass diese möglicherweise eine langfristige Perspektive für die Landnutzung in tropischen Regionen und zur Reduzierung phytosanitärer Probleme darstellen könnten.The witches’ broom disease (Crinipellis perniciosa) is a fungal infection which only affects the meristematic plant tissues of the cocoa tree. To date it has been restricted to the Latin American continent. The aim of this work was to examine scientifically the measures undertaken in the Alto Beni region in the humid tropical lowlands of Bolivia, to curb the witches’ broom disease (Crinipellis perniciosa) by phytosanitary pruning measures and by the use of various tolerant clones From 1994 to 97, the cocoa clones ICS 1, ICS 6, ICS 8, ICS 95 and TSH 565 were also studied under field conditions at the Sapecho location for witches’ broom tolerance and yield. In addition, various pruning frequencies were examined for their efficiency with regard to the yields of the clones and the effects on witches’ broom infection The results show a connection between rainfall levels and the formation of basidiocarps on the witches’ broom. However, over the whole of the investigation period, no causal connection was found between the intensity of basidiocarp production on the witches’ broom shoots and the number of witches’ broom infections on the trees under investigation. The five clones showed significant differences both in relation to their susceptibility to witches’ broom and in their yields. The different pruning frequencies, on the other hand, did not show any statistically provable differences in terms of the number of witches’ broom infections, nor did they influence the yields. It has become clear that neither the own studies nor the many research works undertaken at an international level were able to find a fundamental solution to the witches’ broom problem. Agriculture using the principles of successional agroforestry systems could represent a long-term perspective for land use in these areas, with the emphasis on more than short-term economic, social or structural objectives.
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Sanial, Elsa. "A la recherche de l'ombre, géographie des systèmes agroforestiers émergents en cacaoculture ivoirienne post-forestière." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3058.
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En Côte d'Ivoire, où 40% du cacao mondial est produit, la majeure partie des forêts a été convertie en plantations de cacao. Après un siècle d'expansion, cette culture et ses producteurs font face à une nouvelle situation environnementale qualifiée ici de "post-forestière". D'une part, la couverture forestière a presque entièrement disparu avec la progression des fronts pionniers cacaoyers ; d'autre part, les monocultures, caractérisant 90% du verger cacaoyer ivoirien au début du XXIème siècle, semblent aujourd'hui atteindre leurs limites (attaques de parasites, réduction de la durée de vie productive) ; enfin les évolutions climatiques récentes sont moins favorables à cette culture (Bigot et al., 2005). La conjonction de ces différents éléments conduit à un "blocage structurel" (Léonard et Oswald, 1996) de la cacaoculture. Dans l'histoire de la cacaoculture, un autre pays ou une autre région prennent le relais de la région en crise (Ruf, 1995). Ce doctorat étudie ainsi les stratégies d'adaptation, notamment agroforestières, des producteurs de cacao et dresse le tableau d'une bifurcation post-forestière possible au modèle universel d'alternance entre booms et crises cacaoyères. Il est basé sur des inventaires botaniques en plantation de cacao, des entretiens avec les producteurs, une cartographie multichronique d'usage des sols et deux monographies. Les pratiques agroforestières des producteurs sont ainsi étudiées à la croisée de données environnementales et socio-économiques sur quatre sites représentatifs des différents stades de progression de la cacaoculture (à savoir d'Est en Ouest : Akoupé, Divo, Guéyo et Méagui). Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : 1. Les plantations de cacao étudiées sont très diverses allant de systèmes proches de la monoculture jusqu'aux agroforêts denses et pluri-stratifiées. Dans l'échantillon étudié, 22% des 137 parcelles étudiées présentent des caractéristiques agroforestières. 2. Les contributions environnementales évaluées (biodiversité, stockage de carbone, bois d'oeuvre, usages alimentaires, usages médicinaux et contributions agronomiques pour les cacaoyers) sont généralement différentes de celles d'un écosystème forestier. Il apparaît toutefois que la gestion de l'origine des arbres (rémanent, recrû spontané ou planté) par les producteurs modèle la capacité de ces systèmes à fournir différentes contributions environnementales. 3. Depuis une décennie, une tendance à la densification et la diversification des arbres associés se dessine dans les parcelles de cacao. En confrontant discours et pratiques des producteurs, il apparaît que 67% d'entre eux ont une attitude favorable aux arbres associés. 4. Les stratégies "post-forestières" des producteurs sont diverses, de l'abandon de la cacaoculture au recours aux intrants chimiques ou à l'intensification écologique ; elles incluent une variété de systèmes agroforestiers et témoignent d'une vélléité de poursuivre la cacaoculture dans des conditions post-forestières. 5. La mise en place de stratégies agroforestières apparaît comme une réponse à une situation de précarité foncière, à l'échelle du ménage et du finage. 6. Enfin, ces évolutions de la cacaoculture font émerger de nouvelles ressources. Des conflits de gouvernance autour de leur appropriation aux échelles locales, régionales et nationale restent le principal obstacle à l'adoption et au succès de stratégies agroforestières. A travers une approche transdisciplinaire, ce doctorat de géographie, à l’interface nature-sociétés, illustre les relations particulières qui se tissent entre producteurs de cacao et environnement post-forestierIn Ivory Coast, where 40% of world cocoa beans are produced, most forests have been converted into cocoa plantations. After a century of expansion, this crop and its producers are facing with a new environmental situation, here called « post-forest conditions ». Firstly, forest cover has almost completely disappeared ; secondly, monocultures are showing their limits (pests attacks, productive lifelenght shortened) ; and finally recent climatic evolutions are less suitable to this crop (Bigot et al., 2005). The conjunction of these different elements has led to a « structural blockage » (Leonard and Oswald, 1996). In cocoa history, when such situation occurs another country or region would take over the area in crisis for cocoa production (Ruf, 1995). This PhD studies adaptation strategies, especially agroforestry ones, of cocoa farmers and depicts a possible bifurcation from the universal boom and busts model. It is based on botanic inventories, farmers interviews, multichronic land use maps (1956-2017) and two monographies. Farmers agroforestry practices are analysed at environmental and socio-political data crossroads on four sites representative of different stages of cocoa history (from East to West : Akoupé, Divo, Guéyo and Méagui). Main results are the following : 1.Studied cocoa plantations are very diverse from systems close to monocropping to dense and multi-stratified agroforests. In the sample studied, 22 % of the 137 studied plots have agroforestry caracteristics. 2.The assessed environmental contributions (biodiversity, aboveground carbon stocks, timber, food use, medicinal use and agronomic contributions to cocoa trees) differ from forest ones. However, farmers management of trees origins (remnant, recruited or planted) shapes agroforests capacity to provide these contributions. 3.Since a decade, there is a trend of densification and diversification of associated trees in cocoa plots. Through the comparison between speeches and practices one can consider that 67% of farmers have an attitude favorable to associated trees. 4.Farmers « post-forest » strategies are diverse, from abandoning cocoa to chemical inputs use or ecological intensification, they include several agroforestry systems and are witnesses of a general will to maintain cocoa production activities in post-forest conditions. 5.Adopting agroforestry strategies appears as an answer to land scarcity situation at household and village scale. 6.Finally, these evolutions of cocoa growing open the needs for new ressources. Governance conflicts about these ressources appropriation at local, regional and national scale are the main obstacle to agroforestry adoption and success. Through a transdisciplinary approach, this geography PhD illustrates the relationships that bounds cocoa producers and post-forest environment
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Otutei, Emmanuel. "Sustaining off-reserve forests in Ghana: a game-theoretic approach." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/115372.
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This thesis explores options for resolving the ongoing tenure and compensation conflicts in the off-reserve forests (non-plantation forests outside permanent forest reserves) in Ghana. The ongoing degradation of the forests has been attributed to the prevalent tenure and compensation conflicts among cocoa farmers, the government, and logging concessionaires. Cocoa farmers nurture and preserve naturally growing trees in the off-reserve forests. They even plant indigenous tree species on their farms for the purpose of providing additional shades for their cocoa crops. Yet since 1998, the government has denied farmers any legal rights to the shade trees they retain on their farms. In addition, crops are extensively damaged by logging and transporting activities occurring on cocoa farms. However, most concessionaires fail to adequately compensate affected farmers.
Farmers tend to resort to unsustainable forest practices as a result of these tenure and compensation conflicts. They markedly reduce shade tree density when cocoa crops start bearing pods by cutting down or killing many young trees and engaging in illegal (chainsaw) logging. Thus, the key research question investigated by this thesis is: what is the most optimal policy option for minimising unsustainable forest practices among farmers? To respond to this question, this thesis developed game-theoretic models to predict the future behaviour of some key stakeholders under hypothetical policy scenarios. The predictions of the game-theoretic models were then tested with empirical data collected from farmers and concessionaires in Ghana in 2016.
The current behaviours of the concessionaires and farmers in the off-reserve forests were found to be consistent with the rational-choice model. These stakeholders are behaving in ways that will maximise their expected values in the off-reserve forests. Both the theoretical and empirical results revealed that farmers are less likely to be fully compensated should they pursue compensation on their own. It was found that a credible threat of litigation by a third-party advocate is likely to be the most optimal option to ensure that concessionaires fully and promptly compensate farmers for crop damage. More importantly, the most optimal policy option to motivate farmers to increase tree density and diversity and minimise farmer-driven illegal logging is a policy mix that concurrently provides 40% of stumpage revenue to farmers; ensures full compensation for crop damage through third-party litigation; and strictly enforces the tree harvesting rule using FC-farmer partnerships.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2018
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Isaac, Marney Elizabeth. "Ecological and social interactions in sustainable agroforestry management: Cocoa in Ghana /." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1647790691&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Toledo-Hernández, Manuel. "Cocoa pollination as a potential yield driver under changing management and climate." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1464-4.
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Abdulai, Issaka. "Productivity, water use and climate resilience of alternative cocoa cultivation systems." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E3F3-9.
Full textBooks on the topic "Cocoa agroforests"
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Bulfeta, Getachew, and International Livestock Centre for Africa., eds. Land and tree tenure in humid West Africa: A bibliography. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cocoa agroforests"
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Lojka, B., L. Pawera, M. Kalousová, L. Bortl, V. Verner, J. Houška, W. Vanhove, and P. Van Damme. "Multistrata Systems: Potentials and Challenges of Cocoa-based Agroforests in the Humid Tropics." In Agroforestry, 587–628. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_23.
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Sonwa, Denis J., Stephan F. Weise, Bernard A. Nkongmeneck, Mathurin Tchatat, and Marc J. J. Janssens. "Profiling Carbon Storage/Stocks of Cocoa Agroforests in the Forest Landscape of Southern Cameroon." In Agroforestry, 739–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_30.
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Juhrbandt, Jana, Thomas Duwe, Jan Barkmann, Gerhard Gerold, and Rainer Marggraf. "Structure and management of cocoa agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi across an intensification gradient." In Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests under Global Change, 115–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00493-3_5.
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Andres, Christian, Hermann Comoé, Anna Beerli, Monika Schneider, Stephan Rist, and Johanna Jacobi. "Cocoa in Monoculture and Dynamic Agroforestry." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 121–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26777-7_3.
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Shapiro, H.-Y., and E. M. Rosenquist. "Public/private partnerships in agroforestry: the example of working together to improve cocoa sustainability." In Advances in Agroforestry, 453–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_31.
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Zapfack, Louisa, Jean Kotto-Same, Amougou Akoa, and Gaston Achoundong. "Biodiversity Conservation and Carbon Sequestration in Cocoa Agroforest in Southern Cameroon." In Science, Policy and Politics of Modern Agricultural System, 263–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7957-0_18.
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Vaast, Philippe, Jean-Michel Harmand, Bruno Rapidel, Patrick Jagoret, and Olivier Deheuvels. "Coffee and Cocoa Production in Agroforestry—A Climate-Smart Agriculture Model." In Climate Change and Agriculture Worldwide, 209–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7462-8_16.
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Jagoret, Patrick, Frank Enjalric, and Éric Malézieux. "Agroforestry-Based Diversification for Planting Cocoa in the Savannah of Central Cameroon." In Economics and Ecology of Diversification, 253–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7294-5_12.
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Feintrenie, Laurène, Frank Enjalric, and Jean Ollivier. "Coconut- and Cocoa-Based Agroforestry Systems in Vanuatu: A Diversification Strategy in Tune with the Farmers’ Life Cycle." In Economics and Ecology of Diversification, 283–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7294-5_14.
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Eunice Golda Danièle, Ndo, and Akoutou Mvondo Etienne. "Integrated Management Approach to Citrus Fungal Diseases by Optimizing Cocoa-Based Agroforests Structural Characteristics." In Citrus - Research, Development and Biotechnology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95571.
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The health and productivity of citrus are generally jeopardized by a host of diseases, for which the environmental conditions of the cropping system are critical drivers. Several studies conducted on various diseases of perennial crops have shown the involvement of the structural futures of the cocoa-based agroforestry system (CBAFS) in the spread of pathogens and the epidemics development. This chapter highlights the effect of the CBAFS’s structural characteristics on the intensity of three citrus diseases in the humid forest zones of Cameroon. The involvement of CBAFS structural characteristics in diseases regulation is demonstrated. In particular, the spatial structure of citrus in agroforests shows an effect on the spread of diseases. Moreover, distribution of citrus in the CBAFS, with minimum spacing of 12 m between citrus trees, limits the damage caused by Pseudocercospora leaf and fruit spot disease (PLFSD) and citrus diseases caused by Phytophthora (CDP). Dense shading helps to minimize the intensity of diseases such as CDP and PLFSD and Citrus scab disease. This work may make it possible to contribute to the development of an integrated management tool for citrus diseases in an associated crop context.
Reports on the topic "Cocoa agroforests"
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.