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Journal articles on the topic 'Cobalt'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Catalani, S., MC Rizzetti, A. Padovani, and P. Apostoli. "Neurotoxicity of cobalt." Human & Experimental Toxicology 31, no. 5 (July 5, 2011): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111414280.

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Cobalt exerts well-known and documented toxic effects on the thyroid, heart and the haematopoietic system, in addition to the occupational lung disease, allergic manifestations and a probably carcinogenic action. Cobalt neurotoxicity is reported in isolated cases, and it has never been systematically treated. Bilateral optic atrophy and retinopathy, bilateral nerve deafness and sensory-motor polyneuropathy have been described long ago as a result of chronic occupational exposure to cobal powder or during long-term treatment of anaemia with cobalt chloride. Recently, some patients with high levels of cobalt released from metal prosthesis have been referred as presenting with tinnitus, deafness, vertigo, visual changes, optic atrophy, tremor and peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this work is to group these cases and to identify a possible mechanism of cobalt neurotoxicity, focusing on hypothetic individual susceptibility such as altered metal-binding proteins, altered transport processes in target cells or polymorphic variation of genetic background.

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2

Ved, Marina, Nikolay Sakhnenko, Marina Glushkova, and Tetiana Bairachna. "Electrodeposition of Functional Cobalt-Silver and Cobalt-Tungstean Alloys." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht08.03.275.

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3

Juzikis, P., L. Gudavičiūtŧ, and E. Matulionis. "Ruthenium-Cobalt Alloy Electrodeposition." Platinum Metals Review 39, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214095x3926871.

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Since little has been written about ruthenium alloy plating, the present work sets out to provide data on the electrodeposition of ruthenium-cobalt alloys, using a sulphate-sulphamate electrolyte. Some operating conditions have been obtained for the production of thin crack-free coatings of ruthenium-cobult alloys.

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4

Yusifova, N. V., A. M. Pashajanov, N. I. Ismailov, and T. M. Ismailov. "SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF COBALT FROM LEACHING SOLUTIONS OF COBALT ORES." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 2 (June 19, 2023): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2023-2-178-185.

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The extraction of cobalt with amines has been studied in the most detail. The article presents experimental data obtained in the study of cobalt extraction from leaching solutions of cobalt ores with a mixture of tributylamine (TBA) in toluene and hexane. The dependence of the extraction degree and distribution coefficient of cobalt on pH, time, and the ratio of aqueous and organic phases have been studied. It has been shown that cobalt is maximally extracted with TBA in toluene in the pH range of 3-5 for no more than 5-10 minutes; in this case, 98% of cobalt extraction is achieved. The developed method of cobalt extraction with organic extractants can be widely used in non-ferrous metallurgy

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5

Rosert, R. "Cobalt-based alloys for surfacing." Paton Welding Journal 2015, no. 6 (June 28, 2015): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.06.23.

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6

Harwell, David E., Juliet Nabakka, Carolyn B. Knobler, and M. Frederick Hawthorne. "Synthesis and structural characterization of an ether-bridged cobalta-bis(dicarbollide): a model for Venus flytrap cluster reagents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-129.

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The synthesis of bis-(1-carboranylmethyl) ether was first published in 1963; however, its subsequent complexation with a transition metal was never reported. We now report the complexation of cobalt and the corresponding X-ray structure for the triphenylmethylphosphonium salt of the cobalta-bis(carboranylmethyl) ether. The cobalt complex crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 21.729(6) Å, b = 9.845(2) Å, c = 35.565(9) Å, β = 105.363(9)°, V = 7336 Å3, and Z = 8. Data were collected using CuKα radiation, to a maximum 2θ = 115°, giving 4123 unique reflections, and the structure was solved by heavy atom methods. The final discrepancy index was R = 0.093, Rw = 0.100 for 1919 independent reflections with I > 3σ(I). This metala-bis(carboranylalkyl) ether is the first in a new class of Venus flytrap compounds (VFC), containing an ether linkage, to be synthesized as model compounds for the development of reagents suitable for use in the radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy of cancer. Keywords: cobalt, radioimmunodetection, radioimmunotherapy, Venus flytrap.

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7

Wadepohl, Hubert, Wolfgang Galm, Hans Pritzkow, and Andreas Wolf. "Cyclopentadienyl Cobalt Complexes of Cobalta-pentalenes: Products Formed by Reaction of (?-Cyclopentadienylidene) Cobalt Complexes with Silylalkynes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 31, no. 8 (August 1992): 1058–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199210581.

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8

McLaren, R. G., D. M. Lawson, R. S. Swift, and D. Purves. "The effects of cobalt additions on soil and herbage cobalt concentrations in some S.E. Scotland pastures." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (October 1985): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056409.

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SUMMARYCobalt, as cobalt sulphate and cobalt-EDTA, was applied to pastures at 15 sites in south-east Scotland. Herbage cobalt and extractable soil cobalt concentrations were monitored at these sites over the period 1978–81. Although the sites were located in a generally cobalt-deficient area, considerable variation between sites was observed both in the concentration of cobalt present in untreated pasture and in the response to cobalt additions. There was no significant correlation between herbage cobalt concentrations and soil cobalt status as determined by acetic acid extraction. Application of cobalt sulphate (6 kg/ha) increased herbage cobalt concentrations at all sites but at several sites the response was short-lived. In general, cobalt-EDTA was less effective than cobalt sulphate in increasing herbage cobalt concentrations.Extractable soil cobalt concentrations of the control areas showed some variability between samplings, but the variability was much greater for the cobalt-treated plots. Cobalt applied to pastures was found to accumulate in the top 0–4 cm layer of soil and penetrated deeper only in soils of low pH. Overall, only a third of the cobalt applied to pastures as cobalt sulphate was recovered by acetic acid extraction of the soil and less than 20% of the cobalt applied as cobalt-EDTA.

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9

Underwood, Eric J. "Cobalt." Nutrition Reviews 33, no. 3 (April 27, 2009): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb06019.x.

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10

SCHWAB, EKKEHARD. "COBALT." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 36 (September 8, 2003): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p080.

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11

Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Cobalt." Disease-a-Month 49, no. 10 (October 2003): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2003.08.005.

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12

Barceloux, Donald G., and Donald Barceloux. "Cobalt." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 37, no. 2 (January 1999): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/clt-100102420.

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13

Fowler, Joseph F. "Cobalt." Dermatitis 27, no. 1 (2016): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000154.

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14

Hay, R. W. "Cobalt." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 71 (August 1986): 37–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(86)80020-0.

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15

Davies, Michael B. "Cobalt." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 124, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 107–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)80006-q.

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16

Cole, Thomas B. "Cobalt." JAMA 311, no. 12 (March 26, 2014): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.279404.

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17

Dormans, G. J. M., G. J. B. M. Meekes, and E. G. J. Staring. "OMCVD of cobalt and cobalt silicide." Journal of Crystal Growth 114, no. 3 (November 1991): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(91)90054-9.

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18

Jenkinson, Mark R. J., R. M. Dominic Meek, Rothwell Tate, Sandy MacMillan, M. Helen Grant, and Susan Currie. "Cobalt-induced cardiomyopathy – do circulating cobalt levels matter?" Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.106.bjr-2020-0414.r2.

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Elevated levels of circulating cobalt ions have been linked with a wide range of systemic complications including neurological, endocrine, and cardiovascular symptoms. Case reports of patients with elevated blood cobalt ions have described significant cardiovascular complications including cardiomyopathy. However, correlation between the actual level of circulating cobalt and extent of cardiovascular injury has not previously been performed. This review examines evidence from the literature for a link between elevated blood cobalt levels secondary to metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties and cardiomyopathy. Correlation between low, moderate, and high blood cobalt with cardiovascular complications has been considered. Elevated blood cobalt at levels over 250 µg/l have been shown to be a risk factor for developing systemic complications and published case reports document cardiomyopathy, cardiac transplantation, and death in patients with severely elevated blood cobalt ions. However, it is not clear that there is a hard cut-off value and cardiac dysfunction may occur at lower levels. Clinical and laboratory research has found conflicting evidence of cobalt-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with MoM hips. Further work needs to be done to clarify the link between severely elevated blood cobalt ions and cardiomyopathy. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(6):340–347.

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19

Yusifova, N. V. "THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF PROCESSING COBALT-CONTCAINING ORES AND OF IVESTIGATION OF CONDITIONS OF SEPARATION COBALT FROM SOLUTION." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2019-3-88-93.

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20

Andersson, Lena, Fredrik Wahlqvist, Ing-Liss Bryngelsson, Håkan Westberg, and Per Vihlborg. "92 Dermal and inhalable cobalt exposure at Swedish hard metal plants." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.039.

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Abstract Introduction Manufacture of hard metal is one major use of cobalt in the work environment. Known health effects of cobalt exposure is asthma, hard metal lung disease, contact allergy and increased risk of cancer. Recent studies has shown that cobalt exposure may occur by penetration through skin even though it is mainly absorbed from the pulmonary tract via inhalation. The relationships between exposure to inhalable cobalt in air and on skin and the uptake in blood and urine and the association between dermal symptoms and dermal exposure was investigated. Methodology Cobalt exposure as inhalable cobalt in the breathing zone and as cobalt on skin with acid wash was measured for 71 workers in two Swedish hard metal production facilities. Uptake of cobalt was determined with samples of cobalt in blood and urine. Correlations between exposure and uptake were analysed. Results Multiple linear regression of cobalt in air and on skin with cobalt in blood showed regression coefficients with cobalt in blood (β = 203, p < 0.0010, and β = 0.010, p = 0.0040) and with cobalt in urine (β = 5779, p = 0.0010, and β = 0.10, p = 0.60). Conclusion The study present statistically significant correlations between exposure to cobalt in air with uptake of cobalt in blood and urine. Cobalt on skin was statistically significant with cobalt in blood but not with urine.

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21

Yang, Jing, Hongwei Liu, Wayde N. Martens, and Ray L. Frost. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Hydroxide, Cobalt Oxyhydroxide, and Cobalt Oxide Nanodiscs." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, no. 1 (November 2, 2009): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp908548f.

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22

Al-Aqeeli, Nasser, and Ihsan-ul-Haq Toor. "Comparison of Corrosion Behavior of Electrochemically Deposited Nano-Cobalt-Coated Ni Sheet." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/543676.

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Corrosion behavior of nano-coblat-coated Ni sheet was compared with pure Ni and 20% Fe-Ni alloy sheet using potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization technique in 0.1 M NaCl solution at room temperature. Results showed that corrosion resistance properties of nano-Co-coated Ni sheet were almost same as that of pure Ni sheet, however corrosion resistance of 20% Fe-Ni sheet was decreased significantly. Pitting potential of 20% Fe-Ni sheet was subsequently decreased as compared to pure Ni sheet as well as nano-cobalt-coated Ni sheet. SEM/EDS analysis of the corroded surfaces showed that both pure Ni and nano-coblat-coated Ni sheet did not show any appreciable corrosion however significant corrosion was observed in the case of 20% Fe-Ni sheet.

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23

Noble, Abigail E., Daniel C. Ohnemus, Nicholas J. Hawco, Phoebe J. Lam, and Mak A. Saito. "Coastal sources, sinks and strong organic complexation of dissolved cobalt within the US North Atlantic GEOTRACES transect GA03." Biogeosciences 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2017): 2715–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2715-2017.

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Abstract. Cobalt is the scarcest of metallic micronutrients and displays a complex biogeochemical cycle. This study examines the distribution, chemical speciation, and biogeochemistry of dissolved cobalt during the US North Atlantic GEOTRACES transect expeditions (GA03/3_e), which took place in the fall of 2010 and 2011. Two major subsurface sources of cobalt to the North Atlantic were identified. The more prominent of the two was a large plume of cobalt emanating from the African coast off the eastern tropical North Atlantic coincident with the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) likely due to reductive dissolution, biouptake and remineralization, and aeolian dust deposition. The occurrence of this plume in an OMZ with oxygen above suboxic levels implies a high threshold for persistence of dissolved cobalt plumes. The other major subsurface source came from Upper Labrador Seawater, which may carry high cobalt concentrations due to the interaction of this water mass with resuspended sediment at the western margin or from transport further upstream. Minor sources of cobalt came from dust, coastal surface waters and hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The full depth section of cobalt chemical speciation revealed near-complete complexation in surface waters, even within regions of high dust deposition. However, labile cobalt observed below the euphotic zone demonstrated that strong cobalt-binding ligands were not present in excess of the total cobalt concentration there, implying that mesopelagic labile cobalt was sourced from the remineralization of sinking organic matter. In the upper water column, correlations were observed between total cobalt and phosphate, and between labile cobalt and phosphate, demonstrating a strong biological influence on cobalt cycling. Along the western margin off the North American coast, this correlation with phosphate was no longer observed and instead a relationship between cobalt and salinity was observed, reflecting the importance of coastal input processes on cobalt distributions. In deep waters, both total and labile cobalt concentrations were lower than in intermediate depth waters, demonstrating that scavenging may remove labile cobalt from the water column. Total and labile cobalt distributions were also compared to a previously published South Atlantic GEOTRACES-compliant zonal transect (CoFeMUG, GAc01) to discern regional biogeochemical differences. Together, these Atlantic sectional studies highlight the dynamic ecological stoichiometry of total and labile cobalt. As increasing anthropogenic use and subsequent release of cobalt poses the potential to overpower natural cobalt signals in the oceans, it is more important than ever to establish a baseline understanding of cobalt distributions in the ocean.

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24

Diale, M., C. Challens, and E. C. Zingu. "Cobalt self‐diffusion during cobalt silicide growth." Applied Physics Letters 62, no. 9 (March 1993): 943–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108527.

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25

Chung, Hyun-Jong, Hun Huy Jung, Yong-Sung Cho, Sungjun Lee, Jeong-Hoon Ha, Je Hyuk Choi, and Young Kuk. "Cobalt–polypyrrole–cobalt nanowire field-effect transistors." Applied Physics Letters 86, no. 21 (May 23, 2005): 213113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1940125.

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26

Dzidziguri, Ella L., Elena N. Sidorova, Marzhan Inkar, Andrey G. Yudin, Elena V. Kostitsyna, Dmitriy Yu Ozherelkov, Konstantin V. Slusarsky, Anton Yu Nalivaiko, and Alexander A. Gromov. "Cobalt nanoparticles synthesis by cobalt nitrate reduction." Materials Research Express 6, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 105081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3ca8.

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27

Thomas, Nicholas C., Katrina Pringle, and Glen B. Deacon. "Cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) coordination compounds." Journal of Chemical Education 66, no. 6 (June 1989): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed066p516.

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28

Feizi, Hadi, Robabeh Bagheri, Zhenlun Song, Jian-Ren Shen, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, and Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour. "Cobalt/Cobalt Oxide Surface for Water Oxidation." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 6 (February 18, 2019): 6093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06269.

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29

Barge, T., S. Poize, J. Bernardini, and P. Gas. "Cobalt lattice diffusion in bulk cobalt disilicide." Applied Surface Science 53 (November 1991): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(91)90260-q.

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30

Ramesh, Thimmasandra Narayan. "Effect of Substituents on the Electrochemical Reversible Discharge Capacity of Cobalt Hydroxide Electrodes." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 18, no. 2 (May 30, 2015): 091–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v18i2.375.

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Cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide-cobalt hydroxide and zinc oxide-cobalt hydroxide biphasic mixtures were prepared by precipitation method. In spite of structural similarities exhibited by nickel hydroxide and cobalt hydroxide samples, former is a good electrode material and exchanges 1e-/Ni while latter does not show any reversibility. Presence of small amount of other metal ions such as nickel or zinc in the lattice of cobalt hydroxide or as a biphasic mixture of cobalt hydroxide-nickel hydroxide/cobalt hydroxide- zinc oxide, exchange up to 0.2 to 0.24e- exchange compared to pure cobalt hydroxide which shows 0.1 e- exchange.

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31

Pour, Ali Nakhaei, and Mohammadreza Housaindokht. "Effects of metallic cobalt crystal phase on catalytic activity of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 44, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468678319862438.

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The effects of metallic cobalt crystal phase on catalytic activity of cobalt catalysts in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were investigated in a continuous spinning basket reactor. The cobalt catalysts were prepared by impregnation of the cobalt active phase in a microemulsion system on multiwall carbon nanotube supports. A series of cobalt catalysts with different Co particle sizes was prepared by variation of the water-to-surfactant molar ratio from 2 to 12 in the microemulsion system. The X-ray diffraction results validate a complex composition of cobalt phases containing cobalt oxides and metallic cobalt with hexagonal close-packed and face-centered cubic phases. The results show that larger cobalt particles exhibit more face-centered cubic and less hexagonal close-packed metallic cobalt. The experimental results show that the catalysts with higher fractions of hexagonal close-packed phase exhibited higher conversion in the Fischer–Tropsch reaction.

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32

Li, Lin Bo, Juan Qin Xue, Tao Hong, Jun Yang, and Xing Wang. "Separation of Cobalt from Zinc Sulfate Solution by Novel Oxidant." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.145.

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The separation of cobalt from zinc sulfate solutions by oxidation-precipitation process using peroxy-monosulfuric acid as oxidant has been presented according to the technological conditions of removal of cobalt from zinc electrolyte. After investigating the important parameters governing the separation of cobalt and their effect on the separation process, the optimal parameters of oxidation precipitation of cobalt were determined, the oxidation precipitation percent of cobalt was up to 90% under the conditions. The XRD analysis results of precipitates demonstrated that the precipitate was cobalt hydroxide oxide (CoOOH) in pure cobalt system while the precipitates were cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4) and basic zinc sulfate (ZnSO4(OH)6.H2O) in zinc-cobalt system.

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33

Zhou, Gui Zhong, Zhao Feng Wang, Xuan Wang, and Shao Xiang Li. "Recycling of Waste Hard Alloy via Electrochemical Dissolution Method." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2263.

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Electrochemical dissolution method was used to achieve the recycling of waste hard alloy. Tungsten, cobalt powder and cobalt salts can be obtained through the control of suitable conditions of electric dissolution process ,such as cleaning of waste hard alloy, electric dissolution of waste hard alloy, knocking the basket, treatment of cobalt chloride etc. Tungsten and cobalt chloride solution can be obtained directly by this method, and thus to obtain the cobalt powder and cobalt salts. Recovery rate of WC and cobalt were above 98% and 92-95%.

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34

Robson, AD, and K. Snowball. "Response of narrow-leafed lupins to cobalt application in relation to cobalt concentration in seed." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870657.

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The effect of cobalt concentration in seeds on the response of narrow-leafed lupins to applied cobalt was examined in a glasshouse experiment. As seed cobalt concentrations increased from 6 to 400 in ng/g, the magnitude of the response to applied cobalt in both shoot weight and nitrogen concentrations in shoots decreased. However, even with a concentration of 400 ng/g, there was still a 10% increase in shoot weight with cobalt application. Cobalt concentrations shoots were a poor indicator of the adequacy of cobalt supply.

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35

Yan, Kang, Xue Yi Guo, Qing Hua Tian, and Dong Li. "Analysis of Cobalt Substance Flow through China in Year of 2012." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.539.

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Substance flow analysis (SFA) of cobalt in China was carried out to analyze cobalt flows and stocks by using static SFA. Cobalt can be widely used in industry due to its high-melting point, high-strength, and well magnetism. In this static model, the relationship among inflows, outflows and stocks throughout the whole cobalt life-cycle in China were identified. According to the static model, the amount was calculated in the form of cobalt metal, in 2012, 29784t of cobalt was produced, and 30700t of cobalt was imported, 9400t exported and domestic consumption was 31700t, 9000t stocks of cobalt was consumed and 3000t old scrap was recycled in China. The ore index and recovery scrap resource of cobalt industry were 0.318 t/t and 0.136 t/t respectively.

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36

Cendrowski, Krzysztof, Anna Zenderowska, Agata Bieganska, and Ewa Mijowska. "Graphene nanoflakes functionalized with cobalt/cobalt oxides formation during cobalt organic framework carbonization." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 24 (2017): 7722–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt01048f.

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37

Swennen, B., J. P. Buchet, D. Stanescu, D. Lison, and R. Lauwerys. "Epidemiological survey of workers exposed to cobalt oxides, cobalt salts, and cobalt metal." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.9.835.

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38

Danopoulos, Andreas A., Joseph A. Wright, William B. Motherwell, and Simon Ellwood. "N-Heterocyclic “Pincer” Dicarbene Complexes of Cobalt(I), Cobalt(II), and Cobalt(III)." Organometallics 23, no. 21 (October 2004): 4807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om049489l.

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39

Chen, Jianlin, Hao Feng, Yaoming Xie, and R. Bruce King. "Agostic hydrogen atoms versus cobalt-cobalt multiple bonding in binuclear borole cobalt carbonyls." Inorganica Chimica Acta 487 (March 2019): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2018.12.033.

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40

Peng, Shu Jing, Hui Ling Du, and Bing Wang. "Synthesis of Spherical and Fine Cobalt Powders from Cobalt Oxalate." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.300.

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Spherical and fine cobalt powders were prepared by thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate precipitated in the presence of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). The morphology and phase structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The aspect ratio was calculated by image tool software and the average size of cobalt particles was measured by laser particle size analyzer. The results indicate that both products prepared from cobalt oxalate with or without PEMF give rise to the formation of β-Co. The morphology of both products is similar to that of the precursors. The presence of PEMF plays an important role in formation of spherical and fine cobalt particles.

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41

Tower, Stephen S., Bradford D. Gessner, Christina S. Cho, and Robert L. Bridges. "The association of cobalturia with cobaltism symptoms a prospective blinded study of 229 post-arthroplasty patients." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 21, 2023): e0295203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295203.

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Introduction Cobalt is a mitochondrial toxin, clinical cobaltism manifests with constitutional, neurologic, and cardiovascular symptomatology. Cobalt’s severe toxidrome is known through case reports from extreme wear or corrosion of cobalt-chromium arthroplasty components. However, the spectrum and epidemiology of orthopedic-implant cobaltism and its relationship to duration and degree of cobalt exposure are not well defined. Methods The relationship of urine-cobalt concentration and duration of exposure to cobalt-chromium joint implants and cobaltism symptomatology were prospectively studied in 229 patients. Subjects received a Cobaltism-Symptom-Inventory-Score (CSIS) based on a protocolized interview and examination followed by a spot urine-cobalt measurement. Results 129 (56%) subjects were cobalturic (urine-cobalt ≥1.0 ppb). 122 (53%) subjects had a CSIS of >2, this status significantly associates with cobalturia. Median [IQR] urine-cobalt in the subjects with a CSIS >2 was 4.1[1.1–17.0] ppb compared to 0.5[0.5–1.4] ppb in subjects with CSIS ≤ 2. Cobalturia has a sensitivity of 0.69, a specificity of 0.77, and a positive predictive value of 0.74 for a CSIS of >2. The product of years-exposed to a cobalt-chromium implant and urine-cobalt by quartiles significantly positively associates with the Cobaltism-Symptom-Inventory-Score. Conclusion A urine-cobalt of ≥1 ppb likely indicates adverse systemic exposure to orthopedic-implant generated cobalt. Cobaltism severity as quantified by the CSIS significantly correlates with the product of spot urine-cobalt concentration and years-exposed to a cobalt-chromium orthopedic-implant indicating a dose-response relationship. Medical provider and public awareness of orthopedic-implant cobaltism is vital because tens-of-millions are at-risk and early cobaltism is reversible. Further use of cobalt-chromium orthopedic-implants should be questioned given cobaltism becomes clinically apparent at a spot urine-cobalt of 1 ppb or greater. Monitoring of patients with high-risk cobalt-chromium orthopedic-implants appears to be indicated.

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Riaz, Tauheeda, Soha Nayyar, Tayyaba Shahzadi, Maria Zaib, Sammia Shahid, Sana Mansoor, Mohsin Javed, et al. "The Biogenic Synthesis of Cobalt Monometallic and Cobalt–Zinc Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogan citratus L. Leaf Extract and Assessment of Their Activities as Efficient Dye Removal and Antioxidant Agents." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102505.

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In this work, green synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were prepared by bioreduction of metallic salts with Cymbopogan citratus plant extract. Biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were characterized using diverse techniques such as FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses. UV-visible spectra for green-synthesized cobalt monometallic and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were in the range between 300 to 350 nm, which confirmed the formation of stable monometallic and bimetallic NPs. The average particle size of CoNPs calculated by XRD analysis was found to be 22.77 nm and that of Co-Zn BMNPs was 14.8 nm. Different functional groups in the Cymbopogan citratus plant extract, which served as a reducing and stabilizing agent for NPs, were identified by FTIR spectra. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were used in the evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and dye degradation activity. Green-synthesized cobalt monometallic NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with the scavenging of DPPH free radicals. Green synthesized cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye. Different parameters such as the effect of temperature, pH, and dye concentration on adsorbent doses were analyzed and optimized. The best dye removal percentage was obtained with Co-Zn BMNPs compared with CoNPs. Cobalt NPs and cobalt–zinc bimetallic NPs did not display good anti-inflammatory activity because of the presence of secondary metabolites which inhibited them to react with proteins.

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Mao, Po-Hsin, Ta Cong Khiem, Eilhann Kwon, Hou-Chien Chang, Ha Manh Bui, Xiaoguang Duan, Hongta Yang, et al. "Ambient-Visible-Light-Mediated Enhanced Degradation of UV Stabilizer Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone by Nanosheet-Assembled Cobalt Titanium Oxide: A Comparative and DFT-Assisted Investigation." Water 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 3318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203318.

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Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (BHPM), a common ultraviolet stabilizer and filter (USF), is extensively added in sunscreens; however, BHPM is proven as an endocrine disruptor, posing a serious threat to aquatic ecology, and BHPM should be then removed. As sulfate radical (SO4•−) could be useful for eliminating emerging contaminants, oxone appears as a favorable source reagent of SO4•− for degrading BHPM. Even though cobalt is a useful catalyst for activating oxone to generate SO4•−, it would be even more promising to utilize ambient-visible-light irradiation to enhance oxone activation using cobaltic catalysts. Therefore, in contrast to the conventional cobalt oxide, cobalt titanium oxide (CTO) was investigated for chemical and photocatalytic activation of oxone to eliminate BHPM from water. Especially, a special morphology of nanosheet-assembled configuration of CTO was designed to maximize active surfaces and sites of CTO. Thus, CTO outperforms Co3O4 and TiO2 in degrading BHPM via oxone activation. Furthermore, the substituent of Ti enabled CTO to enhance absorption of visible light and possessed a much smaller Eg. These photocatalytic properties intensified CTO’s activity for oxone activation. CTO possessed a significantly smaller Ea of degradation of USFs than other catalytic systems. Mechanistic insight for degrading BHPM by CTO + oxone was explicated for identifying contribution of reactive oxygen species to BHPM degradation. The BHPM degradation pathway was also investigated and unveiled in details via the DFT calculation. These results validated that CTO is a superior cobaltic alternative for activating oxone to eliminate BHPM.

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Ali, N. W. "Green Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and their Application in Removal of Lead from Polluted Water." BASRA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.29072/basjs.202129.

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Cobalt nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction-oxidation method. The reaction was done using cobalt salts as the source of metal and eucalyptus leaf as a reducing material and trisodium citrate used as capping agent. The creation of the cobalt nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shown the formation of cobalt nanoparticles by exhibing the typical surface plasmon absorption maximum at 570 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) used for characterization of eucalyptus leaf some functional groups that related with cobalt nanoparticles was showed. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was monitored to characterize the morphology and the size of cobalt nanoparticles, images from FESEM indicate that the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles in the range (15-85 nm). Dynamic light scattering (DLS), by zeta sizer analysis showed the distribution of nanoparticles in nano range; moreover, zeta potential analysis clarified the distribution of cobalt nanoparticles in a negative value (-20.3mV), which indicate presence of stable and positive cobalt ions. The production of cobalt nanoparticles were applied for removal of heavy metals from polluted water and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) was used for determination of polluted metals before and after the addition of nano cobalt.

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LEE, J. E., Y. S. KIM, and T. W. KIM. "COMPARING SLIDING-WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRO-PRESSURE SINTERED AND WROUGHT COBALT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 6127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051686.

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Dry sliding wear tests of hot-pressure sintered and wrought cobalt were carried out to compare their wear characteristics. Cobalt powders with average size of 1.5µm were electro-pressure sintered to make sintered-cobalt disk wear specimens. A vacuum-induction melted cobalt ingot was hot-rolled at 800°C to a plate, from which wrought-cobalt disk specimens were machined. The specimens were heat treated at various temperatures to vary grain size and phase fraction. Wear tests of the cobalt specimens were carried out using a pin-on-disk wear tester against a glass (83% SiO 2) bead at 100N with the constant sliding speed and distance of 0.36m/s and 600m, respectively. Worn surfaces, their cross sections, and wear debris were examined by an SEM. The wear of the cobalt was found to be strongly influenced by the strain-induced phase transformation of ε- Co ( hcp ) to α- Co ( fcc ). The sintered cobalt had smaller uniform grain size and showed higher wear rate than the wrought cobalt. The higher wear rate of the sintered cobalt was explained by the more active deformation-induced phase transformation than in the wrought cobalt with larger irregular grains.

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Hawco, Nicholas J., Daniel C. Ohnemus, Joseph A. Resing, Benjamin S. Twining, and Mak A. Saito. "A dissolved cobalt plume in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical South Pacific." Biogeosciences 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2016): 5697–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5697-2016.

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Abstract. Cobalt is a nutrient to phytoplankton, but knowledge about its biogeochemical cycling is limited, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Here, we report sections of dissolved cobalt and labile dissolved cobalt from the US GEOTRACES GP16 transect in the South Pacific. The cobalt distribution is closely tied to the extent and intensity of the oxygen minimum zone in the eastern South Pacific with highest concentrations measured at the oxycline near the Peru margin. Below 200 m, remineralization and circulation produce an inverse relationship between cobalt and dissolved oxygen that extends throughout the basin. Within the oxygen minimum zone, elevated concentrations of labile cobalt are generated by input from coastal sources and reduced scavenging at low O2. As these high cobalt waters are upwelled and advected offshore, phytoplankton export returns cobalt to low-oxygen water masses underneath. West of the Peru upwelling region, dissolved cobalt is less than 10 pM in the euphotic zone and strongly bound by organic ligands. Because the cobalt nutricline within the South Pacific gyre is deeper than in oligotrophic regions in the North and South Atlantic, cobalt involved in sustaining phytoplankton productivity in the gyre is heavily recycled and ultimately arrives from lateral transport of upwelled waters from the eastern margin. In contrast to large coastal inputs, atmospheric deposition and hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise appear to be minor sources of cobalt. Overall, these results demonstrate that oxygen biogeochemistry exerts a strong influence on cobalt cycling.

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Abıshova, N. R. "ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COBALT FROM ALKALINE GLYCINE ELECTROLYTE." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-2-113-120.

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This article presents a study of the electrochemical reduction of cobalt ions from an alkaline glycine electrolyte by measuring cyclic and linear potentiodynamic polar curves. In the study, a cadmium salt (CoCl2) dissolved in a 1.5 M glycine solution was used as a source of cadmium ions and the pH of the electrolyte was adjusted to the required value by adding NH4OH to the solution. By taking cyclic pola-rized curves, the range of potentials at which the reduction of cobalt ions occurs was established. The effect of cobalt concentration and temperature on the reduction process of its ions from a studied electrolyte has been studied. Finding a linear relationship between ip and ʋ1/2 established that the process of electrodeposition of cobalt ions from an alkaline glycine electrolyte is controlled by diffusion polarization, which was confirmed by the curves obtained when plotting the lgik – 1/T dependence

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Kuvandikov, O. K., I. Subkhankulov, B. U. Amonov, and D. H. Imamnazarov. "Physical Properties of High-Cobalt Amorphous Alloys." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 43, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.43.12.1601.

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Brewer, K., G. A. Maylin, C. K. Fenger, and T. Tobin. "Cobalt use and regulation in horseracing: a review." Comparative Exercise Physiology 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep140008.

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Cobalt, atomic weight 58.9, is a metallic element and environmental substance found in the animal in microgram quantities, predominantly as vitamin B12, but is also a component of at least one mammalian enzyme unassociated with B12. Cobalt is a required trace mineral and has long been administered as a dietary supplement to humans and animals. Cobalt deficiency outside of its requirement in vitamin B12 has not been reported in humans. The administration of cobalt salts was once standard treatment for anaemia in humans, owing to its ability to stimulate red blood cell synthesis. Elemental cobalt acts by stabilising hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), which activates the erythropoietin gene, which in turn increases haemoglobin/red blood cell synthesis, which had led to a presumption that cobalt may be performance enhancing in athletes. Administration of cobalt in amounts sufficient to significantly increase the haematocrit are associated with risk of toxicity in humans, and the only cobalt administration study in horses showed no effect on red blood cell parameters or toxicity. Because of the perception that cobalt administration may enhance athletic performance, racing regulators have recently begun to restrict cobalt use in horseracing which has led to the introduction of cobalt thresholds in several racing jurisdictions. The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities is considering an international regulatory threshold for cobalt of 100 ng/ml in urine, based on studies performed in five different countries. In the United States, the Racing Commissioners International has recently set a primary plasma threshold of 25 ng/ml and secondary threshold of 50 ng/ml. One New York and New Jersey racetrack owner has initiated testing for cobalt and has denied his facilities to trainers whose horses tested positive for excessive quantities of cobalt. This review seeks to summarise what is known about the use of cobalt in horse racing.

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ZAGAL, JOSÉ H., Miguel A. GULPPI, CHRISTELLE DEPRETZ, and DOMINIQUE LELIÈVRE. "Synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of octaalkoxycobalt phthalocyanine for the oxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 03, no. 05 (June 1999): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199906)3:5<355::aid-jpp144>3.0.co;2-u.

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We report on the synthesis of cobalt 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(2-ethylhexyloxy)phthalocyanine. This complex, when pre-adsorbed onto graphite electrodes, is active for the electro-oxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol. Its activity is higher than that of cobalt phthalocyanine and cobalt tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphite. The voltammetric response of adsorbed cobalt 3,4-octaethylhexyl- oxyphthalocyanine exhibits both Co ( II )/ Co ( I ) and Co ( III )/ Co ( II ) reversible processes. However, the Co ( III )/ Co ( II ) couple shows a pH dependence that is different from that reported for other cobalt phthalocyanine derivatives. The much higher activity of cobalt 3,4-octaethylhexyloxyphthalocyanine compared with cobalt tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and cobalt phthalocyanine is attributed to the electron-donating ability of the ethylhexyloxy substituents on the periphery of the phthalocyanine ligand.

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