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Journal articles on the topic 'Cocaine habit'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Dalby, J. Thomas. "Sherlock Holmes's cocaine habit." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8, no. 1 (March 1991): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700016475.

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2

Duan, Ying, Lingtong Jin, Wenjie Du, Shubo Jin, Yiming Meng, Yonghui Li, Jianjun Zhang, Jing Liang, Nan Sui, and Fang Shen. "Alterations of Dopamine Receptors and the Adaptive Changes of L-Type Calcium Channel Subtypes Regulate Cocaine-Seeking Habit in Tree Shrew." Life 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12070984.

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The putamen (Put) is necessary for habitual actions, while the nucleus caudate (Cd) is critical for goal-directed actions. However, compared with the natural reward (such as sucrose)-seeking habit, how drug-related dysfunction or imbalance between the Put and Cd is involved in cocaine-seeking habit, which is not easy to bias behavior to goal-directed actions, is absent. Therefore, in our present study, in comparison with sucrose-habitual behavior, we evaluated the distinctive changes of the two subtypes of dopamine (DA) receptors (D1R and D2R) in cocaine-seeking habitual behavior animals. Moreover, the adaptive changes of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3, as prime downstream targets of D1R and D2R respectively, were also assessed. Our results showed that a similar percentage of the animals exhibited habitual seeking behavior after cocaine or sucrose variable-interval self-administration (SA) training in tree shrews. In addition, compared with animals with non-habitual behavior, animals with cocaine habitual behavior showed higher D1Rs and Cav1.2 expression in the Put accompanied with lower D2Rs and Cav1.3 expression in the Cd. However, after sucrose SA training, animals with habitual behavior only showed lower membrane expression of D2R in the Put than animals with non-habitual behavior. These results suggested that the upregulation of D1Rs-Cav1.2 signaling may lead to hyper-excitability of the Put, and the inactivation of D2Rs-Cav1.3 signaling may result in depressed activity in the Cd. This imbalance function between the Put and Cd, which causes an inability to shift between habits and goal-directed actions, may underlie the compulsive addiction habit.
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3

Ersche, K. D. "Habit formation in humans with cocaine addiction." European Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (October 2017): S531—S532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(17)31007-6.

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4

&NA;. "Few kick the cocaine habit for good." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 13, no. 8 (April 1999): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199913080-00002.

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5

&NA;. "Bupropion helps crack the habit in cocaine addicts." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1535 (April 2006): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615350-00048.

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6

Miles, Felicity J., Barry J. Everitt, and Anthony Dickinson. "Oral cocaine seeking by rats: Action or habit?" Behavioral Neuroscience 117, no. 5 (2003): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.5.927.

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7

Sterk-Elifson, Claire. "Just for Fun?: Cocaine Use among Middle-Class Women." Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600105.

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The focus of this article is on middle-class female cocaine users. It explores the women's perspective and challenges the notion of cocaine use being a problem of poor, minority populations. The women were either introduced to cocaine by a male or female friend, mostly in the context of “just for fun.” Although all women continued to use cocaine, they had to develop their own cocaine connections and their use became less linked to personal relationships. Most women stressed that they had a “controlled” habit, although the nature of their use indicated that they were addicted. The women linked their control to the resources available to them to hide and support their cocaine use. They put much time and energy into trying to maintain these resources, however, they are not always successful. The findings reveal a need for further studies exploring drug use among middle-class women and the link between drug use and power or control.
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8

Terra Filho, Mário, Chen Chin Yen, Ubiratan de Paula Santos, and Daniel Romero Muñoz. "Pulmonary alterations in cocaine users." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122, no. 1 (February 2004): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802004000100007.

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CONTEXT: Brazilian researchers have recently recognized a marked increase in the number of people using abusable drugs and the consequences of this habit. It has become a major public health problem in a potentially productive segment of the general population. In the last few years, several medical articles have given special emphasis to pulmonary complications related to cocaine use. This review is based on this information and experience acquired with groups of cocaine users. OBJECTIVE: To present to physicians the pulmonary aspects of cocaine use and warn about the various effects this drug has on the respiratory system, stressing those related to long-term use. DESIGN: Narrative review. METHOD: Pulmonary complications are described. These may include infections (Staphylococcus aureus, pulmonary tuberculosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/aids, etc.), aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, septic embolism, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, barotrauma, pulmonary granulomatosis, bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia, pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis, pneumonitis hypersensitivity, lung infiltrates and eosinophilia in individuals with bronchial hyperreactivity, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, vasculitis, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension and alterations in gas exchange. It is concluded that physicians should give special attention to the various pulmonary and clinical manifestations related to cocaine use, particularly in young patients.
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9

Hamid, Ammar, and Priyanka Patel. "An unusual presentation of oro-naso-palatal fistula." Dental Update 46, no. 9 (October 2, 2019): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2019.46.9.825.

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This case report is of a 29-year-old male who complained of nasal escape of food and fluids through his nose for 6 months. Further questioning revealed a previous cocaine habit which has now ceased. Examination revealed a septal perforation and CT scanning revealed a 16 mm wide sagittal bone defect involving most of the hard palate as well as absence of the inferior half of the nasal septum. A diagnosis of septal perforation leading to an oro-naso-palatal fistula was made. This rather unusual presentation and clinical findings are discussed within this article. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The effects of cocaine misuse on the oral mucosa are presented.
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10

Pierce, R. Christopher, and Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren. "Kicking the habit: The neural basis of ingrained behaviors in cocaine addiction." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 2 (November 2010): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.007.

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11

Kernalléguen, Angéline, Franck Saint-Marcoux, Souleiman El Balkhi, Florence Vorspan, Georges Leonetti, Daniel Lafitte, and Anne-Laure Pelissier. "When single hair reveals cocaine habit of consumption: MALDI imaging vs. LC-MSMS." Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 34, no. 3 (September 2022): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2022.06.321.

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12

Corbit, Laura H., Billy C. Chieng, and Bernard W. Balleine. "Effects of Repeated Cocaine Exposure on Habit Learning and Reversal by N-Acetylcysteine." Neuropsychopharmacology 39, no. 8 (February 17, 2014): 1893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.37.

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13

Post, Robert M., and Peter Kalivas. "Bipolar disorder and substance misuse: pathological and therapeutic implications of their comorbidity and cross-sensitisation." British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 3 (March 2013): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116855.

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BackgroundBipolar disorder has a high co-occurrence with substance use disorders, but the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been adequately explored.AimsTo review the role of stress in the onset and recurrence of affective episodes and substance misuse.MethodWe review the mechanisms involved in sensitisation (increased responsivity) to recurrence of stressors, mood episodes and cocaine use.ResultsEvidence suggests that intermittent stressors, mood episodes and bouts of cocaine use not only show sensitisation to themselves, but cross-sensitisation to the others contributing to illness progression. Converseley, an understanding of the common mechanisms of sensitisation (such as regionally selective alterations in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hyperactivity of striatally based habit memories), could also result in single therapies (such as N-acetylcysteine) having positive effects in all three domains.ConclusionsThese interacting sensitisation processes suggest the importance of early intervention in attempting to prevent increasingly severe manifestations of bipolar illness and substance misuse progression.
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14

Parvaz, Muhammad A., Pias Malaker, Anna Zilverstand, Scott J. Moeller, Nelly Alia-Klein, and Rita Z. Goldstein. "Attention bias modification in drug addiction: Enhancing control of subsequent habits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 1, 2021): e2012941118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012941118.

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A relapse in addiction is often precipitated by heightened attention bias to drug-related cues, underpinned by a subcortically mediated transition to habitual/automatized responding and reduced prefrontal control. Modification of such automatized attention bias is a fundamental, albeit elusive, target for relapse reduction. Here, on a trial-by-trial basis, we used electroencephalography and eye tracking with a task that assessed, in this order, drug cue reactivity, its instructed self-regulation via reappraisal, and the immediate aftereffects on spontaneous (i.e., not instructed and automatized) attention bias. The results show that cognitive reappraisal, a facet of prefrontal control, decreased spontaneous attention bias to drug-related cues in cocaine-addicted individuals, more so in those with less frequent recent use. The results point to the mechanisms underlying the disruption of automatized maladaptive drug-related attention bias in cocaine addiction. These results pave the way for future studies to examine the role of such habit disruption in reducing compulsive drug seeking outside the controlled laboratory environment, with the ultimate goal of developing a readily deployable cognitive-behavioral and personalized intervention for drug addiction.
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15

Ghitza, Udi E., Anthony T. Fabbricatore, Volodymyr F. Prokopenko, and Mark O. West. "Differences Between Accumbens Core and Shell Neurons Exhibiting Phasic Firing Patterns Related to Drug-Seeking Behavior During a Discriminative-Stimulus Task." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 1608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00268.2004.

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The habit-forming effects of abused drugs depend on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system innervating the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). To examine whether different NAcc subterritories (core and medial shell) exhibit a differential distribution of neurons showing phasic firing patterns correlated with drug-seeking behavior, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, and activity of single NAcc neurons was recorded. In the presence of a discriminative-stimulus (SD) tone, a single lever press produced an intravenous infusion of cocaine (0.35 mg/kg), terminated the tone, and started an intertone interval ranging from 3 to 6 min. Lever presses during this intertone interval had no programmed consequences. In addition to evaluating neuronal firing patterns associated with cocaine-reinforced presses, we also evaluated firing patterns associated with unreinforced lever presses to allow interpretation of firing free of factors other than the instrumental response (such as tone-off and onset of the pump signaling drug infusion). Core neurons exhibited a greater change in firing than medial shell neurons both in the seconds preceding the reinforced and unreinforced lever press response and in the seconds following the unreinforced response. Core and medial shell neurons exhibited similar changes in firing during the seconds following the cocaine-reinforced press. The differential distribution of neurons exhibiting phasic changes in firing preceding the lever press suggests that the physiological activity of core neurons may play a greater role than that of medial shell neurons in processes related to the execution of conditioned drug-seeking responses.
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16

DePoy, L. M., A. G. Allen, and S. L. Gourley. "Adolescent cocaine self-administration induces habit behavior in adulthood: sex differences and structural consequences." Translational Psychiatry 6, no. 8 (August 2016): e875-e875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.150.

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17

Lim, T. V., R. N. Cardinal, G. Savulich, P. S. Jones, A. A. Moustafa, T. W. Robbins, and K. D. Ersche. "Impairments in reinforcement learning do not explain enhanced habit formation in cocaine use disorder." Psychopharmacology 236, no. 8 (August 2019): 2359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05330-z.

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18

Schmitzer-Torbert, Neil, Steven Apostolidis, Romeo Amoa, Connor O’Rear, Michael Kaster, Josh Stowers, and Robert Ritz. "Post-training cocaine administration facilitates habit learning and requires the infralimbic cortex and dorsolateral striatum." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 118 (February 2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.007.

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19

Smith, Paul. "L'art de l'automobile, chefs-d'œuvre de la collection Ralph Lauren." Transfers 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020111.

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Collecting old cars, like a cocaine habit, seems to be one of nature’s ways of telling you you are making too much money. Think of Pink Floyd’s drummer Nick Mason and his private collection of Ferraris. Think of the American pharmaceutical heir Josiah K. Lilly III and his vintage automobiles displayed in an imitation Shaker barn-house at a heritage park on Cape Cod. Or remember Hans and Fritz Schlumpf, Alsatian textile magnates unable to resist another Bugatti. Indeed, the brothers’ passion helped lead their firm into bankruptcy and their collection––more than 500 vehicles, including 150 Bugattis––ended up as France’s national motorcar museum, the Cité de l’Automobile, opened at Mulhouse in 1982.
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20

Harvey, Eric, Matthew Blurton‐Jones, and Pamela J. Kennedy. "Hippocampal BDNF regulates a shift from flexible, goal‐directed to habit memory system function following cocaine abstinence." Hippocampus 29, no. 11 (June 17, 2019): 1101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23127.

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21

K. S, Dr Nagaraju. "A Brief Analysis About the Drug Addiction by Youths in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38470.

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Abstract: People have been taking the drug in various forms for many years for enjoyment, relaxation, sleeping, stimulation, or another reason. In the starting, people takes the drug for taste and alter the consciousness, behavior, mood, and thoughts but he/she becomes habitual and dependent on any substance use disorder such as alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin, amphetamines, or illegal drugs. As per my thoughts and watching surroundings, if you ask a drug intake person “how do you become a drug addictive”? Most people will answer this “they started taking the drug in their friend circle, at relatives home or with relationship partner”. The first time they take it for taste or due to forcing by someone but after some time this becomes a habit. Peer pressure can fall you in this black world. Also, if someone has family history of addiction then he/she may chance to catch this addiction and make habitual others as well. So good friend circle really matters. Drugs such as heroin and marijuana are structured in the same way as chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are produced naturally by the human brain. As a result of this similarity, the drugs can fool the receptors of human brain and activate the nerve cells in such a way that they send some abnormal messages. In case of drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine, the nerve cells get activated and they release extraordinarily large volumes of neurotransmitters. They are also capable of preventing the brain from recycling these chemicals in a normal manner. A normal level of production is necessary in order to end the signal between neurons. Keywords: Alcohol – Beer, Wine, & Liquor, Opioids – Heroin, Fentanyl & Oxycodone, Cannabinoids – Marijuana & Hashish, Benzodiazepines – Ativan, Valium & Xanax, Stimulants – Adderall, Cocaine & Meth.
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22

Ahmadi, Jamshid, Ahmad Fakoor, Parisa Pezeshkian, Reza Khoshnood, and Ahmad Malekpour. "Substance Use among Iranian Psychiatric Inpatients." Psychological Reports 89, no. 2 (October 2001): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.89.2.363.

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This study evaluated substance use among a sample of 205 psychiatric inpatients (70 women and 135 men) chosen randomly. The subjects (who had schizophrenia or mood disorders) were evaluated on a confidential questionnaire by interview. Their mean age was 35 yr. ( SD = 10.4, range 16 to 69). Of these participants, 76% of the 135 men and 34% of the 70 women admitted use of substances: cigarettes (74% of men, 31.4% of women), opiates (31.9% of men, 4.3% of women), alcohol (23.7% of men, 4.3% of women), hashish (8.9% of men, no women), marijuana (3.7% of men, no women), and cocaine or LSD by none. Only 27% of the women and 63% of the men reported still using substances regularly; some reported using more than one substance. Of the current users, 61.8% of the schizophrenics, 20% of unipolar depressed, and 37.5% of bipolar patients reported current use. The reasons for substance use in order of frequencies of mention were release of tension, seeking pleasure, and need (to avoid withdrawal symptoms) by men and habit, seeking pleasure, and need by women.
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Kuzu, Selçuk, and Çağlar Günebakan. "Nasal Septal Perforation: Experience of Management." Bengal Journal of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery 28, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47210/bjohns.2020.v28i3.296.

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Introduction Nasal septal perforation is the loss of composite tissue comprising the mucosa, bone or cartilage structures that form the nasal septum. Nasal septum perforation has many causes. Though it may be idiopathic, the most common causes are iatrogenic like nasal surgeries. Among other reasons are septal hematoma, nasal picking habit, nasal cauterization due to nosebleeds, nasotracheal intubation, cocaine use, vasculitis, inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis, This study aims to review the approach to management of patients with nasal septal perforation who underwent repair of the perforation in a tertiary clinic, in the light of current literature. Materials and Methods In this study, the records of 27 patients who were diagnosed with nasal septal perforation and treated surgically in a tertiary clinic, between January 2015 and June 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Results The successful closure rate of perforations was 74%. In 4 of 7 patients whose perforations were not completely closed, the perforation size was larger than 2 cm in diameter. Conclusion Successful repair of nasal septal perforation depends largely on the cause, location, size of the perforation, cartilage bone tissue on the perforation edges, surgical technique and the surgeon's experience.
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Ahmadi, Jamshid, and Ahmad Ghanizadeh. "Motivations for Use of Opiates among Addicts Seeking Treatment in Shiraz." Psychological Reports 87, no. 3_suppl (December 2000): 1158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3f.1158.

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This study assessed the characteristics and motivation for substance use among addicts referred to the Shiraz Self-identified Center, an out-patient treatment facility. Data were gathered by a semistructured interview from 306 consecutive addicts seeking treatment and referred from July to September, 1998. Their mean age was 37 yr., and the majority (73.9%) were married. Of these addicts, 28.4% were workers, 13.4% drivers, and 11.4% were unemployed. Modeling or social pressure (43.1%) was identified as the first and enjoyment (fun) was the second most common reason given for opiate use. The majority (97.1%) used opium and 71.9% used alcohol; however, only 2.6% reported current use of alcohol. Other subjects were current users of cigarettes (72.2%), opium (67%), heroin (35%), hashish (2%), hallucinogens (0.3%), and cocaine (0.3%). The most common reason given for currently using opiates was habit (56.5%). About 36% of the subjects reported that they had frequently used opiates for more than a decade. These findings are quite different from those carried out in the West, although there is some overlap. Cultural attitudes toward drug use likely affect the types and amount of use.
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Prakash, Alka, Vidya B., Wan Nur Suhailah, Anjali Mohanan, Rashmi Kundapur, and Sanjeev Badiger. "Substance abuse and practices and their consequences among adolescents and young adults in Mangalore." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 04 (December 2015): 031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703931.

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Abstract Introduction: Substance abuse is the recent trend among college students. Studies conducted in India shows clear indications of increasing prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents. Aims and Objectives:To assess the practice prevalence and consequences of drug abuse among adolescent students. Materials and Methods: This Institution based cross-sectional study conducted in different schools and colleges of Mangalore. Institutions were randomly picked with pen drop method and 5 institution students were selected as study subjects. Totally 487 students between institutions were selected, the age group of 15-25 years were included in the study. The data was collected by means of answering a pretested validated questionnaire with anonymity. Result: According to our study the results showed that 8.60% have tried some substance of abuse such as marijuana (5.51%), LSD (1.10%), cocaine (1.32%) and others (1.76%). Among the Substance users, 1.54% used it regularly, 1.76% occasionally and 2.20% only once. 33.03% said it has affected their daily activities and academics 21.05% had picked up a quarrel with friends, family or detained by police. Conclusion: Caffeine consumption in the form coffee is quite common amongst the students as a habit. Marijuana is the most popular drug among the small fraction of students who have tried drugs. Most of them tried it first in college, mainly being influenced by peers.
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26

Denham, Bryan. "Magazine Journalism in the Golden Age of Muckraking: Patent-Medicine Exposures Before and After the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906." Journalism & Communication Monographs 22, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 100–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637920914979.

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Although studies in mass communication and investigative journalism have examined associations between newspaper reporting and policy formation, little research has focused on the policy influence of magazine coverage. In addition, given research questions that implicitly or explicitly conclude with policy implementation, studies have tended to analyze materials prior to the passage of legislation with little attention paid to subsequent reporting. This monograph examines magazine coverage of patent medicines before and after the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 became law. Patent medicines, which appeared in the form of cure-alls, headache remedies, and soothing syrups, emerged long before the federal government regulated substances such as morphine and cocaine, and nostrums often included these substances in addition to alcohol. Near the turn of the 20th century, magazine journalists began to draw attention to the hazards associated with patent medicines, building an agenda for policy reform. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required manufacturers to list habit-forming substances and the quantities of those substances on product labels, and sales showed an appreciable decline; however, companies continued to profit. An examination of magazine articles showed that, in addition to patent-medicine manufacturers, newspapers received significant criticism for advancing industry interests through advertising. As a partial result of outlandish claims made in advertisements, problems with patent medicines continued after implementation of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Government officials and the U.S. Supreme Court were among those who undermined the 1906 law. Implications for investigative journalism, history, and public policy are discussed.
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Jones, Bradley O., Adelis M. Cruz, Tabitha H. Kim, Haley F. Spencer, and Rachel J. Smith. "Discriminating goal-directed and habitual cocaine seeking in rats using a novel outcome devaluation procedure." Learning & Memory 29, no. 12 (December 2022): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.053621.122.

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Habits are theorized to play a key role in compulsive cocaine seeking, yet there is limited methodology for assessing habitual responding for intravenous (IV) cocaine. We developed a novel outcome devaluation procedure to discriminate goal-directed from habitual responding in cocaine-seeking rats. This procedure elicits devaluation temporarily and requires no additional training, allowing repeated testing at different time points. After training male rats to self-administer IV cocaine, we devalued the drug outcome via experimenter-administered IV cocaine (a “satiety” procedure) prior to a 10-min extinction test. Many rats were sensitive to outcome devaluation, a hallmark of goal-directed responding. These animals reduced responding when given a dose of experimenter-administered cocaine that matched or exceeded satiety levels during self-administration. However, other rats were insensitive to experimenter-administered cocaine, suggesting their responding was habitual. Importantly, reinforcement schedules and neural manipulations that produce goal-directed responding (i.e., ratio schedules or dorsolateral striatum lesions) caused sensitivity to outcome devaluation, whereas reinforcement schedules and neural manipulations that produce habitual responding (i.e., interval schedules or dorsomedial striatum lesions) caused insensitivity. Satiety-based outcome devaluation is an innovative new tool to dissect the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying IV cocaine-seeking behavior.
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Munch, Elisabeth Lobben, Svetlana Skurtveit, Marte Handal, and Eva Skovlund. "Pre conception use of cannabis and cocaine among men with pregnant partners." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519879564.

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Background: Paternal lifestyle during sperm development can have an impact on foetal development. This study surveys demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors among expectant fathers who reported use of cannabis and cocaine in the six-month period before conception. We also study the associations between mothers’ and fathers’ use of cannabis and cocaine. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) using self-reported data on demographic variables and cannabis and cocaine use six months before conception. Associations were assessed using logistic regression and chi-square tests. Results: A strong association was found between use of cannabis and cocaine and lifestyle habits such as alcohol and cigarette use. Alcohol consumption four or more times a week gave an adjusted odds ratio (a OR) of 9.7 (95% CI 7.2–13.0) for cannabis and an a OR 21.6 (95% CI 11.5–40.3) for cocaine. There was also a strong association between maternal and paternal use of cannabis and cocaine. Conclusion: Use of cannabis and cocaine close to pregnancy seems to be closely linked to other risk factors, and further studies on how paternal drug use affects the foetus are warranted. The strong association between maternal and paternal use of cannabis and cocaine may be used to inform healthcare workers to make good risk assessments.
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DePoy, Lauren, and Shannon Gourley. "Mechanisms and reversal of adolescent cocaine-induced habits." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (November 2015): e57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1072.

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30

DePoy, Lauren M., Kelsey S. Zimmermann, Paul J. Marvar, and Shannon L. Gourley. "Induction and Blockade of Adolescent Cocaine-Induced Habits." Biological Psychiatry 81, no. 7 (April 2017): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.023.

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31

Blomqvist, Jan. "What is the Worst Thing you could get Hooked on?: Popular Images of Addiction Problems in Contemporary Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600404.

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Aims To investigate potentially crucial aspects of Swedes' perceptions of nine different addictions. Data and Methods Population survey, sent out to 2,000 adult Swedes (18–74 years), focusing on the perceived severity of, responsibility for, options to recover from, and character of addiction to cigarettes, snuff, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, medical drugs, and gambling. Results There are large differences in the ways in which various addiction problems are perceived. Whereas tobacco use, and to some extent gambling, are seen as relatively harmless “habits”, not particularly easy to get hooked on but easy to quit, the use of drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine is seen as a major societal problem, and users are seen both as “sinners” who need to mend their ways and as powerless “victims”. In between comes the use and misuse of alcohol, cannabis and medical drugs, about which perceptions are more divided. Conclusions Respondents tend to downplay the risks and dangers with addictive habits that are common and familiar in mainstream culture, and to dramatise the risks and dangers with such habits that are uncommon or “strange”. This may have unfortunate consequences for addicts' options to find a path out of their predicaments.
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Hosain, Fatima, Josephine Lee, Ashar Ata, Ravneet K. Bhullar, and Andrew K. Chang. "Physician Renewal of Chronically Prescribed Controlled Substances Based on Urine Drug Test Results." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 10 (January 2019): 215013271988363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132719883632.

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Objective: The effect of specific urine drug testing (UDT) results on physician prescribing habits has not been well described. The primary objective was to report renewal rates of chronically prescribed controlled substances based on types of inconsistent UDT results. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review over a 5-month period comparing prescription renewals rates for patients with consistent versus inconsistent UDTs. Inconsistent UDTs were defined by prescribed drug not detected or the presence of heroin, cocaine, nonprescribed opioids, nonprescribed benzodiazepines, or marijuana. Results: Of the 474 UDTs reviewed, 214 (45.1%) were inconsistent. The most common findings among inconsistent UDTs, including overlapping results, were prescribed drug not detected (26.8%) and the presence of marijuana (20.7%), nonprescribed opioids (9.9%), and nonprescribed benzodiazepines (6.1%). In contrast, cocaine (5.5%) and heroin (0.4%) were less likely to be found on UDTs for this population. The relative risk (RR) of prescription renewal was 0.64 (95% CI 0.57-0.71) for inconsistent UDTs versus consistent UDTs. Within the inconsistent UDTs, the renewal rates when marijuana (79.6%) or nonprescribed opioids or benzodiazepines (63.6%) were present were much higher than when heroin or cocaine were present (0.0%; P < .001). Patients whose prescribed controlled substance was not detected had a 55.8% renewal rate. Conclusions: Prescription renewal rates were high when patient UDTs contained nonprescribed marijuana, opioids, and benzodiazepines, or when the prescribed drug was not detected. Prescription renewal rates were low when illicit drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, were detected.
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Fasano, Alfonso, Andrea Barra, Paola Nicosia, Federica Rinaldi, Pietro Bria, Anna Rita Bentivoglio, and Federico Tonioni. "Cocaine addiction: From habits to stereotypical-repetitive behaviors and punding." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 96, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.005.

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Batista, Joanna d'Arc Lyra, Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão de Albuquerque, Marcela Lopes Santos, Demócrito de Barros Miranda-Filho, Heloísa Ramos Lacerda, Magda Maruza, Libia Vilela Moura, Isabella Coimbra, and Ricardo Arraes de Alencar Ximenes. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMOKING, CRACK COCAINE ABUSE AND THE DISCONTINUATION OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 2 (April 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000200007.

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Despite the effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), nonadherence to medication has become a major threat to its effectiveness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported irregular use of antiretroviral therapy and the factors associated with such an irregularity in PLWHA. A cross-sectional study of PLWHA who attended two referral centers in the city of Recife, in Northeastern Brazil, between June 2007 and October 2009 was carried out. The study analyzed socioeconomic factors, social service support and personal habits associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy, adjusted by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PLWHA who reported irregular use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was 25.7%. In the final multivariate model, the irregular use of cART was associated with the following variables: being aged less than 40 years (OR = 1.66, 95%-CI: 1.29-2.13), current smokers (OR = 1.76, 95%-CI: 1.31-2.37) or former smokers (OR = 1.43, 95%-CI: 1.05-1.95), and crack cocaine users (OR = 2.79, 95%-CI: 1.24-6.32). Special measures should be directed towards each of the following groups: individuals aged less than 40 years, smokers, former smokers and crack cocaine users. Measures for giving up smoking and crack cocaine should be incorporated into HIV-control programs in order to promote greater adherence to antiretroviral drugs and thus improve the quality of life and prolong life expectancy.
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Everitt, Barry J., David Belin, Daina Economidou, Yann Pelloux, Jeffrey W. Dalley, and Trevor W. Robbins. "Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1507 (July 18, 2008): 3125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0089.

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We hypothesize that drug addiction can be viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial voluntary drug use through the loss of control over this behaviour, such that it becomes habitual and ultimately compulsive. We describe evidence that the switch from controlled to compulsive drug seeking represents a transition at the neural level from prefrontal cortical to striatal control over drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours as well as a progression from ventral to more dorsal domains of the striatum, mediated by its serially interconnecting dopaminergic circuitry. These neural transitions depend upon the neuroplasticity induced by chronic self-administration of drugs in both cortical and striatal structures, including long-lasting changes that are the consequence of toxic drug effects. We further summarize evidence showing that impulsivity, a spontaneously occurring behavioural tendency in outbred rats that is associated with low dopamine D 2/3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, predicts both the propensity to escalate cocaine intake and the switch to compulsive drug seeking and addiction.
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Singer, Bryan F., Monica Fadanelli, Alex B. Kawa, and Terry E. Robinson. "Are Cocaine-Seeking “Habits” Necessary for the Development of Addiction-Like Behavior in Rats?" Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2458-17.2017.

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Wiss, David A. "Nutrition for Substance Use Disorder Recovery: The Gut-Brain Axis." Journal of Recovery Science 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31886/jors.12.2018.10.

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With substance use disorder rates rising, there is an urgent need for new and effective treatment modalities. The utilization of nutrition services in addiction treatment has not been standardized, but there is a growing trend towards incorporating registered dietitian nutritionists into the treatment team. This comprehensive overview explores the impact of alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids on nutritional status. This presentation places particular emphasis on gut health, microbiome, and associated neural interactions. Homeostatic and hedonic mechanisms of eating behavior are discussed in the context of eating disorders and food addiction. Given the current crisis of addictive disorders, consideration should be given to prioritizing efforts to improve eating habits and overall health in recovery programs. Guidelines for nutrition interventions will be proposed, and a summary of where more information is needed will point towards future directions.
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Belin, David, and Barry J. Everitt. "Cocaine Seeking Habits Depend upon Dopamine-Dependent Serial Connectivity Linking the Ventral with the Dorsal Striatum." Neuron 57, no. 3 (February 2008): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.019.

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Jarlais, Don C. Des, Kamyar Arasteh, Jonathan Feelemyer, Courtney McKnight, David M. Barnes, Susan Tross, David C. Perlman, Aimee N. C. Campbell, Hannah L. F. Cooper, and Holly Hagan. "From Long-Term Injecting to Long-Term Non-Injecting Heroin and Cocaine Use: The Persistence of Changed Drug Habits." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 71 (December 2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.015.

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Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Alfarisa Nururrozi, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Slamet Raharjo, Hary Purnamaningsih, and Nurman Haribowo. "Keracunan coklat pada anjing: manajemen terapi dan pencegahan." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 38, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.51559.

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Chocolate poisoning has long been recognized as a common cause mostly in dogs, although many species are susceptible. Contributing factors include indiscriminate eating habits and readily available sources of chocolate. In general, the poisoning resulted from a lack of public knowledge of the health hazard to dogs that may be imposed by these products.Chocolate is derived from the seeds of the plant Theobroma cacao, and the main toxic components are the methylxanthine alkaloids theobromine and caffeine, causing gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and central nervous signs. Diagnosis is based on history of exposure, along with clinical signs. Amphetamine or cocaine toxicosis, and ingestion of antihistamines, antidepressants, or other CNS stimulants should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Stabilization of symptomatic animals is a priority in treating chocolate toxicosis. Although there is no specific antidote, supportive management includes induction of vomiting and administration of activated charcoal, oxygen, and intravenous fluids. Preventing exposure is the key to reducing the incidence of these poisoning episodes. Therefore, it is important to increase the knowledge of dogs owners with regard to foodstuffs that must not be fed to dogs and should be stored outside their reach.
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Vento, Alessandro Emiliano, Giovanni Martinotti, Eduardo Cinosi, Matteo Lupi, Tiziano Acciavatti, Dario Carrus, Rita Santacroce, et al. "Substance Use in the Club Scene of Rome: A Pilot Study." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/617546.

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Objective. Over the last few years, a wide number of unregulated substances have been marketed on the Web and in smart and head shops; they are usually advertised as legal alternatives to commonly known drugs and are defined as “smart drugs,” “legal highs,” and “novel psychoactive substances” (NPS). Aim of our work is to describe use habits and distribution of NPS in a population of young adults in Rome club scene.Methods. A self-administered questionnaire was proposed to subjects over 18 years of age at the entrance of 5 nightclubs in Rome. Socioeconomic characteristics and substance use were investigated.Results. Preliminary results give evidence that 78% of respondents have a lifetime history of NPS use. In addition, 56% of the sample has consumed illicit drugs in the past and 39% has used psychoactive substances in the 12 hours preceding the questionnaire administration.Conclusions. A significant proportion of subjects report use of novel psychoactive substances; traditional illicit drugs consumption, particularly cocaine, appears to be very high as well in the club scene. These data highlight a serious public health challenge, since pharmacological, toxicological, and psychopathological effects linked to interactions among all these substances may be unpredictable and sometimes fatal in vulnerable individuals.
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Lastrucci, Vieri, Marco Lazzeretti, Francesco Innocenti, Chiara Lorini, Alice Berti, Caterina Silvestri, Fabrizio Chiesi, et al. "Trends in Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors and Wellbeing: A 10 Year Observation from the EDIT Surveillance of Tuscany Region, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (June 3, 2022): 6863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116863.

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends of prevalence of health risk behaviors (HRBs) and health conditions over a 10 year period (2008–2018) in a representative sample of adolescents of Tuscany Region, Italy. Methods: This was a repeated cross-sectional (four survey waves) study. The prevalence of 17 HRBs and health conditions were analyzed by age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES). Results: A total of 21,943 students were surveyed. During the study period, decreases in smoking participation, cocaine use, driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs, and problem gambling were observed, while alcohol abuse and at-risk sexual behaviors remained unchanged or increased. Males resulted more frequently involved in most of the HRBs, while females more frequently reported physical inactivity, regular smoking, and not using a condom. Female participation in smoking and alcohol abuse behaviors, fruit and vegetable consumption, and bullying worsened over the study period. Smoking, poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, high distress level, and obesity were more frequently observed in low-SES students than in high-SES students. Conclusions: The findings showed different tendencies in adolescent participation in HRBs over the last decade; concerning trends in at-risk sexual behaviors and alcohol consumption and females’ risk-taking behavior on the rise require careful monitoring.
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Aagaard, Sissel Kramer, Agnete Larsen, Mette Findal Andreasen, Iana Lesnikova, Rasmus Telving, Anna Louise Vestergaard, Niels Tørring, Niels Uldbjerg, and Pinar Bor. "Prevalence of xenobiotic substances in first-trimester blood samples from Danish pregnant women: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e018390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018390.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of xenobiotic substances, such as caffeine, nicotine and illicit drugs (eg, cannabis and cocaine), in blood samples from first-trimester Danish pregnant women unaware of the screening.DesignA cross-sectional study examined 436 anonymised residual blood samples obtained during 2014 as part of the nationwide prenatal first-trimester screening programme. The samples were analysed by ultra performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry.SettingAn antenatal clinic in a Danish city with 62 000 inhabitants, where >95% of pregnant women joined the screening programme.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe prevalence and patterns of caffeine, nicotine, medication and illicit drug intake during the first trimester of pregnancy.ResultsThe prevalence of prescription and over-the-counter drug detection was 17.9%, including acetaminophen (8.9%) and antidepressants (3.0%), of which citalopram (0.9%) was the most frequent. The prevalence of illegal drugs, indicators of smoking (nicotine/cotinine) and caffeine was 0.9%, 9.9%, and 76.4%, respectively. Only 17.4% of women had no substance identified in their sample.ConclusionsThis study emphasises the need for further translational studies investigating lifestyle habits during pregnancy, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms through which xenobiotic substances may affect placental function and fetal development.
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Ximenes, Ricardo AA, Heloisa R. Lacerda, Democrito B. Miranda-Filho, Maria de Fatima PM Albuquerque, Ulisses R. Montarroyos, Marilia D. Turchi, Max W. Nery, et al. "Comparison between potential risk factors for cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV/AIDS in areas of Brazil." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 09 (September 27, 2015): 988–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5867.

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Introduction: Coronary heart disease and its risk factors depend on genetic characteristics, behaviors, and habits, all of which vary in different regions. The use of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) has increased the survival of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), who begin to present mortality indicators similar to the general population. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of factors potentially associated with coronary heart disease in three cohorts of PLWHA from three different regions of Brazil. Methodology: The study population was composed of participants of the cohorts of Pernambuco, Goiás, and Rio Grande do Sul states. In these sites, adult patients attending reference centers for treatment of HIV/AIDS were consecutively enrolled. Results: Pernambuco and Goiás had a higher proportion of males and of individuals with high-risk high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Pernambuco also had a greater proportion of individuals with hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3. Lower education was more frequent in Rio Grande do Sul, and the use of cocaine was higher in this state. Conclusions: The results confirm the importance of risk factors for coronary heart disease in PLHIV and highlight differences in the three cohorts. Specific measures against smoking and sedentary lifestyle, avoidance of advanced stages of immunosuppression, and appropriate treatment of dyslipidemia and dysglicemia are urgently needed to cope with the disease in Brazil.
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Sapkota, S., A. Khadka, and G. Akela. "Contributing factors to relapse of drug addiction among clients attending rehabilitation centres of Dharan, Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i3.16695.

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Relapse is the resumption of substance after a period of abstinence. It is frustrating but frequent part of recovery process. Several substance including opiates, cocaine and alcohol have particularly has high relapse rate with majority of client re­lapsing within 1 year following treatment. The first 90 days after treatment are very vulnerable time. Hence, the objective of the study is to assess the contributing factors to relapse of drug addiction since the aftercare services, the psycho-social aspect of the treatment has been ignored and high relapse is prevalent among the treated clients. A descriptive cross-sec­tional study was carried out among clients attending three rehabilitation centres of Dharan using lottery method of simple random sampling among 72 respondents using structured questionnaires from 20th September to 4th October, 2015. Findings of the study showed that majority (63.9%) of the respondents had started taking drugs again due to lack of self confidence. In addition to this another contributing factor to relapse was peer pressure (50%) followed by inability to give old habits (44.4%), easy accessibility of drugs (30.6%). The finding also indicated that there was significant relationship (p value = 0.054) between peer pressure and employment status. Lack of self-confidence, peer pressure, easy accessibility of drugs, lack of acceptance in society and family, adjustment problems had increased the chance of relapse after treatment. So, the treatment centres of Dharan should develop program that incorporate the overall development and treatment of client to prevent from relapse of drug addiction.
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Bavis, Ryan W., and Gordon S. Mitchell. "Long-term effects of the perinatal environment on respiratory control." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 4 (April 2008): 1220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01086.2007.

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The respiratory control system exhibits considerable plasticity, similar to other regions of the nervous system. Plasticity is a persistent change in system behavior triggered by experiences such as changes in neural activity, hypoxia, and/or disease/injury. Although plasticity is observed in animals of all ages, some forms of plasticity appear to be unique to development (i.e., “developmental plasticity”). Developmental plasticity is an alteration in respiratory control induced by experiences during “critical” developmental periods; similar experiences outside the critical period will have little or no lasting effect. Thus complementary experiments on both mature and developing animals are generally needed to verify that the observed plasticity is unique to development. Frequently studied models of developmental plasticity in respiratory control include developmental manipulations of respiratory gas concentrations (O2 and CO2). Environmental factors not specifically associated with breathing may also trigger developmental plasticity, however, including psychological stress or chemicals associated with maternal habits (e.g., nicotine, cocaine). Despite rapid advances in describing models of developmental plasticity in breathing, our understanding of fundamental mechanisms giving rise to such plasticity is poor; mechanistic studies of developmental plasticity are of considerable importance. Developmental plasticity may enable organisms to “fine tune” their phenotype to optimize the performance of this critical homeostatic regulatory system. On the other hand, developmental plasticity could also increase the risk of disease later in life. Future directions for studies concerning the mechanisms and functional implications of developmental plasticity in respiratory motor control are discussed.
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Ortega Garcia, M. D., M. V. Marti Garnica, S. Garcia Marin, P. Blanco del Valle, R. Gomez Martinez, M. A. Lopez Bernal, and C. Martinez Martinez. "Adolescent type outpatient in an addictive behavior unit profile – child and youth." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.474.

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Morbidity and mortality during adolescence is primarily the result of certain risk behaviors. Today, it is observed that early teens contact form with snuff, alcohol and legal drugs and not many of them have a high intake of these substances. Habits such as those mentioned on many occasions not only maintained during adolescence, but the rest of life extend causing major consequences for public health.ObjectivesTo know the magnitude and characteristics of the use of legal drugs (alcohol and snuff) and illegal (marijuana, cocaine, heroin, inhalants) in the – adolescent/child – population who come regularly to addictive behavior unit of a rural environment.Material and methodsDescriptive study of a sample of adolescent patients (n = 30) who came in the past two years to addictive behavior unit. Data collection of such patients is performed by assessing sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, population, education level…), age of onset and type of use of psychoactive substances, and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders.Results/conclusionsThe average age of the adolescent patient is 14.5 years (SD 1.09) with an age of onset in the consumption of toxic 13.6 years (SD 1.03). As for sex, 20% were women. The dropout among adolescents of this sample is 43.3% (SD 1.05). A complete prevalence of marijuana use (100%), and mono-consumers only 10% was observed. Seventy percent of the sample has associated psychiatric disorders and 46.15% in psychiatric family history there; 38.4% up to legal problems are collected.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Williams, Paul, and Ian McAllister. "A cohort analysis of illicit psychoactive drug use in Australia 1988-98." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 13 (2001): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000316.

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AbstractObjective: To examine birth cohort trends in the prevalence, age of initiation and durability of the use of psycho-stimulant and psycho-depressant drugs in Australia between 1988 and 1998.Method: Nine synthetic birth cohorts were constructed from a pooled dataset of the three National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (1988, 1993, 1998). The design-effect adjusted weighted lifetime and recent prevalence, age of initiation and durability of use, of three popular psycho-stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy) and three popular psycho-depressants (cannabis, heroin and inhalants) were estimated. Significance tests of difference use chi-square statistics and the sociodemographic predictors of trends were tested using logistic regression techniques.Results: Lifetime and recent prevalence and durability of use increased and ages of initiation decreased, with each successive cohort. Psycho-stimulants were predictors for psycho-depressant use and vice versa. Being male, aged under 35 years, Australian born, employed or in fulltime education, and a tobacco smoker were significant predictors of increased risk of using both classes of drugs. Being married or having no post-secondary education qualifications were significant predictors of lower risk of using either class of drugs.Conclusions: Younger cohorts are more likely to use both classes of psychoactive drugs, to have commenced using the drugs earlier and to have maintained their drug habits longer, compared to older cohorts. While increased availability is an important factor in the likelihood of exposure to illicit drugs, interventions implemented since the National Drug Strategy began in 1985 do not appear to have reduced the probability that young people will initiate and maintain illicit psychoactive drug use, exposing them to associated health and legal consequences.
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Sanz Garcia, O., M. P. Ibañez, and A. Muro. "Gender differences in the use of prohibited substances in prison." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1081.

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ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to evaluate the use of both legal and illegal substances, and see the difference in consumption patterns that occur in both men and women.MethodsSurveys have been conducted on consumer habits in the past year among 84 inmates (60 women and 24 men) at the prison Brians 1, interrogating both the consumption of illegal drugs and consumer recreational drugs and routes of administration. Data were analyzed using SPSS program.ResultsA total of 57.1% had used illegal drugs. The most frequent was cannabis, with 54.8% (62.5% men and 51.7% women), followed by heroin, with 23.8% (29.2% in men and 21.7% in women) and cocaine, with 14.3% (20.8% in men and 11.7% women).Use of legal drugs was 45.2% (50% in men and 43.3% women). In this case, the greatest differences were obtained in the use of bupropion (26.7% women versus 0% men), new generation anticonvulsants such as gabapentin and pregabalin (31.7% women and 12.5% men) and the use of intranasal route of administration (31.7% women versus 0% for men). At the other extreme we find more abuse benzodiazepines abuse in men (45.8 versus 20% in women) and sedative antipsychotics (37.5% vs. 8.3%)ConclusionsAlthough there is a serious problem with the misuse of legal psychotropic drugs by inmates in prisons, there is still greater consumption of illegal substances.Men's consumption pattern is more “traditional” (predominance of illegal substances and “classical” legal substances orally).Women's consumption pattern is more experimental at both the use of new psychoactive drugs and the use of alternative routes of administration.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Dolan, Sean, Laverick S, Pye A, and Sean Dolan. "Topical Anaesthesia: A Step Too Far!" Surgical Case Reports, May 26, 2020, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.scr.2020.05.11.

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In the past cocaine has been used as a dental anaesthetic however it is illegally used as a recreational drug. Cocaine users occasionally rub this substance onto their attached gingivae. Due to the effects of cocaine this can create unexpected periodontal problems in a susceptible host. We present the presentation and management of a case of ulcerative periodontitis in a patient with a topical cocaine habit.
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