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Journal articles on the topic 'Coastal Protection Act'
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1
Veelen, Thomas J. van, Harshinie Karunarathna, William G. Bennett, Tom P. Fairchild, and Dominic E. Reeve. "NATURE-BASED COASTAL PROTECTION: WAVE DAMPING BY FLEXIBLE SALT MARSH VEGETATION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.management.9.
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The ability of coastal vegetation to attenuate waves has been well established (Moller et al., 2014). Salt marshes are vegetated coastal wetlands that can act as nature- based coastal defenses. They exhibit a range of plant species, which have been shown to differ in the amount of wave damping they provide (Mullarney & Henderson, 2018). Recent studies have shown that plant flexibility is a key parameter that controls wave energy dissipation (Paul et al., 2016). Yet, no model exists that includes plant flexibility in computationally efficient manner for large-scale coastal zones. Therefore, we have developed a new model for flexible vegetation based on the key mechanisms in the wave-vegetation interaction and applied it to an estuary with diverse salt marsh vegetation.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/AjnFx3aFSzs
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Steyer, Gregory D., and Daniel W. Llewellyn. "Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act: A programmatic application of adaptive management." Ecological Engineering 15, no. 3-4 (July 2000): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00088-4.
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Jongejan, Ruben, Roshanka Ranasinghe, and Han Vrijling. "A RISK-INFORMED APPROACH TO COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 30, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.8.
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Economic and population growth have led to an unprecedented increase in the value at risk in coastal zones over the last century. To avoid excessive future losses, particularly in the light of projected climate change impacts, coastal zone managers have various instruments at their disposal. These primarily concern land-use planning (establishing buffer zones) and engineering solutions (beach nourishment and coastal protection). In this paper, we focus on risk mitigation through the implementation of buffer zones (setback lines). Foregoing land-use opportunities in coastal regions and protecting coasts is costly, but so is damage caused by inundation and storm erosion. Defining appropriate setback lines for land-use planning purposes is a balancing act. It is however unclear what level of protection is facilitated by current approaches for defining setback lines, and whether this is, at least from an economic perspective, sufficient. In this paper, we present an economic model to determine which setback lines would be optimal from an economic perspective. The results provide a useful reference point in the political debate about the acceptability of risk in coastal zones. The main conclusions are (i) that it is useful to define setback lines on the basis of their exceedance probabilities, (ii) that the exceedance probability of an economically efficient setback line will typically be in the order of magnitude of 1/100 per year, (iii) that it is important to distinguish between situations in which morphological conditions are stationary and non-stationary, and (iv) that long-term uncertainties (e.g. due to climate change) influence the exceedance probability of efficient setback lines but only to a limited extent.
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Lanclos, Jason, Brett Borne, and Michael Poff. "PROGRESSION OF BARRIER ISLAND RESTORATION IN LOUISIANA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.24.
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Over the last several decades restoration efforts in coastal Louisiana have evolved from efforts known mostly to State and Parish officials and academic community to national recognition in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Consolidated efforts of coastal restoration developed in the early years through the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA). Additional funding and organizational efforts include State funding; the Coastal Impact Assessment Program (CIAP); and most recently from programs resulting from Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill penalties.
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Dromgoole, Sarah. "Military Remains on and around the Coast of the United Kingdom: Statutory Mechanisms of Protection." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11, no. 1 (1996): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180896x00366.
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AbstractThis article addresses the protection afforded by UK statute law to the large number of military remains found on and around the coast of the UK. It is concerned primarily, but not exclusively, with remains from World Wars I and II. These remains are varied in nature and include sunken vessels and aircraft; landing craft and amphibious vehicles; fortresses, gun emplacements and other coastal defences. They face a wide variety of threats, including looting, redevelopment, dredging and land reclamation, erosional processes, recreational activities and neglect. The article examines the protection offered to these remains by three statutes: the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The provisions of each statute are examined in order to consider the extent of the protection they may afford. The interrelationship of the statutes is also given consideration and the rather peculiar overlapping of their provisions is discussed. The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 is given particularly full analysis since this statute has been neglected by academic commentators in the past and yet could offer a useful protective mechanism. Although it was enacted after the Falklands conflict primarily in order to protect the sanctity of human remains, its provisions, if fully implemented, would have wide effect. The difficulty which may arise in choosing the most appropriate statutory mechanism for protection of particular remains is illustrated by an interesting case study relating to the German vessels scuttled by their crews in Scapa Flow at the end of World War II. Finally, some comments and suggestions are made concerning the current division of administrative responsibility for military remains in the UK which leads to an unco-ordinated approach to protection.
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Stolls, Amy M. "VESSEL LIABILITY AND FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE U.S. COASTAL STATES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-255.
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ABSTRACT Vessel owners and operators doing business in the United States know by now that simply complying with federal laws and regulations is not enough. Though some states have enacted legislation similar to the federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990, others have their own approach to environmental protection. This paper reviews the patchwork of U.S. coastal state requirements with regard to vessel liability and financial responsibility.
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Donohoe, Michael J., Bruce A. Russell, and Patricia Clark. "POLLUTION PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE COORDINATION EFFORTS BETWEEN THE U.S. COAST GUARD AND COASTAL, GREAT LAKES, AND INLAND RIVER STATES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-23.
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ABSTRACT Following the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and increased public demands for action in the wake of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, many states are now aggressively redefining and expanding their marine safety and marine environmental protection programs. The U. S. Coast Guard is developing a program to coordinate these efforts with the aim toward minimizing duplicative requirements, leveraging resources, and eliminating barriers to marine transportation due to widely differing federal and state regulations.
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Bosselmann, Klaus, and Prue Taylor. "The New Zealand law and conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 1 (1995): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc950113.
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New Zealand, like many countries concerned with conservation issues, is reforming its legislation to provide more comprehensive protection of biological diversity and individual species. The basic aim is simple: if you want to protect animals and plants you have to protect their habitat. The problem is, of course, that humans share the very same habitat. How then can the right balance between use and protection be found? Of the principal Acts guiding the protection and preservation of land, animals and plants (such as the 1953 Wildlife Act or the 1987 Conservation Act) the 1991 Resource Management Act (RMA) marks an important turning-point. It aims to integrate development and conservation. The RMA promotes sustainable management of natural and physical resources. Any destruction of, damage to, or disturbance of, the habitats of plants and animals on land, in coastal marine areas and in lakes and rivers is seen as unsustainable, thus to be avoided.The use of the concept of sustainability is a first in national legislation and makes the RMA a leader around the world. However, its successful enforcement is ultimately a matter of changed attitudes. Here the law can only give some guidance.
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Kim, Seung Gyu, Seong-Hoon Cho, and Roland K. Roberts. "Identifying Priority Areas for Wetlands Restoration along the Louisiana Coast under the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act of 1990." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 59, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2010.01213.x.
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Murari, Kalpana S. "Coastal Zone Management: Resolving Climate Change Issues Through a Statutory Framework." Journal of Management and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v6n3p114.
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<p>The coastline of India is part of its valuable natural heritage that has since been severely impacted by unregulated human activities, indiscriminate urbanization and unsustainable models of development for coastal infrastructure. Climate change impacts have added to numerous causes that have left marine areas distressed and struggling for survival. Overwhelming scientific evidence suggests that undeterred by curbs on rise in global temperatures, sea levels along India’s coast has continued to rise at the rate of 1.3mm per year. India’s coastal management program is undermined by the absence of a primary legislation, the ensuing laxity in enforcement of and compliance with regulatory norms. The present legal regime denotes a clear absence of measures to protect the natural heritage of India’s coastline and coastal ecosystems. Industrial activities affecting India’s coastal areas are governed by a set of legislative instruments that are sectoral in their approach and therefore seem fragmented for a cohesive battle against climate change impacts. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011(CRZ) issued under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 does not provide adequate measures to protect threatened shorelines and marine areas. The delegated legislation falls short in regulating industrial activities along the coasts, monitoring unsustainable development of coastal infrastructure and preventing pollution at source. There is an undeniable need to constitute a legal regime for coastal management that in its core serves an agenda to address climate change impacts, enhanced by a mandate for adaptation programs. This paper will attempt to present an argument in favor of a statutory framework that will enhance the existing integrated coastal zone management plan in India and resolve conflicts arising out of economic, social and environmental issues encompassing coastal zone regulation. Climate change is forcing developing nations to usher in requisite legal reforms within their regulatory regimes that rise up to meet international standards for coastal and ocean governance.</p>
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Underwood, Jeffrey L., and Robert Pavia. "IDENTIFYING AND INCORPORATING SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR INLAND RESPONSE/CONTINGENCY PLANNING." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-993.
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ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) requires the Environmental Protection Agency to have oil storage facilities develop response and contingency plans. One of the purposes of the plans is avoidance and minimization of risk and injury to sensitive environments from a potential discharge of oil at the facility. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating with the Environmental Protection Agency to adopt and modify NOAA's coastal identification and mapping of sensitive environments protocol for inland areas. This will encourage identification and mapping consistency between the two areas and can be applied to other OPA 90 mandated plans.
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Sulaiman, Raja Barizan Raja, and Farah Shahanim Mohamed Mohidin. "Establishment of Shoreline Buffer Zone through Rehabilitation of Degraded Coastal Mangroves." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820301019.
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After the 2004 tragic tsunami that struck the western coastlines of Peninsular Malaysia and several Asian countries, which claimed thousands of lives and inflicted substantial damage to properties and economy of affected areas, the Malaysian government established a task force namely “Special National Task Force on Planting of Mangrove and Other Suitable Species in Coastal Areas”. The main role of the task force was to identify coastal areas for restoration, conservation, protection and promotion of research related to planting of mangrove species. One of the Technical Committee is on Research and Development (RDTC) led by The Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and was given the task to carry out research and development related to mangrove forest rehabilitation as well as the conservation at the areas that have high risk of coastal erosion. The seaward mangrove plot of 200 m × 40 m, was established at the beach of Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, Kuala Bernam Forest Reserved in December 2007. The objective of the study was to demonstrate that the new established seaward mangrove supports the effort in preserving the shoreline and act as natural protection zones in reducing the effects of natural disaster and soil erosion. The finding of the study has shown that after five years, the seaward mangroves successfully executed as a natural buffer and subsequently improved biodiversity of Kuala Bernam mangrove Forest Reserved at Sungai Haji Dorani.
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Walters, Carl J., Ray Hilborn, and Richard Parrish. "An equilibrium model for predicting the efficacy of marine protected areas in coastal environments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-072.
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Quantitative models of marine protected area (MPA) proposals can be used to compare outcomes given current biological knowledge. We used a model of a linear coastline, with 200 discrete cells each spanning 1.6 km of coast. This model is used to evaluate alternative proposals for marine protected area networks, predicting equilibrium changes in abundances and harvests while accounting for dispersal of larvae and older fish, changes in fecundity with reduced mortality in reserves, impacts of displaced fishing effort on abundances outside reserves, and compensatory (stock–recruitment) changes in postsettlement juvenile survival. The model demonstrates that modest dispersal rates of older fish can substantially reduce abundance within protected areas compared with predictions from models that ignore such dispersal. The strength of compensatory improvements in postsettlement juvenile survival is the most critical factor in determining whether a reserve network can rescue populations from the impacts of severe overharvesting. We use the model to compare specific alternative proposals for protected area networks along the California coast, as mandated through California's Marine Life Protection Act, and show that achieving the goals of the Act depends primarily on the fisheries management regulations outside of protected areas and that the size and configuration of MPAs has little impact.
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Stefanakis, T. S., E. Contal, N. Vayatis, F. Dias, and C. E. Synolakis. "Can small islands protect nearby coasts from tsunamis? An active experimental design approach." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, no. 2172 (December 8, 2014): 20140575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0575.
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Small islands in the vicinity of the mainland are widely believed to offer protection from wind and waves and thus coastal communities have been developed in mainland areas behind small islands. However, whether they offer protection from tsunamis is unclear. Do islands act as natural barriers? Recent post-tsunami survey data, supported by numerical simulations, reveal that the run-up on coastal areas behind small islands was significantly higher than on neighbouring locations not affected by the presence of the islands. To study the conditions of this run-up amplification, we solve numerically the nonlinear shallow water equations. We use the simplified geometry of a conical island sitting on a flat seafloor in front of a uniform sloping beach. By doing so, the experimental set-up is defined by five physical parameters, namely the island slope, the beach slope, the water depth, the distance between the island and the plane beach and the incoming wavelength, while the wave height was kept fixed. The objective is to find the maximum run-up amplification with the least number of simulations. To achieve this goal, we build an emulator based on Gaussian Processes to guide the selection of the query points in the parameter space. We thus reduce substantially the computations required to identify the run-up amplification. Our results show that the island acts as a focusing lens for energy and amplifies the run-up along the coastline behind its lee side, instead of protecting it, as popular beliefs suggest.
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Lovett, Jon C. "STATUTE NOTE." Journal of African Law 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855303002050.
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During the 1980s and 1990s there were two major changes to forest management objectives in Tanzania. Firstly, it was recognized that some of the forests, notably those on mountains in the east of the country and the coastal plain, are exceptionally rich in species of restricted distribution. Recent analysis has even placed these forests amongst the most important biodiversity hotspots world-wide. Secondly, there was a recognition that communities needed to be much more involved in forest management. The Forest Act, 2002, which replaces the 1957 Forest Ordinance, tackles both of these objectives and introduces some new concepts of forest ownership. Moreover it makes arrangements for establishing a fund that promotes protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of forest resources. This note first briefly reviews the history of forest law in Tanzania and then discusses innovations introduced by the 2002 Act.
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Hunter, John. "Grasslands on Coastal Headlands in New South Wales, south eastern Australia." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (June 16, 2020): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/48228.
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Aims: To use unsupervised techniques to produce a hierarchical classification of grasslands on coastal headlands of New South Wales in eastern Australia. Methods: A dataset of 520 vegetation plots scored on cover and placed across grasslands on coastal headlands (ca. 2000 km of coastline). Vegetation assemblages were identified with the aid of a clustering method based on group averaging and tested using similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF) using Bray-Curtis similarity. A hierarchical schema was developed based on EcoVeg hierarchy and was circumscribed using positive and negative diagnostic taxa via similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) and importance based on summed cover scores and frequency. Mapping the occurrences grasslands was initially constructed using remote sensing which was verified and modified with on ground observations. Results: One group Themeda – Pultenaea – Zoysia – Cynodon grasslands and heathy grasslands was defined to include all coastal headland grassland vegetation of the New South Wales, and within this, three alliances and ten associations. Only one of the circumscribed associations is represented within the current state classification schema. In total 107 ha were mapped of which 68 ha occurred within secure conservation tenure. Conclusions: A number of unique and rare grassland assemblages on coastal headlands have to date gone undescribed. The most common alliance constitutes approximately 87% of extant grassland occurrences but is currently the only type listed as endangered and afforded protection. Although Poa spp. are listed as a threat to Themeda dominated assemblages on headlands data from this study suggest that this is unlikely to be the case. Taxonomic reference: PlantNET (http://plantnet/10rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/; accessed June 2019). Abbreviations: BC Act = Biodiversity Conservation Act; NMDS = non-metric multidimensional scaling; NSW = New South Wales; PCT = Plant Community Type; SIMPER = similarity percentage analysis; SIMPROF = Similarity profile analysis.
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Yudhicara, Yudhicara. "THE EXISTENCE OF COASTAL FOREST, ITS IMPLICATION FOR TSUNAMI HAZARD PROTECTION, A CASE STUDY: IN CILACAP-CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 30, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.30.1.2015.72.
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The southern coast of Java which is facing to the Indian Ocean has many of natural hazard potential come from the sea. Since 2006 tsunami impacted the southern coast of Java, and caused severely damage especially along the coast of Cilacap (1-7,7 m run up height). People commit to do greening the beach by planting suitable plants such as a Casuarina equisetifolia, Terminalia catappa, and Cocos nucifera. This paper discusses the existence of coastal forests in Cilacap coastal area, their potential ability as a coastal protection from the tsunami wave which cover the density, diameter, height, age, and other parameters that affects the coastal defence against tsunami waves. Some experiences of tsunamis that have occurred, indicating that the above parameters linked to the ability of vegetation to act as a natural barrier against tsunamis. In the case of sandy beaches, such as in Cilacap, Pandanus odorarissimus has more effectiveness than other trees due to its hanging roots that can withstand the tsunami height less than 5 m, able to withstand debris and can withstand the scouring effects of tsunami waves, while Casuarina equisetifolia along Cilacap beaches more dominant than other trees, so it is recommended to increase the diversity of plants as well as increase the density and tree placement setting. By field measurement in order to get parameter applied to some graphs, Cilacap coastal forest does not enough capability for tsunami barrier reflected to the tsunami height experience in this region. Ages could be the important parameter in order to have bigger diameter trunk, higher trees height, and high resistance capacity againts tsunami hazard potential. Compare to Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Cilacap coastal forest still young and need some more years to make trees ready act as tsunami reduction. Keywords: Cilacap coastal forest, Kupang, tsunami, vegetation parameters. Pantai Selatan Jawa yang berhadapan dengan Samudera Hindia, memiliki banyak potensi mengalami bahaya yang datang dari lautan. Selama tahun 2006, Tsunami telah menimpa sebagian pantai selatan Jawa dan menyebabkan banyak kerusakan parah terutama di sepanjang Pantai Cilacap (tinggi gelombang 1-7,7 m). Masyarakat melakukan penghijauan pantai dengan menanam sejumlah pohon yang sesuai dengan kondisi pantai, seperti pohon cemara pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa) dan kelapa (Cocos nucifera). Tulisan ini membahas penyebaran hutan pantai di wilayah pantai Cilacap, kemampuan dan potensi hutan tersebut sebagai pelindung alami pantai dari bahaya gelombang tsunami, yang terdiri dari kerapatannya, diameter, tingginya, umur, dan parameter lainnya yang mempengaruhi daya tahan pantai terhadap gelombang tsunami. Beberapa pengalaman mengenai kejadian yang telah terjadi, memperlihatkan bahwa parameter tersebut di atas mempengaruhi kemampuan tanaman sebagai penahan alamiah terhadap tsunami. Untuk kondisi pantai berpasir seperti Cilacap, tanaman pandan pantai lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan tanaman lainnya, dikarenakan akarnya yang dapat menahan tinggi gelombang kurang dari 5 m, selain itu akar tersebut dapat menahan material dan erosi vertikal gelombang tsunami, sementara di sepanjang pantai Cilacap, tanaman cemara pantai (Casuarina equisetifolia) lebih dominan dibandingkan tanaman lainnya. Kondisi ini dapat direkomendasikan untuk tetap dipertahankan bahkan ditambah jumlahnya. Di lapangan dilakukan pengukuran parameter tanaman pantai dan hasilnya diplot dalam bentuk grafik dan diaplikasikan dalam grafik yang dibuat berdasarkan hasil penelitian terhadap tsunami di beberapa tempat di dunia terutama di Jepang. Berdasarkan tinggi gelombang maksimum yang pernah terjadi di daerah ini (7,7 m), terlihat bahwa hutan pantai Cilacap belum cukup mampu bertindak sebagai penahan gelombang tsunami. Umur merupakan parameter penting agar pohon memiliki diameter yang besar, pohon yang cukup tinggi dan daya tahan terhadap potensi bahaya tsunami. Dibandingkan dengan hutan pantai di Kupang, Nusa Tenggara Timur, hutan pantai di Cilacap relatif masih muda dan membutuhkan beberapa tahun lagi untuk dapat memperkecil resiko yang ditimbulkan oleh bahaya tsunami. Kata kunci: Hutan pantai Cilacap, Kupang, tsunami dan parameter vegetasi.
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Karanci, Ayse, and Casey Dietrich. "COUPLED COASTAL TOWN RISK FRAMEWORK TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.69.
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Past research has shown feedback between natural and human decision systems in coastal areas influence the efficiency of management actions. To capture these feedbacks, a coupled coastal town risk framework was developed (Karanci et. al., 2017) which uses storms and sea level rise as exogenous drivers and simulates the evolution of the morphological landscape, implementation of soft-engineered coastal protection measures and household’s occupation/abandonment decisions through the years. Employing scenario analysis, the framework can be used to illustrate and explore the ramifications of coastal management decisions and policies. Numerous scenarios with diverse conditions can be considered by varying natural (storm frequency, SLR) and socio-economic conditions (insurance rates, flooding risk perception, costs of prevention measures). The utilization of the process-based model XBeach (1-D) to determine the coastal response and inundation depths due to storms enables the framework to accurately estimate the morphological response (Roelvink et al., 2009). However, it also imposes steep computational time requirements when conducting scenario analysis which call for numerous XBeach simulations (~2100 simulation runs for a single scenario of 50-year time frame). Additionally, the implementation of XBeach requires broad knowledge of coastal processes and modeling skills which constrains the potential user community. To overcome this challenge, a Bayesian network (BN) was created to act as a surrogate for XBeach simulations in the framework. This study describes the surrogate storm impact estimation BN and demonstrates its integration to the framework through a scenario analysis study.
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Payra, Arajush. "Butterflies (Lepidoptera - Rhopalocera) of coastal areas of Southern West Bengal, India." TAP CHI SINH HOC 39, no. 3 (May 10, 2017): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9243.
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The present study was carried out to prepare a checklist of butterflies in the Coastal areas of Purba Medinipur District of southern West Bengal between January 2014 and February 2016. A total of 112 butterfly species belonging to 74 genera under 14 subfamilies and five families were recorded during the study period. Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae were the most dominant family, whereas Papilionidae was the least dominant family. Among 112 butterfly species recorded, 9 species were legally protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. A total of 59 species were newly recorded in the study area. Suastus minuta Moore, 1877 was recorded for the first time in West Bengal. The present results also provide a detailed comparison of butterfly diversity among different studies conducted in southern West Bengal. Citation: Payra A., Mishra R. K., Mondal K., 2017. Butterflies (Lepidoptera - Rhopalocera) of coastal areas of Southern West Bengal, India. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 276-390. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9243. Received 21 February 2017, accepted 10 March 2017 *Corresponding author: arajushpayra@gmail.com
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Leach, J. H., and C. A. Lewis. "Fish Introductions in Canada: Provincial Views and Regulations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, S1 (December 19, 1991): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-314.
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The umbrella legislation governing introductions of fish and fish products to the provinces and territories of Canada is the Fisheries Act of Canada which provides for the making of regulations concerning coastal and inland fisheries. Specific jurisidiction over introductions for fish health reasons is included in the Fish Health Protection Regulations under the Fisheries Act. Most of the jurisdictions have enacted fishery regulations under the federal Fisheries Act which control movement of fish into their territories and between water bodies within their boundaries. Some jurisdictions have additional broad natural resources legislation which includes provision for regulating movement of introduced species. Specific policies concerning introduction issues have been developed in some jurisdictions and are being considered in others. Legislation and compliance efforts to prevent unwanted introductions have not been particularly effective. Recent attention, particularly in the Great Lakes basin, has focused on ballast water introductions with potential for considerable economic and ecologic damage (e.g. Gymnocephalus cernuus, Dreissena polymorpha). Neither federal nor provincial legislation appears to have sufficient scope to prevent or control this class of introductions.
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Pharand, Donat. "La contribution du Canada au développement du droit international pour la protection du milieu marin : Le cas spécial de l’Arctique." Études internationales 11, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701074ar.
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Immediately after the adoption of its Arctic Pollution Prevention Act in 1970, Canada embarked on intense diplomatic efforts in a number of international for a to obtain recognition of international law principles which would serve as a basis for its legislation. These efforts were pursued mainly in three international conferences : the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, the London Conference of the International Maritime Consultative Organization on the prevention of pollution by ships in 1973 and the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference which began in 1974 at Caracas. At the 1975 session of that Conference, held in Geneva, a form of Artic clause was inserted in the first Negotiating Text and it provided that coastal States could adopt special protective measures in special areas within their exclusive economic zone, where exceptional hazards to navigation prevailed and marine pollution could cause irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. In 1976, the provision was enlarged to enable coastal States themselves to enforce such protectives measures, instead of leaving the enforcement to the flag State, and the provision has been kept without change in all the subsequent negotiating texts of 1977, 1979 and 1980. Considering the wide consensus which this provision has received, particularly on the part of other Arctic States, it may now be regarded as part of customary international law and completely validates Canada's arctic legislation.
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John, Uwe, Urban Tillmann, Jennifer Hülskötter, Tilman J. Alpermann, Sylke Wohlrab, and Dedmer B. Van de Waal. "Intraspecific facilitation by allelochemical mediated grazing protection within a toxigenic dinoflagellate population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1798 (January 7, 2015): 20141268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1268.
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Dinoflagellates are a major cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs), with consequences for coastal marine ecosystem functioning and services. Alexandrium fundyense (previously Alexandrium tamarense ) is one of the most abundant and widespread toxigenic species in the temperate Northern and Southern Hemisphere and produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins as well as lytic allelochemical substances. These bioactive compounds may support the success of A. fundyense and its ability to form blooms. Here we investigate the impact of grazing on monoclonal and mixed set-ups of highly (Alex2) and moderately (Alex4) allelochemically active A. fundyense strains and a non-allelochemically active conspecific (Alex5) by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii . While Alex4 and particularly Alex5 were strongly grazed by P. kofoidii when offered alone, both strains grew well in the mixed assemblages (Alex4 + Alex5 and Alex2 + Alex5). Hence, the allelochemical active strains facilitated growth of the non-active strain by protecting the population as a whole against grazing. Based on our results, we argue that facilitation among clonal lineages within a species may partly explain the high genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Alexandrium populations. Populations of Alexandrium may comprise multiple cooperative traits that act in concert with intraspecific facilitation, and hence promote the success of this notorious HAB species.
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Oxman, Bernard H., and Barbara Kwiatkowska. "ICJ jurisdiction under the optional clause—relevance of legality of acts to validity of reservation to jurisdiction made in contemplation of such acts—high seas—conservation and management measures." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 2 (April 1999): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998004.
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Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction.International Court of Justice, December 4, 1998.On May 10, 1994, Canada filed an amended declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). New paragraph 2(d) excluded “disputes arising out of or concerning conservation and management measures taken by Canada with respect to vessels fishing in die NAFO Regulatory Area, as defined in the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 1978, and the enforcement of such measures.” Two days later, the Canadian Coastal Fisheries Protection Act (CFPA) and implementing regulations were amended to authorize the enforcement under certain circumstances of conservation measures applicable to foreign fishing vessels in the high seas areas to which the reservation adverted.
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Hocking, Gregory J., and Michael M. Driessen. "Status and conservation of the rodents of Tasmania." Wildlife Research 27, no. 4 (2000): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97100.
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Compared with mainland Australia the diversity of rodents in Tasmania is low. In all, there are five species of native rodent in Tasmania. Three species – the water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, the long-tailed mouse,Pseudomys higginsi and the swamp rat, Rattus lutreolus – are widely distributed. The broad-toothed rat, Mastacomys fuscus, is restricted to moorlands in western Tasmania, while the New Holland mouse, Pseudomys novaehollandiae, is restricted to coastal heath in north-eastern Tasmania and is listed as Rare under Tasmania’s Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Only one species, Pseudomys higginsi, is endemic to Tasmania. Rattus lutreolus velutinus and Mastacomys fuscus fuscus are endemic subspecies. In addition to the native rodents, three species of exotic rodents are well established in Tasmania.
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Ugarelli, Kelly, Peeter Laas, and Ulrich Stingl. "The Microbial Communities of Leaves and Roots Associated with Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) and Manatee Grass (Syringodium filliforme) are Distinct from Seawater and Sediment Communities, but Are Similar between Species and Sampling Sites." Microorganisms 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010004.
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Seagrasses are vital members of coastal systems, which provide several important ecosystem services such as improvement of water quality, shoreline protection, and serving as shelter, food, and nursery to many species, including economically important fish. They also act as a major carbon sink and supply copious amounts of oxygen to the ocean. A decline in seagrasses has been observed worldwide, partly due to climate change, direct and indirect human activities, diseases, and increased sulfide concentrations in the coastal porewaters. Several studies have shown a symbiotic relationship between seagrasses and their microbiome. For instance, the sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon cycles are important biochemical pathways that seem to be linked between the plant and its microbiome. The microbiome presumably also plays a key role in the health of the plant, for example in oxidizing phyto-toxic sulfide into non-toxic sulfate, or by providing protection for seagrasses from pathogens. Two of the most abundant seagrasses in Florida include Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) and Syringodium filliforme (manatee grass), yet there is little data on the composition of the microbiome of these two genera. In this study, the microbial composition of the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme were compared to water and sediment controls using amplicon sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbial composition of the leaves, roots, seawater, and sediment differ from one another, but are similar between the two species of seagrasses.
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Ruskule, Erika. "Water Quality Model Description." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.917.
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Water wise use and conservation is one of the key prerequisites for economic sustainable development. Accession to the European Union, Latvia is committed to meeting the EU environmental requirements. Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000) is a legal act, which provides water protection and sustainable management principles and tasks of the European Union. It provides uniform protection and management system for all waters: rivers, lakes, coastal waters and groundwater, providing that they must also achieve good water quality by 2015. year. The Directive provides for the identification of the current water situation and to obtain additional information by following the water monitoring and for basic background information to establish an action program to improve water quality. Therefore, the Latvian conditions are important to assess the flow of nutrients, their sources and amounts of Latvian detention basins using existing models and innovations in methods and model systems for the retention of part of the calculation. Therefore, in this publication are offered in various countries of the world models will be useful in Latvian processing of data.
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Mayunga, J. S., and G. A. Uhinga. "MAPPING SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVES IN MAFIA ISLAND IN TANZANIA USING LANDSAT IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W8 (July 11, 2018): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w8-133-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Mangroves are important for survival of coastal communities as they provide ecosystem services that support coastal population and their livelihoods. Most coastal communities largely depend on ecosystem services provided by mangroves such as fuel wood, building poles, charcoal, and also mangroves provide spawning ground for coastal fishes. Most importantly mangroves act as a buffer that protects coastal communities from natural hazards such as tropical storms, strong winds, beach erosion, and even tsunami. Despite the important role that mangroves play, yet mangroves are under serious threat to extinction worldwide. Many mangrove-rich developing countries, including Tanzania, are facing challenges in establishing effective management plans to protect increasingly threatened mangrove ecosystems. Most of these challenges are associated with inadequate or nonexistent of up-to-date and accurate geospatial information. Knowledge on extent and spatial distribution of mangroves is critical in planning and effective management of mangroves. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of mangroves in Mafia Island using remotely sensed data for three decades (1985&ndash;2013). Results revealed a decrease of mangroves from 3,708.36<span class="thinspace"></span>ha in 1985 to 3,187.25<span class="thinspace"></span>ha in 2013. From the spatiotemporal dimension point of view, the results show that overall mangroves in Mafia Island have been gradually decreasing over time. This trend suggests a decline rate of about 14<span class="thinspace"></span>% for the period of 28 years, which is an average rate of 0.5<span class="thinspace"></span>% per year. This rate of mangrove loss should not be underestimated; effective protection measures and sustainable utilization of mangrove resources are needed.</p>
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Williams, Rob, Anna Hall, and Arliss Winship. "Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality of small cetaceans in coastal waters of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 9 (September 2008): 1867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-098.
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Small cetaceans are by-caught in salmon gillnet fisheries in British Columbia (BC) waters. In Canada, there is currently no generic calculation to identify when management action is necessary to reduce cetacean bycatch below sustainable limits. We estimated potential anthropogenic mortality limits for harbour ( Phocoena phocoena ) and Dall’s ( Phocoenoides dalli ) porpoises and Pacific white-sided dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ) using quantitative objectives from two well-established frameworks for conservation and management (the United States’ Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas), which are similar to some management objectives developed for marine mammal stocks elsewhere in Canada. Limits were calculated as functions of (i) a minimum abundance estimate (2004–2005); (ii) maximum rate of population increase; and (iii) uncertainty factors to account for bias in abundance estimates and uncertainty in mortality estimates. Best estimates of bycatch mortality in 2004 and 2005 exceeded only the most precautionary limits and only for porpoise species. Future research priority should be given to determining small cetacean stock structure in BC and refining species-specific entanglement rates in these and other fisheries. The approach offers a quantitative framework for Canada to meet its stated objectives to maintain favourable conservation status of cetacean populations.
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Martinez, E., and K. A. Stockin. "Blunt trauma observed in a common dolphin delphinus sp. Likely caused by a vessel collision in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (2013): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130019.
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While coastal cetaceans can become habituated to watercraft, that may not prevent their injury or mortality as a consequence of vessel strike. Here we report a case of a likely collision between a Common Dolphin Delphinus sp. and a recreational vessel in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Injuries sustained by the immature male dolphin were fatal. Recovery and subsequent post-mortem of the carcass revealed a transection of the spinal cord, with the vertebral column sustaining fractures between L17 and Cd7 and between Cd3 and Cd8 of the neural and transverse processes, respectively. Cd4 likely received the brunt of the impact given the vertebral body and epiphyses were also fractured. Paralysis of the lower truck and associated extensive internal injuries resulted in a live stranding and subsequent mortality. Injuries sustained were consistent of those of blunt force trauma, a consequence of an impact caused by a collision with a small watercraft, most likely a jet-ski. This incident reinforces the need for continued public education concerning safe water practices around marine mammals, which are protected under the New Zealand Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992.
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Untoro, Untoro, and Hamdan Azhar Siregar. "REKLAMASI PULAU K DALAM PERSPEKTIF PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DAN KEKUATAN HUKUM IZINNYA." ADHAPER: Jurnal Hukum Acara Perdata 4, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36913/jhaper.v4i1.65.
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Land reclamation over the coast has four philosophically values, among others is that reclamation must observe prevailing regulations. An administrative lawsuit has been lodged into Jakarta Administrative Court against the Governor of Jakarta Decree No. 2485 of 2015 concerning License on K Island Reclamation. The problems arose over the case both legally, socially, and philosophically. This article will examine the Administrative Court consideration over the case, especially on the issues of the implication of Governor’s license, coastal region use in the perspective of sustainable development, and the implication of license towards the case pending before civil court. The research methodology uses normative research. The research fi nds that the license issued by the Jakarta Governor comply with Article 93(1) of Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of Living Environment. The use of coastal region should be directed for the achievement of sustainability of ecology, economy, social, and cultural. The implication of license related to civil case has a correlation that the licensee cannot freely doing reclamation even though he holds a license. The licensee must observe the impact of reclamation over surrounding environment. A civil lawsuit based on unlawful act committed by the licensee can be submitted if the reclamation infl icts fi nancial loss to the surrounding community.
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Kholik, Saiful, and Imas Khaeriyah. "Harmonisasi terhadap Peraturan Daerah No. 14 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengelolaan Pelestarian Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah dalam Perlindungan Pulau Pariwisata Kabupaten Indramayu." Jurnal Suara Hukum 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v1n2.p142-154.
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Inconsistency Regional Regulation No.14 of 2006 about marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, which Cendekian provides protection but in fact failed to provide protection as evidenced by dredging island sandbar and cendekian conducted PT.Pertamina UP VI Balongan INDRAMAYU. The problem in this research How Formulation Policy Act No. 10 Year 2009 on the Indonesian Tourism with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 regarding marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, Cendekian And How Harmonization Act No. 10 of 2009 with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 regarding formulation Act No. 10 Year 2009 on the Indonesian Tourism with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 about marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, Cendekian, the purpose of this research to understand and analyze the extent to which policy The findings of the community or field of law local governments about the environmental damage done by companies or individuals are not equal accordance with regional regulations in force, nor the Law in force so that the function of law in society indramayu not fit the mandate to establish a change and justice based Formulation public corporate criminal liability.Inskonsitensi happens to local regulation No.14 of 2006 makes no harmonized with the regulations of each other so that the impact of this inskonsistensi makes the sector particularly environmental law enforcement get uncertainties that result in coastal communities Indramayau.Conclusion Harmonization of regulations of the center and regions delivering the policy formulation of the rule of law area to comply with the regulations above in order to avoid inconsistency, the occurrence of this inconsistency resulted in the rule of law and justice for the indramayu, suggestion that the government should was nearly revise regulations related area, especially the government must dare to take action to give effect to the perpetrator deterrent effect rule-based running as well as possible.
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Kholik, Saiful, and Imas Khaeriyah. "Harmonisasi terhadap Peraturan Daerah No. 14 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengelolaan Pelestarian Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah dalam Perlindungan Pulau Pariwisata Kabupaten Indramayu." Jurnal Suara Hukum 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/1.jsh.2019.1.2.5244.
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Inconsistency Regional Regulation No.14 of 2006 about marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, which Cendekian provides protection but in fact failed to provide protection as evidenced by dredging island sandbar and cendekian conducted PT.Pertamina UP VI Balongan INDRAMAYU. The problem in this research How Formulation Policy Act No. 10 Year 2009 on the Indonesian Tourism with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 regarding marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, Cendekian And How Harmonization Act No. 10 of 2009 with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 regarding formulation Act No. 10 Year 2009 on the Indonesian Tourism with the Indramayu Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2006 about marine conservation area of the island of Biawak, Gososng, Cendekian, the purpose of this research to understand and analyze the extent to which policy The findings of the community or field of law local governments about the environmental damage done by companies or individuals are not equal accordance with regional regulations in force, nor the Law in force so that the function of law in society indramayu not fit the mandate to establish a change and justice based Formulation public corporate criminal liability.Inskonsitensi happens to local regulation No.14 of 2006 makes no harmonized with the regulations of each other so that the impact of this inskonsistensi makes the sector particularly environmental law enforcement get uncertainties that result in coastal communities Indramayau.Conclusion Harmonization of regulations of the center and regions delivering the policy formulation of the rule of law area to comply with the regulations above in order to avoid inconsistency, the occurrence of this inconsistency resulted in the rule of law and justice for the indramayu, suggestion that the government should was nearly revise regulations related area, especially the government must dare to take action to give effect to the perpetrator deterrent effect rule-based running as well as possible.
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Torbitt, Alison, and Richard Hildreth. "International Treaties and U.S. Laws as Tools to Regulate the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships and Ports." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, no. 3 (2010): 347–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x516999.
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AbstractRegulations on marine greenhouse gas emissions are possible, and some are in progress, using international treaty law and federal regulations. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), port and coastal States have jurisdiction over ships entering their waters and have the ability to implement mitigation strategies, ranging from mandatory speed reduction to installing shore-side electricity or sequestration equipment. Under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is determining the feasibility of design, fuel, and operation reforms. Alternatively, the implementation may be usurped by a global cap-and-trade scheme from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tightening the Clean Air Act § 213 regulations governing marine vessels and U.S. waters were recently designated a SOx Emission Control Area. However, carbon dioxide emissions from marine vessels remain unregulated.
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VanderZwaag, David L., Jeffrey A. Hutchings, S. Jennings, and Randall M. Peterman. "Canada’s international and national commitments to sustain marine biodiversity 1This manuscript is a companion paper to Hutchings et al. (doi:10.1139/a2012-011) and Hutchings et al. (doi:10.1139/er-2012-0049) also appearing in this issue. These three papers comprise an edited version of a February 2012 Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel Report." Environmental Reviews 20, no. 4 (December 2012): 312–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-013.
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Canada has made numerous international and national commitments to sustain marine biodiversity. International commitments include the implementation of ecosystem-based management, the establishment a network of marine protected areas, and the restoration of commercially exploited fish stocks. However, the international commitments tend to be quite general in nature with the precise governance implications of key principles, such as precaution and the ecosystem approach, being open to interpretation, thus leaving considerable room for discretion in implementation. Consequently, a plethora of soft law documents has emerged to provide more specific guidance to decision-makers and progressively develop international law and policy. Nationally, Canada has embraced a long list of commitments that are supportive of sustaining marine biodiversity through legislation and numerous policy-related documents. Nonetheless, Canada has left many of these commitments unfulfilled or inadequately fulfilled, such as (i) the development of integrated management plans for coastal and marine waters, (ii) the implementation of the precautionary approach for Canada’s fisheries, and (iii) the establishment of recovery strategies and identification of critical habitat for species at risk. Although the goal of effective protection of marine biodiversity in Canada appears to be guided by international and national commitments, there remains a clear need to fully implement, operationalize, and strengthen these commitments as articulated in the Oceans Act, fisheries management-related policies, the Species at Risk Act, and others.
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ALONSO GARCÍA, M. ª. Consuelo. "La legalización, por la modificación de la Ley de Costas de 2013, de un negocio jurídico fraudulento: a propósito de las sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de 5 de noviembre de 2013." RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.009.
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LABURPENA: Lan honetan, azaldu nahi da 2/2013 Legeko —maiatzaren 29koa, itsasbazterraren babes eta erabilera jasangarriari buruzkoa eta Kostaldeei buruzko Legea aldatzen duena— xedapenek zer-nolako eragina duten itsaso eta lehorraren arteko jabari publikoan dauden lurren erabilera eta aprobetxamendurako administrazio-emakiden titularren eskubideak sendotu eta zabaltzeari dagokionez. Eragin hori zehazteko, Auzitegi Gorenak 2013ko azaroaren 5ean emandako epaietan aztertutako adibide zehatza erabili da. RESUMEN: El presente trabajo pretende poner de manifiesto, siguiendo el ejemplo concreto analizado por las Sentencias del Tribunal Supremo de 5 de noviembre de 2013, el alcance de las previsiones contenidas en la Ley 2/2013, de 29 de mayo, de Proteccion y Uso sostenible del Litoral y de Modificacion de la Ley de Costas, en orden a la consolidacion y ampliacion de los derechos de los titulares de concesiones administrativas de uso y aprovechamiento de terrenos situados en el dominio publico maritimo-terrestre. ABSTRACT: This paper aims to highlight, following the specific example analyzed by the Spanish Supreme Court in its judgement of 5 November 2013, the scope of the provisions contained in the Act 2/2013 of 29 May 2013 on the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Coastal Area and on the amended Coast Act, issued with the purpose of consolidating and expanding the rights of the holders of administrative concessions for use and development of land situated in the maritime public domain.
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Espinosa, Mara I., Nicolas Gouin, Francisco A. Squeo, David López, and Angéline Bertin. "Landscape connectivity among remnant populations of guanaco (Lama guanicoe Müller, 1776) in an arid region of Chile impacted by global change." PeerJ 6 (March 2, 2018): e4429. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4429.
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Connectivity between populations plays a key role in the long-term persistence of species in fragmented habitats. This is of particular concern for biodiversity preservation in drylands, since water limited landscapes are typically characterized by little suitable habitat cover, high habitat fragmentation, harsh matrices, and are being rapidly degraded at a global scale. In this study, we modelled landscape connectivity between 11 guanaco Lama guanicoe populations in Chile’s arid Norte Chico, a region that supports the last remnant coastal populations of this emblematic herbivore indigenous to South America. We produced a habitat suitability model to derive a regional surface resistance map, and used circuit theory to map functional connectivity, investigate the relative isolation between populations, and identify those that contribute most to the patch connectivity network. Predicted suitable habitat for L. guanicoe represented about 25% of the study region (i.e., 29,173 km2) and was heterogeneously distributed along a continuous stretch along the Andes, and discontinuous patches along the coast. As a result, we found that high connectivity current flows in the mid and high Andes formed a wide, continuous connectivity corridor, enabling connectivity between all high Andean populations. Coastal populations, in contrast, were more isolated. These groups demonstrate no inter-population connectivity between themselves, only with higher altitude populations, and for two of them, animal movement was linked to the effectiveness of wildlife crossings along the Pan-American highway. Our results indicate that functional connectivity is an issue of concern for L. guanicoe in Chile’s Norte Chico, implying that future conservation and management plans should emphasize strategies aimed at conserving functional connectivity between coastal and Andean populations, as well as the protection of habitat patches likely to act as stepping stones within the connectivity network.
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Greenwell, C. N. "Inferred predation of Fairy Tern eggs by Ruddy Turnstones at Rottnest Island, Western Australia, an internationally significant shorebird site." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38115117.
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Ruddy Turnstones Arenaria interpres have been identified as egg-predators at seabird and shorebird colonies, including gull and tern colonies in the tropics and Northern Hemisphere. The Australian Fairy Tern Sternula nereis nereis is a threatened (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: Vulnerable) coastal seabird, whose breeding behaviour and ecology expose it to a wide range of threats. This study describes inferred predation on Fairy Tern eggs at a small breeding colony on Rottnest Island, Western Australia, by Ruddy Turnstones, a previously unsuspected predator for thisspecies. Unlike the behavioural response shown towards Silver Gulls Larus novaehollandiae and Australian Ravens Corvus coronoides, which includes collective group defence and dive-bombing, Fairy Terns showed a lack of aggression towards Turnstones within the colony. The lack of a behavioural response suggests that the Terns did not recognise the Turnstones as predators, which may increase the risk of egg-predation. This study suggests that we should be alert to threats from unsuspected predators, which have the potential to reduce the breeding success of this Vulnerable tern.
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Vergiev, Stoyan. "Tall Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum): Flood Resilience, Growth Response to Sea Water Immersion, and Its Capacity for Erosion and Flooding Control of Coastal Areas." Environments 6, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6090103.
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Integrated coastal zone management proposes nature-based mitigation strategies based on the replacement of artificial coastal stabilization and protection structures with dunes stabilized with plant species. These psammophytes stabilize sands and act as supporters, increasing dunes’ ability to reduce storm damages and effectively minimize erosion with minimal negative impacts to natural ecosystems. That is why searching for native salt-tolerant plants with extensive root systems and studying their capacity for erosion and flooding control is fundamental to the practice of ecologically-sound ecosystem services. The aim of the present study is to define the effects of flooding stress on a number of wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) plant life aspects (survival ability, viability, and growth response) in order to determine wheatgrass’s capacity as dune stabilizer. Conducted experiments established that T. ponticum was very tolerant to immersion impact and salt and oxygen deficiency stress, and its rhizomes were able to regenerate after 30 days in seawater. The temporal expression of its survival is presented as critical decomposition time (CDT) by linking the maximum duration of floods along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and the resilience of tall wheatgrass in flooding simulations. A statistical analysis of the experimental data demonstrated that immersion in sea water increases rhizome viability, biomass, and allocation to root biomass, whereas other factors, such as the duration of immersion, salinity, and temperatures of sea water have no significant effect. According to flood resilience and growth response to sea water submergence, T. ponticum demonstrated high potential to be a dune stabilizer.
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ARANA GARCÍA, Estanislao, and Asensio NAVARRO ORTEGA. "La Ley de Protección y Uso Sostenible del Litoral: ¿un giro hacia lo desconocido?" RVAP 97, no. 97 (December 30, 2013): 21–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.97.2013.01.
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LABURPENA: Itsasbazterraren babes eta erabilera jasangarriari buruzko 2013ko maiatzaren 29ko 2/2013 Legeak nabarmen aldatzen du 1988ko uztailaren 28ko 22/1988 Legea. Legegileak hainbat arrazoi aipatzen ditu berrikuntza hori oinarritzeko; besteak beste, hirigintzako gehiegikeriei aurre egin beharra, konfiantza ematea eta itsasbazterreko jarduera ekonomikoa handitzea. Dena dela, legeak aurreikusten dituen neurrietako asko ez dira praktikan jartzeko modukoak, akats teknikoak eta juridikoak dituztelako. Horrenbestez, itsasbazterraren babes eta erabilera jasangarriari buruzko legeak, konfiantza eta segurtasun juridikoa bermatu beharrean, are zehaztugabetasun handiagoa sortzen du kostaldearen gaineko araubide juridikoaren funtsezko alderdi batzuetan; izan ere, aldaketak eragin ditu itsaso eta lehorraren arteko jabari publikoaren eta zortasun mugakideen kontzeptuetan, mugaketen zedarritzean, emakidetan eta kostaldea erabiltzeko araubidean. Artikulu honetan azpimarratzen denez, erreformak norabide ezezaguna eman dio gaiari, ezarritako neurrietako asko ezin aurreikusizkoak direlako. RESUMEN: La Ley 2/2013, de 29 de mayo, de protección y uso sostenible del litoral modifica de forma significativa a la Ley 22/1988, de 28 de julio, de Costas. El legislador justifica su aprobación como una forma de actuar frente a los excesos urbanísticos, generar confianza y mayor actividad económica en la franja litoral, sin embargo, muchas de las medidas que introduce son de discutible aplicación práctica, por sus defectos de orden técnico y jurídico. De esta forma, la Ley de protección y uso sostenible del litoral, lejos de cumplir con su objetivo de generar confianza y seguridad jurídica, lo que realmente hace es introducir mayor indeterminación en aspectos clave del régimen jurídico de la costa, produciendo cambios en la concepción del dominio público marítimo-terrestre y las servidumbres colindantes, en la delimitación de los deslindes, en las concesiones y régimen de utilización de la costa. En este artículo se presenta a la reforma como un giro hacia lo desconocido, por la imprevisibilidad de muchas de las medidas que introduce. ABSTRACT: The Act 2/2013 of May 29th for the protection and sustainable use of the seacoast changes significantly Act 22/1998 of July 28th about coasts. The legislator justifies its approval as a way of acting against urban excesses, building confidence and more economic activity at the seacoast; although many of the measures introduced are of disputable practical application due to its technical and legal flaws. In this way, the Act for the protection and sustainable use of the seacoast does not meet its aim of building confidence and legal certainty, but it introduces a greater indetermination regarding some key issues of the legal regime for the coast provoking changes in the conception of the public shoreline domain and the legal regime of the coastal use. This article introduces the reform as a turn to the unbeknown due to the unpredictability of many of the established measures.
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Sligh, Kevin. "Oil Spill Preparedness & Response Compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Reducing Action Agency Exposure to Future Litigation." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300264. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300264.1.
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The Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Interior's U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services (FWS), and the National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) have partnered since 2001 through the Interagency Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 consultations. Under the authority of the National Contingency Plan, coastal and inland zone area committees, Coast Guard FOSCs & EPA OSCs fill a vital role in determining if certain proposed actions affect listed threatened and endangered (T&E) species or designated critical habitats (CH) and have a responsibility to initiate and coordinate either an informal, emergency, or formal consultation between the FWS & NFMS, also known as the “Services.” One of the best practices learned by the Coast Guard and EPA after the recent lawsuit and subsequent 2013 settlement with the Center for Biological Diversity on the use of pre-authorized use of dispersants in California is that Coast Guard FOSCs and EPA OSCs in concert with their respective area committees should make all efforts to engage the Services in the consultation process when there is a possibility of an action that could affect T&E species or designated CH. The norm in the past has been to delay the consultation process until the emergency response phase, often necessitating an emergency consultation during an actual spill or release that could affect T&E species or designated CHs. In the future, area committees, FOSCs, and OSCs at the start of each area contingency plan's quadrennial review and update, should engage the consultation evaluation process. This poster is about the ESA Section 7 consultation process to proactively mitigate and avoid potentially adverse affects to ESA-listed species and designated CH using the consultation process associated with complying with the Act, avoiding jeopardy, and reducing future Coast Guard and EPA exposure to future litigation.
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Abgaryan, Jetta, George Chakhvadze, Levan Jakeli, and Jānis Grasis. "Reconciling Conflicting Interests of Coastal and Riparian States: The Hard Case of Black Sea Straits." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 19 (2021): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.19.2020.1.195-200.
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There are two basic understandings of the regime of the Black Sea straits: the Black Sea straits as a legal regime and the Black Sea straits as a political regime [1]. The legal assessment of the Black Sea Straits regime requires determining what the existing regulation of the Straits is, how open the Straits are to international navigation, and if closed, whether there are real legal grounds for closing straits while the reference to the Black Sea Straits as a political regime allows for the possibility that straits may be closed for ensuring the security of Turkey and the Black Sea riparian states [1]. It is worth noting that arguments advanced by international legal scientists on the Black Sea straits as legal regime fundamentally differ from each other. Some scientists consider the Montreux Convention to be a major problem in the legal regulation of the Black Sea straits. They consider it necessary for Turkey to recognise the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as a legally binding treaty [2]. Others argue that the main problem in regulating the Black Sea straits is the unilateral regulations adopted by Turkey (1994, 1998 and 2003 Regulations), which, in their view, violate the basic norms of the Montreux Convention, especially the regime of free passage through the straits established by this Convention [3; 4]. Another group of scientists believes that although the regime of the Black Sea straits is significantly restricted by Turkish unilateral regulations, these acts are aimed at protecting the marine environment and safety, and, therefore, the Turkish policy of regulating the Black Sea Straits is legally justified [1; 5]. This article is dedicated to the international legal regulation of navigation in the Black Sea Straits. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current regime of the Black Sea Straits, the relationship and differences between the regime established by the Montreux Convention and the unilateral acts adopted by Turkey on the regulation of traffic in the Black Sea Straits, and to answer the question whether the urgent need to protect the natural environment and maritime safety entitles Turkey to restrict the regime established by the Montreux Convention. Thus, special attention will be drawn to the Montreux Convention, the rules and recommendations adopted by the International Maritime Organisation and the case law of international courts. In the view of the authors, the environmental and safety arguments put forward by Turkey for restricting navigation through the Black Sea Straits have two conceptual dimensions. First, these arguments are acceptable when it comes either to introducing norms related to the movement of ships to ensure safety of navigation or providing an obligation of notification to the Turkish authorities [6]. Another important thesis advanced by this article is that in each particular case, the regulations adopted by Turkey should be interpreted in the light of the recommendations made by the International Maritime Organisation. The main rationale of this argument is that under the existing regulations, Turkish authorities can still suspend the movement of ships in the straits for various reasons, some of which are quite vague. However, the article showcases that Turkey can, in case of pressing environmental need, when there is an urgent interest in the protection of the natural environment, act with the motive of protecting the natural environment, regardless of whether this action derives from a particular international treaty.
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Jackson, Angus, Rodger Tomlinson, Bobbie Corbett, and Darrell Strauss. "LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF A SUBMERGED COASTAL CONTROL STRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE NARROWNECK MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ARTIFICIAL REEF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 14, 2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.54.
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In response to the increasing occurrences of beach erosion along Surfers Paradise and Main Beaches - Gold Coast, Australia, the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy [NGCBPS] was developed to widen the beach by 20-30m as well as improving surfing conditions as a secondary objective. The strategy, implemented in 1999- 2000, involved large-scale beach nourishment and construction of a submerged breakwater “reef” to act as a control point at Narrowneck. Construction of the reef involved innovative filling and placement methods using very large sand filled geotextile containers coupled with significant advances with regards to design of the geotextile material and containers. In the 11 years since construction, there has been substantial monitoring of the project since its completion in late 2000 including: - video imaging using webcams; hydrographic and beach surveys; aerial and oblique photography; surf and surf safety observations and GPS surfing track plots; and geotextile container condition and stability. This paper presents an update on the performance of the reef over the last four years. In particular, the response of the structure and the shoreline to a series of major storm events in 2009 has been examined. The results have shown that the erosion caused by these major events was accommodated within the wider beach created in 1999. Over the next 2 years there was a gradual recovery in the lee of the reef with a subtle groyne effect resulting in an even larger increase in the width of the updrift beach. A detailed underwater condition survey was also undertaken in 2011, to determine changes in the condition of the geotextile containers. This revealed a number of containers missing or damaged, and that seaward containers were covered by sand. The marine habitat which has been a feature of the reef has been impacted by the increased coverage of sand, but still shows high abundance and biodiversity.
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Stieb, Captain Jeffrey D. "Federal On-Scene Coordinator's Investigative Role." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-609.
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ABSTRACT In the United States, the Coast Guard Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) in the role as Captain of the Port (COTP) is charged with investigating marine casualties resulting in oil spills in the coastal zone.2 The FOSC is in the challenging position of working with the responsible party as a member of the Unified Command, while simultaneously investigating the incident. Complicating the FOSC's balancing act is the likelihood that other federal, state, and local agencies will have an interest in the investigation. The parties conducting investigations (Department of Justice, National Transportation Safety Board, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Coast Guard Investigative Service, Environmental Protection Agency investigators, and state and local investigators) report to their own senior officials and are not under the direction and control of the FOSC. This article will discuss, from a Coast Guard officer's perspective, the FOSC's conflicting roles as a member of the Unified Command working closely in cooperation with the responsible party to mitigate the incident, and as a federal officer supervising at least one of the investigations. The article will describe the dynamics of significant oil spill investigations and provide recommendations on how investigative agencies should work together to conduct thorough investigations while minimizing the impact on the Unified Command's goal of working cooperatively to mitigate the effects of the spill.
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Ohlsen, Daniel J., Leon R. Perrie, Lara D. Shepherd, and Michael J. Bayly. "Taxonomic status and distribution of the critically endangered Christmas Island spleenwort (Asplenium listeri, Aspleniaceae): it is not as rare as we thought." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 6 (2014): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb14047.
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Asplenium listeri C.Chr. has been considered endemic to Christmas Island and is one of only two fern species listed as Critically Endangered under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. Its status as a distinct species has been questioned because of morphological similarity to the widespread A. polyodon G.Forst., which also occurs on Christmas Island. Molecular analyses revealed that A. listeri and plants attributed to A. polyodon from coastal limestone in New Caledonia and Vanuatu share the same rbcL, trnL–trnF and rps4–trnS haplotype and that other samples of A. polyodon in Australia and the south-western Pacific belong to three separate molecular lineages. One of these lineages is formed by epiphytic A. polyodon from Christmas Island and has a chloroplast haplotype closely related to that of A. listeri, differing by four mutations. The A. listeri haplotype and each of the three A. polyodon lineages are associated with morphological characters and are all worthy of recognition as separate species. Asplenium listeri is here expanded to include limestone dwelling populations in the Pacific previously assigned to A. polyodon. This greatly extends the geographic range of A. listeri, and its conservation status should be revised accordingly. Application of correct names to all species in the A. polyodon complex requires further molecular sampling throughout its geographic range and clarification of how type material relates to each of the molecular groups.
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Kurgan, W. Michael, and Karen Laney. "LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS FOR RESPONSE EXERCISE PROGRAM1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-543.
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ABSTRACT The National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) was developed to meet the intent of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). PREP is a unified federal effort and incorporates the exercise requirements of the Coast Guard; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), Office of Pipeline Safety; and the Minerals Management Service. (MMS). Each year 20 PREP area exercises are held: six led by the federal government and 14 led by the industry. Five of the six government-led exercises are conducted in coastal areas where the Coast Guard is designated as the federal on-scene coordinator (FOSC). One is held in an inland region where the EPA is the FOSC. Each government-led pollution simulation typically involves more than 40 agencies and more than 400 participants. The PREP simulations focus on a geographical community response to a pollution incident with a unified command structure. The unified command is supported by the four basic elements of an incident command system: planning, operations, logistics, and finance. Area PREP exercises create realistic situations focusing on specific objectives. Emphasis is placed on the realism and decision-making process throughout the entire 30 weeks it takes to prepare an exercise. The National Strike Force Coordination Center collects data from critiques and other aspects of the exercise to help create and develop a standard for exercise evaluation. Data collected and lessons learned at each exercise are disseminated throughout the oil spill industry.
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McGiffen, Milton E., Steven A. Fennimore, W. Thomas Lanini, and Carl E. Bell. "694 Evaluation of Low-rate Herbicides for Minor Crops." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 518E—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.518e.
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The Food Quality Protection Act may result in the withdrawal from use of many herbicides in the “minor” crops: fruits, vegetables, herbs, flowers, and ornamentals. An obvious mitigation strategy is to test and register newer, low-rate herbicides that are currently used only in large-acreage field crops. The newer herbicides have low mammalian toxicity, few off-target effects, and are often used at rates of less than 0.1 kg/ha. Many of the older herbicides are applied at rates of several kg/ha and have off-target effects that can make their use problematic. Low-rate herbicides could replace the older chemicals commonly used in horticultural crops. We have tested several promising low-rate herbicides: carfentrazone, cloransulam, dimethenamid, halosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and sulfentrazone. Broccoli, cantaloupe, carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach, and processing tomato varieties were screened for tolerance to low-rate herbicides at four locations in California that included desert, inland, and coastal environments. All of the crops tested had tolerance for one or more of the low-rate herbicides. Data on similar tests for other horticultural crops will also be presented. The potential for registering these herbicides in vegetables and other horticultural crops varies with the crop and the pesticide's manufacturer. Pesticides that may soon face removal from widespread use will be reviewed. Herbicides and other potential alternatives to currently registered herbicides will be examined to determine possible practical alternatives for specific crops and weeds.
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DeHaven, Leigh, and Rebecca Tirrell. "HOW TO LIST A NEW PRODUCT ON THE NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS POLLUTION, SUBPART J PRODUCT SCHEDULE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-657.
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ABSTRACT In light of the recently updated U.S. Coast Guard Regulation for Vessel Response Plans, which include requirements for vessel dispersant response capabilities and with the recent expansion of many U.S. Coastal Dispersant ?reauthorization Zones, it is important that both alternative oil spill chemical countermeasure product manufacturers and oil spill responders have an understanding of the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution, Subpart J Product Schedule (NCP Product Schedule). The NCP Product Schedule lists alternative chemical countermeasures which may be used in oil spills in the United States if authorized by a Federal On-Scene Coordinator with consultation from the Regional Response Team including local Trustees. The product types currently listed on the NCP Product Schedule include dispersants, surface washing agents, bioremediation agents and miscellaneous oil spill control agents. Sorbents are also defined in the NCP Product Schedule, but they may or may not be required to be listed on the NCP Product Schedule depending upon their composition. The unauthorized use of oil spill chemical countermeasure products listed on the NCP Product Schedule on an on water oil spill is a violation of the Clean Water Act. In addition, the use of chemical products that are not listed on the NCP Product Schedule on oil spills on waters of the United States is also a violation of the Clean Water Act. Before a chemical countermeasure product is used during an oil spill in waters of the United States, new products must meet the data requirements stated in Subpart J of the NCP Product Schedule regulation (40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 300.900). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maintains and updates the NCP Product Schedule. The EPA reviews the required data packages for new products and regularly updates the NCP Product Schedule and Technical Notebook on the NCP Product Schedule website (www.epa.gov/emergencies). This paper and poster will outline the steps to list a new product and provide background information on the NCP Product Schedule.
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Lima, V. V., J. M. Miranda, M. A. Baptista, J. Catalão, M. Gonzalez, L. Otero, M. Olabarrieta, J. A. Álvarez-Gómez, and E. Carreño. "Impact of a 1755-like tsunami in Huelva, Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2010): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-139-2010.
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Abstract. Coastal areas are highly exposed to natural hazards associated with the sea. In all cases where there is historical evidence for devastating tsunamis, as is the case of the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, there is a need for quantitative hazard tsunami assessment to support spatial planning. Also, local authorities must be able to act towards the population protection in a preemptive way, to inform "what to do" and "where to go" and in an alarm, to make people aware of the incoming danger. With this in mind, we investigated the inundation extent, run-up and water depths, of a 1755-like event on the region of Huelva, located on the Spanish southwestern coast, one of the regions that was affected in the past by several high energy events, as proved by historical documents and sedimentological data. Modelling was made with a slightly modified version of the COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model) code. Sensitivity tests were performed for a single source in order to understand the relevance and influence of the source parameters in the inundation extent and the fundamental impact parameters. We show that a 1755-like event will have a dramatic impact in a large area close to Huelva inundating an area between 82 and 92 km2 and reaching maximum run-up around 5 m. In this sense our results show that small variations on the characteristics of the tsunami source are not too significant for the impact assessment. We show that the maximum flow depth and the maximum run-up increase with the average slip on the source, while the strike of the fault is not a critical factor as Huelva is significantly far away from the potential sources identified up to now. We also show that the maximum flow depth within the inundated area is very dependent on the tidal level, while maximum run-up is less affected, as a consequence of the complex morphology of the area.
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Melillo, Massimo, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Silvia Peruccacci, Roberto Sarro, Rosa Marìa Mateos, and Maria Teresa Brunetti. "Rainfall and rockfalls in the Canary Islands: assessing a seasonal link." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 2307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2307-2020.
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Abstract. Rockfalls are frequent and harmful phenomena occurring in mountain ranges, coastal cliffs, and slope cuts. Although several natural processes occur in their formation and triggering, rainfall is one of the most common causes. The prediction of rock failures is of social significance for civil protection purposes and can rely on the statistical analysis of past rainfall conditions that caused the failures. The paper describes the analysis of information on rainfall-induced rockfalls in Gran Canaria and Tenerife, Canary Islands (Spain). An analysis of the monthly rainfall versus the monthly distribution of rockfalls reveals that they are correlated for most of the year, except in summer, when other triggers act to induce collapses. National and regional catalogs with hourly and daily rainfall measurements are used to reconstruct the cumulated amount (E) and the duration (D) of the rainfall responsible for the rock failures. Adopting a consolidated statistical approach, new ED rainfall thresholds for possible rockfall occurrence and the associated uncertainties are calculated for the two test sites. As far as is known, this is the first attempt to predict this type of failure using the threshold approach. Using the rainfall information, a map of the mean annual rainfall is obtained for Gran Canaria and Tenerife, and it is used to assess the differences between the thresholds. The results of this study are expected to improve the ability to forecast rockfalls in the Canary Islands in view of implementing an early-warning system to mitigate the rockfall hazard and reduce the associated risk.
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Hines, E., LS Ponnampalam, C. Junchompoo, C. Peter, L. Vu, T. Huynh, M. Caillat, et al. "Getting to the bottom of bycatch: a GIS-based toolbox to assess the risk of marine mammal bycatch." Endangered Species Research 42 (June 4, 2020): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01037.
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Marine mammal bycatch poses a particular challenge in developing countries, where data to document bycatch and its effects are often lacking. Using the Bycatch Risk Assessment (ByRA) toolkit, based on InVEST open-source models, we chose 4 field sites in Southeast Asia with varying amounts of data on marine mammals and fishing occurrence: Trat province in the eastern Gulf of Thailand, the Sibu-Tinggi Islands and Kuching Bay, Malaysia, and Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve in southwestern Vietnam. These field sites have similar species of coastal marine mammals, small-scale and commercial fisheries, and support for research from universities and/or management. In Thailand and Kuching, results showed changing patterns of fishing and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris habitat use across seasons, showing how bycatch risk could change throughout the year. Risk maps for dugongs Dugong dugon in peninsular Malaysia highlighted patterns of bycatch risk concentrated around a mainland fishing pier, and revealed high risk in a northern subregion. In Vietnam, first maps of bycatch risk for the Irrawaddy dolphin showed the highest risk driven by intensive use of gillnets and trawling gear. ByRA pinpointed areas of spatial and seasonal bycatch exposure, and estimated the consequence of bycatch on local species, providing managers with critical information on where to focus bycatch mitigation and meet new global standards for US Marine Mammal Protection Act and other international regulation (e.g. Official Journal of the European Union 2019; Regulation 2019/1241) compliance. The toolbox, a transferable open-source tool, can be used to guide fisheries management, marine mammal conservation, spatial planning, and further research.