Journal articles: 'Coating and lamination'

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Whalley, R., and M. Ebrahimi. "Control of a lamination process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 219, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440805x7008.

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A high-speed laminating machine for a fabric coating and conversion process is considered. Following analysis procedures, state-space and the admittance transfer function descriptions for the system are derived. Regulation of the fabric tension owing to heat shrinkage and environmental and coating variations is necessary. An optimum, minimum control effort strategy is proposed, enabling simple cost effective regulation, without the use of active elements. The speed of response of the system is improved by the use of feedback compensation. Design validation, via simulation, obtaining the open- and closed-loop system responses is employed, demonstrating the achievement of smooth, almost monotonic variations in tension following reference changes, as specified.

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Veitl, Jakob, Hans-Konrad Weber, Martin Frankenberger, and Karl-Heinz Pettinger. "Modification of Battery Separators via Electrospinning to Enable Lamination in Cell Assembly." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 8430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228430.

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To meet the requirements of today’s fast-growing Li-ion battery market, cell production depends on cheap, fast and reliable methods. Lamination of electrodes and separators can accelerate the time-consuming stacking step in pouch cell assembly, reduce scrap rate and enhance battery performance. However, few laminable separators are available on the market so far. This study introduces electrospinning as a well-suited technique to apply thin functional polymer layers to common battery separator types, enabling lamination. The method is shown to be particularly appropriate for temperature resistant ceramic separators, for which stable interfaces between separator and electrodes were formed and capacity fading during 600 fast charging cycles was reduced by 44%. In addition, a straightforward approach to apply the method to other types of separators is presented, including separator characterization, coating polymer selection, mechanical tests on intermediates and electrochemical validation in pouch cells. The concept was successfully used for the modification of a polyethylene separator, to which a novel fluoroelastomer was applied. The stability of the electrode/separator interface depends on the polymer mass loading, lamination temperature and lamination pressure, whereas poorly selected lamination conditions may cause damage on the separator. Appropriate adhesion force of 8.3 N/m could be achieved using a polymer loading as low as 0.25 g/m2. In case separator properties, coating polymer, morphology of the fibrous coating and lamination conditions are well adjusted to each other, the implementation of electrospinning and lamination allows for faster, more flexible and robust pouch cell production at comparable or better electrochemical cell behaviour.

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Hoffman, Warren R. "Industrial Coating and Lamination Processes — Functionality and Limitations." Journal of Coated Fabrics 23, no. 2 (October 1993): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808379302300203.

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Ahn, Hyeon-Sik, Akpeko Gasonoo, Seong-Min Lim, Jae-Hyun Lee, and Yoonseuk Choi. "Fabrication of Color Glass with High Light Transmittance by Pearlescent Pigments and Optical Adhesive." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072627.

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In this study, we propose a solution process for realizing colored glass for building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems by spin coating a color solution composed of pearlescent pigments mixed in a Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) matrix. Color solutions are made from mixing pearlescent pigments in NOA63. Compared to a physical vapor deposition process, color coatings are achieved by spin coating in a relatively simple and inexpensive process at room temperature. The optical properties can be easily controlled by adjusting the spin coating speed and the concentration of the pearlescent pigments. The produced colored glass achieved a high transmittance of 85% or more in the visible wavelength range, except for the wavelength spectrum exhibiting the maximum reflectance. In addition, we propose a one-step lamination process of colored glass on a solar cell by leveraging on the adhesive property of the NOA matrix. This eliminates the cost and process of additional ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) layer or other materials used in the conventional lamination process. The colored glass produced through this study has stability that does not change its properties over time. Therefore, it is expected to be applied to the BIPV solar module market where aesthetics and energy efficiency are required.

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Martinez, Patricia M., Vladimir A. Pozdin, Alexios Papadimitratos, William Holmes, Fatemeh Hassanipour, George Dover, and Anvar A. Zakhidov. "Carbon Nanotube Dry Spinnable Sheets for Solar Selective Coatings by Lamination." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 18, no. 4 (September 10, 2016): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj479.

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Carbon nanotube, oriented free standing sheets can be laminated on any surface as selective solar absorbers while simultaneously dry spun in a highly controlled process from vertically oriented forests grown by CVD. We have found that properties of a CNT forest strongly correlate with the optical transparency and reflectivity of CNT sheets required for solar selective coatings and can be properly tuned for optimal coatings for solar collectors. We study absorptive and emissive properties of CNT sheets that are laminated by a simple automated and controlled process, developed for coating of cylindrical glass tubes for evacuated solar collectors (ETC). The advantages of Joule heating of CNT coatings are demonstrated and test results described, showing a unique property of fast heating as compared to slow heating in conventional solar water heaters.

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Mateja, Krzysztof, Wojciech Skarka, and Aleksandra Drygała. "Efficiency Decreases in a Laminated Solar Cell Developed for a UAV." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 8774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248774.

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Achieving energy autonomy in a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) is an important direction for aerospace research. Long endurance flights allow for continuous observations, taking of measurements and control of selected parameters. To provide continuous flight, a UAV must be able to harvest energy externally. The most popular method to achieve this is the use of solar cells on the wings and structure of the UAV. Flexible solar cells mounted on the surface of the wings can be damaged and contaminated. To prevent these negative changes, it is necessary to apply a protective coating to the solar cells. One of the more promising methods is lamination. To properly carry out this process, some parameters have to be appropriately adjusted. The appropriate selection of temperature and feed speed in the laminator allows a PV (photovoltaic) panel to be coated with film, minimizing any defects in the structure. Covering PV panels with film reduces the performance of the solar cells. By measuring the current–voltage characteristics, data were obtained showing the change in the performance of solar cells before and after lamination. In the case of testing flexible PV panels, the efficiency decreased from 24.29 to 23.33%. This informed the selection of the appropriate number of solar cells for the UAV, considering the losses caused by the lamination process.

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Gou, Guo Qing, Nan Huang, Hui Chen, Da Li, Yan Liu, Hua Ji, Yong Hui Zhu, Gui Guo Wang, and Jin Peng Yu. "Formation Mechanism of Nanostructure of HVOF Sprayed Nanostructured WC-17Co Coating." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.279.

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Nanostructured WC-17Co coating was prepared by means of High Velocity Oxygen Flame (HVOF) technique. Characteristic of nano-structure of the coating was analyzed. The coating seems to be of lamination structure formed by fully or partially melted powder. It shows that the coating consists of melted and recrystallized zone, semi-molten zone and un-melted zone. Amorphous phase and nanocrystalline phase co-existed in the coating is due to the rapid heating and cooling during spraying. The nanostructured coating possesses excellent mechanical properties, which are closely related to the unique nanostructures existed in the coating.

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Babin, Markus, Daniel Álvarez Mira, Yashaswa Surya Aryan, Marina García-Agúndez Blanco, Peter Behrensdorff Poulsen, and Sune Thorsteinsson. "Optical Transmission Losses of a TiO2-based Anti-soiling Coating for Use in Outdoor Photovoltaic Applications." Journal of Photocatalysis 2, no. 4 (November 2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665976x02666211022150845.

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Background: Soiling can be a major challenge for photovoltaic (PV) installations, depending on their location, as it reduces transmission and can lead to significant losses. Anti-soiling coatings have been demonstrated to reduce soiling losses and thereby increase PV power production. Objective: This article investigates the applicability of a titanium-dioxide-based anti-soiling coating developed by Photocat under the name “ShineOn” for use with PV installations. The main parameter examined is the optical transmission losses, as this directly translates to performance losses during non-soiled operations. Methods: Measurements of transmittance are carried out using both indoor laboratory setups as well as outdoor PV installations, including measurements of the short-circuit current (Isc), incidence angle modifier (IAM) and spectral transmittance. Investigated samples include both full-sized modules and custom-made mini-modules containing a single solar cell. Results: Both indoor and outdoor measurements show minor transmission losses in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 % and negligible effects on the IAM. Additionally, observations indicate that samples should be coated after lamination, as losses for samples coated before lamination are slightly higher. Conclusion: As the transmission losses due to the ShineOn coating are small and no additional angular- dependent losses were observed, the coating is deemed not to be detrimental for PV applications. Proper assessment of the usefulness requires investigations of the anti-soiling properties, for example, through test installations in regions with high soiling rates.

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Kuo, Chin-Chiuan. "Wear Behaviors of Carbon–Chromium Carbide–Chromium Multilayer Coatings Prepared by Reactive High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 7694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247694.

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Carbon–chromium carbide–chromium multilayer coatings were deposited by utilizing reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering with alternating various ratios of ethyne and argon mixtures under a constant total deposition pressure, target pulse frequency, pulse duty cycle, average chromium target power, and total deposition time. Two different alternating gas mixture periods were applied to obtain films with different numbers of layers and lamination thicknesses. The results show that the reduction in the modulation period effectively affects the elastic modulus and the subsequent ratio of hardness to elastic modulus (H/E) of the whole coating, which helps adapt the elastic strain in the coating. This improves the adhesion strength and wear resistance of coatings at room temperature. However, with the increase in wear test temperature, the difference between the wear behaviors of two types of coatings becomes inconspicuous. Both types of coatings lose the wear resistance due to the decomposition of hydrocarbon and the oxidation of the chromium content in the films.

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Srisungsitthisunti, Pornsak, Siriporn Daopiset, and Noparat Kanjanaprayut. "Correlation of Acoustic Emission and Corrosion Resistance of Lacquer Coatings on Tin-Free Steel." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.628.

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Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive technique which is well known for crack monitoring. Moreover, it has been widely used for corrosion and erosion damage on metallic structures. In this study, AE technique was applied for quick monitoring of corrosion resistance of lacquer coatings on tin free steel and laminated steel for food can-packaging. There were three types of coatings: (A) BPA-NI lacquer, (B) BPA-complied lacquer, and (C) PET lamination. These coatings were investigated in flat-sheet and in deformed sheet. Cathodic disbonding (CD) technique was carried out to cause separation between the coating and the metal substrate and initialize corrosion damage. AE signals was detected immediately with potential excitation, and showed good correlation with coating corrosion resistance during corrosion development. AE count signal matched with resulting current during CD, and proportional to corroded areas. In addition, coatings properties were measured before and after the CD process by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A combination of AE and CD techniques offers an in-situ non-destructive corrosion monitoring of coating quality before and during delamination development, and useful for can-packaging testing.

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Mikami, Tatsuo, Hidehiro Mochizuki, Toshio Sasaki, Toshiyuki Kitahara, Hiroaki Tsuyama, Kenichirou Inoue, and Masaharu Ito. "Twenty-Layer Optical Disc Fabricated by Web Coating and Lamination." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 52, no. 9S2 (September 1, 2013): 09LC01. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.52.09lc01.

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Singha, Kunal. "A Review on Coating & Lamination in Textiles: Processes and Applications." American Journal of Polymer Science 2, no. 3 (May 9, 2012): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20120203.04.

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Lee, Byung-Chul, Byung-Min Park, and Kwan-Young Han. "Optimal Slit Nozzle Design for Uniformity Coating in Display Module Lamination." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 677, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2019.1597510.

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Granqvist, Claes G., İlknur Bayrak Pehlivan, and Gunnar A. Niklasson. "Electrochromics on a roll: Web-coating and lamination for smart windows." Surface and Coatings Technology 336 (February 2018): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.006.

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Lin, Chin Mei, Ching Hui Lin, Yu Tien Huang, Ching Wen Lou, and Jia Horng Lin. "Mechanical and Electrical Properties of the Polyaniline (PANI)/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nonwoven Fabric." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 1074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.1074.

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Technical development and rapid telecommunication create convenient consumer products, but produce electromagnetic radiation that hurts the human body, which makes the development of antistatic and electromagnetic-wave-resistant textiles important. This study combines polylactic acid (PLA) fibers and low melting point polylactic (LPLA) fibers by needle punching to make PLA nonwoven fabrics. The lamination layer number is then changed to explore its influence on the mechanical properties of the PLA nonwoven fabrics. Next, the nonwoven fabrics are spray-coated with polyaniline (PANI) to form the PANI/PLA nonwoven fabrics. The PANI/PLA nonwoven fabric with a lamination layer number of 5 has the optimum tensile and tear strength. A coating of PANI can reduce the surface resistivity.

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Karnoukhov, Alexander E., Yulia A. Timoshina, and Emil F. Voznesensky. "PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE TEXTILE MATERIALS LAMINATED WITH POLYMER FILMS." Technologies & Quality 56, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2587-6147-2022-2-56-29-33.

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The article presents the results of a study of the complex properties of metallised textile materials laminated with polymer films by thermal pressing. The application of a copper metal coating to the surface of a textile material was carried out by magnetron sputtering. To increase the adhesion of synthetic textile materials to the metal coating, pretreatment in plasma of a radio-frequency capacitive (RFC) discharge of reduced pressure was used, carried out immediately before spraying the metal within one technological cycle. It has been established that the metallised textile materials obtained have a shielding coefficient of up to 50 dB, and the use of perforated films for lamination makes it possible to obtain materials with air and vapour permeability. The use of plasma modification in the process makes it possible to increase the adhesion of polymer materials to metal coatings, which contributes to an increase in the wear resistance of the resulting textile materials with shielding properties.

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Nechita, Petronela, and Mirela Roman (Iana-Roman). "Review on Polysaccharides Used in Coatings for Food Packaging Papers." Coatings 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060566.

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Paper and board show many advantages as packaging materials, but the current technologies employed to obtain adequate barrier properties for food packaging use synthetic polymers coating and lamination with plastic or aluminium foils—treatments which have a negative impact on packaging sustainability, poor recyclability and lack of biodegradability. Recently, biopolymers have attracted increased attention as paper coatings, which can provide new combinations in composite formulas to meet the requirements of food packaging. The number of studies on biopolymers for developing barrier properties of packaging materials is increasing, but only a few of them are addressed to food packaging paper. Polysaccharides are viewed as the main candidates to substitute oil-based polymers in food paper coating, due to their film forming ability, good affinity for paper substrate, appropriate barrier to gases and aroma, and positive effect on mechanical strength. Additionally, these biopolymers are biodegradable, non-toxic and act as a matrix for incorporation additives with specific functionalities for coated paper (i.e., active-antimicrobial properties). This paper presents an overview on the availability and application of polysaccharides from vegetal and marine biomass in coatings for foods packaging paper. The extraction methods, chemical modification and combination routes of these biopolymers in coatings for paper packaging are discussed.

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Bekem, Aylin, and Ahmet Unal. "Polyamide 12/E-glass Fabric Composite Production with Dip-coating." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818801022.

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In this study PA12 was reinforced with E-glass woven fabric by dip-coating. PA12 powder and ethanol suspensions were prepared with ratios at 30, 40 and 50% of powder to obtain different fibre contents. Coated fabrics were laid-up and kept in oven at 60°C to evaporate ethanol. Then it was placed in a compression mould and pressed. Obtained laminates were subjected to tensile, bending and impact tests. Fractured surfaces were observed. It was found that mechanical properties were highest when 40% PA powder used in suspension with dip-coating with additional lamination. Fibre failure and fibre pull-out were observed on fractured surfaces.

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Maeder, Thomas, Bo Jiang, Fabrizio Vecchio, Caroline Jacq, Peter Ryser, and Paul Muralt. "Lamination of LTCC at low pressure and moderate temperature using screen-printed adhesives." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wa35.

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In this work, we investigate a new method of low-pressure lamination of low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) tapes, by pre-coating with specially-formulated adhesive layers. This allows fabrication of intricate structures that would be destroyed by high lamination pressures, yet preserves compatibility with standard processing operations, such as blanking, laser cutting, punching, via filling and screen printing. Techniques proposed previously are application of adhesive tapes, solvents or glues. These methods are applied after the tape processing steps and therefore require an extra operation in the processing chain, which may be unpractical, especially if the tape is very thin has been extensively cut. In our procedure, the adhesives are printed and dried on the blanked tape before any other operation, with the drying step also useful for pre-conditioning the tapes, which may then be stored as "standard" blanks. The adhesives are formulated to have low tack at room temperature, making them compatible with standard processing, but to become very soft at 50–60°C, allowing lamination at low pressures. Compatibility with different tape materials is investigated, and the requirements for adequate adhesive formulation are discussed.

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Zumelzu, Ernesto, Hercílio G. de Melo, Alejandro R. di Sarli, and Célia Regina Tomachuk. "Effect of Passivation Treatment on Adhesion and Protective Properties of Steel Coated with Polymeric Film." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.422.

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The surface of steel coated with Cr3+-based passivation layer and polyethylene therephtalate (PET) polymeric film was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This coating was applied to the steel surface through a co-lamination industrial procedure. As well, the coated steel porosity was characterized by BET (Brunaer, Emmert, Teller) gas adsorption technique. Basic aspects of the polymer adhesion to the passivated steel were also studied by determining the force and energy adhesion between them. The AFM results showed that the PET coating presents roughness in the nanometer scale. XPS diagrams indicated the absence of surface contaminants and flaws on the applied coating and low contaminant levels on the Cr layer and absence of Cr6+peaks after coating removal. This material can be a environmental compliant alternative to replace tinplate and Cr6+conversion layer in the food industry, being compatible with the packed product.

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Masheder, Benjamin, Chihiro Urata, Dalton F. Cheng, and Atsushi Hozumi. "Hard Coating for Polymer Substrates Through Lamination and Peeling of Porous Anodized Zirconia." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 3006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.8556.

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Kim, Young-Gyun, Byung-Min Park, Jong-Keun Choi, Dong-Hoon Jang, and Kwan-Young Han. "Optimization of the Rework of Bended OLED Displays by Surface-Energy Control." Coatings 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121523.

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Recent display technology has changed substantially from flat-type displays to bended displays. As a result, the lamination process for bonding the panel substrates and bended window glass has become difficult due to the changes in display shape, and the use of optically clear adhesive (OCA) makes it impossible to rework defective substrates due to residue problems. Therefore, it is necessary to research and develop a substrate-surface treatment that maintains the initial adhesion and is reusable via the complete removal of impurities during delamination in order to enable rework. In this paper, the possibility of maintaining adhesive force and reusing substrates was confirmed through the surface treatment of substrates and OCA using various materials. We found that a surface coating and a cooling treatment of additional substrates completely removed the impurities that remained on the substrates during reworking. These results could contribute to improving lamination-process technology and the productivity of the various forms of next-generation displays that are currently under development.

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Mazega, André, Quim Tarrés, Roberto Aguado, M. Àngels Pèlach, Pere Mutjé, Paulo J. T. Ferreira, and Marc Delgado-Aguilar. "Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203675.

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Food packaging manufacturers often resort to lamination, typically with materials which are neither non-biodegradable nor biobased polymers, to confer barrier properties to paper and cardboard. The present work considers a greener solution: enhancing paper’s resistance to moisture, grease, and air by aqueous coating suspensions. For hydrophobization, a combined approach between nanocellulose and common esterifying agents was considered, but the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained excessively high for the goal of wrapping moisture-sensitive products (>600 g m−2 d−1). Nonetheless, oil-repellant surfaces were effectively obtained with nanocellulose, illite, sodium alginate, and/or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reaching Kit ratings up to 11. Regarding air resistance, mineral-rich coatings attained values above 1000 Gurley s. In light of these results, nanocellulose, minerals, PVA, pullulan, alginate, and a non-ionic surfactant were combined for multi-purpose coating formulations. It is hypothesized that these materials decrease porosity while complementing each other’s flaws, e.g., PVA succeeds at decreasing porosity but has low dimensional stability. As an example, a suspension mostly constituted by nanocellulose, sizing agents, minerals and PVA yielded a WVTR of roughly 100 g m−2 d−1, a Kit rating of 12, and an air resistance above 300 s/100 mL. This indicates that multi-purpose coatings can be satisfactorily incorporated into paper structures for food packaging applications, although not as the food contact layer.

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Olsson, Erik, Caisa Johansson, Johan Larsson, and Lars Järnström. "Montmorillonite for starch-based barrier dispersion coating — Part 2: Pilot trials and PE-lamination." Applied Clay Science 97-98 (August 2014): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.04.039.

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Kucukali-Ozturk, Merve, Elif Ozden-Yenigun, Banu Nergis, and Cevza Candan. "Nanofiber-enhanced lightweight composite textiles for acoustic applications." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): 1498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083715622427.

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This paper proposes lightweight textile acoustic structure, wherein electrospun polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibers enhance sound absorption properties with no weight and thickness penalty. Polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with diameter of 110 ± 7 nm were electrospun on spacer-knitted fabrics by varying deposition amount and surface coating arrangement. Proposed novel approach eliminated additional processing steps such as handling and post-lamination and provided easy scalability of nanofibers at macro-scale. The results showed that the sound absorption of nano-enhanced specimens was improved drastically when deposited amount of nanofibers or its effective surface area increased. Sound propagation paths in different configurations were interpreted from sound absorption and air permeability measurements. The sound absorption coefficient values up to 0.7 are achieved in the low and medium frequency ranges with no weight and thickness penalty by tuning deposition amount and surface coating arrangement.

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Andok, A., and M. S. G. Jesuet. "Biodegradable chitosan coating for wood protection." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1053, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012036.

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Abstract Chitosan coating is a biopolymer-based coat made out of modified chitin that is usually derived from shellfish. The general development of the chitosan coating was to provide adequate, albeit impermanent, lamination of food products for protection during long transportation. With the idea for a pro tempore coating, this study focused on the production of a transient coating made from cockle shells-derived chitin, for the temporary protection coating for pre-machinated wood instead. Due to its solubility in organic acids, the purpose of the coating primarily focused on the protection of pre-machined wood that is high in moisture content and susceptible to damages, in which will allow the easy removal of said coating whenever necessary. The process started with the extraction of chitin from the cockle shells through the demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation steps before integrating it with starch and glycerol to produce the biodegradable coating. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the different deacetylation time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) on the physical and chemical properties of the coating. The physical properties observed includes the water absorption, drying time, various temperature resistance, and viscosity, meanwhile the chemical properties were observed based on its infrared spectra identification and pH value. Based on the results, the samples with the longest deacetylation time of 90 minutes displayed the best physical properties with a lower water absorption, shorter drying time, lower pH value, and best resistance towards the various temperature cycles, as compared to the other samples. This evidently shows the importance of the deacetylation process, as well as a sufficient hydrolysis prolongation in producing a desirable chitosan coating quality.

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Lowe, Donald R., and Deena Braunstein. "Microstructure of high-temperature (>73 °C) siliceous sinter deposited around hot springs and geysers, Yellowstone National Park: the role of biological and abiological processes in sedimentation." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1611–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-066.

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Slightly alkaline hot springs and geysers in Yellowstone National Park exhibit distinctive assemblages of high-temperature (>73 °C) siliceous sinter reflecting local hydrodynamic conditions. The main depositional zones include subaqueous pool and channel bottoms and intermittently wetted subaerial splash, surge, and overflow areas. Subaqueous deposits include particulate siliceous sediment and dendritic and microbial silica framework. Silica framework forms thin, porous, microbe-rich films coating subaqueous surfaces. Spicules with intervening narrow crevices dominate in splash zones. Surge and overflow deposits include pool and channel rims, columns, and knobs. In thin section, subaerial sinter is composed of (i) dark brown, nearly opaque laminated sinter deposited on surfaces that evaporate to dryness; (ii) clear translucent silica deposited subaqueously through precipitation driven by supersaturation; (iii) heterogeneous silica representing silica-encrusted microbial filaments and detritus; and (iv) sinter debris. Brownish laminations form the framework of most sinter deposited in surge and overflow zones. Pits and cavities are common architectural features of subaerial sinter and show concave-upward pseudo-cross-laminations and micro-unconformities developed through migration. Marked birefringence of silica deposited on surfaces that evaporate to dryness is probably a strain effect. Repeated wetting and evaporation, often to dryness, and capillary effects control the deposition, morphology, and microstructure of most high-temperature sinter outside of the fully subaqueous zone. Microbial filaments are abundant on and within high-temperature sinter but do not provide the main controls on morphology or structuring except in biofilms developed on subaqueous surfaces. Millimetre-scale lamination cyclicity in much high-temperature sinter represents annual layering and regular seasonal fluctuations in silica sedimentation.

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Shanmugam, Kirubanandan. "Cellulose Nanofiber Lamination of the Paper Substrates via Spray Coating – Proof of Concept and Barrier Performance." Trends Journal of Sciences Research 1, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/materials.2022.295.

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URATA, Chihiro, Benjamin MASHEDER, Dalton F. CHENG, and Atsushi HOZUMI. "Bio-Inspired Hard Coating for Polymeric Materials Based on Lamination of Ordered Porous Anodized Zirconia Membranes." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 70, no. 5 (2013): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.70.232.

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Zha, Yunlai, and Craig B. Arnold. "Solution-processing of thick chalcogenide-chalcogenide and metal-chalcogenide structures by spin-coating and multilayer lamination." Optical Materials Express 3, no. 2 (January 30, 2013): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.3.000309.

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Rakotonirainy, Andrianaivo M., and Graciela W. Padua. "Effects of Lamination and Coating with Drying Oils on Tensile and Barrier Properties of Zein Films." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, no. 6 (June 2001): 2860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000845u.

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Kumar, Piyush, and Patit Paban Kundu. "Coating and lamination of Nafion117 with partially sulfonated PVdF for low methanol crossover in DMFC applications." Electrochimica Acta 173 (August 2015): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.044.

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Ohtsuki, Atsumi. "An Innovative Circular Ring Method for Measuring Young’s Modulus of Thin Flexible Multi-Layered Materials." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05441.

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An innovative mechanical testing method (Compressive Circular Ring Method) is provided for measuring Young’s modulus of each layer in a flexible multi-layered material. The method is based on a nonlinear large deformation theory. By just measuring the vertical displacement or the horizontal displacement of the ring, Young’s modulus of each layer can be easily obtained for various thin multi-layered materials. Measurements were carried out on an electrodeposited twolayered wire. The results confirm that the new method is suitable for flexible multi-layered thin wires. In the meantime, the new method can be applied widely to measure Young’s modulus of thin layers formed by PVD, CVD, Coating, Paint, Cladding, Lamination, and others.

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Brabec, Christoph J., Jens A. Hauch, Pavel Schilinsky, and Christoph Waldauf. "Production Aspects of Organic Photovoltaics and Their Impact on the Commercialization of Devices." MRS Bulletin 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2005.10.

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AbstractThe essential cost-driving factor for the production of classical photovoltaic devices is the expensive investment in costly semiconductor processing technologies. This unfavorable cost structure has so far prohibited the technology from having a significant impact on global energy production. Nevertheless, the continued high interest in photovoltaics originates from the fact that they represent the only truly portable renewable-energy conversion technology available today. Therefore, the potential of fabricating organic photovoltaic elements on low-cost, thin plastic substrates by standard printing and coating techniques and packaged by lamination is not only intriguing, but highly attractive from a cost standpoint. In this article, we discuss the economic and technical production aspects for organic photovoltaics.

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Chen, Ting, Wei Li, and Xian Wen Zhou. "UV Ink Photoinitiators Migration to Food Simulants Behavior Using Spectroscopy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.368.

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The migration behavior of UV ink photoinitiators from the substance of the food packaging to the food is simulated by photoinitiator spectrometry analysis. The different food simulants 10% ethanol, 95% ethanol and 97% isooctane migration behavior of the photoinitiators 1-Hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (184) are simulated on the polyethylene (PE) coated paper 4018,4025 and 4918 PE coated layer at different temperatures of 30°C, 45°C and 60°C. The qualitative and quantitative analysis is done using infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. It is discussed that the effect of the temperature, swelling, PE lamination layer thickness as well as the paper thickness of pollutants by the different thickness of the polymer coating on the migration to food simulants.

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Van Roey, Mic. "Water-Resistant Breathable Fabrics." Journal of Coated Fabrics 22, no. 1 (July 1992): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808379202200103.

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The first part of this paper covers the questions: How can we obtain WBFs (waterproof breathable fabrics)? and What is available? A description of the technique to obtain such fabrics with a statement of general advantages and disadvantages is covered. There are three techniques: 1. High-density fabrics 2. Lamination: extruded, melt-blown, or cast film being microporous and/or hydrophilic 3. Coating: microporous and/or hydrophilic Part two covers: • the measurement of waterproofness and breathability • breathability test methods and influencing parameters • waterproofness tests Part three considers the question: What other properties are wanted and what are the markets and their requirements? Part four considers: Where will be the use of such WBFs in the textile market?

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Ren, Wen Ming, Pei Fang Cheng, and Xue Feng Liu. "Preparation of PET/PT Composite Film and Study of its Moisture Barrier Properties." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1351.

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In order to improve the practical performance of common Cellophane as packaging material, PET/PT composite film were prepared by means of Dry Lamination, and the influence of temperature on water vapor permeation of composite films was investigated at the range of 20-50°C at 50% relative humidity. The results showed that the moisture barrier properties of common Cellophane were improved obviously by means of coating on the PET films and the water vapor transmission rate of composite films was increased with temperature increasing in the range from 20°C to 50°C，the relationship between water vapor transmission rate of the composite films and the temperature followed an exponential grow curve [y=1.3441exp (0.0597x)], correlation coefficient R is 0.9957.

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Revets, Stefan A. "The structure and taxonomic position of <i>Millettia</i> Schubert, 1911 (Foraminiferida)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 11, no. 1 (June 1, 1992): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.11.1.37.

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Abstract. The study of opened specimens of Millettia species confirms the presence of septula subdividing the individual chambers. Toothplates are present between the individual septular foramina, and the chamber foramen. Polished and etched sections show the test to be bilamellar, but secondary lamination is absent. The toothplates are monolamellar and made up of inner lining, each one continuous with the septula which are formed by doubled-up inner lining. Laterally, the internal chamber walls are covered by a web-like coating of supplementary inner lining, continuous with the septula. X-ray diffraction shows the genus to be calcific. The genus is revised to include M. tessellata, M. limbata and the newly described M. ipsithillae and M. polyxenae. The monotypic Millettiidae are considered incertae sedis within the Rotaliina.

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Koo, B. R., J. W. Bae, and H. J. Ahn. "Improved Long-Term Stability of Transparent Conducting Electrodes Based on Double-Laminated Electrosprayed Antimony Tin Oxides and Ag Nanowires." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 1275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0192.

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AbstractWe fabricated double-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes by spin-coating and electrospraying. Compared to pure Ag nanowire electrodes and single-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes, the double-laminated antimony tin oxide/Ag nanowire electrodes had superior transparent conducting electrode performances with sheet resistance ~19.8 Ω/□ and optical transmittance ~81.9%; this was due to uniform distribution of the connected Ag nanowires because of double lamination of the metallic Ag nanowires without Ag aggregation despite subsequent microwave heating at 250°C. They also exhibited excellent and superior long-term chemical and thermal stabilities and adhesion to substrate because double-laminated antimony tin oxide thin films act as the protective layers between Ag nanowires, blocking Ag atoms penetration.

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Yakovlev, Grigory, and Nikolai Khokhriakov. "CRACK FORMATION IN VACUUM CONCRETE." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2002.10531262.

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The reasons of crack formation in vacuum concrete floors with reinforcing mineral wear-resistant coating were investigated. The main reasons of crack formation are connected with low concrete strength due to the lack of water for cement hydration, the absence of shrinkage seams in floor structure, wrong reinforcement and excess thickness of strengthening mineral coating of concrete floor which initiates the crack formation. At the concrete thickness 150 mm, the depth of crack spreading was 115 mm, the concrete strength in kerns—14.2–24.8 MPa instead of 30 MPa as planned, and the concrete macrostructure had the signs of lamination. Besides, an air clearance up to 4 mm in size was found between the foundation and concrete floor. The reinforcement skeleton structure in concrete floors did not envisage the possibility of horizontal displacement of concrete coating in the square limited by deformation seams, and the deformation seams did not penetrate into the depth planned eliminating their formation during concrete hardening. X-ray phase analysis of fresh hardening coating of concrete surface showed the presence of ettringite in it, and non- hydrated Portland cement minerals prevailed in the structure of concrete solution resulting in insufficient strength of the concrete hardened. Thus, due to the considerable heterogeneity of vacuum concrete structure and properties by thickness, the presence of the initiator of crack formation in the concrete upper layer (ettringite) and wrong reinforcing the formation of uneven shrinkage phenomena in hardening cement takes place resulting in crack net formation in the upper stretched concrete area.

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Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Eiji Iwamura, and Kuniyoshi Itoh. "Nano-lamination in amorphous carbon for tailored coating in micro-dry stamping of AISI-304 stainless steel sheets." Surface and Coatings Technology 203, no. 5-7 (December 2008): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.08.059.

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Granqvist, Claes Goran, Sara V. Green, Shu Yi Li, N. R. Mlyuka, Gunnar A. Niklasson, and Esteban Avendaño. "Chromogenics for Sustainable Energy: Some Advances in Thermochromics and Electrochromics." Advances in Science and Technology 75 (October 2010): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.75.55.

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Chromogenic materials are able to change their optical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature (in thermochromic materials) and electrical charge insertion (in electrochromic materials). Below we review some recent advances for these types of materials. Specifically we first discuss the limitations of thermochromic VO2 films for energy efficient fenestration and show from calculations that nanocomposites containing VO2 can have superior properties and display high luminous transmittance and large temperature-dependent solar transmittance modulation. Even better results may be found for nanoparticles of VO2:Mg. In the second part of the paper we survey some recent progress for electrochromic devices and show that W oxide films have increased coloration efficiency when some Ni oxide is added. We also present initial results for flexible electrochromic foils produced by roll-to-roll coating and continuous lamination.

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Dailliez, Fanny, Mathieu Hébert, Lionel Chagas, Thierry Fournel, and Anne Blayo. "Use of Multispectral Microscopy in the Prediction of Coated Halftone Reflectance." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8090243.

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When a print is coated with a transparent layer, such as a lamination film or a varnish layer, its color can be modified compared to the uncoated version due to multiple reflections between the layer-air interface and the inked substrate. These interreflections involve a multiple-convolution process between the halftone pattern and a ring-shaped luminous halo. They are described by an optical model which we have developed. The challenge at stake is to observe the impact of the coated layer on the print spectral reflectances and see if it can be predicted. The approach is based on pictures of the print captured with a multispectral microscope that are processed through the optical model to predict the spectral pictures of the coated print. The pictures averaged on the spatial dimension led to spectral reflectances which can be compared with macroscale measurements performed with a spectrophotometer. Comparison between macroscale measurements and microscale measurements with a multispectral microscope being delicate, specific care has been taken to calibrate the instruments. This method resulted in fairly conclusive predictions, both at the macroscale with the spectral reflectances, and at the microscale with an accurate prediction of the blurring effect induced by the multi-convolutive optical process. The tests carried out showed that the optical and visual effect of a coating layer on single-ink or multi-ink halftones with various patterns can be predicted with a satisfactory accuracy. Hence, by measuring the spatio-spectral reflectance of the uncoated print and predicting the spatio-spectral reflectance of the coating print, we can predict the color changes due to the coating itself. The model could be included in color management workflows for printing applications including a finishing coating.

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Lee, Yih-Shing, Li-Yang Chuang, Cheng-Jia Tang, Zi-Zhu Yan, Bing-Shin Le, and Cheng-Chung Jaing. "Investigation into the Characteristics of Double-Layer Transparent Conductive Oxide ITO/TNO Anti-Reflection Coating for Silicon Solar Cells." Crystals 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010080.

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In this study, indium–tin oxide (ITO)/Nb-doping TiO2 (TNO) double-layer transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films deposited using DC magnetron sputtering were used as a surface anti-reflection layer with an overall thickness of 100 nm for double-layer films. The simulated results showed that ITO and TNO thickness combinations of 90 nm/10 nm, 80 nm/20 nm, and 70 nm/30 nm had a higher transmittance and lower reflectance than others in the visible wavelength range. Compared to the single-layer ITO films, for ITO/TNO films deposited on the glass and silicon substrates with an optimum thickness of 80/20 nm, the reflectance was reduced by 5.06% and 4.63%, respectively, at the central wavelength of 550 nm and crystalline silicon photo response wavelength of 900 nm. Moreover, the near-infrared reflectance of the double-layer ITO/TNO with thickness combinations of 90 nm/10 nm, 80 nm/20 nm, and 70 nm/30 nm, when deposited on silicon substrates, was obviously improved by the graded refractive index lamination effect of air (1)/ITO (1.98)/TNO (2.41)/Si (3.9).

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Stoll, Jonas, Erik Kjeang, and Philip Huynh. "Effects of Wet Film Application Parameters on the Structure and Performance of Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers Prepared Using Scalable Methods." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 40 (October 9, 2022): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02401481mtgabs.

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The use of high-volume manufacturing processes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells is obligatory to bring the manufacturing cost closer to 80USD/kW fuel cell system cost target for long-Haul Trucks [1] and thereby make this technology an economical competitor in the carbon neutral transportation sector. For the membrane electrode assembly, thin film roll good materials are therefore the norm in the industry. On the lab scale however, catalyst layers and catalyst coated membranes (CCMs) are commonly prepared with low throughput multi-sub-layer coating application techniques, such as ultrasonic spray coating. Overall, each catalyst sub-layer is dried before the next sub-layer is applied via another spraying pass, until the desired catalyst loading and therewith the overall catalyst layer is created. This multi-sub-layer coating approach is therefore time consuming. However, to simulate high volume manufacturing at the lab scale, direct layer coating techniques such as film applicator or Mayer bar coating can be utilized. These coating methods are designed to form a one pass final catalyst wet film thickness, similar to what transpires in a continuous high throughput roll to roll (R-2-R) manufacturing process. As opposed to the multi-layer coating techniques, the entire wet thickness of the catalyst layer is dried in one step, which allows greater throughput, but also influences the catalyst layer formation. Because when a catalyst wet film dries, there are forces related to evaporation, diffusion, and sedimentation which influence the distribution of materials and the ultimate catalyst layer structure [2]. Furthermore, catalyst inks used for Mayer-rod, film applicator, and R-2-R coating methods generally have higher solids content than the inks used in spray coating. With the one pass techniques, CCMs are typically fabricated by coating catalyst ink on a decal film, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), followed by a hot lamination process, such as decal transfer, of the catalyst layer to the membrane [3]. Due to the interaction of the catalyst ink with the coating substrate and drying process, there are many factors that may influence the quality of the catalyst layer obtained with direct layer coating, considering both ink formulation and coating parameters. To understand the interaction of these influences, we investigate the effects of wet film application parameters on the structure and performance of fuel cell catalyst layers, prepared using scalable methods. The same drying technique of hot air drying is used to obtain a closer representation of the direct layer R-2-R process. In more detail, we are determining the influence of the following factors on the catalyst layer formation, when coated on a PTFE substrate: drying temperature, ionomer-to-carbon support ratio, ink water-to-alcohol ratio, and wet film thickness for each of the two-lab scale direct layer coating methods. Finally, we will discuss the influence of these factors on the catalyst structure via microscopy. As well as performance and electrochemical analysis data, of selected catalyst layers, after being decal transferred onto a membrane and tested. Figure 1 shows an example of the variance of dried catalyst layers coated via two direct coating methods on PTFE substrates from the alterations of Ink Water-to-Alcohol (2-Propanol, 1-Propanol, Ethanol) ratio and coating wet thicknesses. As can be seen the dried catalyst layer structure vary depending on the Ink Water-to-Alcohol ratio, wet thickness and application method used. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Simon Fraser University Community Trust Endowment Fund, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation, British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, Western Economic Diversification Canada, and Canada Research Chairs. Reference [1] Menezes, Mark W., et al. “"US Department of Energy Hydrogen Program Plan” https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/roadmaps_vision.html (2020) [2] C.M. Cardinal, Y.D. Jung, K.H. Ahn, L.F. Francis, Drying regime maps for particulate coatings, AIChE J. 56 (2010) 2769–2780, https://doi.org/10.1002/ aic.12190. [3] Wei, Zhaoxu, et al., High performance polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with gradient Pt nanowire cathodes prepared by decal transfer method. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40.7 (2015): 3068-3074. Figure 1

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Mukherjee, Prithviraj, Federico Nebuloni, Hua Gao, Jian Zhou, and Ian Papautsky. "Rapid Prototyping of Soft Lithography Masters for Microfluidic Devices Using Dry Film Photoresist in a Non-Cleanroom Setting." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030192.

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Fabrication of microfluidic devices by soft lithography is by far the most popular approach due to simplicity and low cost. In this approach PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) is cast on a photoresist master to generate replicas that are then sealed against glass slides using oxygen plasma. In this work, we demonstrated fabrication of soft photolithography masters using lamination of ADEX dry film as an alternative to the now classic SU-8 resist masters formed by spin coating. Advantages of using ADEX dry film include the easily-achievable uniform thickness without edge bead; simplicity of the process with significant time savings due to non-sticky nature of the film; and fewer health concerns due to less toxic developing solution and antimony-free composition. As we demonstrate, the process can be performed in a low-cost improvised fabrication room in ambient light, in place of a conventional yellow-light cleanroom environment. We believe this approach holds the promise of delivering state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques to the broad field of biomedical and pharmaceutical research.

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Anzures, Edgardo, Anupam Choubey, Avin Dhoble, David Fleming, Robert Barr, Jeffrey Calvert, and Joon-Seok Oh. "Non-Conductive Film (NCF) with No Voiding and High Reliability." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, DPC (January 1, 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2014dpc-tha21.

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There has been significant activity in recent years to develop Non-Conductive Films (NCF), which are also known as Pre-Applied Underfills (PAUF) and Wafer Level Underfills (WLUF), for use in the High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) of 2.5D and 3D packages. They are essentially underfills in laminate film form. Like other underfills, they ensure the integrity of the electrical interconnects in a package by mitigating stress, acting as an adhesive to bind the package together, and encapsulating to protect against moisture and other unwanted materials that can compromise electrical connectivity. NCF's are seen as an alternative to the more traditional capillary underfills, especially in devices with finer pitch, smaller gap, and larger size. Since the NCF can be applied to multiple devices simultaneously, this new technology has an advantage over capillary underfills in HVM. These film-type underfills can be applied to wafers (PAUF, WLUF, NCF) or substrates (PAUF, NCF). Two key attributes of any underfill are no voiding and high reliability. No voiding is an essential requirement for high reliability. Voiding in NCF materials can result from the lamination and thermocompression bonding (TCB) processes. Voiding under the die can manifest from a variety of causes, including some of the following: (1) volatilization of materials in the coating, (2) dimensional changes within the coating during processing, (3) poor fundamental conformation to surface topography during film lamination and (4) ineffective air release during TCB due to un-optimized material flow. Unwanted issues such as reduced adhesion, solder shorting, increased moisture uptake and reduced stress mitigation can result from the presence of voids in the NCF. Pressure cure after joining is one method for eliminating voids in NCF materials. An earlier version of the NCF discussed in this study required pressure to eliminate voids after TCB. Pressure curing, however, adds process steps and is not accepted by all manufacturers. An improved NCF formulation and bonding process has resulted in a void-free NCF that does not require pressure cure for void elimination. This improved version not only addresses voiding after bonding, but also it has been proven to be very reliable in the presence of extreme temperatures, high humidity and temperature cycling. No one test is sufficient to adequately determine the long term reliability of NCF materials so a battery of tests was run to conduct a comprehensive assessment. The reliability evaluation results demonstrate that this newly developed NCF exhibits not only no voiding after TCB without the need for pressure cure, but also high reliability to various forms of temperature and humidity stress testing.

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Seigneur, F., Y. Fournier, T. Maeder, P. Ryser, and J. Jacot. "Hermetic Package for Optical MEMS." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-6.1.32.

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This paper describes the design and fabrication of a hermetic LTCC package for an optical MEMS chip designed for space applications. The package ensured electrical and optical connections, mechanical positioning, atmosphere control, and finally low thermally induced stress on the MEMS during the final packaging operation. The package consisted of a 10-layer LTCC case with a recessed cavity for the MEMS chip, and a glass lid (with antireflection coating and thin-film metallization for soldering) for optical I/O. The chip was mechanically attached to the bottom of the cavity with a silicone adhesive, and electrically connected through gold wire bonds. The gold wire bonding pads were routed through the LTCC module to a MegArray BGA connector. Hermetic closure of the cavity was carried out by soldering the glass lid onto the case in a controlled atmosphere. The two main difficulties involved in such a package were the high electrical connection density (400 connections) and low-temperature hermetic sealing. LTCC design rules for small-pitch lines, thick- and thin-film materials selection, screen printing, lamination techniques, and soldering methods are described in this paper.

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Potrč, Sanja, Lidija Fras Zemljič, Meta Sterniša, Sonja Smole Možina, and Olivija Plohl. "Development of Biodegradable Whey-Based Laminate Functionalised by Chitosan–Natural Extract Formulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103668.

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In this research, antimicrobial polysaccharide chitosan and natural extracts were used as surface coating of a plastic laminate with an integrated whey layer on the inside. The aim was to establish the biodegradable and active concept of packaging laminates. For this purpose, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) with embedded rosemary or cinnamon extracts were synthesised and characterised. Additionally, a whey-based laminate was functionalised: i) chitosan macromolecular solution was applied as first layer and ii) cinnamon or rosemary extracts encapsulated in CSNPs were applied as upper layer (layer wise deposition). Such functionalised whey-based laminate was physicochemically characterized in terms of elemental surface composition, wettability, morphology and oxygen permeability. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium verrucosum. The antioxidant properties were determined using the ABTS assay. It could be shown that after functionalization of the films with the above-mentioned strategy, the wettability was improved. Furthermore, such whey-based laminates still show excellent barrier properties, good antimicrobial activity and a remarkable antioxidative activity. In addition to the improved biodegradability, this type of lamination could also have a positive effect on the shelf-life of products packaged in such structured films.

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Rokbani, Hajer, France Daigle, and Abdellah Ajji. "Long- and short-term antibacterial properties of low-density polyethylene-based films coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles for potential use in food packaging." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 35, no. 2 (January 2, 2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087918822677.

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Concerns in food safety and the need for high-quality foods have increased the demand for extending the shelf life of packaged foods. Subsequently, promoting and investigating the development of antibacterial materials for food packaging has become inevitable. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted attention lately owing to their multifunctional properties, especially antibacterial activity. For this study, antibacterial low-density polyethylene films were prepared by coating zinc oxide nanoparticles onto their surface. The low-density polyethylene film antibacterial activity was evaluated toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that using anhydride-modified low-density polyethylene (LDPE-g-AM) resin permitted improved zinc oxide nanoparticle distribution on the low-density polyethylene film surface, reduced the agglomerate sizes, and reinforced the zinc oxide nanoparticle bonding to the low-density polyethylene film surface. We found that the coated low-density polyethylene films exhibited high antibacterial activity against both strains. The antibacterial tests also proved that the coated films retained their antibacterial efficiency toward Escherichia coli, even after eight months, with a reduction rate higher than 99.9%, whereas for Staphylococcus aureus the antibacterial properties for the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films decreased at eight months and improved for the LDPE-g-AM films. When the zinc oxide coated films were laminated with neat low-density polyethylene, only the LDPE-g-AM was still active against E. coli provided that the lamination thickness does not go beyond 8 µm. This research demonstrated that the coated low-density polyethylene films have excellent attributes when used as an active coating in the food packaging industry.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Coating and lamination'

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