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RODRÍGUEZ, JORGE, PAT A. HUTCHINGS, and JANE E. WILLIAMSON. "Biodiversity of intertidal marine flatworms (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) in southeastern Australia." Zootaxa 5024, no. 1 (August 23, 2021): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5024.1.1.
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Flatworms of the Order Polycladida are a group of free-living invertebrates found in a diversity of marine habitats, with over 800 species described worldwide. Marine flatworms are a conspicuous component of Australia’s marine fauna yet have received little attention. Less than 30 scientific articles have been published on Australian marine flatworms since 1855, of which only nine include species from southeastern Australia. Here, the biodiversity and distribution of species belonging to the Order Polycladida inhabiting intertidal rocky beaches in southeastern Australian waters were identified and analysed. Sampling was conducted at low tide along the coasts of New South Wales and Victoria. Collected samples were serially sectioned for comparative anatomical studies, and tissue was removed from each individual for molecular sequencing and analyses. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences were obtained and used as an additional source of evidence for the description of new species as well as providing further insight into the phylogenetic relationships between them. A total of 20 species, six of which are new (e.g., Eulatocestus australis sp. nov.), and a new genus (Parabolia gen. nov.) have been described, as well as two new records for Australia (e.g., Stylochoplana clara Kato, 1937) have been identified increasing our knowledge of this important component of the Australian marine biota.
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Tobin, Skie, Phillip Reid, and Elaine Miles. "Annual climate summary Australia (2016): strong El Niño gives way to strong negative IOD." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 67, no. 2 (2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es17008.
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Australian climate patterns and associated anomalies during 2016 are reviewed, with reference to relevant climate drivers for the Australian region. 2016 was the fourth-warmest year on record for Australia (annual anomaly of +0.87 °C), and the warmest year on record for the globe (the third year running that a new record has been set). Annual rainfall was above average for most of Australia, but below average for areas of the northern coasts between the Gascoyne in Western Australia and Townsville in Queensland, and pockets of coastal southeast Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.The very strong 2015–16 El Niño contributed to a very warm and dry first quarter. Autumn was the warmest on record nationally, with a significant nationwide heatwave occurring in late February to mid-March and bushfires at the start of the year in Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia. In May the El Niño broke down and rainfall increased as a very strong negative Indian Ocean Dipole developed, lasting until November. While the central tropical Pacific approached La Niña thresholds during spring, a La Niña did not develop. The Southern Annual Mode commenced the year in a generally positive phase, was strongly positive in June and September, and was following by a strongly negative phase from late October until the end of the year.The period from May to September was record wet, relieving areas of drought in Queensland and southeastern Australia, but also causing flooding in multiple states. The last three months of the year saw a return to near-average rainfall and, while October and November were cooler than average for large areas, December was very warm for the eastern states.Ocean temperatures were also record warm for the Australian region during 2016, with an annual anomaly of +0.73 °C. Temperatures were particularly high during the first half of the year and resulted in widespread severe coral bleaching.
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MUNROE, THOMAS A. "The spotted flounder, Azygopus flemingi Nielsen 1961 (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), from deep waters off New Zealand: a second valid species of Azygopus Norman 1926, with notes on distribution, size, maturity, and ecology." Zootaxa 3297, no. 1 (May 2, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3297.1.1.
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Since its description, Azyygopus Norman, 1926 was considered by subsequent authors to be a monotypic genus in the Or-der Pleuronectiformes comprised only of A. pinnifasciatus Norman, 1926, known from deep waters (90–900 m, usually200–600 m) off the southern and southeastern coasts of Australia. In 1961, a subspecies, A. pinnifasciatus flemingi Niels-en, was described based on three specimens collected at 610 m in the Tasman Sea off the South Island, New Zealand. Fromits description to contemporary literature evaluating its status, recognition of A. p. flemingi as a distinct taxon has beenrejected by all but two studies reporting on Azygopus from New Zealand waters. Until the late 20th century, specimens ofAzygopus had been rarely collected off New Zealand and little was known about these fishes. Over the past 25 years, col-lecting by scientific expeditions and expanding deep-sea fisheries have captured over 195 specimens of Azygopus from avariety of deep-sea locations around New Zealand. Recently-captured specimens of Azygopus collected around New Zea-land and deposited in fish collections have been identified as either A. pinnifasciatus Norman or A. flemingi Nielsen, sug-gesting the possibility that two species of Azygopus occur in New Zealand waters. This study examined the holotype, aparatype, and 25 non-type specimens of A. pinnifasciatus collected off Australia, and the most comprehensive series ofspecimens of Azygopus collected from New Zealand waters. These specimens included the holotype and two paratypes ofA. p. flemingi and 191 other specimens collected from throughout the entire depth range (153–942 m) and representingwide coverage of geographic areas around New Zealand where Azygopus have been collected. Comparisons of these spec-imens indicate that a second species, A. flemingi Nielsen, should be recognized in the genus Azygopus, and that this speciesis the only member of this genus occurring in New Zealand waters. Azygopus flemingi is readily distinguished from A.pinnifasciatus by conspicuous differences in ocularand blind-side color patterns, in numbers of ocular-side pelvic-finrays, total vertebrae, lateral-line scales, and gillrakers on the first gill arch, morphology of blind-side scales and squama-tion patterns, length of blind-side pectoral fins, presence/absence of scales between upper jaw and ventral margin of lowereye, and pigment patterns on dorsal and anal fins of adults. Adult A. flemingi and A. pinnifasciatus are sexually dimorphic in several features. Data on maximum size and size at maturity, and depth of occurrence are summarized for A. flemingi.
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Nürnberg, Dirk, Akintunde Kayode, Karl J. F. Meier, and Cyrus Karas. "Leeuwin Current dynamics over the last 60 kyr – relation to Australian ecosystem and Southern Ocean change." Climate of the Past 18, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2483–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-2483-2022.
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Abstract. The Leeuwin Current, flowing southward along the western coast of Australia, is an important conduit for the poleward heat transport and inter-ocean water exchange between the tropical and the subantarctic ocean areas. Its past development and its relationship to Southern Ocean change and Australian ecosystem response is, however, largely unknown. Here we reconstruct sea surface and thermocline temperatures and salinities from foraminiferal-based Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotopes from areas offshore of southwestern and southeastern Australia, reflecting the Leeuwin Current dynamics over the last 60 kyr. Their variability resembles the biomass burning development in Australasia from ∼60–20 ka BP, implying that climate-modulated changes related to the Leeuwin Current most likely affected Australian vegetational and fire regimes. Particularly during ∼60–43 ka BP, the warmest thermocline temperatures point to a strongly developed Leeuwin Current during Antarctic cool periods when the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) weakened. The pronounced centennial-scale variations in Leeuwin Current strength appear to be in line with the migrations of the Southern Hemisphere frontal system and are captured by prominent changes in the Australian megafauna biomass. We argue that the concerted action of a rapidly changing Leeuwin Current, the ecosystem response in Australia, and human interference since ∼50 BP enhanced the ecological stress on the Australian megafauna until its extinction at ∼43 ka BP. While being weakest during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the deglacial Leeuwin Current intensified at times of poleward migrations of the Subtropical Front (STF). During the Holocene, the thermocline off southern Australia was considerably shallower compared to the short-term glacial and deglacial periods of Leeuwin Current intensification.
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Brown, Jaclyn N., Peter C. McIntosh, Michael J. Pook, and James S. Risbey. "An Investigation of the Links between ENSO Flavors and Rainfall Processes in Southeastern Australia." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 3786–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3066.1.
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Abstract The causes of rainfall variations in southeastern Australia associated with three key El Niño years (1982, 1997, and 2002) are explored. Whereas 1982 and 2002 were exceptionally dry years, 1997 had near-average rainfall. These variations in rainfall can be explained by changes in the behavior of cutoff low pressure systems. Although each year had a similar number of cutoff low events, 1997 had higher rainfall per cutoff low event when compared with the other years. In particular, rain in 1997 is attributable to five large wet events from cutoff low pressure systems. In each of these wet events, the moist air originated from the marine boundary layer off the coast of northeastern Australia. Cutoff lows in 1982 and 2002 were much drier and did not draw in moist air from the northeastern coast. In typical classifications, 1982 and 1997 are grouped together as “canonical” El Niños whereas 2002 is a Modoki El Niño. The results presented here imply that these groupings are not definitive in explaining variations in southeastern Australian rainfall.
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Chubb, Thomas H., Steven T. Siems, and Michael J. Manton. "On the Decline of Wintertime Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains of Southeastern Australia." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-10-05021.1.
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Abstract Data from a precipitation gauge network in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern Australia have been analyzed to produce a new climatology of wintertime precipitation and airmass history for the region in the period 1990–2009. Precipitation amounts on the western slopes and in the high elevations (>1000 m) of the Snowy Mountains region have experienced a decline in precipitation in excess of the general decline in southeastern Australia. The contrast in the decline east and west of the ranges suggests that factors influencing orographic precipitation are of particular importance. A synoptic decomposition of precipitation events has been performed, which demonstrates that about 57% of the wintertime precipitation may be attributed to storms associated with “cutoff lows” (equatorward of 45°S). A further 40% was found to be due to “embedded lows,” with the remainder due to Australian east coast lows and several other sporadically occurring events. The declining trend in wintertime precipitation over the past two decades is most clearly seen in the intensity of precipitation due to cutoff lows and coincides with a decline in the number of systems associated with a cold frontal passage. Airmass history during precipitation events was represented by back trajectories calculated from ECMWF Interim Reanalysis data, and statistics of air parcel position were related to observations of precipitation intensity. This approach gives insight into sources of moisture during wintertime storms, identifying “moisture corridors,” which are typically important for transport of water vapor from remote sources to the Snowy Mountains region. The prevalence of these moisture corridors is associated with the southern annular mode, which corresponds to fluctuations in the strength of the westerly winds in southeastern Australia.
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Khouakhi, Abdou, Gabriele Villarini, and Gabriel A. Vecchi. "Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to Rainfall at the Global Scale." Journal of Climate 30, no. 1 (January 2017): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0298.1.
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This study quantifies the relative contribution of tropical cyclones (TCs) to annual, seasonal, and extreme rainfall and examines the connection between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the occurrence of extreme TC-induced rainfall across the globe. The authors use historical 6-h best-track TC datasets and daily precipitation data from 18 607 global rain gauges with at least 25 complete years of data between 1970 and 2014. The highest TC-induced rainfall totals occur in East Asia (>400 mm yr−1) and northeastern Australia (>200 mm yr−1), followed by the southeastern United States and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (100–150 mm yr−1). Fractionally, TCs account for 35%–50% of the mean annual rainfall in northwestern Australia, southeastern China, the northern Philippines, and Baja California, Mexico. Seasonally, between 40% and 50% of TC-induced rain is recorded along the western coast of Australia and in islands of the south Indian Ocean in the austral summer and in East Asia and Mexico in boreal summer and fall. In terms of extremes, using annual maximum and peak-over-threshold approaches, the highest proportions of TC-induced rainfall are found in East Asia, followed by Australia and North and Central America, with fractional contributions generally decreasing farther inland from the coast. The relationship between TC-induced extreme rainfall and ENSO reveals that TC-induced extreme rainfall tends to occur more frequently in Australia and along the U.S. East Coast during La Niña and in East Asia and the northwestern Pacific islands during El Niño.
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Bryant, E. A., R. W. Young, and D. M. Price. "Evidence of Tsunami Sedimentation on the Southeastern Coast of Australia." Journal of Geology 100, no. 6 (November 1992): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629626.
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GUNTER, NICOLE L., and THOMAS A. WEIR. "Revision of Australian species of the dung beetle genus Lepanus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): review of the L. ustulatus, L. storeyi, and L. nitidus species groups and description of eight new species." Zootaxa 4923, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4923.1.1.
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This publication is the third part of an ongoing revision of Australian species of the genus Lepanus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and revises three species groups. Keys to species within the L. ustulatus, L. storeyi, and L. nitidus species groups are provided and eight new species are described. Within the L. ustulatus species group, L. ustulatus (Lansberge, 1874) and L. globulus (Macleay, 1887) are redescribed and three new species are described: Lepanus cameroni new species from Cape York Peninsula, far north Queensland; Lepanus cardwellensis new species from the Australian Wet Tropics, northern Queensland; and Lepanus lemannae new species from the Australian Wet Tropics to the Central Mackay Coast, Queensland. Within the L. storeyi species group, L. storeyi Weir & Monteith, 2010 is redescribed and two new species are described: Lepanus meierae new species from southeastern Queensland to Wollongong, New South Wales and Lepanus williamsi new species from eastern New South Wales. Within the L. nitidus species group, L. nitidus Matthews 1974 and L. dichrous Gillet, 1925 are redescribed and three new species are described: Lepanus vangerweni new species, Lepanus carbinensis new species, and Lepanus kulki new species from the Australian Wet Tropics, northern Queensland. Following these descriptions, a total of 50 Lepanus species are now described from Australia.
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Jones, A. T., and C. L. Mader. "Wave erosion on the southeastern coast of Australia: Tsunami propagation modelling." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 4 (August 1996): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099608728269.
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Ribbat, Nina, Moninya Roughan, Brian Powell, Shivanesh Rao, and Colette Gabrielle Kerry. "Transport variability over the Hawkesbury Shelf (31.5–34.5°S) driven by the East Australian Current." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0241622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241622.
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The Hawkesbury Bioregion located off southeastern Australia (31.5–34.5oS) is a region of highly variable circulation. The region spans the typical separation point of the East Australian Current (EAC), the western boundary current that dominates the flow along the coast of SE Australia. It lies adjacent to a known ocean warming hotspot in the Tasman Sea, and is a region of high productivity. However, we have limited understanding of the circulation, temperature regimes and shelf transport in this region, and the drivers of variability. We configure a high resolution (750m) numerical model for the Hawkesbury Shelf region nested inside 2 data assimilating models of decreasing resolution, to obtain the best estimate of the shelf circulation and transport over a 2-yr period (2012–2013). Here we show that the transport is driven by the mesoscale EAC circulation that strengthens in summer and is related to the separation of the EAC jet from the coast. Transport estimates show strong offshore export is a maximum between 32-33oS. Median offshore transports range 2.5–8.4Sv seasonally and are a maximum during in summer driven by the separation of the EAC jet from the coast. The transport is more variable downstream of the EAC separation, driven by the EAC eddy field. Onshore transport occurs more frequently off Sydney 33.5–34.5oS; seasonal medians range -1.7 to 2.3Sv, with an onshore maximum in winter. The region is biologically productive, and it is a known white shark nursery area despite the dominance of the oligotrophic western boundary current. Hence an understanding of the drivers of circulation and cross-shelf exchange is important.
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Cupper, Matthew Linden. "Quaternary strandplain and dunefield evolution on the Victorian central coast, southeastern Australia." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.454.
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Bowden, D., and R. W. Rogers. "Protasparagus densiflorus: an environmental weed of coastal vegetation reserves." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (1995): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960293.
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Protasparagus densiflorus, a native of southern Africa, has become established in Australian coastal vegetation from Noosa Heads to Batehaven, a range of at least 1 200 km of the coast of eastern Australia. Plants fruit prolifically, the seeds have no endogenous dormancy, and are viable while the fruit is still immature. Germination is retarded in the light when compared with that in the dark, but temperature fluctuations appear not to influence germination rates. When exposed to a 9�C day-night temperature variation germination was successful in the range of minimum temperatures from 9� to 26�C, with an apparent optimum at 23�C. Temperatures suited to germination are therefore available to the species in every month of the year in a coastal subtropical climate. Tubers formed on the roots of seedlings 9?14 days after germination. Tubers increased the probability of plants surviving air-dry for six days on plants which were 16 days old. Detailed studies in two small coastal conservation reserves in southeastern Queensland showed different distribution patterns. Dispersal of the species appears to be anthropogenic, by birds and perhaps by lizards. Protasparagus densiflorus is a threat to the conservation value of coastal vegetation in some of the most densely populated regions of eastern Australia.
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Wilde, Brendan C., Susan Rutherford, Jia-Yee S. Yap, and Maurizio Rossetto. "Allele Surfing and Holocene Expansion of an Australian Fig (Ficus—Moraceae)." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060250.
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The creek sandpaper fig of southeastern Australia, Ficus coronata Spin, is culturally significant to Australian traditional owners who made use of the leaves to smooth timber and ate the fruit. The species is thought to have a long history on the continent, with some suggesting a Gondwanan origin. However, distributional patterns and overall ecology suggest a recent expansion across suitable habitats. We used landscape genomic techniques and environmental niche modelling to reconstruct its history and explore whether the species underwent a recent and rapid expansion along the east coast of New South Wales. Genomic analysis of 178 specimens collected from 32 populations throughout the species’ New South Wales distribution revealed a lack of genetic diversity and population structure. Some populations at the species’ southern and western range limits displayed unexpected diversity, which appears to be the result of allele surfing. Field work and genetic evidence suggest a Holocene expansion which may have increased since European colonisation. We also present a novel method for detecting allele surfing—MAHF (minor allele at highest frequency).
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Bedka, Kristopher M., John T. Allen, Heinz Jurgen Punge, Michael Kunz, and Denis Simanovic. "A Long-Term Overshooting Convective Cloud-Top Detection Database over Australia Derived from MTSAT Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 4 (April 2018): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0056.1.
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ABSTRACTA 10-yr geostationary (GEO) overshooting cloud-top (OT) detection database using Multifunction Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager (JAMI) observations has been developed over the Australian region. GEO satellite imagers collect spatially and temporally detailed observations of deep convection, providing insight into the development and evolution of hazardous storms, particularly where surface observations of hazardous storms and deep convection are sparse and ground-based radar or lightning sensor networks are limited. Hazardous storms often produce one or more OTs that indicate the location of strong updrafts where weather hazards are typically concentrated, which can cause substantial impacts on the ground such as hail, damaging winds, tornadoes, and lightning and to aviation such as turbulence and in-flight icing. The 10-yr OT database produced using an automated OT detection algorithm is demonstrated for analysis of storm frequency, diurnally, spatially, and seasonally relative to known features such as the Australian monsoon, expected regions of hazardous storms along the southeastern coastal regions of southern Queensland and New South Wales, and the preferential extratropical cyclone track along the Indian Ocean and southern Australian coast. A filter based on atmospheric instability, deep-layer wind shear, and freezing level was used to identify OTs that could have produced hail. The filtered OT database is used to generate a hail frequency estimate that identifies a region extending from north of Brisbane to Sydney and the Goldfields–Esperance region of eastern Western Australia as the most hail-prone regions.
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Vinayachandran, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon, Yukio Masumoto, Michael J. Roberts, Jenny A. Huggett, Issufo Halo, Abhisek Chatterjee, Prakash Amol, et al. "Reviews and syntheses: Physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the Indian Ocean." Biogeosciences 18, no. 22 (November 23, 2021): 5967–6029. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5967-2021.
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Abstract. The Indian Ocean presents two distinct climate regimes. The north Indian Ocean is dominated by the monsoons, whereas the seasonal reversal is less pronounced in the south. The prevailing wind pattern produces upwelling along different parts of the coast in both hemispheres during different times of the year. Additionally, dynamical processes and eddies either cause or enhance upwelling. This paper reviews the phenomena of upwelling along the coast of the Indian Ocean extending from the tip of South Africa to the southern tip of the west coast of Australia. Observed features, underlying mechanisms, and the impact of upwelling on the ecosystem are presented. In the Agulhas Current region, cyclonic eddies associated with Natal pulses drive slope upwelling and enhance chlorophyll concentrations along the continental margin. The Durban break-away eddy spun up by the Agulhas upwells cold nutrient-rich water. Additionally, topographically induced upwelling occurs along the inshore edges of the Agulhas Current. Wind-driven coastal upwelling occurs along the south coast of Africa and augments the dynamical upwelling in the Agulhas Current. Upwelling hotspots along the Mozambique coast are present in the northern and southern sectors of the channel and are ascribed to dynamical effects of ocean circulation in addition to wind forcing. Interaction of mesoscale eddies with the western boundary, dipole eddy pair interactions, and passage of cyclonic eddies cause upwelling. Upwelling along the southern coast of Madagascar is caused by the Ekman wind-driven mechanism and by eddy generation and is inhibited by the Southwest Madagascar Coastal Current. Seasonal upwelling along the East African coast is primarily driven by the northeast monsoon winds and enhanced by topographically induced shelf breaking and shear instability between the East African Coastal Current and the island chains. The Somali coast presents a strong case for the classical Ekman type of upwelling; such upwelling can be inhibited by the arrival of deeper thermocline signals generated in the offshore region by wind stress curl. Upwelling is nearly uniform along the coast of Arabia, caused by the alongshore component of the summer monsoon winds and modulated by the arrival of Rossby waves generated in the offshore region by cyclonic wind stress curl. Along the west coast of India, upwelling is driven by coastally trapped waves together with the alongshore component of the monsoon winds. Along the southern tip of India and Sri Lanka, the strong Ekman transport drives upwelling. Upwelling along the east coast of India is weak and occurs during summer, caused by alongshore winds. In addition, mesoscale eddies lead to upwelling, but the arrival of river water plumes inhibits upwelling along this coast. Southeasterly winds drive upwelling along the coast of Sumatra and Java during summer, with Kelvin wave propagation originating from the equatorial Indian Ocean affecting the magnitude and extent of the upwelling. Both El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events cause large variability in upwelling here. Along the west coast of Australia, which is characterized by the anomalous Leeuwin Current, southerly winds can cause sporadic upwelling, which is prominent along the southwest, central, and Gascoyne coasts during summer. Open-ocean upwelling in the southern tropical Indian Ocean and within the Sri Lanka Dome is driven primarily by the wind stress curl but is also impacted by Rossby wave propagations. Upwelling is a key driver enhancing biological productivity in all sectors of the coast, as indicated by enhanced sea surface chlorophyll concentrations. Additional knowledge at varying levels has been gained through in situ observations and model simulations. In the Mozambique Channel, upwelling simulates new production and circulation redistributes the production generated by upwelling and mesoscale eddies, leading to observations of higher ecosystem impacts along the edges of eddies. Similarly, along the southern Madagascar coast, biological connectivity is influenced by the transport of phytoplankton from upwelling zones. Along the coast of Kenya, both productivity rates and zooplankton biomass are higher during the upwelling season. Along the Somali coast, accumulation of upwelled nutrients in the northern part of the coast leads to spatial heterogeneity in productivity. In contrast, productivity is more uniform along the coasts of Yemen and Oman. Upwelling along the west coast of India has several biogeochemical implications, including oxygen depletion, denitrification, and high production of CH4 and dimethyl sulfide. Although weak, wind-driven upwelling leads to significant enhancement of phytoplankton in the northwest Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon. Along the Sumatra and Java coasts, upwelling affects the phytoplankton composition and assemblages. Dissimilarities in copepod assemblages occur during the upwelling periods along the west coast of Australia. Phytoplankton abundance characterizes inshore edges of the slope during upwelling season, and upwelling eddies are associated with krill abundance. The review identifies the northern coast of the Arabian Sea and eastern coasts of the Bay of Bengal as the least observed sectors. Additionally, sustained long-term observations with high temporal and spatial resolutions along with high-resolution modelling efforts are recommended for a deeper understanding of upwelling, its variability, and its impact on the ecosystem.
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GÉNIER, FRANÇOIS, and ADRIAN L. V. DAVIS. "Digitonthophagus gazella auctorum: an unfortunate case of mistaken identity for a widely introduced species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini)." Zootaxa 4221, no. 4 (January 19, 2017): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4221.4.8.
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At risk of committing entomological heresy, we question the identity of a dung-burying beetle species that originates from Africa and has been introduced first into Hawaii and subsequently to Australasia, North America, and South America (Fincher 1986; Edwards 2007; Noriega et al. 2010) for pasture improvement and biological control of dung-breeding flies (Waterhouse 1974; Bornemissza 1979). Under the name Onthophagus gazella (Fabricius 1787), it was the first species selected for introduction into Australia by the CSIRO Dung Beetle Project (Bornemissza 1976; Edwards 2007). Firstly, in 1968, a "tropical strain" was introduced from Hawaii where it had become established after introduction from Zimbabwe in 1957 (Markin & Yoshioka 1998). Later, after establishment of the CSIRO Dung Beetle Research Unit in Pretoria in 1970, a "cold" or "even rainfall strain" was introduced into Australia directly from South Africa (Bornemissza 1976) (even rainfall region = south coast of Eastern Cape). The species was subsequently introduced into the southern continental United States of America (Victoria County, Texas) from Hawaii (Montes de Oca & Halffter 1998) then elsewhere into southeastern and southwestern states from Hawaii and breeding colonies from Australia (Anderson & Loomis 1978). It has since expanded its range through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to coastal Colombia (Kohlmann 1994; Noriega 2002; Noriega et al. 2006, 2011). Expansion of its range within central southern South America (Noriega et al. 2010) has been assisted by introductions into Brazil from the United States of America since the 1980s (Bianchin et al. 1998), and others into Venezuela and Chile (Vidaurre et al. 2008). More recently, it has been introduced into quarantine and field trials in New Zealand (Forgie et al. 2013) using individuals originating from the south coast of the Eastern Cape and Northwest Province of South Africa (S. Forgie, personal communication).
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Dickman, CR, DH King, M. Adams, and PR Baverstock. "Electrophoretic Identification of a New Species of Antechinus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) in Southeastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 4 (1988): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880455.
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Two electrophoretically distinct but morphologically cryptic forms of Antechinus 'stuartii', designated 'northern' and 'southern', occur together at Kioloa on the southern coast of New South Wales. These forms are distinguished by fixed allele differences in three proteins (albumin, glycollate oxidase and mannosephosphate isomerase) and by differences in allele frequencies for transferrin, and are separated by a Nei D of 0.11. The two forms are reproductively isolated in sympatry at Kioloa by asynchrony in the timing of reproduction, and may be considered separate biological species. Northern form populations were identified by screening for albumin and transferrin in seven localities on the central coast of New South Wales north of Kioloa. Southern form populations were identified similarly in 13 localities south of Kioloa and inland along the Great Dividing Range, and at a further locality in southern Victoria. Ovulation occurs at different rates of change of photoperiod in the two species, and may ensure that reproductive isolation is maintained in all potential areas of sympatry. The northern form represents A. stuartii sensu stricto and ranges from Kioloa north into south-eastern Queensland. The southern form is an undescribed species of Antechinus that appears to be widely distributed throughout southern New South Wales and Victoria.
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Santos, Marcos César de Oliveira, Salvatore Siciliano, André Fabiano de Castro Vicente, Fernando Siqueira Alvarenga, Émerson Zampirolli, Shirley Pacheco de Souza, and Andréa Maranho. "Cetacean records along São Paulo state coast, Southeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 58, no. 2 (June 2010): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592010000200004.
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The São Paulo state (SP) coast (23º18'S, 44º42'W; 25º14'S, 48º01'W) is of approximately 600 km in length, bordering the Western Atlantic Ocean, in southeastern Brazil. Cetacean sightings and strandings have long been observed throughout this area. Scattered data from scientific publications, skeletal remains in museums, photographs and articles from newspaper files, universities and aquaria have been organised and updated since 1993. Field investigations on strandings and sightings have also been conducted. A total of 29 cetacean species have been recorded, including 7 baleen whales (Mysticeti) and 22 toothed whales (Odontoceti), as follows: Balaenoptera physalus, B. borealis, B. edeni, B. acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Eubalaena australis, Physeter macrocephalus, Kogia breviceps, K. sima, Berardius arnuxii, Mesoplodon europaeus, M. mirus, Ziphius cavirostris, Orcinus orca, Feresa attenuata, Globicephala melas, G. macrorhynchus, Pseudorca crassidens, Delphinus capensis, Lagenodelphis hosei, Steno bredanensis, Tursiops truncatus, Stenella frontalis, S. longirostris, S. coeruleoalba, Lissodelphis peronii, Sotalia guianensis and Pontoporia blainvillei. Several species have been observed only once and include strays from their areas of common distribution, as well as species with known preferences for offshore distribution. Others, such as P. blainvillei and S. guianensis, are common coastal dwellers year-round. Z. cavirostris, P. crassidens and L. hosei are reported for the first time on the SP coast.
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Mouat, Asher P., Clare Paton-Walsh, Jack B. Simmons, Jhonathan Ramirez-Gamboa, David W. T. Griffith, and Jennifer Kaiser. "Measurement report: Observations of long-lived volatile organic compounds from the 2019–2020 Australian wildfires during the COALA campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 11033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11033-2022.
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Abstract. In 2019–2020, Australia experienced its largest wildfire season on record. Smoke covered hundreds of square kilometers across the southeastern coast and reached the site of the COALA-2020 (Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia) field campaign in New South Wales. Using a subset of nighttime observations made by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), we calculate emission ratios (ERs) and factors (EFs) for 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We restrict our analysis to VOCs with sufficiently long lifetimes to be minimally impacted by oxidation over the ∼ 8 h between when the smoke was emitted and when it arrived at the field site. We use oxidized VOC to VOC ratios to assess the total amount of radical oxidation: maleic anhydride / furan to assess OH oxidation, and (cis-2-butenediol + furanone) / furan to assess NO3 oxidation. We examine time series of O3 and NO2 given their closely linked chemistry with wildfire plumes and observe their trends during the smoke event. Then we compare ERs calculated from the freshest portion of the plume to ERs calculated using the entire nighttime period. Finding good agreement between the two, we are able to extend our analysis to VOCs measured in more chemically aged portions of the plume. Our analysis provides ERs and EFs for six compounds not previously reported for temperate forests in Australia: acrolein (a compound with significant health impacts), methyl propanoate, methyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, benzaldehyde, and creosol. We compare our results with two studies in similar Australian biomes, and two studies focused on US temperate forests. We find over half of our EFs are within a factor of 2.5 relative to those presented in Australian biome studies, with nearly all within a factor of 5, indicating reasonable agreement. For US-focused studies, we find similar results with over half our EFs within a factor of 2.5, and nearly all within a factor of 5, again indicating reasonably good agreement. This suggests that comprehensive field measurements of biomass burning VOC emissions in other regions may be applicable to Australian temperate forests. Finally, we quantify the magnitude attributable to the primary compounds contributing to OH reactivity from this plume, finding results comparable to several US-based wildfire and laboratory studies.
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Niella, Y., AF Smoothey, V. Peddemors, and R. Harcourt. "Predicting changes in distribution of a large coastal shark in the face of the strengthening East Australian Current." Marine Ecology Progress Series 642 (May 28, 2020): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13322.
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In the face of accelerating climate change, conservation strategies will need to consider how marine animals deal with forecast environmental change as well as ongoing threats. We used 10 yr (2009-2018) of data from commercial fisheries and a bather protection program along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), southeastern Australia, to investigate (1) spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence in bull sharks and (2) environmental factors affecting bull shark occurrence along the coast of NSW. Predicted future distribution for this species was modelled for the forecast strengthening East Australian Current. Bull sharks were mostly harvested in small to larger estuaries, with average depth and rainfall responsible for contrasting patterns for each of the fisheries. There was an increase in the occurrence of bull sharks over the last decade, particularly among coastal setline fisheries, associated with seasonal availability of thermal gradients >22°C and both westward and southward coastal currents stronger than 0.15 and 0.60 m s-1, respectively, during the austral summer. Our model predicts a 3 mo increase in the availability of favourable water temperatures along the entire coast of NSW for bull sharks by 2030. This coastline provides a uniquely favourable topography for range expansion in the face of a southerly shift of warmer waters, and habitat is unlikely to be a limiting factor for bull sharks in the future. Such a southerly shift in distribution has implications for the management of bull sharks both in commercial fisheries and for mitigation of shark-human interactions.
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Scott, D. B. "FORAMINIFERIDA AND OSTRACODA FROM ESTUARINE AND SHELF ENVIRONMENTS ON THE SOUTHEASTERN COAST OF AUSTRALIA." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 26, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.26.3.273.
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Siciliano, S., M. L. V. Barbosa-Filho, and L. R. Oliveira. "Human consumption of a vagrant South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis (Carnivora: Otariidae) in Brazil." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 4 (April 26, 2016): 8728. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2525.8.4.8728-8731.
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The South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis is one of the most widely distributed South American otariid species. In Brazil, during austral winter months specimens of A. australis are regularly found along the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina coasts. Occasionally, vagrants have been recorded along the southeastern coast but rarely moves north of Rio de Janeiro, at 23°S. On 01 May 2015, fishermen noticed in the surf zone an unidentified large animal in Ilhéus, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Severely wounded, it was still alive when first spotted. Numerous shark bites were observed in the rostrum and flippers, the peduncle was severely lacerated and the intestines were protruding. The specimen was identified as an adult of South American Fur Seal based on the combination of the characteristic coloration of the pelage, head shape, body size, the relatively large eye size, and mainly due to the pronounced three cusped teeth in post canines. Fishermen decided to butcher the carcass and share the meat among their companions. The present record, however, is of special concern as human consumption South American Fur Seal seems to be unusual in Brazil. Pieces of meat were shared among fishermen. In addition, small pieces of blubber were used as bait in the local shark long-line fishery. Consumption of an injured and presumably weak marine mammal carcass points to an increasing risk of contact between potentially harmful viruses, bacteria and fungi and humans. This note represents an alert to public health specialists and wildlife authorities in Brazil. It calls the urgency of an outreach campaign advertising to the potential risks of ingesting bushmeat either from land or aquatic sources.
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Flentje, Phil, Connor Larkin, Damian Mulcahy, Larissa Hettiarachchi, Dan Horan, James Cox, Stuart Milling, Peter Tobin, and Kevin Bogie. "A Photographic Essay on Landslides Across Southeastern New South Wales Triggered by the Rainfull Events of 2022." Australian Geomechanics Journal 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56295/agj5736.
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Eastern Australia has experienced a significant magnitude rainfall event of extended duration in the first 7 months of 2022. Across the east coast of New South Wales (NSW) a series of troughs and East Coast Lows occurred during a La Nina weather cycle bringing above average rainfall to the region. As this first half of 2022 La Nina event was drawing to a close the Indian Ocean Dipole entered a negative phase which coincided with another intense East Coast Low in early July 2022 impacting the Illawarra region of NSW. These events caused widespread flooding and significant landslide damage to road and rail infrastructure across the state networks and local government infrastructure across NSW. During this extended wet period in the first 7 months of 2022 more than 200 landslides have been recorded across the Illawarra, Southern Highlands and Blue Mountains regions of NSW whilst many more have occurred across the north coast region. This paper presents a brief and albeit preliminary summary of the rainfall and provides a series of photographs with very brief descriptions of some of these landslide events within southeastern NSW. The intent of the paper is to provide early guidance to AGS members of the nature and form of landslides that have occurred across the Illawarra region. This paper does not discuss the dual fatality resulting from the Wentworth Falls area rockfall of the 5th April.
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OHMORI, Hiroo, Kunihiko ENDO, Yo UESUGI, and Masuoki HORIKOSHI. "Stratigraphy and geomorphologic history of Holocene dunefield near Millicent along the southeastern coast of South Australia." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 96, no. 1 (1987): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.96.1.
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Lin, ZhongDa, Yun Li, Yong Liu, and AiXue Hu. "The Decadal Reduction of Southeastern Australian Autumn Rainfall since the Early 1990s: A Response to Sea Surface Temperature Warming in the Subtropical South Pacific." Journal of Climate 33, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 2249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0686.1.
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AbstractRainfall in southeastern Australia (SEA) decreased substantially in the austral autumn (March–May) of the 1990s and 2000s. The observed autumn rainfall reduction has been linked to the climate change–induced poleward shift of the subtropical dry zone across SEA and natural multidecadal variations. However, the underlying physical processes responsible for the SEA drought are still not fully understood. This study highlights the role of sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the subtropical South Pacific (SSP) in the autumn rainfall reduction in SEA since the early 1990s. The warmer SSP SST enhances rainfall to the northwest in the southern South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ); the latter triggers a divergent overturning circulation with the subsidence branch over the eastern coast of Australia. As such, the subsidence increases the surface pressure over Australia, intensifies the subtropical ridge, and reduces the rainfall in SEA. This mechanism is further confirmed by the result of a sensitivity experiment using an atmospheric general circulation model. Moreover, this study further indicates that global warming and natural multidecadal variability contribute approximately 44% and 56%, respectively, of the SST warming in the SSP since the early 1990s.
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ZHANG, JINGHUAI, PAT HUTCHINGS, and ELENA KUPRIYANOVA. "A revision of the genus Petta Malmgren, 1866 (Annelida: Pectinariidae), with two new species from deep waters of southeastern Australia, and comments on phylogeny of the family." Zootaxa 4614, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4614.2.3.
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Petta Malmgren, 1866 is a small and poorly known genus of the annelid family Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1866. Prior to this study, the genus comprised four species P. pusilla Malmgren, 1866 (type locality Gullmarsfjord, west coast of Sweden), P. assimilis McIntosh, 1885 (type locality between Prince Edward and Kerguelen Island, southern Indian Ocean), P. pellucida (Ehlers, 1887) (type locality Santarem Channel between Cay Sal Bank and Bahamas, Caribbean Sea) and P. tenuis Caullery, 1944 (type locality Sulu, Philippines, tropical Pacific Ocean), the two last ones were known only from the original description. We revised the genus by re-examining the types and providing updated illustrated re-descriptions of its species, except for P. assimilis of which the type material has been lost. Commonly used morphological characters of the genus are expanded to also include new ones such as the presence of pair of lateral ear-shaped lobes adjacent to dorsal base of cephalic veil, pair of ventral lappets on segment 1, pair of dorso-lateral pads on segment 5, large basal hump on branchiae, and a rounded anterior peg with a blunt tip and a longitudinal row of two major teeth on uncini. The type species P. pusilla is recognised as having four lappets on the anterior margins of cephalic veil and a large lower lip posterior to buccal cavity. Two species P. investigatoris n. sp. and P. williamsonae n. sp. are described from deep water off the coast of southeastern Australia and represent the first records of this genus in Australian waters. A phylogenetic position of one new species was assessed in the framework of a phylogeny based on a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI). An updated taxonomic key to Pectinariidae genera and all species of Petta is given.
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Smith, Grant A. "Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (autumn 2017): the Great Barrier Reef experiences coral bleaching during El Niño–Southern Oscillation neutral conditions." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19006.
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Austral autumn 2017 was classified as neutral in terms of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), although tropical rainfall and sub-surface Pacific Ocean temperature anomalies were indicative of a weak La Niña. Despite this, autumn 2017 was anomalously warm formost of Australia, consistent with the warming trend that has been observed for the last several decades due to global warming. The mean temperatures for Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australiawere all amongst the top 10. The mean maximum temperature for all of Australia was seventh warmest on record, and amongst the top 10 for all states but Western Australia, with a region of warmest maximum temperature on record in western Queensland. The mean minimum temperature was also above average nationally, and amongst top 10 for Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. In terms of rainfall, there were very mixed results, with wetter than average for the east coast, western Victoria and parts of Western Australia, and drier than average for western Tasmania, western Queensland, the southeastern portion of the Northern Territory and the far western portion of Western Australia. Dry conditions in Tasmania and southwest Western Australia were likely due to a positive Southern Annular Mode, and the broader west coast and central dry conditions were likely due to cooler eastern Indian Ocean sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) that limited the supply of moisture available to the atmosphere across the country. Other significant events during autumn 2017 were the coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), cyclone Debbie andmuch lower than average Antarctic sea-ice extent. Coral bleaching in the GBR is usually associated on broad scales with strong El Niño events but is becoming more common in ENSO neutral years due to global warming. The southern GBR was saved from warm SST anomalies by severe tropical cyclone Debbie which caused ocean cooling in late March and flooding in Queensland and New SouthWales. The Antarctic sea-ice extent was second lowest on record for autumn, with the March extent being lowest on record.
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Geraghty, Pascal T., William G. Macbeth, Alastair V. Harry, Jacqueline E. Bell, Michelle N. Yerman, and Jane E. Williamson. "Age and growth parameters for three heavily exploited shark species off temperate eastern Australia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (November 13, 2013): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst164.
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Abstract The removal of large predatory sharks from the world's oceans poses profound threats to marine community structure and species conservation. Effective management of exploited shark stocks requires a sound understanding of the life histories of target species. Here we provide the first assessment of age and growth for Carcharhinus brevipinna in Australian waters, and for C. obscurus and C. plumbeus in eastern Australian waters, based on interpretations of vertebral growth bands. In doing so, we provide arguably among the most robust growth parameters to date for the abovementioned taxa on the bases of genetic validation and sample size and distribution, but acknowledge equally a range of limitations—most notably those associated with vertebral ageing and our lack of age validation. Comparatively, the three species displayed both contrasts and consistencies in their growth characteristics off Australia's southeast coast. For all three sharks, rates of growth were greatest in the years immediately after birth, males grew more rapidly than females in the juvenile phase, and females were observed to grow larger, live longer and were generally larger at any given age. Longevity and all modelled growth parameters (L∞, k and L0), however, differed among the three species, and appeared to challenge the findings for conspecific populations in other parts of the world. The validity of these latter comparisons is, however, compromised by a range of confounding factors. Nevertheless, we provide the least conservative k estimates for C. obscurus and C. plumbeus of those previously reported, and extend maximum age estimates for C. brevipinna. In this way, our results have important implications for the assessment of natural mortality, productivity, and hence resilience to stock depletion, in these species in southeastern Australian waters.
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Smith, Andrew J., and Stephen J. Gallagher. "The Recent foraminifera and facies of the Bass Canyon: a temperate submarine canyon in Gippsland, Australia." Journal of Micropalaeontology 22, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.22.1.63.
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Abstract. This study describes the foraminifera and facies of a large submarine canyon: the Bass Canyon, in the Gippsland Basin off the coast of southeastern Australia. The study incorporates facies analyses and interpretations of three types of foraminiferal distributional data: forms alive at time of collection, recently dead forms and relict forms. Four principle biofacies types occur: (1) middle shelf to shelf-break carbonate sand; (2) oxic upper to middle bathyal carbonate sand and gravel, with abundant bryozoans; (3) reduced oxic middle bathyal carbonate sand and gravel and (4) lower bathyal oxic muddy sand to Globigerina Ooze.Correspondence Analysis of the 61 parameters (percentage abundance of foraminifera and % carbonate) in 36 samples yielded a clear depth-related pattern, although other related parameters such as dissolved oxygen and substrate also exert control on the foraminiferal assemblages.Relict foraminifera are restricted to shelfal depths, shallower than 145 m. This pattern is similar to other shelf regions in Australia, where shelf areas were exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum, reworking shelf facies shallower than 150 m. The distribution of living foraminifera is similar to the distribution of the total assemblage, suggesting that the region has not been significantly mixed by wave, slump or bioturbation processes.The majority of the modern Bass Canyon foraminiferal assemblages are cosmopolitan species, with few (semi-)endemic taxa that are mostly restricted to the shelf. These modern deeper-living forms are more conservative since they evolved in relatively lower stress eutrophic environments than their shallower oligotrophic dwelling contemporaries.The foraminiferal and facies analogues of this study on the Bass Canyon may be used as a modern palaeoenvironmental analyses of the Gippsland and Otway Neogene sedimentary deep-sea successions. This will lead ultimately to a better understanding of the evolution of the basins in southeastern Australia, in an area influenced by the Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic.
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Young, R. W., and E. A. Bryant. "Catastrophic wave erosion on the southeastern coast of Australia: Impact of the Lanai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?" Geology 20, no. 3 (1992): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0199:cweots>2.3.co;2.
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Stamation, Kasey A., David B. Croft, Peter D. Shaughnessy, Kelly A. Waples, and Sue V. Briggs. "Behavioral responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia." Marine Mammal Science 26, no. 1 (December 28, 2009): 98–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00320.x.
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Oyarzún, Ciro, Nelson Cortés, and Elson Leal. "Age, growth and mortality of southern rays bream Brama australis (Bramidae) off the southeastern Pacific coast." Revista de biología marina y oceanografía 48, no. 3 (December 2013): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-19572013000300014.
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Williams, Irene Michelle, and Joseph Henry John Leach. "The relationship between depth, substrate and ecology: A drop video study from the southeastern Australian coast." Oceanologica Acta 22, no. 6 (November 1999): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-1784(00)88956-2.
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Ewers Lewis, Carolyn J., Mary A. Young, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Jeffrey A. Baldock, Bruce Hawke, Jonathan Sanderman, Paul E. Carnell, and Peter I. Macreadie. "Drivers and modelling of blue carbon stock variability in sediments of southeastern Australia." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 2041–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2041-2020.
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Abstract. Tidal marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows are important global carbon (C) sinks, commonly referred to as coastal “blue carbon”. However, these ecosystems are rapidly declining with little understanding of what drives the magnitude and variability of C associated with them, making strategic and effective management of blue C stocks challenging. In this study, our aims were threefold: (1) identify ecological, geomorphological, and anthropogenic variables associated with 30 cm deep sediment C stock variability in blue C ecosystems in southeastern Australia, (2) create a predictive model of 30 cm deep sediment blue C stocks in southeastern Australia, and (3) map regional 30 cm deep sediment blue C stock magnitude and variability. We had the unique opportunity to use a high-spatial-density C stock dataset of sediments to 30 cm deep from 96 blue C ecosystems across the state of Victoria, Australia, integrated with spatially explicit environmental data to reach these aims. We used an information theoretic approach to create, average, validate, and select the best averaged general linear mixed effects model for predicting C stocks across the state. Ecological drivers (i.e. ecosystem type or ecological vegetation class) best explained variability in C stocks, relative to geomorphological and anthropogenic drivers. Of the geomorphological variables, distance to coast, distance to freshwater, and slope best explained C stock variability. Anthropogenic variables were of least importance. Our model explained 46 % of the variability in 30 cm deep sediment C stocks, and we estimated over 2.31 million Mg C stored in the top 30 cm of sediments in coastal blue C ecosystems in Victoria, 88 % of which was contained within four major coastal areas due to the extent of blue C ecosystems (∼87 % of total blue C ecosystem area). Regionally, these data can inform conservation management, paired with assessment of other ecosystem services, by enabling identification of hotspots for protection and key locations for restoration efforts. We recommend these methods be tested for applicability to other regions of the globe for identifying drivers of sediment C stock variability and producing predictive C stock models at scales relevant for resource management.
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Cárcamo, Daniel, Marlene Pizarro, Muriel Orellana, Guido Pavez, L. René Durán, and Doris Oliva. "New non-breeding colonies of the South American fur seal in central Chile. Is the distribution in the southeastern Pacific waters extending?" Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 14, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00249.
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The South American fur seal (SAFS), Arctocephalus australis, has an estimated abundance of 219,000 individuals. The distribution range of this top marine predator along the Pacifc coast of South America is discontinuous, with a gap between 29°02’S-43°36’S, whereas the Atlantic coast presents a continuous distribution. Little is known aboutthe population dynamics of the species in Chile, as there have been few observations of vagrant individuals within the distribution gap and partial population censuses on dates that do not fit with the reproductive season in northern andsouthern Chile. The aim of this study is to identify the presence of A. australis colonies and summarize the sightings in central Chile. Aerial censuses were performed between 32°12’S-39°24’S during the austral winter and summer (2015) and between 41°44’S-44°55’S during summer (2013, 2016-2018). Official stranding records were also included to complementthe research sightings. We registered a total of 54 SAFS in the Chilean distribution gap, most of them during winter (89%) and with a higher proportion of females (72%). Two non-breeding colonies were found in the Biobío Region during the winter of 2015, Islote del Trabajo (38°25’S) and Islote Quechol (38°26’S), with 27 ± 1 and 16 ± 0 individuals, respectively. The sightings of adult individuals suggest their arrival at these latitudes to carry out foraging and resting activities, probably from Guafo Island (43°36’S). The last Pleistocene glaciation, hunting activities during the eighteenth century and ENSO events could have conditioned the current abundance and range of distribution of A. australis in South America; therefore, the establishment of new non-breeding colonies in the gap of distribution could lead to new breeding grounds in thefuture.
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Zahid, Mohammad, Michael Hodda, Geoff Gurr, William Fulkerson, Jackie Nobbs, Alexander Nikandrow, and Helen Nicol. "Effect of the clover root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne trifoliophila) on growth of white clover." Nematology 3, no. 5 (2001): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101753250764.
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AbstractRoot-infecting nematodes are common on white clover (Trifolium repens) in dairy pastures on the north coast of New South Wales and southeastern Queensland, Australia, where they are thought to contribute to poor growth and persistence. The nematode responsible for causing root-knot symptoms on white clover was identified as Meloidogyne trifoliophila, a species not previously recorded from Australia. M. trifoliophila failed to reproduce on any of the standard North Carolina hosts used to identify M. javanica, M. hapla, M. arenaria and M. incognita , but caused severe galling and exhibited a high rate of reproduction on white clover. PCR primers for these Meloidogyne species also failed to amplify DNA of M. trifoliophila. Identity was confirmed by morphological measurements and plant symptoms. In a glasshouse test, increasing initial nematode density within the range 0 to 10 000 per 500 ml pot led to reduced shoot and root growth, fewer nodules and more severe root-knot symptoms. A second pot test screened weed species as potential alternative hosts of M. trifoliophila. None of the eight grass species was galled but M. trifoliophila reproduced on two of the eight dicotyledon weeds, spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare) and pigweed (Portulaca oleraceae).
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Spencer, Steven. "The story of Esso Australia’s push to explore the frontier Gippsland Basin with the ultra-deep water Sculpin-1 exploration well." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S497—S501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21064.
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In late 2018, Esso Australia embarked on the drilling of Sculpin-1. Drilled in 2278 m of water, this is Australia’s deepest water exploration well and the first ultra-deep water well in the Gippsland Basin. Drilling of this well was the culmination of a bold exploration campaign in the VIC/P70 permit at the southeastern margin of the prolific hydrocarbon producing Gippsland Basin, which also saw the drilling of Baldfish-1 and Hairtail-1 in 2018. An east coast gas market with a high demand for additional gas resources combined with Esso Australia’s renewed technical focus on the deep and ultra-deep water sectors of the VIC/P70 exploration permit led to the identification of the Sculpin prospect, a stratigraphic lead premised on a late Cretaceous deep water reservoir system flowing into the south east Gippsland Basin depocentre from southern hinterlands. Technical analysis including integrated seismic toolkits, spectral decomposition and colour-blend imaging, rock properties and amplitude versus offset/direct hydrocarbon indicator modelling were key to Esso’s decision to test the new play with the Sculpin-1 well. Although the well did not encounter hydrocarbons, it did provide insights into reservoir quality, source and migration in the previously untested southeastern margin of the basin.
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Boussy, Ian A., and Margaret G. Kidwell. "The P-M Hybrid Dysgenesis Cline in Eastern Australian Drosophila melanogaster: Discrete P, Q and M Regions Are Nearly Contiguous." Genetics 115, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/115.4.737.
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ABSTRACT The dramatic latitudinal cline in P-M hybrid dysgenesis characteristics along the east coast of Australia is not smooth. Tests of recent collections of Drosophila melanogaster from the southeastern coast define the previously described cline as comprising three discrete, apparently contiguous regions of P, Q and M phenotypes, respectively. Northern populations from Cairns (16.9°SLat) to Ourimbah (33.4°SLat) are phenotypically P; populations from Wollongong (34.4°SLat) to Eden (37.1°SLat) are Q; and populations from Genoa (37.5°SLat) to Cygnet (43.2°SLat) are M. The decline in P activity from northern Queensland (55-60% gonadal dysgenesis (GD) in cross A) to mid-New South Wales (20-30% GD in cross A) is gradual; proceeding south, there then is a sharp drop to Q populations (<10% GD in crosses A and A*). This drop in P activity occurs in only 150 km, across the urban and suburban area of Sydney. Q populations are then found south to Eden, but Genoa, only about 50 km further southeast, is clearly M (48% GD in cross A*), as are two populations further south. The two discontinuities in the P-M cline do not correspond to obvious climatic differences along the coast, nor to obvious barriers to dispersal of D. melanogaster. The cline has apparently not moved between 1983 and 1985-1986.
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Stockin, Karen A., and Elizabeth A. Burgess. "Opportunistic Feeding of an Adult Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Migrating Along the Coast of Southeastern Queensland, Australia." Aquatic Mammals 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2005): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.31.1.2005.120.
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Boyle, M. C., N. N. FitzSimmons, C. J. Limpus, S. Kelez, X. Velez-Zuazo, and M. Waycott. "Evidence for transoceanic migrations by loggerhead sea turtles in the southern Pacific Ocean." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 1993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1931.
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Post-hatchling loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) in the northern Pacific and northern Atlantic Oceans undertake transoceanic developmental migrations. Similar migratory behaviour is hypothesized in the South Pacific Ocean as post-hatchling loggerhead turtles are observed in Peruvian fisheries, yet no loggerhead rookeries occur along the coast of South America. This hypothesis was supported by analyses of the size-class distribution of 123 post-hatchling turtles in the South Pacific and genetic analysis of mtDNA haplotypes of 103 nesting females in the southwest Pacific, 19 post-hatchlings stranded on the southeastern Australian beaches and 22 post-hatchlings caught by Peruvian longline fisheries. Only two haplotypes (CCP1 93% and CCP5 7%) were observed across all samples, and there were no significant differences in haplotype frequencies between the southwest Pacific rookeries and the post-hatchlings. By contrast, the predominant CCP1 haplotype is rarely observed in North Pacific rookeries and haplotype frequencies were strongly differentiated between the two regions ( F st =0.82; p =<0.00001). These results suggest that post-hatchling loggerhead turtles emerging from the southwest Pacific rookeries are undertaking transoceanic migrations to the southeastern Pacific Ocean, thus emphasizing the need for a broader focus on juvenile mortality throughout the South Pacific to develop effective conservation strategies.
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Garde, Luke Andrew, Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, and John Arthur Tristram Bye. "Tropical Transition of the 2001 Australian Duck." Monthly Weather Review 138, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 2038–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3220.1.
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Abstract In March 2001, a hybrid low pressure system, unofficially referred to as Donald (or the Duck), developed in the Tasman Sea under tropical–extratropical influence, making landfall on the southeastern Australian coast. Here, it is shown that atmospheric blocking in the Tasman Sea produced a split in the subtropical jet, allowing persistent weak vertical wind shear to manifest in the vicinity of the developing low. It is hypothesized that this occurred through sustained injections of potential vorticity originating from higher latitudes. Hours before landfall near Byron Bay, the system developed an eye with a short-lived warm core at 500 hPa. Cyclone tracking revealed an erratic track before the system decayed and produced heavy rains and flash flooding. A three-dimensional air parcel backward-trajectory scheme showed that the air parcels arriving in the vicinity of the mature cyclone originated from tropical sources at lower levels and from the far extratropics at higher levels, confirming the hybrid characteristics of this cyclone. A high-resolution (0.15°) nested simulation showed that recent improvements in the assimilation scheme used by the Australian models allowed for accurately simulating the system’s trajectory and landfall, which was not possible at the time of the event. Compared to the first South Atlantic hurricane of March 2004, the large-scale precursors were similar; however, the Duck was exposed to injections of upper-level potential vorticity and favorable surface heat fluxes for a shorter period of time, resulting in it achieving partial tropical transition only hours prior to landfall.
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Penttinen, Ritva, and Lotta Hämäläinen. "A small population of an endemic mite species of the Gondwanan genus Austrotritia in Finland (Acari, Oribatida: Oribotritiidae)." Entomologica Fennica 24, no. 4 (December 21, 2013): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.9384.
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The ptyctimous oribatid species, Austrotritia finlandica Niedbala & Penttinen, 2006, was described in Finland as the single representative of the genus in Europe. The main area of distribution of the Gondwanan genus Austrotritia covers the Oriental, Australian and southeastern Palaearctic Regions. In order to describe the more exact distribution and habitat of A. finlandica, more localities were studied in 2008-2012. Four hundred soil samples were studied from the southwestern archipelago and the islets along the Finnish coast of the Baltic Sea, and sixty tree hollows on an island. The number of records of the species increased from four to thirteen. Most of the islets where it was found were characterized by their small size (less than 1 km2) and remote location. It is concluded that a small but permanent population of Austrotritia finlandica lives in a limited area in the SW archipelago of Finland.
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Power, Scott B., and Jeff Callaghan. "Variability in Severe Coastal Flooding, Associated Storms, and Death Tolls in Southeastern Australia since the Mid–Nineteenth Century." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 5 (May 2016): 1139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0146.1.
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AbstractThe variability in the number of severe floods that occurred in coastal catchments in southeastern Australia since the mid–nineteenth century, along with the variability in both the frequency of the weather types that triggered the floods and the associated death tolls, is analyzed. Previous research has shown that all of the severe floods identified were associated with one of two major weather types: east coast lows (ECLs) and tropical interactions (TIs). El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is shown to strongly modulate the frequency of severe coastal flooding, weather types, and the number of associated deaths. The analysis presented herein, which examines links over more than a century, provides one of very few known statistically significant links between ENSO and death tolls anywhere in the world. Over the period 1876/77–2013/14 the average numbers of coastal floods, ECLs, TIs, and deaths associated with freshwater drowning in La Niña years are 92%, 55%, 150%, and 220% higher than the corresponding averages in El Niño years. The average number of deaths per flood in La Niña years is 3.2, which is 66% higher than the average in El Niño years. Death tolls of 10 or more occurred in only 5% of El Niño years, but in 27% of La Niña years. The interdecadal Pacific oscillation also modulates the frequency of severe floods, weather types, and death tolls. The results of this study are consistent with earlier research over shorter periods and broader regions, using less-complete datasets.
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Reason, C. J. C., and D. G. Steyn. "Coastally trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere: dynamic commonalities and geographic diversity." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 2 (June 1990): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400202.
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The dynamics of coastally trapped disturbances in the lower atmosphere are considered. These disturbances are trapped by the existence of a subsidence inversion at a height below the crests of barrier-like coastal mountains and propagate alongshore with the coast on the right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Favourable areas on the Earth for the existence of the disturbances are California, southeastern Australia and southern Africa. It is shown that the fundamental dynamics of the disturbances is in each case governed by the hydrostatic and semigeostrophic approximations. The latter implies that a geostrophic balance exists between the alongshore velocity of the motion and the across-shore pressure gradient. Although the fundamental dynamics are identical, it is shown that regional differences in forcing and boundary conditions lead to the observed diversity in the manifestation of the disturbances in each area. These differences include variations in the width of the coastal mountains, the strength and height of the inversion, in the scale of the forcing and whether this forcing leads to on- or offshore flow in the generation region of the disturbance.
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Muangmai, Narongrit, Maren Preuss, John A. West, and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello. "Cryptic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of the Bostrychia intricata species complex (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) along the coast of southeastern Australia." Phycologia 61, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2021.1994768.
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Jones, Anthony T., R. W. Young, and E. A. Bryant. "Comment and Reply on "Catastrophic wave erosion on the southeastern coast of Australia: Impact of the Lanai tsunamis ca. 105 ka?"." Geology 20, no. 12 (1992): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1150:carocw>2.3.co;2.
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Farman, Roy M., and Phil R. Bell. "Australia's earliest tetrapod swimming traces from the Hawkesbury Sandstone (Middle Triassic) of the Sydney Basin." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 966–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.22.
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AbstractThe Hawkesbury Sandstone (Hawkesbury Series, Sydney Basin) on the southeastern coast of New South Wales, Australia, preserves a depauperate but important vertebrate tetrapod body-fossil record from the Early and Middle Triassic. As with many fossil sites around the world, the ichnological record has helped to shed light on the paleoecology of this interval. Herein, we investigate historical reports of a trackway pertaining to a putative short-tailed reptile found at Berowra Creek in the 1940s. Reinvestigation of the surviving track-bearing slabs augmented by archival photographs of the complete trackway, suggests that these impressions, which consist primarily of didactyl tracks (plus less common monodactyl and tridactyl traces), represent the earliest example of a swimming tetrapod found in Australia. Another isolated specimen (possibly from a nearby locality at Annangrove) appears to represent similar didactyl swim traces of a second, larger individual. Although the identities of the trackmakers are unknown, the Berowra Creek individual had an estimated body length of between ~80 cm (short-coupled) and 1.35 m (long-coupled), and produced the subaqueous trackway while travelling upslope (against the current) on a sandbar within a braided river system of the Hawkesbury Sandstone. These trackways partially resemble amphibian swim traces in the so-called Batrachichnus C Lunichnium continuum, but appear to represent a unique locomotion trace. This reanalysis of the Berowra Creek trackway provides insight into the locomotion of tetrapods of the Triassic Hawkesbury Series, which remains a poorly understood aspect of their life history.
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Pérez-Schultheiss, Jorge, and Javier Sellanes. "The occurrence of the parasitic amphipod Trischizostoma crosnieri Lowry & Stoddart, 1993 (Amphipoda: Amphilochidea: Lysianassida) in a methane seep site in the southeastern Pacific." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 49, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol49-issue2-fulltext-2536.
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The genus Trischizostoma Boeck, 1861 is a cosmopolitan group of parasitic and symbiotic aristoidean amphipods whose distribution is poorly known, with scarce specimens reported principally from pelagic environments until 3655 m depth. In this note, Trischizostoma crosnieri Lowry & Stoddart,1993, a species described for the southwest Pacific, is recorded for the first time in the southeast Pacific. The species was known previously only from a female specimen, described from the Philippines, with two additional unpublished records from the east coast of Australia and Tasmania. The specimens studied herein were obtained at 874 m depth, 36 nm to the northwest of Concepción, Biobío Region, in a methane seep site. However, the relationship between this species with this particular habitat is still uncertain. The genus Trischizostoma has been cited for the Nazca and Salas y Gómez ridges; nevertheless, our finding constitutes the first record of a species at the continental margin off Chile, raising to four the known species of the genus for Chilean waters.
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Spehar, Daniel D., and Peter J. Wolf. "The Impact of Targeted Trap–Neuter–Return Efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112089.
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Recently, a growing collection of evidence that associates trap–neuter–return (TNR) programs with substantial and sustained reductions in community cat populations across a variety of environments has emerged. Peer-reviewed studies emanating from the northeastern, midwestern, and southeastern United States, as well as Australia, document such reductions. The present study expands upon this body of evidence by examining the impact of a long-term TNR program on a population of community cats residing on a pedestrian trail adjacent to an oceanic bay located on the West Coast of the U.S. A population of 175 community cats, as determined by an initial census, living on a 2-mile section of the San Francisco Bay Trail declined by 99.4% over a 16-year period. After the conclusion of the initial count, the presence of cats was monitored as part of the TNR program’s daily feeding regimen. Of the 258 total cats enrolled in the program between 2004 and 2020, only one remained at the end of the program period. These results are consistent with those documented at the various sites of other long-term TNR programs.