Journal articles on the topic 'Coastal event'
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Dohner, Stephanie M., and Carter B. DuVal. "Quantifying Estuarine Hydrometeorological Coastal Hazards Using a Combined Field Observation and Modeling Approach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030335.
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Coastal development and its associated site management have rapidly expanded to estuarine environments while continuing to increase worldwide. With the growth of coastal management projects, field observations are required to understand how anthropogenic construction, coastal defense, environmental restoration, and conservation areas will react to the typical, extreme, and long-term conditions at the proposed sites. To address these unknowns, we present a multi-faceted coastal risk assessment of a unique, recently nourished estuarine beach near the mouth of the Delaware Bay Estuary by merging rapid-response remote sensing platforms, hydrodynamic models, and publically available monitoring datasets. Specifically, hydrometeorological events from 2015 to 2019 were the focus of peak-over-threshold statistics, event type definition, and clustered event interval determination. The 95th percentile thresholds were determined to be the following: 0.84 m for the significant wave height, 13.5 m/s for the 10-m elevation wind speed, and 0.4 m for the total water level residuals. Tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, light gales, or cold and stationary fronts proved to be the meteorological causes of the sediment mobility, inducing the hydrodynamics at the site. Using these event types and exceedance instances, clustered meteorological events were defined as having an interval greater than twelve hours but less than five days to be considered clustered. Clustered events were observed to cause greater volumetric change than individual events, and are currently underrepresented in coastal risk planning and response in the region. Coastal monitoring field measurements should consider clustered events when conducting post-hazardous or erosional event response surveys. This work highlights the importance of clustered hydrometeorological events causing estuarine coastal risk, and how to quantify these effects through combined field observations and modeling approaches.
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Evelpidou, Niki, Christos Zerefos, Costas Synolakis, Christos Repapis, Anna Karkani, Miltiadis Polidorou, and Giannis Saitis. "Coastal Boulders on the SE Coasts of Cyprus as Evidence of Palaeo-Tsunami Events." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100812.
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Cyprus has a long history of tsunami events, as noted by archaeological and geological records. At Cape Greco (southeastern Cyprus) large boulders have been noted, however, no detailed geomorphological research has taken place so far and the related high energy event was undated until now. Our research aims to record in detail and interpret these large boulders deposits. The boulders, located between ≈3 and 4.5 m a.m.s.l., are fragments of an upper Pleistocene aeolianite, which is overlaying unconformly a lower Pleistocene calcarenite. Dimensions and spatial distribution of 272 small, medium, and large boulders were documented, while their precise distance from the coastline was recorded by field mapping and remote sensing, using Differential GPS (DGPS), drone, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technics. Field data were subsequently combined with hydrodynamic equations, in order to determine the extreme event(s) that caused their transport inland, and radiocarbon dating was accomplished on three samples of Vermetus sp. to determine the chronological context. Our findings appear to broadly correlate with the 1303 AD tsunami, which has displaced at least part of the studied boulders, and one other undocumented event at AD 1512-1824. The large number of boulders and sizes in our study area further indicate that their dislocation is most likely owed to multiple events from various sources.
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McKiver, W. J., G. Sannino, F. Braga, and D. Bellafiore. "Investigation of model capability in capturing vertical hydrodynamic coastal processes: a case study in the north Adriatic Sea." Ocean Science 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-51-2016.
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Abstract. In this work we consider a numerical study of hydrodynamics in the coastal zone using two different models, SHYFEM (shallow water hydrodynamic finite element model) and MITgcm (Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model), to assess their capability to capture the main processes. We focus on the north Adriatic Sea during a strong dense water event that occurred at the beginning of 2012. This serves as an interesting test case to examine both the models strengths and weaknesses, while giving an opportunity to understand how these events affect coastal processes, like upwelling and downwelling, and how they interact with estuarine dynamics. Using the models we examine the impact of setup, surface and lateral boundary treatment, resolution and mixing schemes, as well as assessing the importance of nonhydrostatic dynamics in coastal processes. Both models are able to capture the dense water event, though each displays biases in different regions. The models show large differences in the reproduction of surface patterns, identifying the choice of suitable bulk formulas as a central point for the correct simulation of the thermohaline structure of the coastal zone. Moreover, the different approaches in treating lateral freshwater sources affect the vertical coastal stratification. The results indicate the importance of having high horizontal resolution in the coastal zone, specifically in close proximity to river inputs, in order to reproduce the effect of the complex coastal morphology on the hydrodynamics. A lower resolution offshore is acceptable for the reproduction of the dense water event, even if specific vortical structures are missed. Finally, it is found that nonhydrostatic processes are of little importance for the reproduction of dense water formation in the shelf of the north Adriatic Sea.
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McKiver, W. J., G. Sannino, F. Braga, and D. Bellafiore. "Investigation of model capability in capturing vertical hydrodynamic coastal processes: a case study in the North Adriatic Sea." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 4 (August 3, 2015): 1625–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-1625-2015.
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Abstract. In this work we consider a numerical study of hydrodynamics in the coastal zone using two different models, SHYFEM and MITgcm, to assess their capability to capture the main processes. We focus on the North Adriatic Sea during a strong dense water event that occurred at the beginning of 2012. This serves as an interesting test case to examine both the models strengths and weaknesses, while giving an opportunity to understand how these events affect coastal processes, like upwelling and downwelling, and how they interact with estuarine dynamics. Using the models we examine the impact of setup, surface and lateral boundary treatment, resolution and mixing schemes, as well as assessing the importance of nonhydrostatic dynamics in coastal processes. Both models are able to capture the dense water event, though each displays biases in different regions. The models show large differences in the reproduction of surface patterns, identifying the choice of suitable bulk formulas as a central point for the correct simulation of the thermohaline structure of the coastal zone. Moreover, the different approaches in treating lateral freshwater sources affect the vertical coastal stratification. The results indicate the importance of having high horizontal resolution in the coastal zone, specifically in close proximity to river inputs, in order to reproduce the effect of the complex coastal morphology on the hydrodynamics. A lower resolution offshore is acceptable for the reproduction of the dense water event, even if specific vortical structures are missed. Finally, it is found that nonhydrostatic processes are of little importance for the reproduction of dense water formation in the shelf of the North Adriatic Sea.
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Minihane, M. R., and D. L. Freyberg. "Precipitation patterns and moisture fluxes in a sandy, tropical environment with a shallow water table." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (August 24, 2011): 8063–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-8063-2011.
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Abstract. Identifying the dominant mechanisms controlling recharge in shallow sandy soils in tropical climates has received relatively little attention. Given the expansion of coastal fill using marine sands and the growth of coastal populations throughout the tropics, there is a need to better understand the nature of water balances in these settings. We use time series of field observations at a coastal landfill in Singapore coupled with numerical modeling using the Richards' equation to examine the impact of precipitation patterns on soil moisture dynamics, including percolation past the root zone and recharge, in such an environment. A threshold in total precipitation event depth, much more so than peak precipitation intensity, is the strongest event control on recharge. However, shallow antecedent moisture, and therefore the timing between events along with the seasonal depth to water table, also play significant roles in determining recharge amounts. For example, at our field site, precipitation events of less than 3 mm per event yield little to no direct recharge, but for larger events, moisture content changes below the root zone are linearly correlated to the product of the average antecedent moisture content and the total event precipitation. Therefore, water resources planners need to consider identifying threshold precipitation volumes, along with the multiple time scales that capture variability in event antecedent conditions and storm frequency in assessing the role of recharge in coastal water balances in tropical settings.
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Jeppsson, Lennart, and Mikael Calner. "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo–secundo events." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93, no. 2 (June 2002): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000377.
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ABSTRACTGraphic correlation using graptolites and conodonts provides a high-resolution timescale for correlating from coastal to deep oceanic sections and, thereby, also a detailed record of the sequence of changes during the Mulde Secundo-Secundo Event. That interval includes sedimentary facies otherwise unknown in older Wenlock to early Ludlow strata on Gotland. The identified sequence of changes includes a detailed record of, in order: two extinctions (Datum points 1 and 1·5); widespread deposition of carbon-rich sediments extensive enough to cause a δ13C increase of c. 4.8‰, the onset, maximum and end of a sea-level fall and rise of at least 16 m during 30 kyr; a third extinction (Datum 2); a disaster fauna; and a slow faunal recovery. Thus, a secondary result of the event was a weakened greenhouse effect triggering a glaciation: the Gannarve Glaciation (new term). The order of changes proves that regression did not cause the extinctions. Faunal and sea-level changes, as well as the sedimentary succession, fit well with predictions based on an oceanic model. Extinctions were primarily caused by a severe drop in primary planktonic productivity, causing starvation among planktonic larvae in non-coastal settings. The Grötlingbo Bentonite (new term), the thickest in the Wenlock of Gotland, was deposited across the basin shortly after Datum 2. Temporal resolution is high enough to permit some comparison with Quaternary glaciations.
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ISAGAWA, Teruyuki, Osamu MURAO, and Ryuzo OHNO. "COASTAL RESIDENTS' BEHAVIOR IN THE EVENT OF TSUNAMI." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 77, no. 681 (2012): 2525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.77.2525.
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Aucoin, Samuel, Bruno Tremblay, and Robert Newton. "Coastal Sea-Ice Break-Up Events in Beringia." McGill Science Undergraduate Research Journal 17, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v17i1.172.
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We quantify changes in break‐up events of landfast ice in the transition from a perennial to a seasonal sea ice cover in the Arctic. A break‐up event is defined as a time when coastal sea ice concentration drops below 95% after a minimum period of 10 days of stable ice conditions. To this end we analyze output diagnostics from the Community Earth System Model (Version 1) – Large Ensemble from 1920 to 2080, focusing on six coastal communities of Alaska, Chukotka, and the Kamtchatka Peninsula: Utqiaġvik, Point Hope, Gambell, Novoye Chaplino, Sireniki, and Pakhachi. Model results generally agree with the satellite record with open water formation along the coastline associated with sustained offshore winds, although the sensitivity of CESM1‐LE is higher than that of observations due to the absence of a landfast ice parameterization in CESM1‐ LE. Specifically, we see a linear relationship between the magnitude of the opening and offshore surface wind stresses integrated over the 10 days prior to the opening event, (p‐value < 0.01). While the break‐up event frequency increases (5.53 × 10−5 events/day/year for Utqiagvik) in the 21st century due to the thin- ning, or weakening, of the landfast ice cover, the total number of winter break‐up events decreases due to a shortening of the winter season (mean of ‐5.3 days/decade).
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Lazarus, Eli D., Kirstin L. Davenport, and Ana Matias. "Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020.
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Abstract. Allometry refers to a physical principle in which geometric (and/or metabolic) characteristics of an object or organism are correlated to its size. Allometric scaling relationships typically manifest as power laws. In geomorphic contexts, scaling relationships are a quantitative signature of organization, structure, or regularity in a landscape, even if the mechanistic processes responsible for creating such a pattern are unclear. Despite the ubiquity and variety of scaling relationships in physical landscapes, the emergence and development of these relationships tend to be difficult to observe – either because the spatial and/or temporal scales over which they evolve are so great or because the conditions that drive them are so dangerous (e.g. an extreme hazard event). Here, we use a physical experiment to examine dynamic allometry in overwash morphology along a model coastal barrier. We document the emergence of a canonical scaling law for length versus area in overwash deposits (washover). Comparing the experimental features, formed during a single forcing event, to 5 decades of change in real washover morphology from the Ria Formosa barrier system, in southern Portugal, we find differences between patterns of morphometric change at the event scale versus longer timescales. Our results may help inform and test process-based coastal morphodynamic models, which typically use statistical distributions and scaling laws to underpin empirical or semi-empirical parameters at fundamental levels of model architecture. More broadly, this work dovetails with theory for landscape evolution more commonly associated with fluvial and alluvial terrain, offering new evidence from a coastal setting that a landscape may reflect characteristics associated with an equilibrium or steady-state condition even when features within that landscape do not.
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Duo, Enrico, Arthur Chris Trembanis, Stephanie Dohner, Edoardo Grottoli, and Paolo Ciavola. "Local-scale post-event assessments with GPS and UAV-based quick-response surveys: a pilot case from the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 2969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2969-2018.
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Abstract. Coastal communities and assets are exposed to flooding and erosion hazards due to extreme storm events, which may increase in intensity due to climatological factors in the incoming future. Coastal managers are tasked with developing risk-management plans mitigating risk during all phases of the disaster cycle. This necessitates rapid, time-efficient post-event beach surveys that collect physical data in the immediate aftermath of an event. Additionally, the inclusion of local stakeholders in the assessment process via personal interviews captures the social dimension of the impact of the event. In this study, a local protocol for post-event assessment, the quick-response protocol, was tested on a pilot site on the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast in the aftermath of an extreme meteorological event that occurred in February 2015. Physical data were collected using both real-time kinematic Geographical Positions Systems and unmanned aerial vehicle platforms. Local stakeholders were interviewed by collecting qualitative information on their experiences before, during, and after the event. Data comparisons between local and regional surveys of this event highlighted higher data resolution and accuracy at the local level, enabling improved risk assessment for future events of this magnitude. The local survey methodology, although improvable from different technical aspects, can be readily integrated into regional surveys for improved data resolution and accuracy of storm impact assessments on the regional scale to better inform coastal risk managers during mitigation planning.
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Tsai, Fujung, and Wei-Nai Chen. "Comparison of the Synoptic Environments Conducive to Eastward versus Southeastward Transport of Asian Dust Events." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/467659.
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Asian dust events that travel eastward and southeastward in the lower troposphere affect different areas near the coastal East Asia. To understand the synoptic differences between the two types of dust events, four dust events from 2006 to 2009 are selected for each type and the synoptic environment is compared. Surface measurements, trajectory analyses, and a regional dust model are also applied to further analyze each type. Results show that the strength of the low-level trough and the surface anticyclonic system are important in determining the transport route of dust event. A deep 700–850 hPa trough extending far south beyond 30°N associated with an intense surface anticyclone with maximum pressure greater than 1020 hPa over coastal East Asia favors southeastward movement of dust event. The prevailing northwesterlies or northerlies behind the deep trough and ahead of the intense surface anticyclone promote the southeastward movement of dust event. Since intense surface anticyclones often associated with strong dust events, severe dust activities tend to move southeastward. In contrast, a shallow trough accompanied by a weak surface high locating north of 30°N over the coastal East Asia favors an eastward transport route.
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Kim, Su-Kyung, Eunju Lee, Jihye Park, and Sungwon Shin. "Feasibility Analysis of GNSS-Reflectometry for Monitoring Coastal Hazards." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050976.
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Coastal hazards, such as a tsunamis and storm surges, are a critical threat to coastal communities that lead to significant loss of lives and properties. To mitigate their impact, event-driven water level changes should be properly monitored. A tide gauge is one of the conventional water level measurement sensors. Still, alternative measurement systems can be needed to compensate for the role of tide gauge for contingency (e.g., broken and absence, etc.). Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is an emerging water level measurement sensor that processes multipath signals reflected by the water surface that is referred to as GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R). In this study, we adopted the GNSS-R technique to monitor tsunamis and storm surges by analyzing event-driven water level changes. To detect the extreme change of water level, enhanced GNSS-R data processing methods were applied which included the utilization of multi-band GNSS signals, determination of optimal processing window, and Kalman filtering for height rate determination. The impact of coastal hazards on water level retrievals was assessed by computing the confidence level of retrieval (CLR) that was computed based on probability of dominant peak representing the roughness of the water surface. The proposed approach was validated by two tsunami events, induced by 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake and 2015 Chile earthquake, and two storm surge events, induced by 2017 Hurricane Harvey and occurred in Alaska in 2019. The proposed method successfully retrieved the water levels during the storm surge in both cases with the high correlation coefficients with the nearby tide gauge, 0.944, 0.933, 0.987, and 0.957, respectively. In addition, CLRs of four events are distinctive to the type of coastal events. It is confirmed that the tsunami causes the CLR deduction, while for the storm surges, GNSS-R keep high CLR during the event. These results are possibly used as an indicator of each event in terms of storm surge level and tsunami arrival time. This study shows that the proposed approach of GNSS-R based water level retrieval is feasible to monitor coastal hazards that are tsunamis and storm surges, and it can be a promising tool for investigating the coastal hazards to mitigate their impact and for a better decision making.
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Park, J., J. Obeysekera, and J. Barnes. "Temporal energy partitions of Florida extreme sea level events as a function of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation." Ocean Science 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-587-2010.
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Abstract. An energy-conservative metric based on the discrete wavelet transform is applied to assess the relative energy distribution of extreme sea level events across different temporal scales. The metric is applied to coastal events at Key West and Pensacola Florida as a function of two Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) regimes. Under AMO warm conditions there is a small but significant redistribution of event energy from nearly static into more dynamic (shorter duration) timescales at Key West, while at Pensacola the AMO-dependent changes in temporal event behaviour are less pronounced. Extreme events with increased temporal dynamics might be consistent with an increase in total energy of event forcings which may be a reflection of more energetic storm events during AMO warm phases. As dynamical models mature to the point of providing regional climate index predictability, coastal planners may be able to consider such temporal change metrics in planning scenarios.
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Park, J., J. Obeysekera, and J. Barnes. "Temporal energy partitions of Florida extreme sea level events as a function of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation." Ocean Science Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 11, 2010): 501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-501-2010.
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Abstract. An energy-conservative metric based on the discrete wavelet transform is applied to assess the relative energy distribution of non-stationary extreme sea level events across different temporal scales. The metric is applied to coastal events at Key West and Pensacola Florida as a function of two Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) regimes. Under AMO warm conditions there is a small but significant redistribution of event energy from nearly static into more dynamic timescales at Key West, while at Pensacola the AMO-dependent changes in temporal event behaviour are less pronounced. Extreme events with increased temporal dynamics are consistent with an increase in total energy of event forcings which may be a reflection of more energetic storm events during AMO warm phases. As dynamical models mature to the point of providing regional climate index predictability, coastal planners may be able to consider such temporal change metrics in planning scenarios.
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Reason, C. J. C., and P. L. Jackson. "Modelling a coastal ridging event over south-eastern Australia." Meteorological Applications 9, no. 4 (December 2002): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1350482702004012.
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Rodríguez-Morata, C., H. F. Díaz, J. A. Ballesteros-Canovas, M. Rohrer, and M. Stoffel. "The anomalous 2017 coastal El Niño event in Peru." Climate Dynamics 52, no. 9-10 (September 27, 2018): 5605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4466-y.
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Meslard, Florian, Yann Balouin, Nicolas Robin, and François Bourrin. "Assessing the Role of Extreme Mediterranean Events on Coastal River Outlet Dynamics." Water 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162463.
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River mouths are highly dynamic environments responding very rapidly to changes in wave energy or river floods. While the morphological response during floods or during marine storm events has been widely documented in the literature, little is known about the mechanisms acting during the co-occurrence of fluvial and marine hazards. This concomitance of river flood and marine storm is quite common in the western Mediterranean Sea, and was the case for the Gloria event, considered to be the most extreme event in recent decades. During this event, monitoring of hydrodynamics and morphological evolution was implemented, making it possible to better understand the impact of concomitant marine storm and fluvial flood during an extreme meteorological event on spit breaching of a small Mediterranean river mouth. Monitoring using a combination of high-resolution hydrodynamic measurements, topographic and bathymetric surveys, and sediment cores was used before, during, and after the storm “Gloria”. The results suggest an amplification of the morphological impact of the events and a different morphogenic response than if each of the events had acted independently on the system. The marine storm, occurring first, weakened the spit and initiated its breaching, which was continued by the extreme fluvial flood, thus leading to the complete destruction of the mouth. The destruction of the spit acted as a sediment source for subaqueous large delta deposition amounting to 50% of the total volume. The contribution of the river, estimated at 30%, was quite low for an exceptional event, showing the importance of locating rainfall in a catchment area controlled by a dam. For this event, extreme morphological evolution was observed, as well as the importance of water levels in the river mouth, which probably increased flood hazards, demonstrating the importance of including the compounding effect of extreme coastal water levels in river flood risk management.
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Dhoop, Thomas, and Charlie Thompson. "Swell wave progression in the English Channel: implications for coastal monitoring." Anthropocene Coasts 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2021-0008.
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Energetic swell waves, particularly when they coincide with high water levels, can present significant coastal hazards. To better understand and predict these risks, analysis of the sea levels and waves that generate these events and the resulting coastal impacts is essential. Two energetic swell events, neither of which were predicted by modelled flood forecasts, occurred in quick succession in the English Channel. The first event, on 30 January 2021, produced moderate significant wave heights at or just below the 0.25 year return period along the southwest English coast, but combined with significant swell caused overtopping at East Beach in West Bay and at Chesil Beach. The second event, on 1 February 2021, generated the highest wave energy periods measured at many locations along the southern English coastline and, at high water, caused waves to run up over the promenades at Poole Bay and Christchurch Bay and caused overtopping at Hayling Island. Both events are described in detail, and their spatial footprints are mapped through a joint return period analysis using a copula function. It is found that typical joint return period analysis of water level and significant wave height underestimates potential impacts, while a joint consideration of water level and wave power (P) describes the 31 January event better and a joint consideration of water level and energy period (Te) best describes the 1 February event. Therefore, it is recommended that Te and P are adopted for coastal monitoring purposes, and that future studies further explore the use of both parameters for swell monitoring.
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Rollenbeck, Rütger, Johanna Orellana-Alvear, Jörg Bendix, Rodolfo Rodriguez, Franz Pucha-Cofrep, Mario Guallpa, Andreas Fries, and Rolando Célleri. "The Coastal El Niño Event of 2017 in Ecuador and Peru: A Weather Radar Analysis." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040824.
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The coastal regions of South Ecuador and Peru belong to the areas experiencing the strongest impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon. However, the impact and dynamic development of weather patterns during those events are not well understood, due to the sparse observational networks. In spite of neutral to cold conditions after the decaying 2015/16 El Niño in the central Pacific, the coastal region was hit by torrential rainfall in 2017 causing floods, erosion and landslides with many fatalities and significant damages to infrastructure. A new network of X-band weather radar systems in South Ecuador and North Peru allowed, for the first time, the spatio-temporally high-resolution monitoring of rainfall dynamics, also covering the 2017 event. Here, we compare this episode to the period 2014–2018 to point out the specific atmospheric process dynamics of this event. We found that isolated warming of the Niño 1 and 2 region sea surface temperature was the initial driver of the strong rainfall, but local weather patterns were modified by topography interacting with the synoptic situation. The high resolution radar data, for the first time, allowed to monitor previously unknown local spots of heavy rainfall during ENSO-related extreme events, associated with dynamic flow convergence initiated by low-level thermal breezes. Altogether, the coastal El Niño of 2017, at the same time, caused positive rainfall anomalies in the coastal plain and on the eastern slopes of the Andes, the latter normally associated only with La Niña events. Thus, the 2017 event must be attributed to the La Niña Modoki type.
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Rey, Wilmer, Paulo Salles, E. Tonatiuh Mendoza, Alec Torres-Freyermuth, and Christian M. Appendini. "Assessment of coastal flooding and associated hydrodynamic processes on the south-eastern coast of Mexico, during Central American cold surge events." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 20, 2018): 1681–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1681-2018.
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Abstract. Coastal flooding in the northern Yucatán Peninsula is mainly associated with storm surge events triggered by high-pressure cold front systems. This study evaluates the hydrodynamic processes of the Chelem lagoon, Mexico and the flooding threat from cold fronts for the neighbouring town of Progreso. A 30-year water-level hindcast (excluding wave set-up) was performed because of the lack of long-term tide gauge records. In order to assess the relative contribution from wave set-up and residual and astronomical tides to total flooding, the two worst storm scenarios in terms of maximum residual tide (Event A) and maximum water level (Event B) were simulated. Numerical results suggest that during Event A the wave set-up contribution reaches 0.35 at the coast and 0.17 m inside the lagoon, and these values are smaller for Event B (0.30 and 0.14 m, respectively). Results of the effect of the tidal phase on wave set-up and residual sea level show that (i) the wave set-up contribution increases during ebb tide and decreases during flood tide at the Chelem inlet, (ii) the residual tide is larger (smaller) near low (high) or receding (rising) tide, and (iii) maximum flooding occurs when the storm peak coincides with rising or high tide. The numerical results confirm the important role of wave set-up on the assessment of coastal flooding in micro-tidal coastal environments.
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Chen, Hao, Zongxue Xu, Ji Chen, Yang Liu, and Peng Li. "Joint Risk Analysis of Extreme Rainfall and High Tide Level Based on Extreme Value Theory in Coastal Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043605.
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Extreme rainfall and high tide levels are the main causal factors of urban flood disasters in coastal areas. As complex interactions between these factors can exacerbate the impact of urban flood disasters in coastal areas, an associated flood risk assessment involves not only the estimation of the extreme values of each variable but also their probability of occurring simultaneously. With a consideration of the Shenzhen River Basin (China), this study used bivariate copula functions to quantitatively evaluate the joint risk of extreme rainfall and a high tide level. The results showed that a significant positive correlation exists between extreme rainfall and the corresponding high tide level, and that if the positive dependency was ignored, the probability of simultaneous extreme events would be underestimated. If a dangerous event is defined as one in which heavy rainfall and high tide level events occur concurrently, the “AND” joint return period based on the annual maxima method should be adopted. If a dangerous event is defined as one in which either only a heavy rainfall or a high tide level event occurs, the “OR” joint return period should be adopted. The results represent a theoretical basis and decision-making support for flood risk management and flood prevention/reduction in coastal areas.
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Masaya, Ryota, Anawat Suppasri, Kei Yamashita, Fumihiko Imamura, Chris Gouramanis, and Natt Leelawat. "Investigating beach erosion related with tsunami sediment transport at Phra Thong Island, Thailand, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 28, 2020): 2823–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2823-2020.
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Abstract. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused large-scale topographic changes in coastal areas. Whereas much research has focused on coastlines that have or had large human populations, little focus has been paid to coastlines that have little or no infrastructure. The importance of examining erosional and depositional mechanisms of tsunami events lies in the rapid reorganization that coastlines must undertake immediately after an event. A thorough understanding of the pre-event conditions is paramount to understanding the natural reconstruction of the coastal environment. This study examines the location of sediment erosion and deposition during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami event on the relatively pristine Phra Thong Island, Thailand. Coupled with satellite imagery, we use numerical simulations and sediment transportation models to determine the locations of significant erosion and the areas where much of that sediment was redeposited during the tsunami inundation and backwash processes. Our modeling approach suggests that beaches located in two regions on Phra Thong Island were significantly eroded by the 2004 tsunami, predominantly during the backwash phase of the first and largest wave to strike the island. Although 2004 tsunami deposits are found on the island, we demonstrate that most of the sediment was deposited in the shallow coastal area, facilitating quick recovery of the beach when normal coastal processes resumed.
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Beuzen, Tomas, Kristen D. Splinter, Ian L. Turner, Mitchell D. Harley, Lucy A. Marshall, Margaret L. Palmsten, Hilary F. Stockdon, and Nathaniel G. Plant. "A PROBABILISTIC MODEL OF REGIONAL-SCALE RESPONSE TO EXTREME STORM EVENTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.46.
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Predicting beach erosion caused by extreme storms remains a key focus of the coastal engineering community, having important implications for both emergency and long-term coastal management and planning. In June 2016, an extra-tropical cyclone impacted the east coast of Australia, resulting in the largest erosion event recorded in this region for several decades. High-resolution data collected during this event included immediate pre and post-storm airborne LIDAR measurements of the subaerial beach along 400 km of coastline, as well as detailed modeling of inshore wave conditions. This unprecedented data set presents a unique opportunity to explore key drivers of the observed local and regional variability in the response of beaches to extreme storm events.
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Tory, K. J., C. J. C. Reason, and P. L. Jackson. "A Numerical Study of a Southeast Australian Coastal Ridging Event*." Monthly Weather Review 129, no. 3 (March 2001): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0437:ansoas>2.0.co;2.
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Michael J. White, Salut Muhidin, Catherine Andrzejewski, Eva Tagoe, Rodney Knight, and Holly Reed. "Urbanization and Fertility: An Event-History Analysis of Coastal Ghana." Demography 45, no. 4 (2008): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0035.
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Bari, Driss, Thierry Bergot, and Mohamed El Khlifi. "Numerical study of a coastal fog event over Casablanca, Morocco." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 141, no. 690 (December 13, 2014): 1894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2494.
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Vousdoukas, Michalis I., Evangelos Voukouvalas, Lorenzo Mentaschi, Francesco Dottori, Alessio Giardino, Dimitrios Bouziotas, Alessandra Bianchi, Peter Salamon, and Luc Feyen. "Developments in large-scale coastal flood hazard mapping." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2016): 1841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1841-2016.
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Abstract. Coastal flooding related to marine extreme events has severe socioeconomic impacts, and even though the latter are projected to increase under the changing climate, there is a clear deficit of information and predictive capacity related to coastal flood mapping. The present contribution reports on efforts towards a new methodology for mapping coastal flood hazard at European scale, combining (i) the contribution of waves to the total water level; (ii) improved inundation modeling; and (iii) an open, physics-based framework which can be constantly upgraded, whenever new and more accurate data become available. Four inundation approaches of gradually increasing complexity and computational costs were evaluated in terms of their applicability to large-scale coastal flooding mapping: static inundation (SM); a semi-dynamic method, considering the water volume discharge over the dykes (VD); the flood intensity index approach (Iw); and the model LISFLOOD-FP (LFP). A validation test performed against observed flood extents during the Xynthia storm event showed that SM and VD can lead to an overestimation of flood extents by 232 and 209 %, while Iw and LFP showed satisfactory predictive skill. Application at pan-European scale for the present-day 100-year event confirmed that static approaches can overestimate flood extents by 56 % compared to LFP; however, Iw can deliver results of reasonable accuracy in cases when reduced computational costs are a priority. Moreover, omitting the wave contribution in the extreme total water level (TWL) can result in a ∼ 60 % underestimation of the flooded area. The present findings have implications for impact assessment studies, since combination of the estimated inundation maps with population exposure maps revealed differences in the estimated number of people affected within the 20–70 % range.
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Shin, Sungwon, Jichang Kim, Jeseon Yoo, Kideok Do, Tae Soo Chang, and Jinah Kim. "DUNE EROSION AND SAND BAR MIGRATION DURING A STORM EVENT: LARGE-SCALE WAVE FLUME TEST AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.sediment.34.
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The coastal sand dune is an important natural coastal protection system in the nearshore region from storm wave damage. USACE (2013) introduced coastal dune as Nature and Nature-Based Feature for coastal resilience. Therefore, accurately predicting the dune erosion and sediment transport is very important not only to protect the coastal community from the extreme wave but also to provide design guideline for restoration. However, the ability to accurately predict the coastal dune morphodynamics has not been enough improved. The main objective of this study is to investigate erosion and deposition mechanisms of dune and sand bar by obtaining the synoptic data set of movable bed experiment during the entire storm event. Using the experimental data, this study tried to verify the numerical model (XBeachX). Moreover, box cores were used to track the storm history in surf and swash zone.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/E-Itkn36rLQ
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Modini, R. L., Z. D. Ristovski, G. R. Johnson, C. He, N. Surawski, L. Morawska, T. Suni, and M. Kulmala. "New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 19 (October 12, 2009): 7607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7607-2009.
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Abstract. A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted in March/April 2007 at Agnes Water, a remote coastal site just south of the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Particle and ion size distributions were continuously measured during the campaign. Coastal nucleation events were observed in clean, marine air masses coming from the south-east on 65% of the days. The events usually began at ~10:00 local time and lasted for 1–4 h. They were characterised by the appearance of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of ~10 nm. The freshly nucleated particles grew within 1–4 h up to sizes of 20–50 nm. The events occurred when solar intensity was high (~1000 W m−2) and RH was low (~60%). Interestingly, the events were not related to tide height. The volatile and hygroscopic properties of freshly nucleated particles (17–22.5 nm), simultaneously measured with a volatility-hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA), were used to infer chemical composition. The majority of the volume of these particles was attributed to internally mixed sulphate and organic components. After ruling out coagulation as a source of significant particle growth, we conclude that the condensation of sulphate and/or organic vapours was most likely responsible for driving particle growth at sizes greater than 10 nm during the nucleation events. Although there was a possibility that the precursor vapours responsible for particle formation and growth had continental sources, on the balance of available data we would suggest that the precursors were most likely of marine/coastal origin. Furthermore, a unique and particularly strong nucleation event was observed during northerly wind. The event began early one morning (08:00) and lasted almost the entire day resulting in the production of a large number of ~80 nm particles (average modal concentration during the event was 3200 cm−3). The Great Barrier Reef was the most likely source of precursor vapours responsible for this event.
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Arcos, Maria Elizabeth Martin, BreanynTiel MacInnes, Patricia Arreaga, Frances Rivera-Hernandez, Robert Weiss, and Patrick Lynett. "An amalgamated meter-thick sedimentary package enabled by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami in El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands." Quaternary Research 80, no. 1 (July 2013): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.04.005.
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Tsunamis and storms instigate sedimentological and geomorphological changes to the coastal system, both long-term and ephemeral. To accurately predict future coastal hazards, one must identify the records that are generated by the processes associated with these hazards and recognize what will be preserved. Using eyewitness accounts, photographs, and sedimentology, this study documents pre- and post-tsunami conditions and constrains the timing and process of depositional events during and following the 11 March 2011 Tohoku tsunami in the coastal system at El Garrapatero, Galapagos Islands. While the tsunami acted as both an erosional and depositional agent, the thick, fan-like sand sheet in El Garrapatero was primarily emplaced by overwash deposition during high tide from swell waves occurring between 19–25 March and 17–22 April 2011. The swell waves were only able to access the terrestrial coastal system via a channel carved by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami through the barrier sand dune. This combined deposit could result in an overestimation of the hazard if interpreted to be the result of only one event (either tsunami or wind-generated waves). An analogous sand layer, younger than 1390–1530 calyr BP, may record a similar, prior event.
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Wadey, Matthew P., Robert J. Nicholls, and Ivan Haigh. "Understanding a coastal flood event: the 10th March 2008 storm surge event in the Solent, UK." Natural Hazards 67, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 829–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0610-5.
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Modini, R. L., Z. D. Ristovski, G. R. Johnson, C. He, N. Surawski, L. Morawska, T. Suni, and M. Kulmala. "New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (May 15, 2009): 12101–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-12101-2009.
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Abstract. A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted in March/April 2007 at Agnes Water, a remote coastal site just south of the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Particle and ion size distributions were continuously measured during the campaign. Coastal nucleation events were observed in clean, marine air masses coming from the south-east on 65% of the days. The events usually began at ~10:00 local time and lasted for 1–4 h. They were characterised by the appearance of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of ~10 nm. The freshly nucleated particles grew within 1–4 h up to sizes of 20–50 nm. The events occurred when solar intensity was high (~1000 W m−2) and RH was low (~60%). Interestingly, the events were not related to tide height. The volatile and hygroscopic properties of freshly nucleated particles (17–22.5 nm), simultaneously measured with a volatility-hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA), were used to infer chemical composition. The majority of the volume of these particles was attributed to internally mixed sulphate and organic components. After ruling out coagulation as a source of significant particle growth, we conclude that the condensation of sulphate and/or organic vapours was most likely responsible for driving particle growth during the nucleation events. We cannot make any direct conclusions regarding the chemical species that participated in the initial particle nucleation. However, we suggest that nucleation may have resulted from the photo-oxidation products of unknown sulphur or organic vapours emitted from the waters of Hervey Bay, or from the formation of DMS-derived sulphate clusters over the open ocean that were activated to observable particles by condensable vapours emitted from the nutrient rich waters around Fraser Island or Hervey Bay. Furthermore, a unique and particularly strong nucleation event was observed during northerly wind. The event began early one morning (08:00) and lasted almost the entire day resulting in the production of a large number of ~80 nm particles (average modal concentration during the event was 3200 cm−3). The Great Barrier Reef was the most likely source of precursor vapours responsible for this event.
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Parvizi, Elahe, Ceridwen I. Fraser, Ludovic Dutoit, Dave Craw, and Jonathan M. Waters. "The genomic footprint of coastal earthquake uplift." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (July 8, 2020): 20200712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0712.
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Theory suggests that catastrophic earth-history events can drive rapid biological evolution, but empirical evidence for such processes is scarce. Destructive geological events such as earthquakes can represent large-scale natural experiments for inferring such evolutionary processes. We capitalized on a major prehistoric (800 yr BP) geological uplift event affecting a southern New Zealand coastline to test for the lasting genomic impacts of disturbance. Genome-wide analyses of three co-distributed keystone kelp taxa revealed that post-earthquake recolonization drove the evolution of novel, large-scale intertidal spatial genetic ‘sectors’ which are tightly linked to geological fault boundaries. Demographic simulations confirmed that, following widespread extirpation, parallel expansions into newly vacant habitats rapidly restructured genome-wide diversity. Interspecific differences in recolonization mode and tempo reflect differing ecological constraints relating to habitat choice and dispersal capacity among taxa. This study highlights the rapid and enduring evolutionary effects of catastrophic ecosystem disturbance and reveals the key role of range expansion in reshaping spatial genetic patterns.
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Liu, Qing, Hanqing Xu, and Jun Wang. "Assessing tropical cyclone compound flood risk using hydrodynamic modelling: a case study in Haikou City, China." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-665-2022.
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Abstract. The co-occurrence of storm tide and rainstorm during tropical cyclones (TCs) can lead to compound flooding in low-lying coastal regions. The assessment of TC compound flood risk can provide vital insight for research on coastal flooding prevention. This study investigates TC compound flooding by constructing a storm surge model and overland flooding model using Delft3D Flexible Mesh (DFM), illustrating the serious consequences from the perspective of storm tide. Based on the probability distribution of storm tide, this study regards TC1415 as the 100-year event, TC6311 as the 50-year event, TC8616 as the 25-year event, TC8007 as the 10-year event, and TC7109 as the 5-year event. The results indicate that the coastal area is a major floodplain, primarily due to storm tide, with the inundation severity positively correlated with the height of the storm tide. For 100-year TC event, the inundation area with a depth above 1.0 m increases by approximately 2.5 times when compared with 5-year TC event. Comparing single-driven flood (storm tide flooding and rainstorm inundation) and compound flood hazards shows that simply accumulating every single-driven flood hazard to define the compound flood hazard may cause underestimation.
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Yuan, Dongliang. "Dynamics of the Cold-Water Event off the Southeast Coast of the United States in the Summer of 2003." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1912–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2950.1.
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Abstract The cold-water event along the southeast coast of the United States in the summer of 2003 is studied using satellite data combined with in situ observations. The analysis suggests that the cooling is produced by wind-driven coastal upwelling, which breaks the thermocline barrier in the summer of 2003. The strong and persistent southwesterly winds in the summer of 2003 play an important role of lifting the bottom isotherms up to the surface and away from the coast, generating persistent surface cooling in July–August 2003. Once the thermocline barrier is broken, the stratification in the nearshore region is weakened substantially, allowing further coastal cooling of large magnitudes by episodic southerly wind bursts or passage of coastally trapped waves at periods of a few days. These short-period winds or waves would otherwise have no effects on the surface temperature because of the strong thermocline barrier in summer if not for the low-frequency cooling produced by the persistent southwesterly winds.
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Dissanayake, Pushpa, Jennifer Brown, and Harshinie Karunarathna. "EFFECT OF FUTURE STORM CLUSTERING ON BEACH/DUNE EVOLUTION AND COASTAL FLOODING." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.sediment.19.
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Future storm impacts on dune evolution due to changing storm frequency were simulated in XBeach at an exemplary dune system, Formby Point, UK. Probabilistic approaches were used to establish the future storm clusters from 2015 to 2065 in three scenarios, using measured data in Liverpool Bay. Cross-shore profile simulations were carried out in two series: Recovery and Cluster. Recovery used the same initial profile assuming that the profile is fully recovered when the subsequent storm event occurs. Cluster used the modified profile from the previous storm event. Within a single event, the maximum erosion and accretion of the profile occurred under the Recovery conditions due to the presence of a pronounced nearshore ridge-runnel pattern that evolved during severe storm events. Only a few storm events impacted on the upper dune area resulting in a bed level change, which under the Cluster approach was more noticeable when compared with the Recovery approach. The inter-tidal area experienced erosion while the sub-tidal area showed accretion in both the Recovery and the Cluster approaches, and the agreement of bed level change was considerably higher than that in the upper dune area. Vulnerability of the upper dune area increases in the Cluster approach as the initial storm events flatten the nearshore ridge-runnel pattern, and then the severe storm events directly impact on the dune front. High dune elevation at Formby Point prevents lowering of the dune crest due to the storm cluster erosion and therefore it can still withstand against flooding. Spatial modelling of the dune system is required to gain more insights of erosion and flood prone areas along this coast.
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Khanam, Mariam, Giulia Sofia, Marika Koukoula, Rehenuma Lazin, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Xinyi Shen, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou. "Impact of compound flood event on coastal critical infrastructures considering current and future climate." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-587-2021.
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Abstract. The changing climate and anthropogenic activities raise the likelihood of damage due to compound flood hazards, triggered by the combined occurrence of extreme precipitation and storm surge during high tides and exacerbated by sea-level rise (SLR). Risk estimates associated with these extreme event scenarios are expected to be significantly higher than estimates derived from a standard evaluation of individual hazards. In this study, we present case studies of compound flood hazards affecting critical infrastructure (CI) in coastal Connecticut (USA). We based the analysis on actual and synthetic (considering future climate conditions for atmospheric forcing, sea-level rise, and forecasted hurricane tracks) hurricane events, represented by heavy precipitation and surge combined with tides and SLR conditions. We used the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, to simulate the combined coastal and riverine flooding of selected CI sites. We forced a distributed hydrological model (CREST-SVAS) with weather analysis data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for the synthetic events and from the National Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) for the actual events, to derive the upstream boundary condition (flood wave) of HEC-RAS. We extracted coastal tide and surge time series for each event from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to use as the downstream boundary condition of HEC-RAS. The significant outcome of this study represents the evaluation of changes in flood risk for the CI sites for the various compound scenarios (under current and future climate conditions). This approach offers an estimate of the potential impact of compound hazards relative to the 100-year flood maps produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is vital to developing mitigation strategies. In a broader sense, this study provides a framework for assessing the risk factors of our modern infrastructure located in vulnerable coastal areas throughout the world.
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Wilson, Peter, John McGourty, and Mark D. Bateman. "Mid-to late-Holocene coastal dune event stratigraphy for the north coast of Northern Ireland." Holocene 14, no. 3 (April 2004): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683604hl716rp.
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Ferrarin, Christian, Andrea Valentini, Martin Vodopivec, Dijana Klaric, Giovanni Massaro, Marco Bajo, Francesca De Pascalis, et al. "Integrated sea storm management strategy: the 29 October 2018 event in the Adriatic Sea." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-73-2020.
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Abstract. Addressing coastal risks related to sea storms requires an integrative approach which combines monitoring stations, forecasting models, early warning systems, and coastal management and planning. Such great effort is sometimes possible only through transnational cooperation, which becomes thus vital to face, effectively and promptly, the marine events which are responsible for damage impacting the environment and citizens' life. Here we present a shared and interoperable system to allow a better exchange of and elaboration on information related to sea storms among countries. The proposed integrated web system (IWS) is a combination of a common data system for sharing ocean observations and forecasts, a multi-model ensemble system, a geoportal, and interactive geo-visualisation tools to make results available to the general public. The multi-model ensemble mean and spread for sea level height and wave characteristics are used to describe three different sea condition scenarios. The IWS is designed to provide sea state information required for issuing coastal risk alerts over the analysed region as well as for being easily integrated into existing local early warning systems. This study describes the application of the developed system to the exceptional storm event of 29 October 2018 that caused severe flooding and damage to coastal infrastructure in the Adriatic Sea. The forecasted ensemble products were successfully compared with in situ observations. The hazards estimated by integrating IWS results in existing early warning systems were confirmed by documented storm impacts along the coast of Slovenia, Emilia-Romagna and the city of Venice. For the investigated event, the most severe simulated scenario results provide a realistic and conservative estimation of the peak storm conditions to be used in coastal risk management.
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Katayama, H., K. Okuma, H. Furumai, and S. Ohgaki. "Series of surveys for enteric viruses and indicator organisms in Tokyo Bay after an event of combined sewer overflow." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0064.
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Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognised as one of the serious sources of pollution to the water environment during rain events, although field surveys to investigate the effect of their magnitude and duration on receiving waters have been very limited. The fates of enteric viruses (norovirus G1, G2, enteroviruses) and coliforms were determined in the wastewater treatment plant on a fine day and on a rainy day. Not all microorganisms were reduced in the primary treatment, but were reduced in the secondary treatment. Occurrences of enteric viruses and levels of coliforms were surveyed in the receiving coastal area after a CSO event, with the profiles of the enteric viruses in the coastal seawater being almost at the same positive ratio for 4 d after the CSO event.
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Haerens, Piet, Paolo Ciavola, Óscar Ferreira, Ap Van Dongeren, Mark Van Koningsveld, and Annelies Bolle. "ONLINE OPERATIONAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEM PROTOTYPES TO FORECAST COASTAL STORM IMPACTS (CEWS)." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.45.
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Extreme coastal storms have a destructive impact on coastal areas and directly affect people living in the coastal zone, being this emphasized by recent events (e.g. Katrina, Xynthia) which reminded the world of the vulnerability of coastal areas. The economic constraints and the increasing vulnerability of coastal areas (due to sea level rise and to increased occupation) make it impossible to continue with a coastal zone management strategy based solely on engineering schemes to protect vulnerable coastal areas across Europe. Development tools and methods that improve today’s forecasting, prediction and early warning capabilities in order to improve the assessment of coastal vulnerability and risks are strongly needed and should be part of future prevention, mitigation and preparedness measures. Within the MICORE project online operational storm early warning systems (CEWSs) using open-source models and tools for reliable predictions of the morphological impact of marine storm events were developed and demonstrated. The system makes use of existing off-the-shelf models as well as a state of the art open-source morphological model (XBeach). The project specifically targeted the development of early warning and information systems to support a short term emergency response in case of an extreme storm event (CEWS). The current paper describes the applied system architecture, the model set-up and the storm impact indicator (SII) oriented approach. It also highlights the need for further developments and application.
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Lapinskis, Jānis. "Coastal sediment balance in the eastern part of the Gulf of Riga (2005–2016)." Baltica 30, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2017.30.10.
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A hurricane known as Ervin or Gudrun travelled over Latvia in 8–9 January, 2005. As a result of severe SW and W winds, as well as lack of sea ice, clearly pronounced changes in the distribution of coastal sediment has been induced. Cross-shore profile leveling at various time instants was used to obtain quantitative estimates of the amount of accumulated sediments. The total volume of sediments eroded from the subaerial part of coastal slope reached 0.8 million m3. This paper represents assessment of consequent changes and coastal slope “rebuilding” success after this storm event. The data indicates lack of significant overall net loss of subaerial sediment volume along the most part of the eastern coast of the Gulf of Riga. Significant primary dune growth and beach accumulation is mostly limited to southernmost part of assessed coastal stretch. Total volume of fine sediments in beach and primary dunes still is 5 % lower than before erosion event of 2005. Erosion vulnerability and total length of coastal sections that are expected to be a subject to future coastal retreat is increasing.
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Gonzales, Edgard, and Eusebio Ingol. "Determination of a New Coastal ENSO Oceanic Index for Northern Peru." Climate 9, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9050071.
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In 2017, extreme rainfall events occurred in the northern portion of Peru, causing nearly 100,000 victims, according to the National Emergency Operations Center (COEN). This climatic event was attributed to the occurrence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine and differentiate between the occurrence of canonical ENSO, with a new type of ENSO called “El Niño Costero” (Coastal El Niño). The polynomial equation method was used to analyze the data from the different types of existing ocean indices to determine the occurrence of ENSO. It was observed that the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) 2.5 °C (January 2016) generated the “Modoki El Niño” and that the anomaly of SST −0.3 °C (January 2017) generated the “Modoki La Niña”; this sequential generation generated El Niño Costero. This new knowledge about the sui generis origin of El Niño Costero, based on the observations of this analysis, will allow us to identify and obtain important information regarding the occurrence of this event. A new oceanic index called the Pacific Regional Equatorial Index (PREI) was proposed to follow the periodic evolution and forecast with greater precision a new catastrophic event related to the occurrence of El Niño Costero and to implement prevention programs.
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Weschenfelder, Jair, Iran Carlos Stalliviere Corrêa, Salvador Aliotta, and Ricardo Baitelli. "Paleochannels related to late quaternary sea-level changes in Southern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 58, spe2 (2010): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592010000600005.
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The geological evolution of the continental shelf and in the coastal zone of southern Brazil during the Quaternary period is addressed in this study. High-resolution seismic records obtained at the Patos Lagoon revealed the presence of channels that deeply dissected the coastal zone before the formation of the modern, low-relief, coastal plain. Two periods of channel incision are inferred, based mainly on seismic records. The paleodrainage paths mapped from the seismic records can be connected with those recognized by previous studies on the adjacent continental shelf and slope. Upstream, the drainage incised mainly into the coastal prism deposited during previous sea-level highstand events. The paleodrainage network, recognized on the coastal plain and continental shelf, represents a river-shelf system, linking the drainage basin to the depositional settings on the marginal basin, bypassing the continental shelf exposed during a forced regression event. The drainage incised into the coastal plain and continental shelf of Rio Grande do Sul played an important role in the basin-margin architecture, facies distribution and accommodation during the Quaternary sea-level fluctuations.
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SMITH, A. M., A. A. MATHER, S. C. BUNDY, J. A. G. COOPER, L. A. GUASTELLA, P. J. RAMSAY, and A. THERON. "Contrasting styles of swell-driven coastal erosion: examples from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Geological Magazine 147, no. 6 (May 21, 2010): 940–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000361.
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AbstractDuring 2006–2007, the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa was exposed to several large swell events (Ho > 3 m), near the peak of the lunar nodal cycle, causing shoreline recession. The largest swell (Hs = 8.5 m) struck the coast on the March equinox (18th–20th) and generated a strong storm-return flow. Observations made before, during and after record dramatic coastal erosion (shoreline recession of up to 40 m and substantial property damage). This swell event removed the semi-continuous nearshore bar system and ‘conditioned’ the coast such that lesser subsequent swell events accomplished much greater amounts of coastal erosion than expected (up to 100 m at certain erosion hotspots) because waves reached the coast without significant energy dissipation. Subsequent bar generation rebuilt the inshore bars within six months. The styles of erosion during the March ’07 event and other 2007 swells were markedly different. Lesser swells are focused by headlands and result in megarip development and activation of erosion hotspots. The March ’07 event still-water level was raised (equinoctial spring high tide and a storm surge of 0.33–0.45 m) to a level that rendered most headlands (and erosion hotspots) ineffective and resulted in laterally extensive erosion of soft shorelines. Results record cumulative effects of successive swell events on coastal behaviour that proved to be critical in enabling erosion to proceed at rapid rates after the coast had been initially destabilized. Unlike hurricanes and tsunamis, surges associated with swell events are relatively minor and therefore extensive erosion is linked with high lunar tides. There is circumstantial evidence that swell-induced erosion follows the broad 18.6 yr lunar nodal tidal cycle when the chances of large swells coinciding with high water levels are increased.
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Sorensen, Carlo, Nils K. Dronen, Per Knudsen, Jürgen Jensen, and Per Sorensen. "An Extreme Event as a Game Changer in Coastal Erosion Management." Journal of Coastal Research 75, sp1 (March 3, 2016): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si75-140.1.
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Umitsu, Masatomo. "Paleo-seismic Event Sediments, Especially Tsunami Deposits in Holocene Coastal Sediments." Quaternary Research (Daiyonki-Kenkyu) 38, no. 6 (1999): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.38.515.
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Toledo-Guedes, Kilian, Pablo Sanchez-Jerez, María E. Benjumea, and Alberto Brito. "Farming-up coastal fish assemblages through a massive aquaculture escape event." Marine Environmental Research 98 (July 2014): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.009.
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Fabricius, K. E., Y. Golbuu, and S. Victor. "Selective mortality in coastal reef organisms from an acute sedimentation event." Coral Reefs 26, no. 1 (November 28, 2006): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-006-0171-0.
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Rudiarto, Iwan, Dony Pamungkas, Hajar Annisa A., and Khalid Adam. "Kerentanan Sosio-Ekonomi terhadap Paparan Bencana Banjir dan Rob di Pedesaan Pesisir Kabupaten Demak." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 4, no. 3 (February 6, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.4.3.151-170.
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<em>Disaster is an event that suddenly or slowly occurs caused by human, nature, or even both. Disaster is not only related to the physical environment where disaster found but also to the livelihood of the community. Coastal rural is vulnerable to the coastal disaster such as flood and tidal flood due to their high dependency on the coastal resources. The vulnerability assessment of the coastal rural is very important in order to identify the level of vulnerability and to recommend crucial strategies to reduce the risk of disaster exposure in the future. This study aims to identify the socio-economic vulnerability in the rural coastal community of Demak Regency. Vulnerability assessment was carried out through a spatial explicit modeling. The results show that 33 (thirty-three) villages or about 42% were categorized as most vulnerable. While, 45 (forty-five) others or about 59% are less vulnerable. Therefore, efforts on the disaster mitigation are necessary to be done to reduce the exposure impact to the coastal rural community. </em>