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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coastal zone management

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Academic literature on the topic 'Coastal zone management'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Coastal zone management"

1

Clark, John R. "Coastal zone management." Land Use Policy 8, no. 4 (October 1991): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(91)90022-b.

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Waldichuk, Michael. "Coastal zone management." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1990): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90554-l.

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Suman, D. O., and M. P. Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs012.

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Suman, Daniel O., and Manoj P. Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvs088.

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Suman, Daniel O., Brendan Mackesey, and Manoj P. Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvt021.

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Suman, Daniel, and Manoj Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvu004.

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Suman, Daniel O., and Manoj P. Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 25, no. 1 (2014): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvv017.

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Shivlani, Manoj P., and Daniel O. Suman. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 26 (2015): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvw020.

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Suman, Daniel O., and Manoj P. Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 28 (January 1, 2017): 202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvy012.

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Suman, Daniel, and Manoj Shivlani. "2. Coastal Zone Management." Yearbook of International Environmental Law 29 (January 1, 2018): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yiel/yvz044.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coastal zone management"

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Kun, Ka-yin April. "Coastal management in Hong Kong : individual workshop report /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14014609.

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Guerinoni, Stephen C., and n/a. "An evaluation of coastal zone management." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1989. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060713.130610.

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The coastal zone is a valuable resource which provides a diversity of benefits. The difficulties facing the coastal zone tend to fall into three categories: (1) Pressure and conflict on resources. The beach residence value, an indicator of land use pressure, implies that, of the Australian states, New South Wales' coastal zone is under the greatest pressure. Associated with population is development pressure. Many forms of development are not compatible, hence conflicts of interest can arise. (2) The dynamic nature of the coast. That is, the physical and biological aspects of the coastal zone are in a state of flux. The dynamics make predictions for management controversial. (3) Organisational problems. The lack of direction, lack of coordination and fragmentation of management leads to ad hoc management of this valuable resource. This evaluation identified and confirmed the relevance of coastal issues which led to the enactment of the Coastal Protection Act, 1979. The coastal issues investigated were: coastal erosion and development; coastal erosion and protection works; coastal land degradation; degradation of coastal habitats, fish and wildlife resources; recreation opportunities; pollution; and increasing population pressure and competition betweeen alternative uses. The administrative arrangements for management of the issues were investigated. A broad range of coastal issues were evaluated using a mix of indicators with standards of comparison to measure progress. Management tools, policies and strategies used to address the issues were investigated. Finally prescriptions to further address the issues were made as was how to implement the prescriptions. The evaluation noted: increasing coastal population and development pressure; numerous examples of conflicts of interest; complex and often bewildering administrative arrangements for coastal zone management; widely varying levels of performance by agencies; and a lack of direction and co-ordination from State authorities. The principal conclusion was that strategic planning needed to be undertaken through a lead coastal agency. The lead agency should clarify and improve direction, co-ordination and co-operation in coastal management. This should improve the effectiveness of management and reduce the incidence and duration of conflict among the different and competing coastal values. This evaluation of the effectiveness of coastal management, at a State level, should not only assist New South Wales but also other States in the management of this valuable resource.

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Abbott, Victor James. "A regional coastal zone management system." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/665.

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Caton, Brian. "The conservation of scenic coasts : an examination of the English heritage system and its possible use in South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc366.pdf.

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Dumashie, D. A. "Strategic management of the coast : landowners, local authorities and coastal zone management." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414388.

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6

Gallagher, Anthony W. "Sustainabilty systems appraisal for integrated coastal zone management." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2006. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/581/.

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Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a process defined in terms of achieving sustainable development. Despite sustainability being accepted by the majority of organizations currently operating on the coast, the integrated approach is seen as the more constructive and benificial alternative to achieve this state. Id 'success' for ICZM means sustainable development, then the question is raised as to how it attempts to achieve this, and, more speficically, how effectively it does so? Put another way, how can the management process be evaluated in terms of achieving its aims? Despite sevaral attempts to produce sustainability indicator sets, there is currently no established or validated way of assessing the effectiveness of ICZM initiatives and consequently there is also no national overview with thish to judge the strategic performance of coastal partnerships (CPs). This study aims to address this failing by developing and critically evaluating a standardised operating mechanism for assessing the ability of ICZM initiatives to achieve sustainable development. In order to develop this 'Coastal Sustainability Standard', a review was made of the current role and treatment of sustainability in coastal planning and management in the UK. Using the electronic database of the company 'Coastal Management for Sustainability' (CMS), a survey of UK coastal practitioners was carried out as to the key theoretical constructs inherent in the concept of sustainability. Textual analysis of the results, using the qualitative software package, Nud*ist 6, revealed six dominant constructs which would form the basis for the development of the standard. These six - planning; participation; communication; integration; responsibility and balance were defined as principles, and a set of criteria developed for each, with which to enable assessment. A scoring system and a set of guidelines were then designed to maximise the level of objectivity in carrying out the assessment, with the scoring system also reflecting the systems thinking inherent in the design. In order to validate the mechanism, three case study CPs were selected against which to carry out a detailed application of the Standard. These were the Exe Estuary Management Partnership (EEMP); Tamar Estuaries Consultative Forum (TECF) and Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum (PCF), all of which scored relatively poorly. That none of the three CPs achieved the pre-requisite standard raised a number of considerations relating to the efficacy of the Standard and its operation, as well as to the nature of ICZM in the UK and its aim of achieving sustainable development. Conclusions drawn from this evaluation identified that the current operation of ICZM in the UK exhibits a disjointed approach to achieving its long-term goals, as a result of its voluntary nature. The voluntary approach employed in the UK can be seen to be at the root of a number of problems facing the successful development of ICZM. In terms of resources, it has implications for the skills, knowledge and training of coastal managers, as well as the funding available to develop and implement effective plans. The voluntary approach also does not necessarily 'encourage' appropriate cultural changes within or between stakeholder organizations, and does not impart joint responsibility or collective liability upon stakeholders to achieve sustainable development.

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Al-Sariri, Thuraiya. "Coastal zone and climate change management in Oman." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665466.

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Based on an overwhelming body of evidence, there is scientific consensus that global climate is changing and warming of the climate change is unequivocal. Since the 1950's many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia (JPCC, 2013). The concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen and the climate atmosphere and ocean have warmed (IPCC, 2013). However, climate variability and change are considered as important factors for societal developments where they are affecting societies in many ways. In this trend, today, there is new and robust evidence that increased storminess, accelerated sea level rise and coastal erosion as a consequence of global warming are highly likely to have profound impacts on coastal ecosystems and communities worldwide. The occurrences of such consequences are expected to increase in frequency due to the effects of climate change. Globally, different set of scenarios predicted that sea-level would continue to rise between 0.18 to 0;80 cm by 2100. Consistent with global trends, Oman has warmed by ~ 1.03 °C over the last century. There has also been significant inter -annual variability in tropical cyclone frequency and a decrease in precipitation. Additionally, flooding due to storms and tropical cyclones is one of the most devastating naturally hazards in Oman. During the past seven years, Oman experienced two very severe tropical cyclones (Gonu 2007 and Phet 2010), which have affected local economies and communities along the coastal areas. As a result of these changes, attention and awareness has been raised nationally to climate variability and climate change. The main objective of this research is to identify and assess some of the main vulnerable areas of coastal zone of Oman to the climate change implications with particular emphasis on sea level rise. The aims of the study are to: 1) investigate climate and geophysical trends in Oman over the last few decades; 2) assess vulnerable areas of coastal zones of Oman to sea level rise; and 3) assess the current adaptation measures and point out the urgent need to build up institutional and human capacities to approach problems and to indentify gaps, points of strength and points of weakness, options of adaptation and needs for sustainable coastal management plans. This is important for the creation of an effective coastal zone management development strategy that can respond to Climate Change impacts. Thus there is a need to know what is potentially at risks, which lead to the development of a coastal vulnerability index (CVI). The CVI assesses the relatively physical vulnerability to the coast. The study outlines the broad techniques used to determine the CVI for Oman coastlines, which identified zones at risk to sea level rise and assesses its implications for coastal management in Oman. The study shows that AL Batinah and Muscat Governorates are classified as the most highly vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise because they are most populated and with higher socio-economic activities along their coastlines. However, the findings of this research will be used to define national strategies and policies for climate change adaptation and mitigation for coastal areas.

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Clouston, Beth. "Review of coastal vulnerability assessment for coastal zone management in metropolitan Adelaide /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc647.pdf.

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Al-Hasem, Ahmed M. "Coastal morphodynamics of an open-ended tidal channel in an arid and mesotidal environment : Al-Subiya Tidal Channel, Kuwait /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16464.pdf.

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Davis, Braxton. "Area-based management frameworks in the U.S. coastal zone /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/.

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Books on the topic "Coastal zone management"

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Office, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management. Massachusetts coastal zone management. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management, 1996.

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2

A, Hughes Steven, American Society of Civil Engineers., and Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management (8th : 1993 : New Orleans, La.), eds. Coastal engineering considerations in coastal zone management. New York, N.Y: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1993.

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Institute, Sarawak Development, ed. Integrated coastal zone management. [Kuching, Sarawak]: Sarawak Development Institute, 2001.

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Dept, Sri Lanka Coast Conservation. Coastal zone management plan. Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Dept., 1990.

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5

Moksness, Erlend, Einar Dahl, and Josianne Stttrup, eds. Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444316285.

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Ahlhorn, Frank. Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17052-3.

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Einar, Dahl, Moksness Erlend, and Støttrup Josianne, eds. Integrated coastal zone management. Oxford: Wiley, 2009.

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8

Vance, Mary A. Coastal zone management: Monographs. Monticello, Ill: Vance Bibliographies, 1985.

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9

T, Magoon Orville, and Coastal Zone Foundation, eds. Coastal zone directory. 2nd ed. Middletown, CA, U.S.A. (P.O. Box 279, Middletown 95461): Coastal Zone Foundation, 1991.

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10

Mastura, Sharifah. Coastal geomorphology of Desaru and its complication for coastal zone management. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coastal zone management"

1

Mohan, Ram K., Andrew D. Short, Gillian Cambers, M. MacLeod, J. A. G. Cooper, David Hopley, Vincent May, et al. "Coastal Zone Management." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, 313–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_92.

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Das, Gautam Kumar. "Coastal Zone Management." In Coastal Environments of India, 199–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18846-6_10.

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Dawson, Alastair G. "1 Understanding changes in relative sea level and storminess: views from Earth and space." In Coastal zone management, 1–12. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0001.

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Douvere, Fanny, and Frank Maes. "2 The contribution of marine spatial planning to implementing integrated coastal zone management." In Coastal zone management, 13–30. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0002.

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Whelan, Mick J., Sue M. White, and Nicholas J. K. Howden. "3 River catchment contributions to the coastal zone." In Coastal zone management, 31–58. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0003.

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Collier, Philip A., and Roger W. Fraser. "4 Defining coastal and marine boundaries." In Coastal zone management, 59–91. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0004.

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Hicks, Christina C., Jeremy M. Hills, and Martin D. A. LeTissier. "5 Natural capital – valuing the coast." In Coastal zone management, 92–122. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0005.

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Bleichner, Barry J. "6 Marine protected areas legislation in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles." In Coastal zone management, 123–56. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0006.

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Dickson, Mark E., Peter J. Cowell, and Colin D. Woodroffe. "7 Geomorphological models and their role in coastal management." In Coastal zone management, 157–84. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0007.

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Lakhan, Chris. "8 Modelling the coastal system." In Coastal zone management, 185–205. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/czm.35164.0008.

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Conference papers on the topic "Coastal zone management"

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Thom, Bruce G. "Coastal Zone Management—A Conundrum." In 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40549(276)3.

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PAPATHEOCHARI, Dora. "Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Mediterranean Coastal Areas." In Conférence Méditerranéenne Côtière et Maritime - Coastal and Maritime Mediterranean Conference. Editions Paralia, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/cmcm.2009.080-1.

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Dwarakish, G. S., Dinakar Shetty, Rajarama Rao, Jagadeesh Pai, and Usha Natesan. "Integrated coastal zone management plan and coastal zone information system for Mangalore Coast, west coast of India." In Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing Symposium, edited by Robert J. Frouin, Vijay K. Agarwal, Hiroshi Kawamura, Shailesh Nayak, and Delu Pan. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.698179.

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Kovačić, Mirjana, Astrid Zekić, and Srećko Favro. "Holistic Approach in Coastal Zone Management." In 36. mednarodna konferenca o razvoju organizacijskih znanosti, Portorož, Slovenija / 36th International Conference on Organizational Science Development, Portorož, Slovenia. Univerzitetna založba Univerze v Mariboru / University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-020-2.31.

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Stanley, E. "Coastal Zone Management and Development of the Exclusive Economic Zone." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160437.

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Mileriene, Rosita, Saulius Gulbinskas, Nerijus Blazauskas, and Inga Dailidiene. "Geological indicators for Integrated Coastal Zone Management." In 2008 IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2008.4625544.

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Carpenter, N., T. Strudwick, and V. Clipsham. "Facilitating Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Trinidad." In Littoral 2010 – Adapting to Global Change at the Coast: Leadership, Innovation, and Investment. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/litt/201105010.

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Boxall, S. R. "Coastal zone management - technologies, methodologies and solutions." In IEE Colloquium on `Pollution of Land, Sea and Air: An Overview for Engineers'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19951014.

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Deronde, B., S. Sterckx, L. Bertels, E. Knaeps, and P. Kempeneers. "Imaging spectroscopy and integrated coastal zone management: a promising marriage." In COASTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cenv060311.

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Kenichi, Nakagami, Nakagami Kenichi, Obata Norio, Obata Norio, Takao Katsuk, Takao Katsuk, Uehara Takuro, et al. "THE INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT BASED ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b940eabcee2.02638693.

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The Japanese term “Satoumi” inspires us to pursue sound coastal zone governance by taking sustainable development into consideration with “Establishment of Sato-umi in the coastal sea”. The popular ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) shows us the potential approach toward a coastal area with harmonious interaction between human-being and natural environment. Seto Inland Sea which has undergone serious environmental degradation and anthropogenic changes. In order to recover and sustain its unparalleled values, rebuilding a sound environmental policy system from top to bottom is highly required. The ecosystem services and their monetary values are also estimated buy CVM necessary for sustainability assessment, due to their powerful roles in representing human-coastal zone relationship and supporting sustainability of a “Satoumi” system. The sustainability assessment framework for Seto Inland Sea, which consists of Inclusive Wealth, “Satoumi”, and ecosystem service approach was developed.

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Reports on the topic "Coastal zone management"

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Hausil, Farzia. Coastal Zone Management: Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management: Case Study Suriname. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006925.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Regional Policy Dialogue and presented in the meeting Disaster Risk Reduction: Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Coastal Development held in Bridgetown, Barbados on 20 and 21 of October 2011. It discusses the case study of Suriname and the current challenges of its coasts.

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Lavell, Allan M. Climate-Resilient Coastal Development: Leveraging DRR and CCA to Promote Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006923.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Regional Policy Dialogue and presented in the meeting Disaster Risk Reduction: Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Coastal Development held in Bridgetown, Barbados on 20 and 21 of October 2011. It discusses the synergies that could be created between the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) tools in the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Caribbean.

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Bood, Nadia, Lauretta Burke, Winnie Lau, Gaia Larsen, and Hori Tsuneki. Climate-Resilient Integrated Coastal Zone Management Performance Indicators: Application in Belize. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003033.

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Coble, Paula, Chuanmin Hu, Richard W. Gould, Chang Jr., Wood Grace, and A. M. Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the Coastal Ocean: An Optical Tool for Coastal Zone Environmental Assessment & Management. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428810.

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Guillet, Vincent. Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change in Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Policy and Practice: The Belize Experience: Developing a National Coastal Plan for Conservation and Development. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006924.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Regional Policy Dialogue and presented in the meeting Disaster Risk Reduction: Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Coastal Development held in Bridgetown, Barbados on 20 and 21 of October 2011. It discusses the experience of Belize with the Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change in the Coastal Zone Management (CZM).

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Pandori, Lauren, Lauren Strope, and Linh Cat. Rocky intertidal community shift over 30 years: 1990–2020 rocky intertidal long term trend report. National Park Service, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297397.

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Cabrillo National Monument (CABR) is a unit of the National Park System located on the Point Loma peninsula in San Diego, CA, USA. Despite its small size (0.65 terrestrial km2), the monument attracts 851,000 annual visitors (IRMA SRSS Reports 2011-2020), and acts as an “urban island”, providing habitat for unique algal, plant and animal species in an area of increasing development and urbanization. The coastal area of the park also leads to the rocky intertidal zone, which is regarded by many as the best conserved shorelines in mainland southern California. Due to the high-quality habitat and proximity to an urban area, it is critical to monitor community composition and visitor use of the rocky intertidal area. We leveraged over 30 years of long-term monitoring data of both rocky intertidal communities and visitation to investigate: (1) whether visitation has increased over time, (2) if community composition has changed over time across intertidal management zones. We found that visitation to management Zone I has increased over time. Additionally, we found that visitation doesn’t scale linearly across management zones: 73% of people were observed in Zone I, 19% of people in Zone II, and 4% of people in Zone III. PERMANOVA analyses indicated that community composition differed over time and across management zones for all plot types. Documenting community shifts, rather than changes in populations of single species, allows NPS staff to capture, and respond to, ecological transformation. Using the Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework, we recommend that CABR either accept or direct changes to the rocky intertidal (e.g., directing changes in higher visitation areas by implementing a timed entry or shuttle system, and accepting changes in closed or very low visitation areas). Looking forward, long-term rocky intertidal monitoring will inform the effectiveness of resisting, accepting, or directing actions the park takes to uphold the NPS mission at CABR and other NPS units with rocky intertidal habitat, which span the Pacific coast.

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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.

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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander, et al. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.

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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...

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9

Paxton, Barton, and Chance Hines. Black rail inventory at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras national seashores. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304485.

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The black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is the most secretive of the secretive marsh birds and one of the least understood species in North America. On the east coast, eastern black rails historically bred in tidal and freshwater marshes along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts, south to Florida. Within the mid-Atlantic region suitable black rail habitat is concentrated in the high marsh along the upper elevational zone of salt marshes. This zone is dominated by salt meadow hay (Spartina patens), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and is often interspersed with shrubs such as marsh elder (Iva frutescens) or saltbush (Baccharis hamilifolia). North Carolina has been a stronghold for eastern black rails within the mid-Atlantic region, with the marsh complexes associated with the lower Pamlico sound supporting one of largest concentrations and highest densities of eastern black rails throughout their range. However, even within these marshes, eastern black rail populations have experienced declines marked by reductions in occupied sites and decline in numbers within historic strongholds. Evidenced by increasing confinement to the highest portions of the high marsh in recent years, sea-level rise and increased rates of high marsh inundation are likely a major contributing factor to declines. With the population of eastern black rails declining over 75% in the last 10-20 years, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service formally listed the eastern black rail as threatened under the endangered species act on 9 November 2020 (USFWS 2020). To fulfill the need for information to guide management decisions on projects at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras National Seashores and to aide in (potential?) future designations of critical habitat, we conducted widespread, systematic surveys for black rails and other secretive marsh birds within the parks during the breeding seasons of 2022 and 2023. A total of 1,222 surveys were conducted at 431 points over the course of 2 years. In addition to recording detections of all focal species, we recorded detections of 6 eastern black rails on North Core Banks where they were not previously known to occur. The population of black rails occupying the high marsh habitat on North Core Banks could account for 5-10% of the North Carolina black rail population and increase the known sites occupied within the state.

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Theiling, Charles. A review of algal phytoremediation potential to sequester nutrients from eutrophic surface water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47720.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and coastal hypoxic zones are evidence of cultural nutrient enrichment affecting public health and water supplies, aquatic ecosystem health, and economic well-being in the United States. Recognition of the far-reaching impacts of Midwest agriculture has led to establishing nutrient reduction objectives for surface waters feeding the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Erie, and many smaller water bodies. Municipal nutrient enrichment impacts have been addressed by increasing levels of sewage treatment and waste management through the Clean Water Act era, but HABs rebounded in the 1990s because of non-point source nutrient enrichment. HAB control and treatment includes watershed and waterbody treatments to reduce loading and address outbreaks. Systems to remove nutrients from impaired waters are expensive to build and operate. This review of algal production systems summarizes emerging algal water treatment technologies and considers their potential to effectively sequester nutrients and atmospheric carbon from hundreds of eutrophic reservoirs and DoD wastewater treatment facilities while producing useful biomass feedstock using solar energy. Algal water treatment systems including open ponds, photobioreactors, and algal turf scrubbers® can be used to grow biomass for biofuel, wastewater treatment, and commercial products. This review recommends continuing research on surface water nutrient reduction potential with algal turf scrubber productivity pilot studies, preliminary site design, and biomass utilization investigations.

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