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Journal articles on the topic 'Cobalt-based Superalloy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Ruzuqi, Rezza, Drs Djony Izak Rudyardjo, M.Si., and Andi Hamim Zaidan, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel-Based Superalloy Materials for Manufacturing Aircraft Turbine Blades." Indonesian Applied Physics Letters 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/iapl.v2i2.31557.

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The research has been conducted to manufacture nickel-based Superalloy materials. The purpose of this research was to find out the effects of variation of nickel composition on physical and mechanical properties of the Superalloy materials and find out the appropriate composition of Superalloy materials as materials for turbine blades. This research used nickel, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminium, and titanium commercial. The results showed that with more addition of nickel composition, the density and hardness values increased. This research showed that nickel-based Superalloy material 59 wt% was better applied as materials for turbine blades. It is also supported by the results of the test microstructure, where the structure of the sample morphology is more delicate and denser and contains smaller pores. Based on the XRD test results are also shown in the sample has been formed Superalloys phase.

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2

Jonšta, Petr, Irena Vlčková, Zdenĕk Jonšta, and Mariusz Król. "Material Analysis of the Extended-Life Cobalt-Based Superalloys Used in the Manufacturing of Glass Tools." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.21.

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Cobalt-based superalloys are among the most important materials for application in the demanding conditions of the glass industry. These superalloys with extended life are due to their excellent heat-resistant properties an important part of glass tools, especially of spinning discs. In the submitted paper, a material analysis of the commercially produced cast cobalt superalloy for spinning discs, including metallographic analysis supplemented by an electron X-ray analysis of minority phases, is carried out. An assessment of harmful gases, in particular oxygen and nitrogen, has also been carried out. They appear to be the cause of defects that often lead to the subsequent degradation of the material.

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3

Chen, Tao-Hsing. "THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COBALT SUPERALLOYS WITH TI ELEMENT ADDITION." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0026.

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The influence of titanium element, strain rate and tested temperatures on the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics will be investigated in this paper. These cobalt-based superalloys are tested using material testing system (MTS) at strain rates of 10−3, 10−2 and 10−1 s−1 and at temperatures of 700, 500 and 25° C, respectively. It is found that the flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and Ti, but decreases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the strain rate sensitivity increases with increasing strain rate, but decreases with increasing temperature. The microstructural observations confirm that the mechanical response of the cobalt superalloy specimens is directly related to the effects of the titanium contents, strain rate and temperature on the evolution of the microstructure. It can be observed that the strengthening effect in cobalt-based superalloys is a result primarily of dislocation multiplication. The dislocation density increases with increasing strain rate, but decreases with increasing temperature.

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4

Cep, Robert, Adam Janasek, Jana Petru, Lenka Cepova, Andrej Czan, and Jan Valicek. "Hard Machinable Machining of Cobalt-based Superalloy." Manufacturing Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2013/a/1213-2489/mt/13/2/142.

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5

Lee, J. S., Je Hyun Lee, Baig Gyu Choi, Chang Yong Jo, Ung Yu Paik, and S. G. Gang. "The Solidification Microstructure and Carbide Formation Behaviors in the Cobalt-Based Superalloy ECY768." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.374.

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Co-base superalloys have been applied in the stationary compoents of gas turbine owing to their excellent high temperaure properties. The stationary Co-base alloy components are generally manufactured by casting. Solidification behavior of the alloy is an important factor in the selection of casting parameters. In the present study, solidification microstructure and carbide formation behaviors were studied by directional solidification. Directional solidification experiments were carried out at the solidification rates of 0.5 ~ 150µm/s with the Co-base superalloy ECY768. Between the dendrites just below the final freezing temperature, MC carbide and M23C6 carbide were found. It was identified that the script or blocky carbides were Ta or W-rich MC carbide, and the lamellar carbides were Cr-rich M23C6 eutectic carbides. The solid/liquid interface morphology clearly showed that freezing of the Cr-rich eutectic carbide occurred just after the script type MC carbide.

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6

Tsai, Jong-Cheng, and Jing-Bang Duh. "Hot working behaviors of cast cobalt-based superalloy." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27, no. 5 (September 1992): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90340-k.

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7

NANBU, Youhei, Kazuhiro OCHIAI, Daisuke AKIBA, Teruaki NAGAKUBO, and Shinichi MATSUDA. "High-Aspect-Ratio Microdrilling of Cobalt-Based Superalloy." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 75, no. 9 (2009): 1083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.75.1083.

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8

Niki, Takahiro, Kazuhiro Ogawa, and Tetsuo Shoji. "Segregation of Alloying Elements of Directionally Solidified Nickel Based Superalloy CM247LC during Creep Degradation Process." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.537.

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The mechanism of the degradation process of nickel based superalloy CM247LC under creep loading was analyzed by considering the microscopic chemical composition of the material such as phase boundary of γ and γ’ phases. In this study, a Directionally Solidified (DS) nickel-based superalloys CM247LC was used as test specimens. The creep test was performed at 900oC under an uni-axial stress of 216 MPa. Each specimen was creep ruptured and interrupted at different hours and then analyzed. The change of chemical composition around the interface analyzed precisely by used Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). It was found that the local enrichment or lack of cobalt and chromium was found at the interface. This tendency was not found in the stress free area. Since chromium is the well-known element that dominates the degradation of this material, such an enrichment or lack of cobalt and chromium may play an important role for forming a crack propagation path near the interface. This local segregation should be analyzed further to make clear degradation mechanism of this material.

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9

Zielinska, M., and J. Sieniawski. "Surface Modification and its Influence on the Microstructure and Creep Resistance of Nickel Based Superalloy René 77 / Modyfikacja Powierzchniowa Oraz Jej Wpływ Na Mikrostrukture I Wytrzymałosc Na Pełzanie Odlewów Z Nadstopu Niklu Ren´E 77." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0157-6.

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Superalloy René 77 is very wide used for turbine blades, turbine disks of aircraft engines which work up to 1050°C. These elements are generally produced by the investment casting method. Turbine blades produced by conventional precision casting methods have coarse and inhomogeneous grain structure. Such a material often does not fulfil basic requirements, which concern mechanical properties for the stuff used in aeronautical engineering. The incorporation of controlled grain size improved mechanical properties. This control of grain size in the casting operation was accomplished by the control of processing parameters such as casting temperature, mould preheating temperature, and the use of grain nucleates in the face of the mould. For nickel and cobalt based superalloys, it was found that cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) has the best nucleating effect. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the inoculant’s content (cobalt aluminate) in the surface layer of the ceramic mould on the microstructure and mechanical properties at high temperature of nickel based superalloy René 77. For this purpose, the ceramic moulds were made with different concentration of cobalt aluminate in the primary slurry was from 0 to 10% mass. in zirconium flour. Stepped and cylindrical samples were casted for microstructure and mechanical examinations. The average grain size of the matrix ( phase), was determined on the stepped samples. The influence of surface modification on the grain size of up to section thickness was considered. The microstructure investigations with the use of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable to examine the influence of the surface modification on the morphology of ’ phase and carbides precipitations. Verification of the influence of CoAl2O4 on the mechanical properties of castings were investigated on the basis of results obtained form creep tests.

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10

Lei, Yan, Chenglin Li, and Liang Wan. "High-Temperature Tensile Properties of a Cobalt-Based Co-20Cr-15W-10Ni Superalloy with a Bimodal Grain Structure." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020232.

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Cobalt-based superalloys are common materials for the manufacturing of various components used in aerospace applications. Conventional cobalt-based superalloys with a unimodal grain structure generally exhibit low strength and ductility at high temperatures. A bimodal grain structure of a cobalt-based superalloy, Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni (CCWN), was designed to achieve both high strength and ductility at high temperatures. The deformation behavior and tensile properties of a CCWN alloy with unimodal fine-grain (FG), coarse-grain (CG), and bimodal (FG/CG) structures were investigated at 900 °C. The microstructures and substructures after high-temperature deformation were examined via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) to determine the deformation mechanisms. The microstructural observation showed that the bimodal grain structure consisted of FG and CG domains. During high-temperature deformation at 900 °C, the FG structure was mainly deformed by dynamic recrystallization (DRX), maintaining a similar FG structure. The CG structure was mainly deformed by DRV, resulting in a small amount of DRX grains and a large amount of dynamic recovery (DRV) grains. However, the bimodal grain structures were mainly softened via DRX and transformed into a new bimodal structure, ultrafine grain (UFG) and FG. The FG domains tended to deform via dislocations, and the CG domains via twinning. The high-temperature tensile tests revealed that the bimodal-structured alloy exhibited both higher strength and ductility than those of the alloy samples with unimodal FG or CG structure. This is associated with the newly developed UFG/FG structures in the bimodal grain-structured samples during high-temperature deformation. This work may provide new insight into the development of high-temperature alloys with bimodal grain structures.

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11

Mahapatra, Rabindra, M. Ashraf Imam, C. S. Lei, and C. R. Feng. "Cobalt-Based Alloys for High Temperature Applications." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.550.

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The isothermal oxidation behavior and thermal stability of a cobalt base alloy was investigated up to a period of 312 hr in air from 1000 to 1200°C. A comparison of oxidation behavior of this alloy with a conventional nickel-base superalloy (Inconel 713C) has been conducted in detail. This experimental alloy oxidizes by forming layers of Al2O3, Cr2O3, TiO2, CoO and traces of SiO2 with WO2 oxides on the surface of the specimen in contact with air. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the microstructure, morphology and compositions of oxides formed after the exposure. Thermal stability of the alloy after extended periods of exposures to air at 1000, 1100 and 1200°C was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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12

Benson, Michael L., A. D. Stoica, Peter K. Liaw, Hahn Choo, T. A. Saleh, X. L. Wang, Donald W. Brown, and Dwaine L. Klarstrom. "Intergranular Strain and Phase Transformation in a Cobalt-Based Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.893.

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ULTIMET® alloy, a cobalt-based superalloy with good corrosion and wear resistant properties, exhibits a deformation-induced phase transformation from the face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase to the hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) phase. The HCP phase formation during monotonic tensile loading was investigated using in-situ neutron diffraction. The HCP phase is first observed at a stress level of 810 MPa, which is well beyond macroscopic yielding. Strain analysis is performed on the FCC phase diffraction data in order to relate the lattice-strain development with the evolution of the new HCP phase. A method of calculating the effective macroscopic stress associated with the measured lattice strains is presented here. The effective stress can then be compared to the applied macroscopic stress in order to draw conclusions about the load-partitioning behavior of the material as a new phase develops.

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13

Anil Kumar, V., R. K. Gupta, S. V. S. Narayana Murty, and Akula Durga Prasad. "Hot workability and microstructure control in Co20Cr15W10Ni cobalt-based superalloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 676 (August 2016): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.186.

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14

Liu, Xingjun, Yunwei Pan, Yuechao Chen, Jiajia Han, Shuiyuan Yang, Jingjing Ruan, Cuiping Wang, Yuansheng Yang, and Yingju Li. "Effects of Nb and W Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Novel γ/γ’ Co-V-Ti-Based Superalloys." Metals 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8070563.

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Microstructures, elemental partition behavior, phase stabilities and mechanical properties of Nb- and W-containing Co-V-Ti-based superalloys were investigated. Elemental partition coefficients (KX = Cγ’/Cγ) of Nb and W in Co-V-Ti-based superalloys are 2.07 and 1.10, respectively. The γ’ solvus temperatures are determined as 1023 °C, 1055 °C and 1035 °C in Co-12V-4Ti, Co-10V-4Ti-2Nb and Co-10V-4Ti-2W alloys, which are higher than those of Co-9Al-9W alloy (1000 °C). The mass densities of quaternary Co-10V-4Ti-2Nb and Co-10V-4Ti-2W alloys are about 8.31 and 8.50 g·cm−3, respectively, which are 15% lower than Co-Al-W-based superalloys (9.8 g·cm−3). All examined alloys exhibit an anomalous positive dependence on temperature rising from 600 to 750 °C. Strengths of all examined alloys are higher than those of MarM509 (traditional Cobalt-based superalloy) and Co-9Al-9W at all temperatures that we investigated. The maximum flow stress of Co-V-Ti-Nb alloy is about 638 MPa at 750 °C while that of Co-V-Ti-W alloy is about 588 MPa at 700 °C.

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15

Zhou, Yuebo, Chenggang Mo, and Hong Wang. "Oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of a directionally solidified W richen cobalt-based superalloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021033.

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In this study, isothermal and hot corrosion in molten 75 mass% Na2SO4+25 mass% NaCl at 900 °C was carried out on an W richen Co-based directionally solidified Co-27.53Cr-9.85W-10.29Ni-0.75Al superalloy. For comparison, K38G with composition of 16.34Cr-4Al-1.77Mo-3.81Ti-2.66W-8.38Co were also conducted under same condition. Isothermal oxidation indicates that Co-based superalloy forms a Co-oxide dispersion chromia scale. However, K38G forms a purer chromia scale due to higher weight percentage ratio of Cr to Al. Under molten Na2SO4-NaCl salts, the defects in Ni/Co oxide dispersion chromia layer make it feasible that the molten salt can penetrates along grain boundaries into the internal interface to form internal sulfides, which causes the spallation of scales and significantly decreases its hot corrosion resistance.

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16

Zhang, Renjie, Chi Zhang, Zeyu Wang, and Jinlong Liu. "Evolution of Recrystallization Texture in A286 Iron-Based Superalloy Thin Plates Rolled via Various Routes." Metals 13, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13091527.

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The A286 iron-based superalloy has wide-ranging applications in replacing expensive nickel-based and cobalt-based superalloy to manufacture the turbine disk as well as the pipelines and valves of the fourth-generation supercritical water reactor (SCWR) working below 650 °C. The recrystallization texture importantly affects the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of superalloys. However, very few investigations are available on the recrystallisation texture of A286 alloy. The current work reports the texture of A286 alloy fabrication using various rolling routes, including one-stage cold rolling with the rolling rates of 83% (Route I) and 91% (Route II), and two-stage cold rolling with the rolling rate of 83% + 50% (Route III). Route III is preferentially recommended to manufacture A286 alloy thin plates due to the obviously reduced work hardening as well as the weakened recrystallization texture and anisotropy; moreover, compared with other routes, the recrystallized grain size of Route III did not significantly coarsen. We also revealed the mechanism for the effect of cold rolling textures on the final recrystallization texture and the role of the deformation twin in {110} <115> grain. In this study, recrystallization texture develops through two independent mechanisms related to different deformation microstructures, including the recrystallization texture inherited from deformation texture and the recrystallization texture depended on deformation twins.

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17

Xi, Shengkun, Jinxin Yu, Longke Bao, Liuping Chen, Zhou Li, Rongpei Shi, Cuiping Wang, and Xingjun Liu. "Machine learning-accelerated first-principles predictions of the stability and mechanical properties of L12-strengthened cobalt-based superalloys." Journal of Materials Informatics 2, no. 3 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2022.22.

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As promising next-generation candidates for applications in aero-engines, L12-strengthened cobalt (Co)-based superalloys have attracted extensive attention. However, the L12 strengthening phase in first-generation Co-Al-W-based superalloys is metastable and both its solvus temperature and mechanical properties still need to be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new L12-strengthened Co-based superalloy systems with a stable L12 phase by exploring the effect of alloying elements on its stability. Traditional first-principles calculations are capable of providing the crystal structure and mechanical properties of the L12 phase doped by transition metals but suffer from low efficiency and relatively high computational costs. The present study combines machine learning (ML) with first-principles calculations to accelerate crystal structure and mechanical property predictions, with the latter providing both the training and validation datasets. Three ML models are established and trained for predicting the occupancy of alloying elements in the supercell and the stability and the mechanical properties of the L12 phase. The ML predictions are evaluated using first-principles calculations and the accompanying data are used to further refine the ML models. Our ML-accelerated first-principles calculation approach offers more efficient predictions of the crystal structure and mechanical properties for Co-V-Ta- and Co-Al-V-based systems than the traditional counterpart. This approach is applicable to expediting crystal structure and mechanical property calculations and thus the design and discovery of other advanced materials beyond Co-based superalloys.

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18

Byeon, Jai Won, C. S. Kim, Y. H. Kim, S. I. Kwun, and S. J. Hong. "Assessment of Surface Damage in Thermally Aged FSX414 Cobalt-Based Superalloy Using Ultrasonic Rayleigh Wave." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.651.

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An attempt was made to assess the surface damage in the isothermally degraded FSX414 Co-based superalloy using ultrasonic Rayleigh surface wave. Microstructural analysis (amount of solute Cr near the surface) and measurement of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation were performed after isothermal degradation heat treatment at 1100°C for up to 4000 hours. Rayleigh wave velocity was observed to increase with aging time, which was attributed to the increased depletion of Cr near the surface. Strong frequency dependence of Rayleigh wave velocity was found in the specimens with surface depletion layer. Attenuation coefficient of Rayleigh wave increased with increasing aging time. Therefore, both attenuation and velocity of ultrasonic Rayleigh wave are suggested as potential nondestructive evaluation parameters for the characterization of the thermally aged FSX414 superalloy.

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19

Krystek, Kamil, Irena Dul, and Maciej Motyka. "Influence of vacuum brazing temperature on the microstructure of an Inconel 783 superalloy joint with a honeycomb sealing made of Hastelloy X superalloy." Welding Technology Review 91, no. 9 (November 2, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26628/wtr.v91i9.1061.

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The purpose of this work was to assess the influence ofbrazing temperature on microstructure of the cobalt-based Inconel 783 superalloy joint with nickel-based Hastelloy X superalloy ‒ seal shaped in honeycomb structure. Brazing process was combined with solution heat treatment of Inconel 783 in one operation. Nickel based brazing filler metal from BNi-2 group was used. Tests were conducted in 1121 °C (solutionizing temperature), 1075 °C and 1030 °C in 1 hour. Subsequently, metallographic investigations were made using optical and scanning electron microscopes, mainly focused on changes in a seal made of Hastelloy X, where joint erosion in higher temperature was observed.

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20

Xia, Yufeng, Li Jin, Qian Cheng, Jiajun Tong, Kemin Zhang, and Jingyu Zhang. "A comparative study on the microstructures and mechanical properties between surfacing nickel-based superalloy and surfacing cobalt-based superalloy." Materials Research Express 6, no. 9 (July 19, 2019): 096589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab30b2.

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21

Wan, Lei, Zeyu Zhang, Wenquan Wang, Yunpeng Xue, Jubao Shen, Tao Sun, and Haiou Sun. "Research on Hot Corrosion Behavior of DZ40M and K452 Superalloys in NaCl Molten Salt." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041512.

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The corrosion of cobalt-based DZ40M and nickel-based K452 superalloy at 900 °C was investigated by NaCl salt coating. Accordingly, the differences in hot corrosion behavior were analyzed considering the development methods and elementary composition by comparing the two alloys’ failure. Then, the corrosion mechanism induced by NaCl was proposed by comparing oxidation and hot corrosion behavior. The relatively continuous Al2O3 and TiO2 formed on K452 superalloy with higher content of Al and Ti have lower solubility and less damage in Na2O. Thus, the hot corrosion rate of K452 is lower than that of DZ40M with higher content of C, Cr, and W.

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22

Chen, Jia, Min Guo, Min Yang, Haijun Su, Lin Liu, and Jun Zhang. "Phase-field simulation of γʹ coarsening behavior in cobalt-based superalloy." Computational Materials Science 191 (April 2021): 110358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2021.110358.

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23

Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi, Padina, Hossein Arabi, and Seyed Mehdi Abbasi. "An assessment of static recrystallization in L-605 Cobalt-based superalloy." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/231.

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In this research, the effect of cold rolling, annealing time and temperature on microstructure and hardness were studied in L-605 superalloy. A cast bar of L-605 alloy was hot rolled at 1200ºC. As the following, it was solutionized at 1230 ºC for 1 hour and finally was cold rolled by different amounts (i.e. 5-35 percent thickness reduction). The cold-rolled samples were heat treated for different times (i.e. 2-120 min.) at temperature range of 1068-1230 ºC in order to study their recrystallization behavior. The results of microstructural analysis indicated that static recrystallization is responsible for microstructural refinement and coarsening, so that an increase in the amounts of cold rolling resulted in a fully recrystallized microstructure at lower temperature. This analysis also indicated that annealing temperature is more effective than annealing time in grain growth. Microstructural evaluation as well as showed that carbides such as M7C3 and M23C6 which have been reported in some literature were not observed during rolling or annealing in this research. It is perhaps due to usage of high annealing temperatures or possibly due to their very low contents which was not possible for us to evaluate their formation with conventional methods. Hardness results revealed that higher annealing temperature lead to lower hardness values as expected.

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24

Heo, Inkang, Donghyun Yoon, Jaehoon Kim, Sungyong Chang, and Siyeon Bae. "Low Cycle Fatigue Life Evaluation for Cobalt-Based Superalloy FSX-414." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 42, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2018.42.9.785.

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25

Moskal, Grzegorz. "Cyclic oxidation resistance of Co-9Al-9W new cobalt-based superalloy." INŻYNIERIA MATERIAŁOWA 1, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/28.2019.2.2.

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Benson, M. L., B. Reetz, P. K. Liaw, W. Reimers, H. Choo, D. W. Brown, T. A. Saleh, and D. L. Klarstrom. "Phase-transformation and subgrain-deformation characteristics in a cobalt-based superalloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 4-5 (February 2011): 1987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.061.

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27

Longanbach, S., and C. Boehlert. "In-Situ Tensile-Creep Deformation Observations of a Cobalt-based Superalloy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S2 (July 2009): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609092216.

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28

Zhang, K., and N. Y. Tang. "On the wear of a cobalt-based superalloy in zinc baths." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34, no. 10 (October 2003): 2387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-003-0301-z.

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29

Aykut, Şeref, Mustafa Demetgul, and Ibrahim N. Tansel. "Selection of optimum cutting condition of cobalt-based superalloy with GONNS." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 46, no. 9-12 (June 24, 2009): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2165-x.

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30

Wang, Jingzhe, Siyu Zhang, Liang Jiang, Shesh Srivatsa, and Zaiwang Huang. "Prediction of Grain Size in a High Cobalt Nickel-Based Superalloy." Materials 16, no. 17 (August 23, 2023): 5776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175776.

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With the advancement in computational approaches and experimental, simulation, and modeling tools in recent decades, a trial-and-validation method is attracting more attention in the materials community. The development of powder metallurgy Ni-based superalloys is a vivid example that relies on simulation and experiments to produce desired microstructure and properties in a tightly controlled manner. In this research, we show an integrated approach to predicting the grain size of industrial forgings starting from lab-scale cylindrical compression by employing modeling and experimental validation. (a) Cylindrical compression tests to obtain accurate flow stress data and the hot working processing window; (b) double-cone tests of laboratory scale validation; (c) sub-scale forgings for further validation under production conditions; and (d) application and validation on full-scale industrial forgings. The procedure uses modeling and simulation to predict metal flow, strain, strain rate, temperature, and the resulting grain size as a function of thermo-mechanical processing conditions. The models are calibrated with experimental data until the accuracy of the modeling predictions is at an acceptable level, which is defined as the accuracy at which the results can be used to design and evaluate industrial forgings.

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31

Chen, Jia, Min Guo, Min Yang, Lin Liu, and Jun Zhang. "Double minimum creep processing and mechanism for γʹ strengthened cobalt-based superalloy." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 112 (June 2022): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.10.015.

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32

Tabakoff, W., and M. Metwally. "Coating Effect on Particle Trajectories and Turbine Blade Erosion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906580.

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Gas turbine engines operating in dusty environments are exposed to erosion and performance deterioration. In order to improve the erosion resistance, nickel and cobalt superalloy blades and vanes are widely used in the hot section of gas turbines. Protective coatings have been used to enhance superalloy resistance to hot erosion. An investigation has been conducted to study coal ash particle dynamics and resulting blade erosion for both uncoated and coated blades of a two-stage axial flow gas turbine. A quasi-three-dimensional flow solution is obtained for each blade row for accurate computation of particle trajectories. The change in particle momentum due to collision with the turbine blades and casings is modeled using restitution parameters derived from three-component laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements. The erosion models for both blade superalloy and coatings are derived based on the erosion data obtained by testing the blade superalloy and coatings in a high-temperature erosion wind tunnel. The results show both the three-dimensional particle trajectories and the resulting blade impact locations for both uncoated and coated blade surfaces. In addition are shown the distribution of the erosion rate, impact frequency, impact velocity, and impact angle for the superalloy and the coating. The results indicate significant effects of the coating, especially on blade erosion and material deterioration.

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33

Song, J. Y., Shigeo Sato, Yuichiro Koizumi, and Akihiko Chiba. "Effect of Cobalt Addition on the Deformation and Recrystallization Textures of Polycrystalline IN713C Nickel Based Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.711.

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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cobalt addition on the deformation and recrystallization behavior. The prepared material was Inconel 713C nickel base superalloy. In order to improve the deformability, the IN713C was modified by cobalt addition with 5 and 10wt%. Mechanical property was determined by room temperature tensile test with the strain rate of 10-3s-1.The recrystallization was performed at 1473K for 300sec followed by oil quenching. The final microstructure becomes homogeneous through cobalt addition. Strength and work hardening rate were decreased during room temperature tensile test. By contrast, elongation was increased. Nucleation site was changed by cobalt addition. It was found that kinetics of recrystallization is dependent of the cobalt addition. The cobalt addition is attributed with ductility and recrystallization behavior and the latter is related to change of deformation behavior.

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34

Park, Hyeji, Heeman Choe, and David C. Dunand. "Microstructure and compressive properties of 3D-extrusion-printed, aluminized cobalt-based superalloy microlattices." Materials Science and Engineering: A 815 (May 2021): 141262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141262.

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35

Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi, Padina, Hossein Arabi, and Seyed Mehdi Abbasi. "Effect of cold-rolling on mechanical properties of Haynes 25 cobalt-based superalloy." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/248.

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Effect of cold-rolling and annealing time on the microstructure, hardness and the tensile properties of Haynes 25 superalloy at room-temperature and 760 °C were investigated in this research. Hot-rolled and solutionized alloy of Haynes 25 was subjected to cold-rolling with different amounts of reductions, i.e. 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 35%. After that, all cold-rolled samples were annealed at 1230 °C for a period of time from 2 to 120 min. Microstructural analysis showed that for annealing time range from 30 to 120 min, the rate of grains coarsening remained approximately stable in all cold-rolled samples. On the other hand, the hardness results showed that expected decreasing trend of hardness did not occur after annealing of the cold-rolled samples at 1230 °C; on the contrary, hardness increased moderately in the range time from 10 to 120 min. Tensile properties after annealing of the cold-rolled samples at room temperature and 760 °C decreased. Loss of the tensile properties can be related to the high annealing temperature. According to the experimental results, decreasing trend of tensile properties and increasing trend of hardness is linked to the formation of hcp phase after annealing at 1230 °C for 30 min. Even though the hcp phase is a hard phase, the interface between fcc and hcp phases provides suitable sites for crack nucleation and propagation.

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36

Zhong, Xiaokang, and Fusheng Han. "Hot deformation behavior of a new tailored cobalt-based superalloy for turbine discs." Journal of Materials Research 35, no. 6 (January 22, 2020): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.414.

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37

YANG, HO-YOUNG, JAE-HOON KIM, and KEUN-BONG YOO. "LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR AND LIFE PREDICTION OF A CAST COBALT-BASED SUPERALLOY." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003261.

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Co -base superalloys have been applied in the stationary components of gas turbine owing to their excellent high temperature properties. Low cycle fatigue data on ECY-768 reported in a companion paper were used to evaluate fatigue life prediction models. In this study, low cycle fatigue tests are performed as the variables of total strain range and temperatures. The relations between plastic and total strain energy densities and number of cycles to failure are examined in order to predict the low cycle fatigue life of Cobalt-based super alloy at different temperatures. The fatigue lives is evaluated using predicted by Coffin-Manson method and strain energy methods is compared with the measured fatigue lives at different temperatures. The microstructure observing was performed for how affect able to low-cycle fatigue life by increasing the temperature.

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Bian, Huakang, Yunping Li, Daixiu Wei, Yujie Cui, Fenglin Wang, Shihai Sun, Kenta Yamanaka, Yuichiro Koizumi, and Akihiko Chiba. "Precipitation behavior of a novel cobalt-based superalloy subjected to prior plastic deformations." Materials & Design 112 (December 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.09.004.

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39

Benson, Michael L., Peter K. Liaw, Hahn Choo, Donald W. Brown, Mark R. Daymond, and Dwaine L. Klarstrom. "Strain-induced phase transformation in a cobalt-based superalloy during different loading modes." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 18 (July 2011): 6051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.096.

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Mikuszewski, Tomasz. "Characterization of primary microstructure of y-y' Co-Al-W cobalt-based superalloy." INŻYNIERIA MATERIAŁOWA 1, no. 5 (October 5, 2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/28.2017.5.3.

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41

Sani, Saeed Aliakbari, Hossein Arabi, and Gholam Reza Ebrahimi. "Hot deformation behavior and DRX mechanism in a γ-γ/ cobalt-based superalloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 764 (September 2019): 138165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138165.

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42

Prabhakaran, D., N. Jegadeeswaran, B. Somasundaram, and B. S. Raju. "Corrosion resistance by HVOF coating on gas turbine materials of cobalt based superalloy." Materials Today: Proceedings 20 (2020): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.102.

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43

Chen, L. J., P. K. Liaw, Y. H. He, M. L. Benson, J. W. Blust, P. F. Browning, R. R. Seeley, and D. L. Klarstrom. "Tensile hold low-cycle fatigue behavior of cobalt-based HAYNES® 188 superalloy." Scripta Materialia 44, no. 6 (April 2001): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(00)00702-8.

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44

Benson, M. L., T. A. Saleh, P. K. Liaw, H. Choo, D. W. Brown, M. R. Daymond, X. L. Wang, A. D. Stoica, R. A. Buchanan, and D. L. Klarstrom. "Fatigue-induced phase formation and its deformation behavior in a cobalt-based superalloy." Powder Diffraction 20, no. 02 (June 2005): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1913710.

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45

Guo, Yong An, Chang Shuai Wang, Xue Zhi Qin, Wan Hui Lai, and Lan Zhang Zhou. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Cobalt-Based Superalloy Used for Nuclear Power Station." Materials Science Forum 816 (April 2015): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.816.529.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of a Co-Cr-W-Mo superalloy used for the driving mechanism of nuclear power station were investigated. This alloy was strengthened by W and Mo elements and carbides for high hardness, and an excellent wear resistance was achieved by the high content of carbides. Also, this alloy was of excellent hot-corrosion resistance due to the addition of 29 wt. % Cr. The as-cast alloy was equiaxed, and consisted mainly of γ-Co solid solution, γ/M7C3 eutectics and Cr-rich M7C3 carbides. The Rockwell hardness was up to 37 - 40. The alloy presented high tensile strength, and the fractography of tensile ruptured specimens was characterized obviously by the interdendritic fracture.

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46

Chen, Shangjun, Wen Wang, Leizhen Wang, and Yujian Bai. "Study on the sliding bearing of hot dip galvanized sinking roll." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2419, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2419/1/012012.

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Abstract As a key component in the hot-dip galvanizing production line, the sink roller ends of the sliding bearing is affected by the high-temperature zinc liquid corrosion wear, which leads to frequent stop for maintenance. The galvanizing industry is looking for more suitable material for bearing to prolong the service life. To improve the corrosion and wear resistance of the sliding bearing, the laser cladding method was used to prepare the cobalt-based and iron-based coatings on the surface of the superalloy. In this paper, the high-temperature zinc liquid corrosion wear test was carried out on the alumina ceramic bushing and three kinds of metal sleeves (316L stainless steel, cobalt-based alloy, and iron-based alloy). By comparing and analyzing the corrosion and wear conditions of the three metal sleeves after the test, the main failure mechanisms were comprehensively analyzed.

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47

Tang, Y. J., Q. M. Wang, F. H. Yuan, J. Gong, and C. Sun. "High-temperature oxidation behavior of arc ion plated NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings on cobalt-based superalloy." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0089.

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NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings were deposited on the Co-based superalloy K40 by arc ion plating (AIP). The oxidation behavior of the bare alloy and of the coated specimens was tested in static air for 200 h at 1000 °C and 100 h at 1050 °C. The results showed that the oxidation rate of the system was greatly reduced by the addition of the NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings. Thin and adherent α–Al2O3 scales that formed on the coated specimens protected the substrates from further oxidation attack while non-protective oxide scales, mainly of Cr2O3 and CoCr2O4, appeared on bare K40 alloy. Element profiles on metallographic cross sections indicated that apparent interdiffusion occurred between the coatings and the substrates. The interdiffusion behavior and the resulting microstructure were investigated. As compared to aluminide coatings, NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings have less influence on the substrate microstructure.

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48

Mazalov, I. S., P. B. Mazalov, D. I. Suhov, and E. A. Sulyanova. "INFLUENCE OF HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING PARAMETERS ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF COBALT-BASED ALLOYS OBTAINED BY SELECTIVE LASER MELTING." Aviation Materials and Technologies, no. 2 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2713-0193-2021-0-2-3-14.

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The paper examines the microstructure and mechanical properties of experimental compositions of a heat-resistant cobalt superalloy, produced by the method of selective laser melting (SLM). Strengthening in the studied materials is achieved by the formation of a fine-celled structure of a solid solution based on cobalt and highly dispersed intermetallic and carbide phases. By the EMPA (electron micro probe analysis) method, the ratio of chemical elements in these phases was evaluated and their type was determined. It was estimated that the tantalum content determines the strength properties of the alloy. It was found that dispersed particles formed during the synthesis have a positive effect on the creep resistance at 800 °C temperature, whereas at 1100 °C temperature the destruction occurs along the boundaries of the persisted structure of synthesis, regardless of the alloying and morphology of structural components.

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49

Vinod kumar, M. S., R. Suresh, and N. Jegadeeswaran. "Study of solid particle erosion of thermal spray coated and uncoated cobalt based superalloy." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30091.

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Erosion resistance of turbine components can be improved using various thermal spray coatings techniques, in the present work HVOF spray coating technique is used to deposit tungsten carbide alloy powder composition (30%WC-CO+70% NiCrBSi) on cobalt based seperalloy Superco-605. The coating is characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Solid particle erosion behaviour of coating is evaluated at 30o, 60o and 90o angle of impact at room temperature, silica sand of size 150?m is used as erodent, particle feed rate maintained is 4.8gm/min, rate of erosion and steady state volumetric erosion rate is determined and results are plotted, from the plots it is indicating that the rate of erosion for coated samples are higher compared to uncoated samples, and there is higher erosion rate at 90o angle of impact and tends to be low for impact angle of 30o indicating brittle mode of erosion.

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Luna Ramírez, A., J. Porcayo-Calderon, Z. Mazur, V. M. Salinas-Bravo, and L. Martinez-Gomez. "Microstructural Changes during High Temperature Service of a Cobalt-Based Superalloy First Stage Nozzle." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1745839.

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Superalloys are a group of alloys based on nickel, iron, or cobalt, which are used to operate at high temperatures (T> 540°C) and in situations involving very high stresses like in gas turbines, particularly in the manufacture of blades, nozzles, combustors, and discs. Besides keeping its high resistance to temperatures which may approach 85% of their melting temperature, these materials have excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation. However, after long service, these components undergo mechanical and microstructural degradation; the latter is considered a major cause for replacement of the main components of gas turbines. After certain operating time, these components are very expensive to replace, so the microstructural analysis is an important tool to determine the mode of microstructure degradation, residual lifetime estimation, and operating temperature and most important to determine the method of rehabilitation for extending its life. Microstructural analysis can avoid catastrophic failures and optimize the operating mode of the turbine. A case study is presented in this paper.

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