Journal articles on the topic 'Coastal sedimentary depositional environments'
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1
Stoupakova, Antonina V., Nataliya I. Korobova, Alina V. Mordasova, Roman S. Sautkin, Ekaterina D. Sivkova, Maria A. Bolshakova, Mikhail E. Voronin, et al. "Depositional environments as a framework for genetic classification of the basic criteria of petroleum potential." Georesursy 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2023.2.6.
Abstract:
Most classifications of reservoirs, seals and source rocks based on the ability of the rock to generate, accumulate and preserve hydrocarbons, and the genesis of rocks is not always taken into account. The article presents a ranking scheme for continental, coastal-marine and marine sedimentation environments that determine the genesis and properties of the basic criteria of petroleum potential – source rocks, reservoirs, seals and pinch-out traps. Rocks, which can consider as source rock, reservoirs and seals are formed in each depositional environment. However, their structure, mineral composition and distribution area will differ from each other depending on the sedimentary environment and conditions. A combination of elements of the hydrocarbon system formed, corresponding to the sedimentation environment and are characteristic for basins of various types. Continental environments are favorable for the formation of reservoirs and local seals, while the accumulation of source rocks limited by lacustrine, floodplain, and swamp facies. The coastal-marine environment is favorable for the formation of all the basic criteria of petroleum potential, and the transgressive-regressive cyclicity determines the interbedding of source rocks, reservoirs and seals in the section. The marine depositional environments are most favorable for the formation of regional seals and source rocks, including high-carbon formations. The proposed ranking scheme of sedimentary environments and the basic criteria of petroleum potential genetically related to them is applicable in system analysis and selection for analogues of petroleum system elements in sedimentary complexes formed in similar depositional environments.
2
Safaei, Mohammad, Asadollah Mahboubi, Soroush Modabberi, and Reza Moussavi-Harami. "Palaeoenvironment, sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Mehdi Abad, Yazd Block, Central Iran." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 295, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0868.
Abstract:
Four Lower Cretaceous sections in the southern Yazd Block were measured and studied to interpret the palaeoenvironments, synsedimentary tectonics, and sequence stratigraphy. The Early Cretaceous sedimentary record of this block, consisting of the Sangestan, Taft, Abkuh, and Darreh Zanjir formations, was mainly influenced by synsedimentary tectonic activities in a tectonically unstable basin. Field observations and laboratory studies were used to identify lithofacies and microfacies, based on which six depositional environments were identified: upper coastal plain (alluvial fans), shore, tidal flat, lagoon, shoal, and open marine. A carbonate-siliciclastic shallow platform including an alluvial-coastal plain and an inner platform is suggested for the depositional environment of the Sangestan Formation. The depth of the overall shallow sedimentary basin of Sangestan Formation increases from west to east and deposition was controlled by long- term sea-level changes. A carbonate platform consisting of inner and outer parts, including tidal flat, lagoon, open marine belts, is suggested for the depositional environment of the Taft and Abkuh formations, while the Darreh Zanjir Formation accumulated in a deep basin. The predominant facies demonstrate an overall transgression-regression cycle (the 2rd order cycle) during the depositional time of these formations in the southern Yazd Block.
3
Khabidov, A. Sh, L. A. Zhindarev, E. A. Fedorova, and K. V. Marusin. "COASTAL ZONE OF LARGE MAN-MADE LAKES (Paper 2. DEPOSITIONAL SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS)." Geomorphology RAS, no. 3 (March 18, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/0435-4281-2014-3-23-29.
4
Nayak, Ganapati Narayan. "Changing Tropical Estuarine Sedimentary Environments with Time and Metals Contamination, Cest Coast of India." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v38i2.141.
Abstract:
Estuaries are one of the major sub-environments of the coastal zone wherein freshwaters interact and mix with saline waters, and facilitate deposition of finer sediments, organic matter, and metals. Intertidal mudflat and mangrove sediment cores collected from estuaries along the central west coast of India were investigated for various sedimentological and geochemical parameters to understand the changes in the sedimentary depositional environments and various factors influencing the processes. Additionally, estuarine biota was examined to understand the bioaccumulation of metals with respect to bioavailability. The results indicated considerable changes in the depositional environments with time owing to sea-level changes; geomorphology of the estuaries; rainfall and river runoff; anthropogenic activities including construction of dams and bridges. The sediments in the estuaries are considerably polluted by metals and pose toxicity risks to the estuarine biota due to high metal bioavailability. Marine gastropods and mangrove plants act as prospective bio-indicators, and the bioremediation potential of mangroves for contaminated sediments was identified. Metal bioaccumulation in edible benthic biota can be harmful to the human health.
5
Ezeh, Sunny C., Wilfred A. Mode, Berti M. Ozumba, and Nura A. Yelwa. "Sedimentology and ichnology of Neogene Coastal Swamp deposits in the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria." Geologos 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/logos-2016-0020.
Abstract:
Abstract Often analyses of depositional environments from sparse data result in poor interpretation, especially in multipartite depositional settings such as the Niger Delta. For instance, differentiating channel sandstones, heteroliths and mudstones within proximal environments from those of distal facies is difficult if interpretations rely solely on well log signatures. Therefore, in order to achieve an effective and efficient interpretation of the depositional conditions of a given unit, integrated tools must be applied such as matching core descriptions with wireline log signature. In the present paper cores of three wells from the Coastal Swamp depositional belt of the Niger Delta are examined in order to achieve full understanding of the depositional environments. The well sections comprise cross-bedded sandstones, heteroliths (coastal and lower shoreface) and mudstones that were laid down in wave, river and tidal processes. Interpretations were made from each data set comprising gamma ray logs, described sedimentological cores showing sedimentary features and ichnological characteristics; these were integrated to define the depositional settings. Some portions from one of the well sections reveal a blocky gamma ray well log signature instead of a coarsening-upward trend that characterises a shoreface setting while in other wells the signatures for heteroliths at some sections are bell blocky in shaped rather than serrated. Besides, heteroliths and mudstones within the proximal facies and those of distal facies were difficult to distinguish solely on well log signatures. However, interpretation based on sedimentology and ichnology of cores from these facies was used to correct these inconsistencies. It follows that depositional environment interpretation (especially in multifarious depositional environments such as the Niger Delta) should ideally be made together with other raw data for accuracy and those based solely on well log signatures should be treated with caution.
6
Cheng, Wufeng, Shenliang Chen, Xiaojing Zhong, and Shaohua Zhao. "Identification of Sedimentary Environments through Dynamic Image Analysis of the Particle Morphology of Beach Sediments on the East and West Coasts of Hainan Island in South China." Water 15, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152680.
Abstract:
Particle morphology is an important feature of sediments that reflects their transport history and depositional environment. In this study, we used dynamic image analysis (DIA) to measure the size and shape of beach sediments on the east and west coasts of Hainan Island in South China Sea. DIA is a fast and accurate method that can capture and analyze a large number of sediment particles in real-time. We extracted morphological descriptors of each particle, such as equivalent diameter, sphericity, aspect ratio and symmetry, and their distributions based on volume and number. We performed multivariate analysis on the particle morphological data, including alpha diversity, statistical analysis and fingerprint techniques. We found that the Shannon index, calculated by the number distribution of sediment particle morphology, can effectively discriminate between the two sites, reflecting different sediment sources, transport processes and depositional conditions. We also established a composite fingerprint based on seven morphological parameters and diversity indices, which can accurately distinguish between aeolian and hydraulic sedimentary environments. Our study demonstrates the potential application of DIA in identifying sedimentary environments and establishing sediment fingerprints. This can help us understand the sediment transport processes and depositional mechanisms in coastal areas.
7
Owens, R., A. Kelman, K. Khider, T. Bernecker, and B. Bradshaw. "Late Permian–Early Triassic depositional history in the southern Bonaparte Basin: new biostratigraphic insights into reservoir heterogeneity." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20111.
Abstract:
The upper Permian to Lower Triassic sedimentary succession in the southern Bonaparte Basin represents a marginal marine depositional system that hosts several gas accumulations. Of these, the Blacktip gas field has been in production since 2009, while additional gas resources are under consideration for development. The sedimentary succession extends across the Permian–Triassic stratigraphic boundary, and shows a change in lithofacies from the carbonate dominated Dombey Formation to the siliciclastic dominated Tern and Penguin formations. The timing, duration, distribution and depositional environments of these formations in the Petrel Sub-basin and Londonderry High is the focus of this study. The sedimentary succession extending from the Dombey to the Penguin formations is interpreted to represent marginal marine facies which accumulated during a long-lasting marine transgression that extended over previous coastal and alluvial plain sediments of the Cape Hay Formation. The overlying Mairmull Formation represents the transition to fully marine deposition in the Early Triassic. Regional scale well correlations and an assessment of biostratigraphic data indicate that marginal marine depositional systems were initiated outboard before the end-Permian extinction event, and migrated inboard at about the Permian–Triassic stratigraphic boundary. Marginal marine deposition across the southern Bonaparte Basin continued through the faunal and floral recovery phase as Triassic species became established. The depositional history of the basin is translated to a chronostratigraphic framework which has implications for predicting the character and distribution of petroleum system elements in the Petrel Sub-basin and Londonderry High.
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H.M.A.Eltayib, Sadam, El Sheikh M. Abdelrahman, Ali S. M. Ibrahim, and Omar A. O. Al-Imam. "Sedimentary environments and lithofacies distribution of zeit formation, red sea- Sudan." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v7i1.19712.
Abstract:
The Sudanese red sea coastal plain is geologically characterized by Cenozoic siliciclastic and shallow marine rift related sedimentary se-quences. Pliocene-Pleistocene is represented by the thick older gravel unit and the emergent linear reef terraces. In this study, wire line logs besides the investigations of cutting samples were used to investigate the un cored facies successions, to detect changes in grain size distribution, lithology and sedimentary facies and hence to interpret depositional environment. Confirmation of the log behavior using the cores and the cutting samples was undertaken. Furthermore, core to gamma-ray and spontaneous potential log correlations were set up. The lithofacies association and the depositional patterns of Zeit Formation were controlled by allocyclic and autocyclic processes, which include tectonic, palaeo climatic as well as depositional mechanisms. The lithofacies Distribution of Lower Zeit Member shows the southwestern part of the area is dominated by terrestrial to marginal marine partly supra tidal domain where some channel feeders can support the sand distribution from south to north. The central part of the area is dominated by shallow marginal marine to partly supra-tidal domains. The Middle Zeit Member was dominated by marginal marine to supratidal domain. The Upper Zeit Member repeated pattern of facies distribution being similar to that of Middle Zeit, however the sandy facies influxes increased towards the S. Suakin, Digna- area, towards Bashayer area and Durwara area from south to north.
9
Htwe, Paike, Sugeng Sapto Surjono, Donatus Hendra Amijaya, and Kyuro Sasaki. "DEPOSITIONAL MODEL OF NGRAYONG FORMATION IN MADURA AREA, NORTH EAST JAVA BASIN, INDONESIA." Journal of Applied Geology 7, no. 2 (July 26, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.26947.
Abstract:
The early Middle Miocene Ngrayong Formation, an important reservoir of North East Java Basin, is well exposed in the central anticlinal part of Madura Island. The purpose of current study is to classify the depositional environments of the study area based on the characteristics and geometry of sedimentary facies. In the Madura island, the thicker clastics and deeper carbonates of Ngimbang Formation and Kujung Formation of Late Oligocene-Early Miocene deposited in the northeast-southwest asymmetrical half grabens. After the deposition of Kujung Formation, the basin morphology developed nearly eastwest trending shelf edge and the deposition of Tuban Formation began. The fine grained complex of Tuban Formation was followed by the Ngrayong Sandstones deposition. The depositional model of Ngrayong Formation is being producing of wide variety of depositional environments. Large scale cross-bedded sandstones and bioturbated massive sandstones with thin to medium bedded argillaceous limestone that outcrop in the northern part of the study area are deposited in costal environment. The heterolithic sandstone with planar and trough cross-lamination, fine grained sandstone with interlaminated structure and bioclastic carbonate exposed in the central part of the study area are deposited in upper shallow marine area. Dark grey siltstones and mudstones deposited in lower shallow marine area are well exposed in southern part of the study area. In conclusion, Ngrayong Formation in Madura area is developed in three depositional units which are coastal, upper shallow marine and lower shallow marine.
10
Alshammari, Bassam, Nigel P. Mountney, Luca Colombera, and Mohammed A. Al-Masrahy. "Sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of a fluvial to shallow-marine succession: The Jurassic Dhruma Formation, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 773–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.077.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The interaction of fluvial, tidal, and wave processes in coastal and paralic environments gives rise to sedimentary successions with highly varied styles of facies architecture; these are determined by the morphology and evolutionary behavior of the range of coastal sub-environments, which may be difficult to diagnose in subsurface sedimentary successions with limited well control. This study presents depositional models to account for stratigraphic complexity in a subsurface fluvial to shallow-marine succession, the Middle Jurassic Dhruma Formation, Saudi Arabia. The study achieves the following: i) it examines and demonstrates sedimentary relationships between various fluvial, nearshore, and shallow-marine deposits, ii) it develops depositional models to account for the stratigraphic complexity inherent in fluvial to shallow-marine successions, and iii) it documents the sedimentology and the stratigraphic evolutionary patterns of the lower Dhruma Formation in the studied area of Saudi Arabia. The dataset comprises facies descriptions of 570 m of core from 14 wells, 77 representative core thin sections, 14 gamma-ray logs, and FMI image logs from 4 wells. These data are integrated with quantitative information from > 50 analogous systems from a wide range of modern and ancient settings, stored in a relational database. Stratigraphic correlations reveal the internal anatomy of the succession. Facies associations are representative of fluvial channels, intertidal flats, pedogenically modified supratidal flats or floodplains, river-influenced tidal bars, weakly storm-affected shoreface and offshore-transition zones, storm-dominated delta-front and prodelta settings, and an open-marine carbonate-dominated shelf. These sub-environments interacted in a complex way through space and time. The vertical succession of the studied interval records an overall transition from coastal-plain deposits at the base to marine deposits at the top. As such, the succession records a long-term transgressive, deepening-upward trend. However, this general trend is punctuated by repeated progradational events whereby coastal sand bodies of fluvial, wave, and tidal origin prograded basinward during stillstands to fill bays along a coastline. The nature of juxtaposition of neighboring sub-environments has resulted in a sedimentary record that is highly complex compared to that generated by morphologically simple shoreface systems that accumulate more regularly ordered stratal packages.
11
Saresma, Maarit, Emilia Kosonen, Antti E. K. Ojala, Anu Kaskela, and Leena Korkiala-Tanttu. "Characterization of sedimentary depositional environments for land use and urban planning in Espoo, Finland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 93, no. 1 (June 13, 2021): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/93.1.003.
Abstract:
The capital region of Finland is growing rapidly and into areas with challenging construction conditions such as deep fine-grained sediments. In the coastal city of Espoo, present land use is mainly focused in the southern and central parts, which were submerged by the Baltic Sea during the early and mid-Holocene. These areas have experienced saline and brackish water phases during the history of the Baltic Sea Basin. The deposition environments of the presently studied onshore areas are an analogue for the present day offshore Baltic Sea sedimentation settings for fine-grained material. The results from Baltic Sea studies have demonstrated that the seabed topography has a significant role in the deposition of sediments and their properties. In this study, paleotopographic models were created for the ancient Baltic Sea Basin in the Espoo area 1) after deglaciation and 2) during the Litorina transgression and classified into bathymetric (terrain) zones and structures. Topographic classification was combined with the water depth of the Litorina stage, the thickness of fine-grained deposits and wind fetch to establish the overall characteristics of sedimentary environments in the coastal area. Fine-grained sediments can be found mainly in depressions that are classified here as broad, narrow or local. The study found the most challenging environments for construction purposes in sheltered narrow depressions that contain thick layers of fine-grained sediments deposited during the Litorina transgression. These are mainly located in the southern and central parts of Espoo. Minor deep canyons were also found in the northern parts of Espoo. This study provides new prior knowledge for urban planning and construction design in Espoo. The methodology could be applied to other Baltic Sea coastal cities and areas with fine-grained sediments.
12
LOUWYE, STEPHEN, STIJN DE SCHEPPER, PIETER LAGA, and NOËL VANDENBERGHE. "The Upper Miocene of the southern North Sea Basin (northern Belgium): a palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphical reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts." Geological Magazine 144, no. 1 (October 10, 2006): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756806002627.
Abstract:
Organic-walled palynomorph assemblages from the Kasterlee Formation in northern Belgium provide new insights into the Late Miocene depositional history and palaeoenvironments of the southernmost North Sea Basin. Ranges of key dinoflagellate cysts constrain the unit between 7.5 and 5.32 Ma, that is, a latest Tortonian to Messinian age. The palynomorph assemblage is characterized, amongst others, by Geonettia clineae, an opportunistic species that thrives in mesotrophic, coastal embayments with a low sediment influx. This environmental setting is corroborated by the notable presence of Gramocysta verricula, a species with preference for shallow marine environments. The occurrence of species of the fresh water green alga Pediastrum indicates manifest river discharge in a near-shore environment or embayment. The coastal depositional environment mirrored by the palynomorphs of the Kasterlee Formation succeeds the distinct transgressive and fully marine environments of the underlying Diest Formation in the Campine area. The results from the palynological study, combined with lithological and geophysical data, show that both Upper Miocene formations are two distinct depositional cycles separated by an erosional or regressive phase. The upper boundary of the Kasterlee Formation is correlated with the Me2 sequence boundary at 5.73 Ma. The Kasterlee Formation is herein formally moved from the Lower Pliocene series to the Upper Miocene series. The coastal environment, probably characterized by a shoaling phase, recorded at the border of the southern North Sea Basin, matches the global record of regressive phases in Messinian sedimentary sequences, which are linked to cooling and increasing global ice volume.
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Bellais, Kaylyn C., Samuel T. Barber, Donald A. Beebe, and Murlene W. Clark. "Lake or Estuary? Sedimentary and Benthic Foraminiferal Characterization of a Gulf of Mexico Coastal Dune Lake." Gulf and Caribbean Research 31 (2020): SC46—SC52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3101.18.
Abstract:
Coastal dune lakes are shallow estuaries located within dune environments that share a permanent or intermittent connection with the sea. Because coastal dune lakes are found in few locations worldwide (e.g. Australia, New Zealand, Florida, etc.) they represent unique environments worthy of protection. However; there is a distinct lack of scientific data related to the function and ecology of coastal dune lakes, especially in the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the sedimentology and foraminifera of a representative coastal dune lake in Walton County, FL (i.e. Eastern Lake) and determine whether it shares geologic similarities with nearby estuaries. Ten Ekman sediment grab samples were collected along a transect spanning the length of Eastern Lake. The samples were processed to determine sedimentary properties and foraminiferal assemblages. Results from the sedimentary and foraminiferal analyses reveal 3 distinct depositional environments including: (1) a coarse grained, moderately well sorted, organic poor, sandy beach facies with both agglutinated and calcareous foraminifera, (2) a fine grained, very poorly sorted, organic rich central mud basin facies with mostly calcareous foraminifera, and (3) a coarse grained, poorly sorted, organic rich sandy marsh delta facies dominated by agglutinated foraminifera. These environments and foraminiferal patterns are also found in much larger nearby estuaries including Choctawhatchee Bay, Pensacola Bay, and Mobile Bay. Our results therefore suggest that coastal dune lakes may serve as down-scaled micro-estuaries and are functionally related to larger estuaries of the Gulf Coast despite their size.
14
Asubiojo, T. M. "Facies Architecture Analysis for Paleo-environment Evaluation in “Tom” Oil Field, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.4.
Abstract:
The cored section of reservoir C, well 4 of the drilled five wells that penetrated three reservoirs A, B and C in “TOM” oil field, Eastern Niger Delta was analysed and described on the basis of lithofacies, sedimentary structures and trace fossil records by using core data and wireline log motifs, with the aim of carrying out thorough geological core analysis to interpret the depositional environment of the oil field. The lithofacies are sandstones with interbedded mudstones and siltstones, the dominant sedimentary structures are parallel to ripple cross laminations, hummocky and swaley cross stratifications, sandy hetherolitics, planar to low angle cross bedding with traces of Teichichnus and Ophiomorpha burrows. The gamma-ray log motifs were noted and used to further constrain the character of the sedimentary facies and depositional environment of the field. A tidal incised – fluvial dominated shallow marine (lower, middle, upper shoreface) comprises of tidal channel sands and tidal flat of the coastal shelf depositional setting in the marginal marine mega depositional environment had been inferred for the “TOM” field.
Keywords: Shoreface, Reservoir, Lithofacies, Structures
15
Bell, C. M., and M. Suarez. "The depositional environments and tectonic development of a Mesozoic intra-arc basin, Atacama Region, Chile." Geological Magazine 130, no. 4 (July 1993): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800020501.
Abstract:
AbstractA thick succession of continental redbeds was deposited in a 50 km wide intra-arc basin on the Andean active continental margin in the Atacama region of northern Chile during early Cretaceous times. Upper Jurassic to early Cretaceous marine limestones were buried by the seaward progradation of a succession of coastal dunes, saline lakes and sandflats. Aeolian dune fields migrating towards the east across these coastal plains became stabilized by the growth of vegetation. Interdune alluvial areas between the sand dunes and dune fields developed into extensive alluvial braid plains which were in turn superimposed by alluvial fans. These fans were inundated by a regionally extensive saline lake produced by tectonic or volcanic damming of the sedimentary basin. This lake dried up leaving a large area of playa-lake mudflats. The climate was warm and semi-arid with a low and seasonal rainfall. Parts of the area supported a substantial vegetation of woody plants, together with a vertebrate fauna of dinosaurs, pterosaurs and crocodiles. The continental redbeds were derived from a volcanic source and were deposited on continental crust in a deep but narrow, north-south elongated, fault-bounded graben. This extensional basin formed in an intra-arc setting within an active andesitic volcanic chain. Upwards-coarsening sedimentary successions were the product of uplift of the fault-bounded margins of the basin.
16
Tamura, Larissa Natsumi, Renato Paes de Almeida, Fabio Taioli, André Marconato, and Liliane Janikian. "Ground Penetrating Radar investigation of depositional architecture: the São Sebastião and Marizal formations in the Cretaceous Tucano Basin (Northeastern Brazil)." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, no. 1 (March 2016): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620150031.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT: One key factor for the advance in the study of fluvial deposits is the application of geophysical methods, being the Ground Penetrating Radar one of special value. Although applied to active rivers, the method is not extensively tested on the rock record, bearing interest for hydrocarbon reservoir analogue models. The São Sebastião and Marizal formations were the subject of previous studies, which made possible the comparison of Ground Penetrating Radar survey to previous stratigraphic studies in order to identify the best combination of resolution, penetration and antenna frequency for the studied subject. Eight radar facies were identified, being six of them related to fluvial sedimentary environments, one related to eolian sedimentary environment and one radar facies interpreted as coastal sedimentary environment. The Ground Penetrating Radar data showed compatibility to sedimentary structures in the outcrops, like planar and trough cross-stratified beds. It is noted that the obtained resolution was efficient in the identification of structures up to 0.3 m using a 100 MHz antenna. In this way, the Ground Penetrating Radar survey in outcrops bears great potential for further works on fluvial depositional architecture.
17
Daryono, Lutfian Rusdi, Kazunori Nakashima, Satoru Kawasaki, Anastasia Dewi Titisari, and Didit Hadi Barianto. "Sediment Characteristics of Beachrock: A Baseline Investigation Based on Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation at Krakal-Sadranan Beach, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020520.
Abstract:
Isolation of ureolytic bacteria and geochemical analysis of beachrock from Krakal-Sadranan Beach (Yogyakarta, Indonesia) were conducted to determine natural sedimentary characteristics of the beachrock. The beachrock was also examined to determine the depositional conditions and distribution of rare earth elements. An increased concentration of total rare earth elements, both heavy rare earth elements (terbium, dysprosium, yttrium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium) and light rare earth elements (lanthanum, cesium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, and gadolinium) signals that the beachrock deposition process happened under oxidative environmental conditions. This study proposes the novel use of ureolytic bacteria in a depositional environment for carbonate control of a sedimentary process for the development of artificial rock to mitigate coastal erosion. The resulting bacterial strains are highly homologous to the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of the species Oceanobacillus profundus, Vibrio maritimus, and Pseudoalteromonas tetradonis.
18
Davies, J. R., A. McNestry, and R. A. Waters. "Palaeoenvironments and palynofacies of a pulsed transgression: the late Devonian and early Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) rocks of southeast Wales." Geological Magazine 128, no. 4 (July 1991): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800017623.
Abstract:
AbstractTwo boreholes in the Vale of Glamorgan have provided new data on the nature of the early Dinantian (Courceyan) transgression in South Wales. This transgression is manifested by the transition from the largely fluviatile, late Devonian, Upper Old Red Sandstone (Quartz Conglomerate Group) to the predominantly marine, early Dinantian, Lower Limestone Shale Group. The marine sequence comprises five shoaling upwards cycles, constructed from a suite of sedimentary lithofacies which record deposition in environments ranging from coastal plain, peritidal, lagoon, barrier and embayment to subtidal, open marine shelf. Each cycle represents a pulse of the transgression, and each successive pulse appears to have been larger than the preceding one, introducing progressively less restricted and more distal marine environments.Thirty-seven samples were processed for palynological analysis. Miospore biozonation supports the cycle correlations between the two boreholes, suggested by the sedimentary event stratigraphy. Detrital kerogens from the samples comprise both terrestrially derived and marine types in varying proportions. Each kerogen type is described as well as the size, sorting and preservation of each assemblage. A palynofacies profile is presented for eachof the depositional environments recognized.
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Yoon, Hyun HO, Woo Hun Ryang, Seung Soo Chun, Alexander R. Simms, Jin Cheul Kim, Tae Soo Chang, Dong-Geun Yoo, and Seok-Hwi Hong. "Coastal switching of dominant depositional processes driven by decreasing rates of Holocene sea-level rise along the macrotidal coast of Gochang, SW Korea." Journal of Sedimentary Research 93, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.023.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT Decreasing rates of eustatic sea-level rise during the Holocene accompanied the deposition of transgressive coastal deposits worldwide. However, unraveling how transgressive deposition varies in response to different rates of relative sea-level (RSL) rise is limited by the scarcity of long (10+ m) well-dated cores spanning the entire middle to late Holocene record along macrotidal coasts. To investigate the sedimentary response of this macrotidal coast to decreasing rates of RSL rise, we acquired four cores up to 32 m in length and Chirp seismic profiles along the west coast of Korea. Core sediments were analyzed in terms of sedimentary texture, structure, and facies. Nineteen optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and fourteen 14C accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) ages constrain the timing of deposition of the sandy sediments. This relatively dense distribution of ages is used to determine how deposition rates changed through time. We also use a compilation of previously published RSL indices for the southwestern Korean coast in order to better constrain RSL changes through time. Results show that the evolution of the Gochang coastline switched from a tide-dominated environment to a wave-dominated environment during the latter stage of transgression as the rate of the sea-level rise decreased. Rugged antecedent topography likely led to the development of tidal currents and the formation of a tide-dominated tidal flat during rapid RSL rise from 10 to 6 ka. As the tidal channels filled with fine-grained sediments from 6 to 1 ka, tidal amplification likely waned leading to a greater role of wave energy in shaping the formation of the sandy open-coast tidal flat. Since 1 ka, wave-dominated environments formed sand-rich tidal beaches and flats. Decreasing changes in rates of the RSL rise resulted in changes in depositional environments from a tide-dominated intertidal flat to an open-coast tidal flat and finally a wave-dominated tidal beach. This study highlights the important role that rates of RSL rise play on not only sedimentation rates in a shelf setting but also playing a role in the switch from a tide-dominated to a wave-dominated setting.
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Bush, Richard T., Roger McGrath, and Leigh A. Sullivan. "Occurrence of marcasite in an organic-rich Holocene estuarine mud." Soil Research 42, no. 6 (2004): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03079.
Abstract:
Substantial marcasite and pyrite were recently identified in the upper-most unoxidised Holocene clay–peat sediments at Bungawalbin Swamp, a coastal backswamp on the Richmond River floodplain, north-east New South Wales, Australia. Marcasite (FeS2), the mineral dimorph of pyrite, is considered a rare secondary mineral in estuarine sediments and its abundance at Bungawalbin Swamp is highly unusual. The morphology and distribution of marcasite in the sulfidic sedimentary profile was examined and compared with the palynological record. Marcasite, recognised by its distinctive platy morphology and disulfide composition, occurred exclusively within organic remnants in only the upper most 1 m of the sulfidic sediment layer. Pyrite occurred throughout the sulfidic profile. A dramatic change in the sedimentary conditions at Bungawalbin Swamp from a marine environment, characterised by the presence of avicenniaceae (i.e. mangrove), to a fresh–brackish environment correlates directly with the occurrence of marcasite. The occurrence of substantial marcasite may provide a valuable environmental proxy of fresh–brackish depositional swamp environments.
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Lo Giudice Cappelli, Elena, Jessica Louise Clarke, Craig Smeaton, Keith Davidson, and William Edward Newns Austin. "Organic-carbon-rich sediments: benthic foraminifera as bio-indicators of depositional environments." Biogeosciences 16, no. 21 (November 6, 2019): 4183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4183-2019.
Abstract:
Abstract. Fjords have been described as hotspots for carbon burial, potentially playing a key role within the carbon cycle as climate regulators over multiple timescales. Nevertheless, little is known about the long-term fate of the carbon that may become stored in fjordic sediments. One of the main reasons for this knowledge gap is that carbon arriving on the seafloor is prone to post-depositional degradation, posing a great challenge when trying to discriminate between an actual change in the carbon deposition rate and post-depositional carbon loss. In this study, we evaluate the use of modern benthic foraminifera as bio-indicators of organic carbon content in six voes (fjords) on the west coast of Shetland. Benthic foraminifera are known to be sensitive to changes in organic carbon content in the sediments, and changes in their assemblage composition therefore reflect synchronous variations in the quantity and quality of carbon reaching the seafloor. We identified four environments based on the relationship between benthic foraminiferal assemblages and organic carbon content in the sediments: (1) land-locked regions influenced by riverine and/or freshwater inputs of organic matter, namely the head of fjords with a restricted geomorphology; (2) stressed environments with a heavily stratified water column and sediments rich in organic matter of low nutritional value; (3) depositional environments with moderate organic content and mild or episodic current activity; and (4) marginal to coastal settings with low organic content, such as fjords with an unrestricted geomorphology. We conclude that foraminifera potentially provide a tool to disentangle primary organic carbon signals from post-depositional degradation and loss of organic carbon because of their environmental sensitivity and high preservation potential in the sedimentary record.
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Potter-McIntyre, Sally, and Thomas McCollom. "Jarosite and Alunite in Ancient Terrestrial Sedimentary Rocks: Reinterpreting Martian Depositional and Diagenetic Environmental Conditions." Life 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life8030032.
Abstract:
Members of the alunite group are precipitated at low pH (<1 to ~4) in oxidizing environments, are unstable in circumneutral conditions, and are widespread on Mars. At Mollies Nipple in Kane County, Utah, USA, jarosite and alunite are abundant as diagenetic cements in Jurassic sandstones. This research characterizes the jarosite and alunite cements with the goal of determining their origin, and tests the hypothesis that jarosite and alunite may be more stable than the current understanding indicates is possible. Previous studies have placed the jarosite- and alunite-bearing caprock at Mollies Nipple in the Navajo Sandstone, but the presence of water-lain deposits, volcanic ash, volcanic clasts, and peloids show that it is one of the overlying Middle Jurassic units that records sea level transgressions and regressions. A paragenetic timing, established from petrographic methods, shows that much of the cement was precipitated early in a marginal marine to coastal dune depositional environment with a fluctuating groundwater table that drove ferrolysis and evolved the groundwater to a low pH. Microbial interaction was likely a large contributor to the evolution of this acidity. Jarosite and alunite are clearly more stable in natural environments than is predicted by laboratory experiments, and therefore, the Martian environments that have been interpreted as largely acidic and/or dry over geologic time may have been more habitable than previously thought.
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Birch, Gavin F., and Marco A. Olmos. "Sediment-bound heavy metals as indicators of human influence and biological risk in coastal water bodies." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 8 (September 15, 2008): 1407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn139.
Abstract:
AbstractBirch, G. F., and Olmos, M. A. 2008. Sediment-bound heavy metals as indicators of human influence and biological risk in coastal water bodies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1407–1413. Currently, many institutions are conducting or planning large, regional-scale ecosystem assessments of estuarine health. A full, integrated assessment of these environments requires a large suite of biological, physical, and chemical indicators, including sedimentary chemistry, ecotoxicology, benthic community structure, and bioaccumulation. This commitment is beyond the capacity of most organizations, and a simpler approach is required to accommodate limited financial resources. A case is made for the use of sedimentary heavy metals as an easy and inexpensive indicator. The advantages are that sediments identify the “pristine” condition and give baseline information against which future management strategies may be benchmarked, and that they differentiate solely human-induced change from natural variation. Sediment indicators in depositional environments are also less dynamic than those associated with water and biota. Our objective is to demonstrate that sediment-bound heavy metals data provide the spatial extent and magnitude of chemical change, as well as the risk of biological stress attributable to contamination in estuarine ecosystems. An assessment of this scheme involving seven New South Wales (Australia) estuaries suggests that sedimentary heavy-metal indicators used in a weight-of-evidence approach, with data collected during the recent Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit, enhances estuarine condition assessment.
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Παυλόπουλος, Κ., Ε. Καρύμπαλης, Π. Καρκάνας, Λ. Παρλαμά, Ι. Μάνος, Μ. Τριαντάφυλλου, and M. Θεοχάρη. "GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE PALAMARI BAY (NORTHEASTERN SKYROS ISLAND) DURING LATE HOLOCENE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16907.
Abstract:
Palamari bay is loceted on the northeastern coast of Skyros island (Sporades islands, Aegean sea). The area is of fundamental archaeological interest because of a prehistoric archaeological site, located at the northern part of the bay. In order to investigate the geomorphic evolution of the broader area a detailed geomorphological mapping of the coastal and submarine area of the bay at a scale 1:5000 was carried out. Additionally the stratigraphy of the late Holocene sediments was studied and micropaleontological and palynological study of collected samples from the deposits of the coastal alluvial plain as well as radiocarbon dating of selected layers rich in organic material were done. The main morphological features of the coastal zone are two beachrock formations with the first one extending along the coastline reaching a depth of-1.70 m and the second one occupying the southern part of the bay lying between -1.90 and -2.90 m below sea level. Microfaunal and palynological analysis of collected samples identified two main sedimentary sequences. The uppermost sedimentary unit represents a terrestrial depositional environment dominated by aeolian wellsorted sands and fluvial sediments. The underlying sequence showed a lagoonal depositional environment, implying a protected lagoon connected to the sea, which was periodically supplied with fresh water. This lagoon existed between 3700 years BP and 700 years BP as radiocarbon dating showed. The existence of this lagoon after that period is possible.
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OLIVIER, NICOLAS, ARNAUD BRAYARD, EMMANUEL FARA, KEVIN G. BYLUND, JAMES F. JENKS, EMMANUELLE VENNIN, DANIEL A. STEPHEN, and GILLES ESCARGUEL. "Smithian shoreline migrations and depositional settings in Timpoweap Canyon (Early Triassic, Utah, USA)." Geological Magazine 151, no. 5 (January 17, 2014): 938–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000988.
Abstract:
AbstractIn Timpoweap Canyon near Hurricane (Utah, USA), spectacular outcrop conditions of Early Triassic rocks document the geometric relationships between a massive Smithian fenestral-microbial unit and underlying, lateral and overlying sedimentary units. This allows us to reconstruct the evolution of depositional environments and high-frequency relative sea-level fluctuations in the studied area. Depositional environments evolved from a coastal plain with continental deposits to peritidal settings with fenestral-microbial limestones, which are overlain by intertidal to shallow subtidal marine bioclastic limestones. This transgressive trend of a large-scale depositional sequence marks a long-term sea-level rise that is identified worldwide after the Permian–Triassic boundary. The fenestral-microbial sediments were deposited at the transition between continental settings (with terrigenous deposits) and shallow subtidal marine environments (with bioturbated and bioclastic limestones). Such a lateral zonation questions the interpretation of microbial deposits as anachronistic and disaster facies in the western USA basin. The depositional setting may have triggered the distribution of microbial deposits and contemporaneous marine biota. The fenestral-microbial unit is truncated by an erosional surface reflecting a drop in relative sea level at the scale of a medium depositional sequence. The local inherited topography allowed the recording of small-scale sequences characterized by clinoforms and short-distance lateral facies changes. Stratal stacking pattern and surface geometries allow the reconstruction of relative sea-level fluctuations and tracking of shoreline migrations. The stacking pattern of these small-scale sequences and the amplitude of corresponding high-frequency sea-level fluctuations are consistent with climatic control. Large- and medium-scale sequences suggest a regional tectonic control.
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PIROUZ, MORTAZA, GUY SIMPSON, ABBAS BAHROUDI, and ALI AZHDARI. "Neogene sediments and modern depositional environments of the Zagros foreland basin system." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2011): 838–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000392.
Abstract:
AbstractA sedimentological investigation of the Neogene deposits of the Zagros foreland basin in SW Iran reveals a continuous and largely gradational passage from supratidal and sabkha sediments at the base (represented by the Gachsaran Formation) to carbonates and marine marls (Mishan Formation with basal Guri carbonate member) followed by coastal plain and meandering river deposits (Agha Jari Formation) and finally to braided river gravel sheets (Bakhtyari Formation). This vertical succession is interpreted to represent the southward migration of foreland basin depozones (from distal foredeep and foredeep to distal wedge-top and proximal wedge-top, respectively) as the Zagros fold–thrust belt migrated progressively southward towards the Arabian foreland. This vertical succession bears a striking similarity to modern depositional environments and sedimentary deposits observed in the Zagros region today, where one passes from mainly braided rivers in the Zagros Mountains to meandering rivers close to the coast, to shallow marine clastic sediments along the northern part of the Persian Gulf and finally to carbonate ramp and sabkha deposits along the southeastern coast of the Persian Gulf. This link between the Neogene succession and the modern-day depositional environments strongly suggests that the major Neogene formations of the Zagros foreland basin are strongly diachronous (as shown recently by others) and have active modern-day equivalents.
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Ahlberg, Anders, Ulf Sivhed, and Mikael Erlström. "The Jurassic of Skåne, southern Sweden." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 1 (October 28, 2003): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v1.4682.
Abstract:
In Sweden, Jurassic strata are restricted to Skåne and adjacent offshore areas. Jurassic sedimentary rocks predominantly comprise sandy to muddy siliciclastics, with subordinate coal beds and few carbonate-rich beds. During Mesozoic times, block-faulting took place in the Sorgenfrei– Tornquist Zone, a tectonic zone which transects Skåne in a NW–SE direction. The Jurassic depositional environments in Skåne were thus strongly influenced by uplift and downfaulting, and to some extent by volcanism. Consequently, the sedimentary record reveals evidence of numerous transgressions, regressions and breaks in sedimentation. Relative sea-level changes played a significant role in controlling the facies distribution, as deposition mainly took place in coastal plain to shallow shelf environments. The alluvial deposits in Skåne include floodplain palaeosols, autochthonous coals, overbank sandstones, and stream channel pebbly sandstones. Restricted marine strata comprise intertidal heteroliths with mixed freshwater and marine trace fossil assemblages, and intertidal delta distributary channel sandstones. Shallow marine sediments encompass subtidal and shoreface sandstones with herringbone structures, and bioturbated mudstones with tempestite sandstones. Offshore deposits typically comprise extensively bioturbated muddy sandstones. Floral remains, palaeopedology, clay mineralogy and arenite maturity indicate a warm and humid climate in Skåne throughout the Jurassic, possibly with slightly increasing aridity towards the end of the period. Most Jurassic strata in Skåne have been subjected to mild burial diagenesis, and the petroleum generative window has rarely been reached.
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Booker, Simone, Stephen Hubbard, Chelsea Rommens, and John-Paul Zonneveld. "Facies associations and depositional environments of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate marginal marine succession: The Lower Carnian (Upper Triassic) middle Charlie Lake Formation, Kobes-Blueberry area, British Columbia, Canada." Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35767/gscpgbull.67.2.117.
Abstract:
Abstract The Upper Triassic (Carnian) Charlie Lake Formation in northeastern British Columbia, Canada is a heterolithic mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession of dolomite dolomitic siltstone, well-sorted sandstone, bioclastic sandstone, and anhydrite. This succession is unusual in that it records the only significant non-marine interval in the Triassic of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. In the Kobes-Altares-Blueberry area, moderately abundant core are available through the middle members of the Charlie Lake Formation. All available core were analyzed in order to interpret the depositional setting of constituent members and identify reservoir quality lithofacies and horizons. The middle Charlie Lake Formation in the Kobes-Altares-Blueberry area was deposited in an arid coastal setting. Sixteen lithofacies were identified and placed in three lithofacies assemblages and the latter characterize three depositional settings: coastal salina/playa, aeolian dune, and proximal marine ramps. The coastal salina/playa lithofacies assemblage is heterolithic, and is dominated by dolomitic and anhydritic facies. Depositional subenvironments include intertidal flat, ephemeral lagoon, shore proximal ephemeral lake, sabkha and supratidal paleosol. Potential reservoir lithofacies in this assemblage includes peloidal to stromatolitic dolomitic siltstone deposited in lagoonal and intertidal flat settings. The aeolian dune lithofacies assemblage preserves the movement of small, shore-proximal dunes and associated interdune successions. Well-sorted, fine-grained sandstone beds comprise the best reservoir lithofacies in this assemblage. The proximal marine ramp facies assemblage records several marine transgressions that punctuate the dominantly nonmarine/marginal marine Charlie Lake Formation. Bioclastic packstone, bioclastic sandstone and peloidal dolomitic siltstone to sandstone beds, all exhibit good porosity and are potential hydrocarbon reservoir units within this lithofacies assemblage.
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Arochukwu, E. C., C. U. Ugwueze, and G. J. Udom. "Depositional facies analysis of coastal to shallow marine deposits in the onshore Niger Delta Basin: Accessing the influence of sedimentology and depositional environments on reservoir quality." Scientia Africana 22, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.28.
Abstract:
Sedimentology and depositional environment of E2000-Sand in the southern part of the Central Swamp depobelt have been studied using core and wireline log data. Nine wells were used for the study, one of which has some 200ft of core in the southern part of the field. Key wells were correlated based on normalized gamma-ray and other logs. Using two main panels, one along the depositional dip across syn-sedimentary intra-field faults and another along strike, lateral continuity, reservoir development, and shoreline proximity were evaluated. The cores were described to identify lithology, sedimentary structures, depositional processes, and genetic units. The results from the electro-facies analysis, wireline log correlation, core description, and core permeameter measurements were integrated to interpret depositional environments. The E2000-Sand normalized gamma-ray log profile showed three broad sections made up of (from bottom to top) a coarsening upward funnel-shaped basal section overlain by an overall cylindrical-shaped gamma-ray log signature capped by a short coarsening upward funnel-shaped interval. The overall gamma-ray log profile is consistent with a deltaic progradational setting typical of a shoreface sequence inundated by channel activities. Seven genetic units were identified in the cored interval comprising Marine Shale, Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Lagoonal Shale/ Heterolithics, Tidally Influenced Channel/Crevasse Splay, and Distributary Channel. Petrophysical analysis of these units showed a direct correlation between lithofacies type and grain size with flow properties deteriorating with decreasing grain size. Using such attributes as permeability, porosity, and grain size, four genetic units in the sand namely Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Tidal Channel, and Distributary Channel were interpreted as reservoir units. The best reservoir flow properties were preserved in the Distributary Channels with a porosity range of 20-29%, permeability in the range of 3,300-9,900mD and average grain size ranging from 177-500μ, while the Lower Shoreface corresponded to the worst quality reservoir units with porosity ranging from 17-26%, permeability varying from 0.01-180mD, and average grain size varying from 62-125μ. Three of the genetic units including Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lagoonal Shales/Heterolithics, and Marine Shale were interpreted as non-reservoir units with porosity and permeability ranging from 4-17%, and 0.03-36mD respectively, while average grain size was below resolution. The E2000-Sand is interpreted as deposited in a coastal shoreface/delta mouth shallow marine setting. Reservoir quality in the sand is strongly faciesdependent with sedimentology and depositional environments controlling the reservoir properties of the sand bodies.
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Frey, R. W., and J. D. Howard. "Beaches and beach-related facies, Holocene barrier islands of Georgia." Geological Magazine 125, no. 6 (November 1988): 621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800023438.
Abstract:
AbstractThe mesotidal coast of Georgia encompasses diverse sedimentary features and depositional environments, most of which typify major facies of the entire Georgia Bight – a broad embayment on the southeastern U.S. shelf. Barrier island strandline environments especially include tidal inlets and shoals, the beach shoreface, foreshore, and backshore, and dunes and washover fans. Low energy beach segments may grade directly into small seaside tidal flats. Relict salt marsh deposits crop out on erosional beaches. All deposits are in dynamic equilibrium with fluctuating coastal conditions and a gradual rise in sea level.Most of these facies are important in interpreting ancient epeiric transgressive/regressive coastal sequences. Pronounced local variations in the overall sequence result from complex latero-vertical relationships between (1) the shoreface, foreshore, and shoals, and (2) the shoals, low energy beaches, and beach-related tidal flats. Washover fans and relict deposits on erosional beaches cause perturbations within present day lateral relationships but are normal in transgressive facies tracts along such coasts. Close stratigraphic control of outcrops or cores would be necessary for detailed reconstructions of, or correlations among, ancient analogs.
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Monga, Priyanka, Madhav Kumar, Vandana Prasad, and Yogesh Joshi. "Palynostratigraphy, palynofacies and depositional environment of a lignite-bearing succession at Surkha Mine, Cambay Basin, north-western India." Acta Palaeobotanica 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2015-0010.
Abstract:
Abstract The paper reports palynology and palynofacies studies of lignite-bearing sediments exposed in an opencast mine succession at Surkha, Bhavnagar District, in the coastal region of Gujarat, India. The study examined the relationships between the palynoflora, sedimentary organic matter and environment at the time of deposition of lignite and associated sediments. Based on dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy, the sedimentary succession is dated as early Eocene (Ypresian). Palynofacies studies helped reveal the palaeoenvironmental fluctuations. The dominance of angiosperm pollen grains, freshwater algae, microthyraceous fungi and a large share of land debris in the lower part of the succession suggests a freshwater swamp environment of deposition for the basal lignite facies. Two cenozones - Matanomadiasulcites maximus and Lakiapollis ovatus - were identified in the lower lignite facies, determined from the dominance of these pollen grains in the palynological assemblages. The presence of angiosperm pollen grains and pteridophyte spores in the carbonaceous shale horizon above the lignite facies indicates a change in the depositional regime from freshwater swamp to lagoonal. This was identified as the Arecipites wodehousei cenozone due to its numerical abundance in the assemblage. Dinoflagellate cyst abundance and diversity, and microforaminiferal test linings along with well-sorted terrestrial debris in the mudstone in the upper part of the succession suggest a more open marine estuarine type of depositional environment. The Homotryblium complex along with Cordospheridium fibrospinosum, Kenleyia sp., and Thalassiphora pelagica dinoflagellate cysts are the main representatives of this zone, determined as the Homotryblium tenuispinosum cenozone. The changing depositional settings (freshwater swamp-lagoonal-estuarine) along the vertical succession indicate a marine transgression in this region. Results from palynological studies of early Palaeogene successions of the Cambay and Kutch basins correlate well with the present findings.
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Cunha-Lignon, Marília, Michel M. Mahiques, Yara Schaeffer-Novelli, Marcelo Rodrigues, Daniel A. Klein, Samara C. Goya, Ricardo P. Menghini, Clodoaldo C. Tolentino, Gilberto Cintrón-Molero, and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. "Analysis of mangrove forest succession, using sediment cores: a case study in the Cananéia -Iguape coastal system, São Paulo Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 3 (September 2009): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000300001.
Abstract:
Sediment cores are an essential tool for the analysis of the dynamics of mangrove succession. Coring was used to correlate changes in depositional environments and lateral sedimentary facies with discrete stages of forest succession at the Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System in southeastern Brazil. A local level successional pattern was examined based on four core series T1) a sediment bank; T2) a smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora bank; T3) an active mangrove progradation fringe dominated by Laguncularia racemosa, and; T4) a mature mangrove forest dominated by Avicennia schaueriana. Cores were macroscopically described in terms of color, texture, sedimentary structure and organic components. The base of all cores exhibited a similar pattern suggesting common vertical progressive changes in depositional conditions and subsequent successional colonization pattern throughout the forest. The progradation zone is an exposed bank, colonized by S. alterniflora. L. racemosa, replaces S. alterniflora as progradation takes place. As the substrate consolidates A. schaueriana replaces L. racemosa and attains the greatest structural development in the mature forest. Cores collected within the A. schaueriana dominated stand contained S. alterniflora fragments near the base, confirming that a smooth cordgrass habitat characterized the establishment and early seral stages. Cores provide a reliable approach to describe local-level successional sequences in dynamic settings subject to drivers operating on multiple temporal and spatial scales where spatial heterogeneity can lead to multiple equilibria and where similar successional end-points may be reached through convergent paths.
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Paul, K. Mareike, Martijn Hermans, Sami A. Jokinen, Inda Brinkmann, Helena L. Filipsson, and Tom Jilbert. "Revisiting the applicability and constraints of molybdenum- and uranium-based paleo redox proxies: comparing two contrasting sill fjords." Biogeosciences 20, no. 24 (December 19, 2023): 5003–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5003-2023.
Abstract:
Abstract. Sedimentary molybdenum (Mo) and uranium (U) enrichments are often used as redox proxies to reconstruct bottom water redox changes. However, these redox proxies may not be equally reliable across a range of coastal settings due to varying depositional environments. Fjords vary greatly in their depositional conditions, due to their unique bathymetry and hydrography, and are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic and climatic pressures. Currently, it is unknown to what extent Mo and U sequestration is affected by variable depositional conditions in fjords. Here, we use pore water and sequential extraction data to investigate Mo and U enrichment pathways in sediments of two sill fjords on the Swedish west coast with contrasting depositional environments and bottom water redox conditions. Our data suggest that sedimentary authigenic Mo and U pools differ between the two fjords. At the (ir)regularly dysoxic (oxygen = 0.2–2 mL L−1) Gullmar Fjord, authigenic Mo largely binds to manganese (Mn) oxides and to a lesser extent to iron (Fe) oxides; Mo sulfides do not play a major role due to low sulfate reduction rates, which limits the rate of Mo burial. Authigenic U largely resides in carbonates. At the (ir)regularly euxinic (oxygen = 0 mL L−1; total hydrogen sulfide ≥ 0 mL L−1) Koljö Fjord, authigenic Mo is significantly higher due to binding with more refractory organic matter complexes and Mo-Fe-sulfide phases. Uranium is moderately enriched and largely bound to organic matter. We found no direct evidence for temporal changes in bottom water redox conditions reflected in Mo and U enrichments at either Gullmar Fjord or Koljö Fjord. While sulfidic bottom waters favor Mo sequestration at Koljö Fjord, enrichment maxima reflect a combination of depositional conditions rather than short-term low-oxygen events. Our data demonstrate that secondary pre- and post-depositional factors control Mo and U sequestration in fjords to such an extent that bottom water redox conditions are either not being systematically recorded or overprinted. This explains the large variability in trace metal enrichments observed in fjords and has implications for applying Mo and U as proxies for environmental redox reconstructions in such systems.
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Wang, Zhanghua, Hao Xu, Qing Zhan, Yoshiki Saito, Zhongfa He, Jianlei Xie, Xiao Li, and Yonghong Dong. "Lithological and Palynological Evidence of late Quaternary Depositional Environments in the Subaqueous Yangtze Delta, China." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (May 2010): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.11.001.
Abstract:
AMS 14C ages of post-glacial core sediments from the subaqueous Yangtze delta, along with sedimentary structures and distributions of grain size, pollen spores, and dinoflagellate cysts, show an estuarine depositional system from 13 to 8.4 cal ka BP and a deltaic system from 5.9 cal ka BP to the present. The estuarine system consists of intertidal to subtidal flat, estuarine, and estuarine-front facies, characterized by sand"mud couplets and a high sedimentation rate. The deltaic system includes nearshore shelf and prodelta mud featured by lower sedimentation rate, markedly fewer coastal wetland herbaceous pollens, and more dinoflagellate cysts. We explain the extremely high sedimentation rate during 9.2–8.4 cal ka BP at the study site as a result of rapid sea-level rise, high sediment load due to the unstable monsoonal climate, and subaqueous decrease of elevation from inner to outer estuary. A depositional hiatus occurred during 8.2–5.9 cal ka BP, the transition from estuarine to deltaic system, caused possibly by a shortage of sediment supply resulting from delta initiation in paleo-incised Yangtze valley and strong tidal or storm-related reworking in offshore areas. The subsequent development of deltaic system at the study site indicates accelerated progradation of Yangtze delta post-5.9 cal ka BP.
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Layek, Mrinal Kanti, Palash Debnath, Probal Sengupta, and Abhijit Mukherjee. "Delineation of Sedimentary Facies and Groundwater-Sea Water Disposition in an Intertidal Zone of the Bay of Bengal using GPR and VES." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 23, no. 2 (June 2018): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg23.2.235.
Abstract:
A combination of geophysical study including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and vertical electrical sounding (VES) was done to identify different shallow-subsurface depositional features in an intertidal coast of the eastern parts of India, adjoining the Bay of Bengal (BoB) (Chandipur, Odisha state). The study was aimed to understand the variation of sedimentary depositional sequences, prograding to the ocean from land, as well as towards the confluence of a river channel with the BoB. Six VES points and 85 GPR traverses were taken in the intertidal flat. The data were calibrated with sedimentary sequences retrieved from simultaneously drilled boreholes in four locations. Resistivity data clearly demonstrate the subsurface sediment layer boundaries with water saturation variability, up to 156 m below ground surface (bgs). The data suggest thickening of brackish water saturated clay layers towards the southwestern part. GPR data were capable of resolving the geometry of intertidal dunes, buried palaeo-channels, erosional surface, water table, eolian deposit of sand, and washover delta depositional features which are all present in this study area. Several erosional surfaces, related to sedimentary processes, e.g., delta overwash processes, were clearly demarcated. The study also successfully identified and visualized the saline-fresh groundwater interfaces and submarine ground water discharge (SGD) zones. Consequently, based on these data, a conceptual model of the depositional and erosional history of the sedimentation of the area, as well as the coastal hydrogeological disposition, was conceived.
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Chaaou, Ismail, Lahcen Kabiri, Badre Essafraoui, Ali Charroud, Hicham Si Mhamdi, Mohamed Abioui, Kamal Abdelrahman, Carlos Neto de Carvalho, and Mohammed S. Fnais. "Lithostratigraphic, Paleoenvironmental Characterization and Correlations of the Albian–Turonian Deposits of the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin (Southeast Morocco)." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 11048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111048.
Abstract:
Ten detailed sections have been logged and studied from the “Infra-Cenomanian’’ to the Cenomanian–Turonian deposits in the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin between Tazzouguerte and Anounizme(SE Morocco). They show variations in their lithology and microfacies that reflect changes in the depositional environment from the base to the top of the sedimentary record. Indeed, depositional setting grades from a fluvial environment marked by sandstone deposits of the Ifezouane Formation to an alluvial plain and coastal lagoon environment comprising an alternation of red clay, gypsum, and green marl beds of the Aoufous Formation and, finally, towards shallow to moderately deep marine environments with the deposition of the carbonates of the Akrabou Formation. Correlations between the studied sections show variations in the thickness of strata throughout the basin. The variations recorded in the so-called “Infra-Cenomanian” series may be related to the structuration of the basement. The Cenomanian–Turonian carbonate platform shows deeper marine and thicker sediments towards the east, while it thins towards the west until its disappearance in Anounizme. This reflects the global Cenomanian–Turonian transgression in the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin from the eastern Tethyan realm towards the west. The regional correlation of the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin with the Ouarzazate and Agadir basins shows an eastward thinning of the Cenomanian–Turonian marine deposits of Agadir. This suggests the presence of a paleorelief at the Anounizme locality. This could be the boundary between the Errachidia–Boudnib–Erfoud Basin, with Tethyan influence, to the east and those of Ouarzazate and Agadir, with Atlantic affinity, to the west.
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Erlström, M., U. Sivhed, and F. Surlyk. "A backstepping, fluviatile-paralic-marine succession, Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic, Skåne, southern Sweden." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 46 (December 20, 1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1999-46-01.
Abstract:
A temporal exposure of a Lower Sinemurian succession of fluviatile, coastal plain and marine sediments was accessible for study during a short time interval in 1997 at Örby, NW Skåne, Sweden. The succession adds significantly to the knowledge and understanding of the Sinemurian sedimentary evolution of the Fennoscandian Border Zone and the north-eastern margin of the Danish Basin. The top of the section overlaps the base of a section previously exposed at the nearby quarry at Gantofta. The combined evidence from Örby, Gantofta and a few borings shows that Sinemurian sedimentation took place during marked stepwise transgression. This is recorded by backstepping of the depositional environments from braided streams, over lakes and swamps, to estuarine and finally fully marine, offshore conditions. The sedimentary packages of the individual systems are well defined and separated mainly by sharp boundaries representing lacustrine, estuarine and marine flooding and ravinement surfaces. A regional sea-level rise punctuated by a minor fall is suggested to be the main factor controlling Early Jurassic basin evolution of the northeastern margin of the Danish Basin and the Fennoscandian Border Zone.
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Martino, Ronald L. "Trace fossils from marginal marine facies of the Kanawha Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), West Virginia." Journal of Paleontology 63, no. 4 (July 1989): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000019648.
Abstract:
Seven sedimentary facies have been identified in a 40-m-thick portion of the Kanawha Formation near Chelyan in southern West Virginia. Lithology, sedimentary and biogenic structures, body fossils, paleocurrent patterns, and facies geometry have been used to identify the following paleoenvironments: Facies 1, fluviodeltaic channels represented by thick, cross-stratified channel sandstone; Facies 2, crevasse splays and tidal creeks represented by thin, cross-stratified wedge and channel sandstone; Facies 3, coastal swamps and lakes represented by coal seat and carbonaceous shale; Facies 4, restricted bay and upper tidal flats represented by dark-gray shale, mudstone; Facies 5, interdistributary bays represented by olive-gray siltstone and shale with brachiopods; Facies 6, bay or tidal flat scour fills represented by sandy limestone with brachiopods and pelmatozoans; and Facies 7, low to mid tidal flats and distributary mouth bars represented by thinly interbedded, rippled sandstone and siltstone.Trace fossils representing 17 ichnogenera are present with most being restricted to certain sedimentary facies. Three ichnoassemblages are recognized. 1) An annulated vertical burrow assemblage, consisting of arthropod(?) dwellings, occurs in an abandoned fluvial channel facies. 2) A Phycodes–Zoophycos assemblage is associated with dark-gray shales and mudstones of a restricted bay and/or upper tidal flat environment. Additional ichnogenera include Planolites and ?Conostichus. 3) An Olivellites assemblage with a high abundance and a high diversity of trace fossils occurs within a rippled sandstone/siltstone facies; trace fossils include (in order of abundance) Olivellites, Teichichnus, Planolites, Aulichnites, transversely ridged surface trails, Rosselia, Scolicia, Curvolithus, Helminthopsis, Tasmanadia, Petalichnus, Ancorichnus, and ?Asterosoma. The associated depositional environments are interpreted as low to mid tidal flats and possibly distributary mouth bars.The occurrence of salinity-sensitive trace fossils such as the assemblages described herein within otherwise faunally barren intervals facilitates the recognition of marine-influenced coastal facies in which stenohaline or brackish body fossils are lacking.
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Santos, Isaac R., William C. Burnett, and José M. Godoy. "Radionuclides as tracers of coastal processes in Brazil: review, synthesis, and perspectives." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 56, no. 2 (June 2008): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592008000200004.
Abstract:
We review the usefulness, limitations, significance, and coastal management implications of radionuclide measurements in Brazilian coastal environments. We focus on the use of radionuclides as tracers of sedimentary processes and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). We also discuss artificial radionuclide contamination and high natural radioactivity areas. The interpretation of 14C-, 137Cs-, and 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates has provided evidence that inappropriate soil use by urban and agricultural activities has intensified erosion processes on land, which is reflected in depositional environments, such as coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. Of the processes discussed in this paper, SGD is the one that requires the most scientific effort in the short-term. There have been only two case studies using 222Rn and radium isotopes as groundwater tracers in Brazil. These investigations showed that SGD can be a major source of nutrients and other dissolved species to the coastal ocean. Baseline 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 238Pu concentrations in seawater from the whole Brazilian coastal zone are very low. Therefore, in spite of contamination problems in many ecosystems in the northern hemisphere, artificial radionuclide pollution appears to be negligible along the Brazilian coast. Phosphate fertilizer industries and petroleum processing facilities are the main economic activities producing Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Even though a few attempts have been made to assess the radiological effects of these activities, their potential threats indicate a need for the radiological control of their wastes. This review showed that the number of studies within the field of environmental radioactivity is still small in Brazil and much more research is needed to understand processes of high interest for environmental managers. In the near future, it is likely that such studies in Brazil will move from descriptive, environmental quality-based assessments to approaches that attempt to quantify chemical, physical, and biological processes in the environment.
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Graham, John R., Andrea James, and Kenneth J. Russell. "Basin history deduced from subtle changes in fluvial style: a study of distal alluvium from the Devonian of southwest Ireland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83, no. 4 (1992): 655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300003357.
Abstract:
AbstractTwo detailed sections through 4 km of distal alluvium of the Upper Devonian Old Red Sandstone in the Munster Basin, southern Ireland, display a limited number of lithofacies. There is little ordering of these lithofacies on a small scale but changes in the proportions of lithofacies through time define a sequence of stages of basin evolution. The depositional environments changed progressively from sheetflood dominant, via mobile ephemeral channels and floodplains to a more fixed channel–overbank system and eventually to a coastal plain. On the basis of the sedimentary record a progressive reduction in subsidence rate with time is deduced as the main control on the evolution of the basin fill. This deduction is consistent with predictions from previously applied extensional basin models, but is insufficiently refined at present to distinguish between the different models.
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Guilhermic, Corentin, Maria Pia Nardelli, Aurélia Mouret, Damien Le Moigne, and Hélène Howa. "Short-term response of benthic foraminifera to fine-sediment depositional events simulated in microcosm." Biogeosciences 20, no. 15 (August 11, 2023): 3329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3329-2023.
Abstract:
Abstract. A microcosm experiment was designed to describe how benthic foraminifera react to fine-sediment deposits varying in frequency and intensity as they may occur regularly or occasionally in coastal benthic environments, caused by discharges from (e.g.) river flooding, tidewater glacier melting in polar regions, or diverse anthropic activities linked to harbour or watershed management. The influence of seabed burial resulting from these events on the ecology of benthic ecosystems is often overlooked, and the resilience of benthic communities is poorly known. During a 51 d long experiment, a typical northeastern Atlantic intertidal foraminiferal community, mainly represented by Ammonia confertitesta and Haynesina germanica species, was subjected to two kinds of sedimentary disturbance: (1) a one-time high-volume (OHV) deposit, i.e. sediment about 3 cm thick was added at one time at the beginning of the experiment; and (2) frequent low-volume (FLV) deposits, i.e. sediment about 0.5 cm thick was added each week for 4 weeks. The geochemical environment (e.g. dissolved oxygen penetration in the sediment, salinity, temperature, and nutrient content in the supernatant water) was monitored to follow the microcosm steady state before and during the experiment. In both disturbed microcosms, H. germanica showed a significant linear decrease in abundance during the experiment, while the total abundance of foraminifera was significantly affected only by the OHV treatment, suggesting a stronger effect of a single thick deposit on standing stocks and biodiversity compared to frequent low-volume sediment supplies. Concerning the vertical migration of foraminifera after sedimentary disturbances, the two dominant species moved upwards to the water–sediment interface with migration speeds estimated to be 0.41 and 0.47 mm h−1 respectively for A. confertitesta and H. germanica. In the FLV treatment, the resilient state was already reached within 1 d following a low-thickness burial, while in the OHV, it was achieved between 1 and 7 d after the 3 cm thick deposit. These results suggest that foraminifera can migrate rapidly after a sedimentary burial to recover their preferential life position under the new sediment–water interface, but in the case of an abrupt thick burial, several days are needed to reach a resilient state.
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Kim, So-Young, Leonid Polyak, and Irina Delusina. "Terrestrial and aquatic palynomorphs in Holocene sediments from the Chukchi–Alaskan margin, western Arctic Ocean: Implications for the history of marine circulation and climatic environments." Holocene 27, no. 7 (December 15, 2016): 976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616678459.
Abstract:
Two sediment cores from the Chukchi Sea margin north of Alaska were analyzed for palynological composition including terrestrial and aquatic palynomorphs. Based on 13 radiocarbon ages, the investigated sedimentary record represents most of the Holocene with a century to multidecadal age resolution. Three palynological zones were discriminated based on the abundance of major palynomorph groups (terrestrial and freshwater palynomorphs and dinoflagellate cysts) and composition of spore and pollen assemblages. They are interpreted in terms of depositional and paleoclimatic changes including predominance of redeposition by meltwater or sea ice in the early-Holocene, a strong input of contemporaneous material related to Pacific water advection culminating after ca. 6000 yr BP, and more subtle changes in the late-Holocene. It is concluded that depositional environments, such as current transportation and mixing, have an overall major control on palynomorph distribution. The climatic factors may have also played an important role in palynomorph abundance and composition, especially in the middle- to late-Holocene, when circulation changes were less dramatic than during the flooding of the Bering Strait and the shallow Chukchi Sea shelf. Comprehending these linkages requires a better knowledge of the Holocene vegetation history in the coastal areas of Alaska and Chukchi Peninsula.
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Hughes, Glenn R., and David M. Kennedy. "Late Pleistocene sea-level oscillations (MIS 10–2) recorded in shallow marine and coastal plain sediments of the southern Wanganui Basin, New Zealand." Quaternary Research 71, no. 3 (May 2009): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.01.011.
Abstract:
AbstractThe northern Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, is one of the key global sites for understanding marine cyclic sedimentation during the Quaternary. This paper presents the first evidence of marine cyclic sedimentation from its central-southern parts. Sedimentological, micropalaeontological and palynological analyses on a 280-m-deep borehole encountered units dating back to MIS 10. The sequence includes four marine cycles spanning MIS 9–5, which are overlain by terrestrial fluvial aggradation surfaces dating from MIS 4–2. Each marine unit represents a progressively shallowing depositional environment from the mid-shelf to coastal plain. This is overlain by a terrestrial sequence of lowstand fluvial terraces. Localized fault movements appear to have influenced the sedimentary character of the sequence during MIS 7a and 5e producing basement highs which provided protection to the shoreline. The cyclothems described in this paper now extend the already extensive, previously described record from MIS 17–10 to produce a combined eustatic record of Quaternary sea level change within the basin to MIS 5. They also provide an excellent example of the sedimentary response of a coastal basin to a progressive loss of sedimentation accommodation space.
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Brill, Dominik, Simon Matthias May, Max Engel, Michelle Reyes, Anna Pint, Stephan Opitz, Manuel Dierick, Lia Anne Gonzalo, Sascha Esser, and Helmut Brückner. "Typhoon Haiyan's sedimentary record in coastal environments of the Philippines and its palaeotempestological implications." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 21, 2016): 2799–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2799-2016.
Abstract:
Abstract. On 8 November 2013, category 5 Supertyphoon Haiyan made landfall on the Philippines. During a post-typhoon survey in February 2014, Haiyan-related sand deposition and morphological changes were documented at four severely affected sites with different exposure to the typhoon track and different geological and geomorphological settings. Onshore sand sheets reaching 100–250 m inland are restricted to coastal areas with significant inundation due to amplification of surge levels in embayments or due to accompanying long-wave phenomena at the most exposed coastlines of Leyte and Samar. However, localized washover fans with a storm-typical laminated stratigraphy occurred even along coasts with limited inundation due to waves overtopping or breaching coastal barriers. On a recent reef platform off Negros in the Visayan Sea, storm waves entrained coral rubble from the reef slope and formed an intertidal coral ridge several hundreds of metres long when breaking at the reef edge. As these sediments and landforms were generated by one of the strongest storms ever recorded, they not only provide a recent reference for typhoon signatures that can be used for palaeotempestological and palaeotsunami studies in the region but might also increase the general spectrum of possible cyclone deposits. Although a rather atypical example for storm deposition due to the influence of infra-gravity waves, it nevertheless provides a valuable reference for an extreme case that should be considered when discriminating between storm and tsunami deposits in general. Even for sites with low topography and high inundation levels during Supertyphoon Haiyan, the landward extent of the documented sand sheets seems significantly smaller than typical sand sheets of large tsunamis. This criterion may potentially be used to distinguish both types of events.
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Belknap, Daniel F., R. Craig Shipp, and Joseph T. Kelley. "Depositional Setting and Quaternary Stratigraphy of the Sheepscot Estuary, Maine: A Preliminary Report." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 40, no. 1 (December 4, 2007): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032623ar.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The Sheepscot River estuary in west-central coastal Maine is a typical example of a long linear embayment sculpted by glacial ice flowing nearly parallel to bedrock strike. After initial déglaciation 13,500 yrs. BP it was covered by glaciomarine mud, the Presumpscot Formation. Isostatic rebound resulted in a rapid sea-level fall and the channeling, winnowing, and consolidation of the Presumpscot Formation, until sea-level reached a lowstand about 65 m below present, 9500 yrs. BP. Subsequent sea-level rise caused flooding of the paleovalley of the Sheepscot, with reworking of the Pleistocene. High resolution seismic reflection profiling, vibracoring, and surficial mapping has allowed reconstruction of the Quaternary stratigraphy and the generation of an evolutionary model of sedimentary environments. At present the estuary exhibits three zones : an outer zone stripped of sediment, a middle zone undergoing erosion by tidal currents and slumping on bluffs and channel margins, and an inner zone of sediment accumulation on flats and in marshes, with redistribution of sediments by tidal currents. This three-fold division held throughout the Holocene transgression, with sediments being temporarily stored in the upper regions of the estuary, and reworked as sea-level rise continued.
46
Kováč, Michal, Rastislav Synak, Klement Fordinál, Peter Joniak, Csaba Tóth, Rastislav Vojtko, Alexander Nagy, Ivan Baráth, Juraj Maglay, and Jozef Minár. "Late Miocene and Pliocene history of the Danube Basin: inferred from development of depositional systems and timing of sedimentary facies changes." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0037-4.
Abstract:
Late Miocene and Pliocene history of the Danube Basin: inferred from development of depositional systems and timing of sedimentary facies changesThe development of the northern Danube Basin (nDB) was closely related to the Late Miocene geodynamic evolution of the Pannonian Basin System. It started with a wide rifting which led to subsidence of several basin depocenters which were gradually filled during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene. In the Late Pliocene the subsidence continued only in the basin's central part, while the northern marginal zone suffered inversion and the uplifted sedimentary fill began to be eroded. Individual stages of the basin development are well recorded in its sedimentary succession, where at least three great tectono-sedimentary cycles were documented. Firstly, a lacustrine cycle containing Lower, Middle and lowermost Upper Pannonian sediments (A-F Zones;sensuPapp 1951) deposited in the time span 11.6-8.9 Ma and is represented in the nDB in Slovakia by the Ivanka and Beladice Formations. In the Danube Basin of the southern part in Hungary, where the formations are defined by the appearance of sedimentary facies in time and space, the equivalents are: (1) the deep-water setting marls, clays and sandy turbidites of the Endrod and Szolnok Formations leading to the overlying strata deposits of the basin paleoslope or delta-slope represented by the Algyő Formation, and (2) the final shallow-water setting deposits of marshes, lagoons and a coastal and delta plain composed of clays, sands and coal seams, represented by the Újfalu Formation. The second tectono-sedimentary cycle was deposited in an alluvial environment and it comprises the Upper Pannonian (G and H Zones;sensuPapp 1951) and Lower Pliocene sediments dated 8.9-4.1? Ma. The cycle is represented in the nDB, by the Volkovce Formation and in the southern part by the Zagyva Formation in Hungary. The sedimentary environment is characterized by a wide range of facies from fluvial, deltaic and ephemeral lake to marshes. The third tectono-sedimentary cycle comprises the Upper Pliocene sediments. In Slovakia these are represented by the Kolárovo Formation dated 4.1-2.6 Ma. The formation contains material of weathering crust preserved in fissures of Mesozoic carbonates, diluvial deposits and sediments of the alluvial environment.
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van Overmeeren, R. A. "Aquifer boundaries explored by geoelectrical measurements in the coastal plain of Yemen: A case of equivalence." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 1 (January 1989): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442575.
Abstract:
Until 216 vertical electrical Schlumberger soundings were made, little was known about the subsurface geology at the Wadi Surdud area in the coastal plain of the Yemen Arab Republic. These soundings provide information on the distribution of aquifers, aquitards, and impermeable rocks, and the salinity of the groundwater. A first, qualitative interpretation of the geoelectrical sounding curves gives a general impression of the hydrogeologic setting and the aquifer boundaries. However, a more detailed, quantitative interpretation shows that no single resistivity model completely satisfies all the hydrogeologic and geologic facts and theories. Basically, two different models are possible: in one the thickness of the aquifer is fixed; in the other, its resistivity is fixed. Several geologic and hydrogeologic hypotheses may be put forward to support each model, varying from relying upon tectonic events and sedimentary depositional environments to influences of agriculture and water abstraction. Both models are supported by the data. However, geophysical well logging in two exploratory boreholes provided conclusive evidence for the model in which the thickness of the aquifer was fixed.
48
Chepizhko, O. V., and L. V. Izhenko. "DEPOSITION WITHIN THE NORTHWEST AND BLACK SEA NORTHWEST SHELF OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE PLIOCENE (KIMMER - KUYALNIK)." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 18, no. 2(18) (May 17, 2023): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2013.2(18).184356.
Abstract:
Evolutionary development of the shelf and coastal area consists of a mosaic of geological, geomorphological, structural and tectonic factors and processes. The most difficult to understand the formation of the north-western Black Sea is to specify the highlights of the evolution of the paleogeographic environments, their timing and position determination Cimmerian and Kuyal’nitskogo sedimentary deposits in the history of development.
49
Leth, Jørgen O., Birger Larsen, and Dennis Anthony. "Sediment distribution and transport in the shallow coastal waters along the west coast of Denmark." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 4 (July 20, 2004): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v4.4779.
Abstract:
Until recently, studies of the regional distribution of seabed sediments off the littoral zone of the Danish North Sea coast had been concentrated on the Jutland Bank area (Fig. 1; Leth 1996, 1998). Knowledge on the sedimentary conditions and processes along the entire west coast of Jutland has, however, significantly increased as a result of 2000 km of newly acquired high-resolution seismic and side-scan sonar data, supplemented by about 100 vibrocores. These data were collected by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) during joint projects with the Danish Coastal Authority between 1998 and 2001 (Leth et al. 1999; Larsen & Leth 2001). The coastal zone off west Jutland displays a highly dynamic environment, where sediment transport is governed by strong tidal and wave-induced currents. The net wavegenerated current is south going, while the coastal current has a net direction towards the north (Knudsen et al. 2002). The direction of the net littoral drift is southward from the outlet of Limfjorden to Blåvands Huk, with net erosion north of Nymindegab and aggregation to the south; the offshore part of this depositional system has recently been studied (Larsen & Leth 2001).
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Lee, Hoil, Jin-Young Lee, and Seungwon Shin. "Middle Holocene Coastal Environmental and Climate Change on the Southern Coast of Korea." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010230.
Abstract:
We obtained a 15 m drill core from Deukryang Bay on the southwest coast of Korea, which is now an area of reclaimed land used for agriculture. We investigated changes in the depositional environment and hydrological climate responses to sea level changes using sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, grain-size analysis, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Sediment deposition began at 12,000 cal yr BP and was divided into four stages based on changes from fluvial to intertidal environments related to Holocene marine transgression events. Stage 1 (>10,000 cal yr BP) is represented by fluvial sediments; Stage 2 (10,000–7080 cal yr BP) is represented by the deposition of mud facies in an intertidal zone in response to sea level rise; Stage 3 (7080–3300 cal yr BP) was a period of gradually descending sea level following the Holocene maximum sea level and is characterized by gradual changes in TOC, TS, and C/S ratios compared with the mud facies of Stage 2. Stage 4 (3300 to present) was deposited in a supratidal zone and contains low TS and an abundance of TOC. Based on our TS and C/S ratio results, the south coast of Korea was mainly affected by sea level rise between 7000 and 3000 cal yr BP, during the middle Holocene. At 3000 cal yr BP, sea level began to stabilize or gradually decrease. In addition, changes in δ13C values are clearly observed since ca. 5000 cal yr BP, in particular, large hydrological changes via freshwater input are confirmed in 4000–3000 cal yr BP. We consider these shifts in freshwater input indicators of an increased influence of El Niño and La Niña conditions, related to the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Western Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene climatic optimum (between 7800 and 5000 cal yr BP). The cooling periods of SST in East Asia between 8400 and 6600 cal yr BP reported from the west coast of Korea are related closely to changes in vegetation (as evidenced by δ13C) from 7700 cal yrs BP to the present in the southwest coast of Korea. We interpret the freshwater input events at 4000–3000 cal yr BP to be related to changes in SST in response to the weakening of the EASM on the southwest coast of Korea. However, additional research is needed to study the southward migration effect of the westerly jet related to SST and atmospheric circulation controlling terrestrial climate in the middle Holocene.