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1
Blair, Susanna, Carrie Adams, Tom Ankersen, Maia McGuire, and David Kaplan. "Ecosystem Services Valuation for Estuarine and Coastal Restoration in Florida." EDIS 2015, no. 1 (February 3, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-sg134-2015.
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Throughout Florida’s history, humans have altered the coastlines, leading to large-scale degradation of coastal ecosystems. This has led to the loss of associated ecosystem services, including products such as food and timber, and processes like coastal protection and disease control. Unfortunately, ecosystem restoration efforts have not always been a priority for coastal management. This 10-page literature review surveys the available ecosystem-service valuation literature for five of Florida’s coastal natural communities—oyster reefs, beach dunes, mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes—to facilitate the quantification of ecosystem services to provide a better measure of the full impact of restoration efforts. Written by Susanna Blair, Carrie Adams, Tom Ankersen, Maia McGuire, and David Kaplan, and published by the UF Department of Sea Grant, January 2015. (UF/IFAS photo by Tyler Jones) TP-204/SG134: Ecosystem Services Valuation for Estuarine and Coastal Restoration in Florida (ufl.edu)
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Fischman, Hallie S., Sinead M. Crotty, and Christine Angelini. "Optimizing coastal restoration with the stress gradient hypothesis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20191978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1978.
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Restoration efforts have been escalating worldwide in response to widespread habitat degradation. However, coastal restoration attempts notoriously vary in their ability to establish resilient, high-functioning ecosystems. Conventional restoration attempts disperse transplants in competition-minimizing arrays, yet recent studies suggest that clumping transplants to maximize facilitative interactions may improve restoration success. Here, we modify the stress gradient hypothesis to generate predictions about where each restoration design will perform best across environmental stress gradients. We then test this conceptual model with field experiments manipulating transplant density and configuration across dune elevations and latitudes. In hurricane-damaged Georgia (USA) dunes, grass transplanted in competition-minimizing (low-density, dispersed) arrays exhibited the highest growth, resilience to disturbance and dune formation in low-stress conditions. In contrast, transplants survived best in facilitation-maximizing (high-density, clumped) arrays in high-stress conditions, but these benefits did not translate to higher transplant growth or resilience. In a parallel experiment in Massachusetts where dune grasses experience frequent saltwater inundation, fewer transplants survived, suggesting that there are thresholds above which intraspecific facilitation cannot overcome local stressors. These results suggest that ecological theory can be used to guide restoration strategies based on local stress regimes, maximizing potential restoration success and return-on-investment of future efforts.
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Ahani, Hamid. "Ecological Restoration of Pinus Pinaster Woodlands, After Degradation with Focusing on Rehabilitation of Target Habitats." Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/cclsj-16000183.
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Ecological restoration plays a vital role in preserving and rehabilitating degraded habitats, especially those populated by endemic species. This abstract focuses on the restoration efforts of Pinus pinaster and other endemic species found in woodlands that have suffered degradation. The primary aim of this restoration project is to rehabilitate target habitats and promote the recovery of these native species in Portugal. The identification of key factors that have contributed to the degradation is crucial in developing effective restoration plans. Additionally, understanding the ecological requirements and preferences of the target species is essential to ensure successful rehabilitation. Ecological restoration of Pinus pinaster woodlands/forests, after degradation such as posed by recurrent fires and invasive species, Focusing on rehabilitation of target habitats, such as water lines and other key elements of the landscape (we have important areas of Pinus pinaster in the secondary coastal dunes) Using native species of the selected sites, that may be present in the vegetation or in the soil seed bank- Testing and evaluating the best propagation techniques for each species, vegetative cuttings, seeds germination, in situ or ex situ propagation, Evaluating the added value of the restoration actions in terms of 1) increasing or protecting ecosystem services, 2) increasing or protecting rare or potentially endangered plant species, etc. In conclusion, the ecological restoration of Pinus pinaster and other endemic species in degraded woodlands requires a multidimensional approach that addresses key factors contributing to habitat degradation. By focusing on the rehabilitation of target habitats, these restoration efforts contribute to the conservation and preservation of these important ecosystems, ultimately benefiting both the endemic species and the surrounding communities.
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Khalil, Syed, and Richard Raynie. "CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION OF A SINKING DELTA PLAIN." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.26.
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Coastal erosion is a major global problem and is most acutely felt along developed coastal areas where coastal communities and infrastructures are threatened by storm surge flooding. This situation gets compounded to a bigger challenge around most of delta plains which are rapidly subsiding. The degree and magnitude of challenges associated with erosion and submergence along muddy deltaic coasts is intricately related to population density. It is estimated that about 500 million people in the world live on river deltas (Syvitski et al., 2009). Coastal populations and their associated industries/economies (oil & gas, fisheries, port and commerce etc.) are thus threatened by rapid degradation of the deltaic landscapes. This situation is further complicated by sea level rise and high-energy events such as hurricanes (cyclones, typhoons).
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Berkowitz, Jacob. "Marsh Restoration Using Thin Layer Sediment Addition: Initial Soil Evaluation." Wetland Science & Practice 34, no. 1 (March 2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-265.
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Many coastal wetlands display degradation attributable to various factors including land development, erosion, salinization, and a lack of sediment inputs. Additionally, conditions may worsen as impacts associated with sea level rise as well as increases in storm frequency and intensity exacerbate marsh stressors
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Harefa, Meilinda Suriani, Adeline Adeline, Feby Cyntia Silalahi, and Michael Austin Lambue Panjaitan. "Restorasi dan Revitalisasi Pasca Degradasi Ekosistem Mangrove di Paluh Merbau Kabupaten Deli Serdang." GEOGRAPHIA : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Penelitian Geografi 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/gjppg.v4i1.5477.
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This study aims to determine restoration and revitalization efforts after the degradation of mangrove ecosystems in Paluh Merbau. The observation method is direct observation of the mangrove area. The results show that the mangrove ecosystem is fragile and sensitive to change. Mangrove forest degradation in Paluh Merbau has been very severe; much mangrove vegetation has fallen due to being unable to withstand abrasion and sedimentation in coastal waters and continues to experience area shrinkage. Restoration and revitalization of the Paluh Merbau mangrove ecosystem were carried out by naming Rhizapora apiculata, Rhizapora stylosa, and Avicennia marina.
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Morris, Rebecca L., Robin Hale, Elisabeth M. A. Strain, Simon E. Reeves, Adriana Vergés, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Cayne Layton, et al. "Key Principles for Managing Recovery of Kelp Forests through Restoration." BioScience 70, no. 8 (July 8, 2020): 688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa058.
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Abstract There is increasing interest in mitigating the loss of kelp forests through restoration, but this has received scant attention relative to other coastal habitats. We evaluate current knowledge centered on key restoration principles to provide guidelines for best practice in kelp restoration. The cause and scale of degradation is fundamental in determining if kelp can be restored and the methods required to promote reestablishment. Removal of stressors may be adequate to achieve restoration goals where degradation is not too widespread or acute. Extensive losses of kelp forests will often require active reseeding of areas because of the low dispersal ability of many kelp species. Restoration efforts have generally taken a trial-and-error approach at experimental scales to develop techniques for establishing individuals. Furthermore, studies that inform cost–benefit analysis and the appropriate spatial scales for restoration of sustainable kelp forests are urgently needed for prioritizing and scaling up restoration efforts globally.
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Cui, Linlin, Guosheng Li, Ninglei Ouyang, Fengyun Mu, Fu Yan, Youtian Zhang, and Xiaoyang Huang. "Analyzing Coastal Wetland Degradation and its Key Restoration Technologies in the Coastal Area of Jiangsu, China." Wetlands 38, no. 3 (February 4, 2018): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-0997-6.
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Meng, Wei Qing, Bei Bei Hu, and Zhong Liang Wang. "Coastal Wetland Degradation and its Restoration Planning Incorporating Landscape and Ecological Processes in Tianjin, Northern China." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 4123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.4123.
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Coastal wetlands are the main natural ecosystem type and provide important ecosystem services. During the past thirty years, wetlands had experienced increasing pressures from occupation and degradation with coastal economic activities in Tianjin. A large amount of natural wetland had been changed into artificial wetland, and rivers had been seriously polluted. Using remote-sensing images, the recent history of the dynamics for the shoreline changes and reclamation were described. The area of reclamation land increased from 52.32 km2 in 2004 to 312.78 km2 in 2010. Following the investigation, 232 species wetland plants were found and they are belongs to 46 families and 135 genera. The community is mainly composed of herbs, and no big trees were founded as high salt content in soil and groundwater. The coastal wetland vegetation succession rules were summarized based on investigation and a wetland protection and restoration program was put forward based on the vegetation succession sequence and the landscape context. The planning includ two wetland protection sites, two wetland restoration sites, one wetland park and one wetland education site to reconstruct the ecological integrity in Tianjin coastal region.
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Jiang, Ting-ting, Jin-fen Pan, Xin-Ming Pu, Bo Wang, and Jing-Jin Pan. "Current status of coastal wetlands in China: Degradation, restoration, and future management." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 164 (October 2015): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.07.046.
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Cui, Linlin, Guosheng Li, Yanhui Chen, and Lijuan Li. "Response of Landscape Evolution to Human Disturbances in the Coastal Wetlands in Northern Jiangsu Province, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112030.
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Human disturbance is one of the essential driving forces of landscape evolution. The quantitative evaluation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of landscape evolution and its relationship with human disturbance are of great significance to regional ecological protection and management and are crucial for achieving coordinated socioeconomic development and ecological–environmental protection. In this study, we took the coastal wetlands in northern Jiangsu province, China, as the research area, and proposed a quantitative evaluation method for directional landscape evolution. On this basis, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the landscape evolution from 1980 to 2020 and the relationship with human disturbance were quantitatively evaluated by combining a human disturbance index and statistical methods. The results showed that: (1) The area of the natural wetlands decreased significantly over the past 40 years, while the areas of artificial wetlands and non-wetlands increased significantly. (2) The landscape evolution process was dominated by the degradation process. The main types of degradation were natural wetland conversion to artificial wetland and non-wetland areas and Spartina alterniflora invasion. The restoration type was mainly restoration among artificial and natural wetlands. (3) The degradation of wetland landscapes demonstrated a southward shift trend and the spatial consistency with the change of the human disturbance index was high (the correlation coefficient was 0.89). (4) The human disturbance index was significantly and positively correlated with the rate of degradation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.43, and was not significantly and positively correlated with the restoration rate, with a correlation coefficient of 0.14. The findings in this paper provide additional information and theoretical guidance for the control of coastal wetland development and utilization, as well as for achieving coordinated wetland resource development together with utilization and ecological protection in the coastal wetlands of Jiangsu province, China.
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Storlazzi, Curt, Ben Norris, Andrew Pomeroy, Floortje Roelvink, Ap van Dongeren, Borja Reguero, and Michael Beck. "MODELING CORAL REEF RESTORATION TO REDUCE COASTAL HAZARDS FROM SCALES OF CENTIMETERS TO KILOMETERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.3.
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Coral reefs are effective natural barriers that protect adjacent coastal communities from hazards such as erosion and storm-induced flooding. However, the degradation of coral reefs compromises their efficacy to protect against these hazards, making degraded reefs a target for restoration. At present, there is little guidance on how and where to restore coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction. Here we present modeling at a series of scales to provide such guidance.
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Ma, Chun, Guang Yu Zhang, Xiao Chun Zhang, Bin Zhou, and Wen Xin Jiang. "Water Resource Management for Wetland Restoration Engineering in Tianjin Coastal Area in China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4333.
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Wetland is one of the most diverse ecosystem and important habitats. However, degradation and loss of wetlands increased with anthropologic factors. Thus, the research of wetland restoration has become the emphasis and imperative issue. Water plays an important role in ecological evolution of the wetlands, and water requirement is a key step for water resource management of wetland restoration engineering. This research deals with the analysis of water requirement for wetland restoration engineering in a case study in Bohai Bay. The results show that the total water requirement in the study area are (0.18~0.28)×109m3, (0.54~0.81)×109m3, (1.21~1.41)×109m3 to reach the basic objective, moderate objective and perfect objective, respectively.
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Perdikaki, Martha, Andreas Kallioras, Klio Monokrousou, Christoforos Christoforidis, Dimitris Iossifidis, Eri Bizani, Anastasios Zafeiropoulos, et al. "Integrated Subsurface Water Solutions for Coastal Wetland Restoration through Integrated Pump&Treat and Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (August 3, 2018): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110665.
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Un-managed surface and groundwater exploitation in coastal areas usually leads to deterioration of such sensitive ecosystems by means of water resources degradation and/or increased salinity. The coastal partof Marathon is a typical Mediterranean hydro-environment that hosts a naturally occurring coastal wetland linked to a typical coastal and today degraded hydrogeological system of a semi-arid region. A smart engineered Subsurface-Water-Solution (SWS)system composed ofan optimised Pump & Treat componentintegrated with an Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) scheme in this area is envisagedcontribute to the remediationof the groundwater system and the wetland.
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Mahoney, Richard D., Jeffrey L. Beal, Dakota M. Lewis, and Geoffrey S. Cook. "Quantifying the Response of an Estuarine Nekton Community to Coastal Wetland Habitat Restoration." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 13299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313299.
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Globally coastal habitats are experiencing degradation and threatening the production of critical ecosystem services such as shoreline stabilization, water filtration, and nursery grounds for marine fauna. To combat the loss of these ecosystem services, resource managers are actively restoring coastal habitats. This study compares samples collected from non-restored sites, sites restored in 2011, and sites that underwent restoration in 2019. Restoration sites are impacted wetlands with high elevation mounds that were leveled to increase the areal extent of intertidal habitats, enabling the recruitment of intertidal flora and fauna. Fyke nets were used to sample nekton within the upper intertidal zone. To quantify restoration success, nekton abundance, biomass, diversity, and indicator species were quantified. Sites restored in 2011 had a greater abundance compared to non-restored sites. Common snook, clown gobies, silversides, juvenile mullet, and Gulf killifishes were indicator species at successfully restored sites, while salinity, site type, and Secchi depth played important roles in predicting abundance and diversity. These findings are consistent with recent studies suggesting it can take years to see quantifiable differences in nekton communities following habitat restoration. Additionally, this work provides new insight regarding the benefits of restoring coastal wetland elevation to maximize intertidal habitat, thereby positively impacting nekton communities.
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Leija, Mariana Gonzalez, and Soffa Fregoso Lomas. "ASSESSMENT OF A NATURE-BASED STRUCTURE TO MANAGE COASTAL DUNE EROSION IN YUCATAN, MEXICO." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.57.
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In Yucatan , one of the main causes of coastal erosion is the use of "remedy" measures (groins or "espolones") by communities whom refuses to eliminate them (Medellin, 2015, Ruiz,2016). The erosion management approach has been dominated by engineering schemes resulting in beach values degradation and despite the development of recovery programs, no actions for protection/restoration of coastal ecosystems particularly , dunes have never been undertaken. In addition , dune flattening and vegetation elimination are common practices associated to coastal land use. Today , 56.1% of coast lacks of any type of dune/vegetation and 32% of sandy beaches are
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Orth, Robert J., Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Karen S. McGlathery, Lillian Aoki, Mark W. Luckenbach, Kenneth A. Moore, Matthew P. J. Oreska, Richard Snyder, David J. Wilcox, and Bo Lusk. "Restoration of seagrass habitat leads to rapid recovery of coastal ecosystem services." Science Advances 6, no. 41 (October 2020): eabc6434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6434.
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There have been increasing attempts to reverse habitat degradation through active restoration, but few large-scale successes are reported to guide these efforts. Here, we report outcomes from a unique and very successful seagrass restoration project: Since 1999, over 70 million seeds of a marine angiosperm, eelgrass (Zostera marina), have been broadcast into mid-western Atlantic coastal lagoons, leading to recovery of 3612 ha of seagrass. Well-developed meadows now foster productive and diverse animal communities, sequester substantial stocks of carbon and nitrogen, and have prompted a parallel restoration for bay scallops (Argopecten irradians). Restored ecosystem services are approaching historic levels, but we also note that managers value services differently today than they did nine decades ago, emphasizing regulating in addition to provisioning services. Thus, this study serves as a blueprint for restoring and maintaining healthy ecosystems to safeguard multiple benefits, including co-benefits that may emerge as management priorities over time.
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Rudianto, Gatut Bintoro, Guntur, Deny Swatama, Ariq Rahman Paizar, Laurentius Klemens Jeremy, Lutfi Oktasyah, and Calvin Arauna Purba. "Integrated Model of Coastal Ecosystem Restoration Management on the Tamban Beach, Malang Regency, Indonesia." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.8.15.
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The novelty of this research shows that addressing climate change in coastal areas not only strengthens public awareness of the dangers of sea level rise but also increases the integration of ecosystem services both in land and seascapes. Coastal areas at the global, national and local levels are experiencing severe degradation. The decline in the number of services provided by coastal ecosystems in Indonesia, such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrasses, is due to the intensification of anthropogenic processes. The impact is the increasing intensity of tsunami waves, tidal flooding, and subsidence. This study aimed to create an integrated model for managing biological and ecological restoration of the coastal ecosystem in the coastal area of Tamban in Malang District in the planning process and institutional aspects. The method used for spatial mapping of the Tamban coastal area was unmanned aircraft (UAV). Meanwhile, the Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to determine the public's perception of and response to climate change. To make the best decisions regarding the impacts of climate change, interpretative structural modeling (ISM) was used. The results showed that the local people should participate actively in the planning, monitoring and evaluation process to increase the benefit from coastal ecosystems both in landscape and seascape. The conclusion of this study shows that preventing the impact of climate change must include the community involvement and policy formulations to utilize and restore landscape and seascape ecosystem services.
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Carmichael, Mary Jane, and William K. Smith. "Growing season ecophysiology of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (bald cypress) saplings in a restored wetland: a baseline for restoration practice." Botany 94, no. 12 (December 2016): 1115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0147.
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Wetland restoration is a common practice in the southeastern United States, where changing land use patterns have resulted in the widespread degradation of coastal ecosystems. Re-establishment of indigenous vegetation is a fundamental paradigm of restoration practice. In freshwater wetlands, this often includes planting flood-tolerant species such as Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich (bald cypress). While much is known regarding the ecology of this foundational species, research establishing the ecophysiological profile of mature bald cypress under stress-free, baseline conditions is limited. Therefore, a study was undertaken in 2015 to monitor the growing season ecophysiology of a bald cypress stand in a restored coastal wetland. Net photosynthesis was constant in the early to mid-growing season, declining steadily late in the growth season until the visible onset of needle senescence. Patterns in transpiration matched those observed for photosynthesis, whereas needle conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence appeared to track expected patterns associated with needle development. Trees at this site appeared healthy and were reproductively competent. However, long-term monitoring of the stand would help evaluate the ecological sustainability of this restoration project. We advocate for the inclusion of ecophysiological-based vegetation monitoring within restoration projects, enabling a sensitive and early indication of the trajectory of a restoration plan.
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Chou, Loke Ming, Shu Qin Sam, Tai Chong Toh, and Chin Soon Lionel Ng. "THE RELEVANCE OF REEF RESTORATION IN THE CONTINUALLY CHANGING MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF SINGAPORE." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 18, no. 3 (November 3, 2018): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/3/10801.
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Singapore’s marine environment has changed significantly over the past five decades through coastal modification and intense human activities. More than 60% of its coral reefs have been lost to land reclamation and the remaining reefs remain exposed to increased sedimentation. Reef restoration to address habitat loss and degradation is considered viable under the changing environmental conditions based on the persisting annual coral mass spawning events, active recruitment, high species diversity and recovery from mass bleaching impacts. These ecological attributes indicate that reef ecosystem integrity is still functioning and restoration measures are relevant. An analysis of past and ongoing restoration initiatives indicates their effectiveness in improving degraded reefs as well as establishing new reef communities on modified coasts.
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Chou, Loke Ming. "Enhancing Marine Biodiversity in Singapore’s Urbanizing Coastal Environment." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, no. 11 (2020): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.11.1301.
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Urbanization of coastal cities has resulted in extensive physical modification of the coast that is commonly accompanied by habitat destruction or degradation, marine biodiversity loss and ecosystem services decline. Conversion of the natural environment to a human-modified one is often permanent, and it is important that development considerations take into account biodiversity enhancement of the ‘new’ environment. Development of biological communities in the modified environment takes time and is unlikely to return to levels once supported by the original habitats, but efforts can be made to facilitate the establishment of biodiversity that is suited to the new environmental conditions. Active interventions such as water quality management and ecological restoration can help to transform the urbanized coastal environment into a suitable biodiversity support zone. Observations of marine biodiversity in marinas and restoration of corals on artificial structures in Singapore support this prospect. Assessment of the biodiversity in three marinas indicated that they can function as marine biodiversity refugia, especially with their relatively high artificial structural complexity and when designed with basic ecological considerations to enhance marine biodiversity. Separately, reef restoration projects give rise to the possibility of colonizing seawalls with corals and other reef-associated species, as well as improving degraded reefs and creating reef communities in areas originally devoid of corals due to the heavy sediment load of urbanized coastal waters. Maintaining marine biodiversity in challenging environmental conditions resulting from urbanization can help to ensure continued provision of some level of ecosystem services.
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Guarnieri, Giuseppe, and Francesco De Leo. "THE BLUE RESTORATION CONTRIBUTION TO FACE THE CHALLENGING SCALING-UP ISSUE OF MARINE CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN THE NEXT DECADE." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 18, 2022): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78187.
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The continuing degradation of marine ecosystems is widely highlighted as having a significant impact on services they provide for human well-being. To this end, especially during the last decade, numerous national, regional and international aspirations, targets and commitments have been made in order to reverse the detrimental trend affecting the ocean health, which is expected to accelerate in the immediate future. Restoration actions are becoming a common strategy to speed-up the recovery pathway of degraded ecosystems. This recognition also depends on the fact that, in some cases, in addition to traditional conservation strategies (e.g. Marine Protected Areas and Maritime Spatial Planning), “active” restoration may be the only politically feasible approach able to increase the flow of marine ecosystem services to stakeholders, ensuring, at the same time, the mitigation of threats to coastal environments in a reasonable time lag. Given the time-bound target aimed to effectively protect/restore on third of global ecosystems in the upcoming decade, concrete considerations about the potential for scaling-up the restoration interventions across coastal ecosystems are required to prioritise and improve the strategies aimed to cope the urgent conservation issues faced by marine ecosystems at global scale. Here, capitalizing on the most upgraded information on restoration efforts worldwide carried out over nearly five decades, a synthetic (but not exhaustive) analysis of progresses is showed, which could helps to better address the upscaling issue of marine conservation strategies in the immediate future.
Keywords: marine ecosystem restoration, sustainable development, coastal habitats.
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Zhang, Yaowen, Haoli Lin, and Guanqiong Ye. "Long-Term Benefits of Coastline Ecological Restoration in China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040541.
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Coastline ecological restoration is a critical approach for improving the coastal ecological environment and natural disaster mitigation capacity. Zhejiang Province, with the longest coastline in China, has carried out a three-year action of coastline remediation and restoration, expecting to complete the 300-km coastline restoration by 2020 as part of China’s coastline restoration project. We developed a cost–benefit framework synthesizing the ecosystem services (ES) analysis pattern and input-output approach to evaluate Zhejiang’s coastline ecological restoration projects. The results showed that the average value of ecosystem services (VES) of coastline restoration in Zhejiang was approximately 11,829 yuan/m, which was lower than the average VES of natural coastline. Obviously, damaged natural coastline could cause VES degradation, which cannot make up for the loss in a short time. In an optimistic scenario, coastline ecological restoration projects would deliver enormous well-being to Zhejiang and even China. Our results suggested that making decisions should be based on the net value after accounting for costs (NES), because ignoring costs might mislead planners to overstate the perceived benefits. The study provided a realistic data basis and method for coastline restoration projects in terms of the design, implementation and effectiveness evaluation to achieve sustainable development.
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Li, Chunyu, Zhichao Wang, Yutao Xu, Jingfei Sun, Xinyi Ruan, Xuanwen Mao, Xiangyun Hu, and Peng Liu. "Analysis of the Effect of Modified Biochar on Saline–Alkali Soil Remediation and Crop Growth." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 5593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065593.
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To solve the problem of soil degradation in coastal saline–alkali land, three different types of biochar (rice straw biochar, magnetic biochar, and humic acid–magnetic biochar) were prepared to remedy the saline–alkali soil under different mixing ratios. The effects of biochar on the growth of crops in saline–alkali soil were explored through a pot experiment on Chinese cabbage. The experimental results showed that the soil leaching treatment combined with humic acid–magnetic biochar could effectively repair the coastal saline–alkali soil. After adding 5% humic acid–magnetic biochar, the content of soil organic matter was 33.95 g/kg, the water content was 13.85%, and the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were 9.43 mg/kg and 29.51 mg/kg. After adding 5% humic acid–magnetic biochar, the plant height of Chinese cabbage was 9.16 ± 0.19 cm, and the plant germination rate reached 83.33 ± 5.54%. The incorporation of biochar could effectively increase the chlorophyll content and soluble protein content of pakchoi and reduce the soluble sugar content of pakchoi. The study analyzed the effect of different modified biochar on saline–alkali land restoration and crop growth and explored the action rule of hydrochloric acid magnetic biochar on saline–alkali land restoration, which has important practical value for improving coastal saline–alkali land.
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Huang, Ya, Guiping Li, Yong Zhao, Jing Yang, and Yanping Li. "Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Land Degradation and Development in Coastal China (1982–2015)." Remote Sensing 15, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092249.
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Land degradation and development (LDD) is one of the important ecological issues in coastal China. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of the LDD process in coastal China from 1982 to 2015 using the LDD index constructed from normalized NDVI and GPP data. The study also quantitatively evaluated the relative contributions of climate and human factors to LDD and explored their impact on LDD. The study’s findings indicate that coastal regions in China experienced a marked increase in land development during the study period, with 62.47% of the regions displaying a growth trend and only 7.03% exhibiting signs of land degradation. The impact of climate change on the change in LDD processes was limited, while human activities were the main driving force, with their impact becoming increasingly apparent over time. Human activities were the dominant contributor to the change in LDD in most regions, accounting for over 60% of the change. Fast urbanization led to a notable decrease in cropland, wetland, shrub, and grassland, with a substantial proportion of the affected cropland transformed into impervious surfaces, accounting for 91.31% of the total cropland conversion. These findings deepen our understanding of the LDD process and its driving factors in coastal China, providing valuable insights for developing effective policy interventions and implementing successful land restoration plans in the region.
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Raghuram, P., T. Rambabu, P. A.R.K Raju, and P. Sankara Pitchaiah. "Geological and Geomorphological Evaluation of Kolleru-Upputeru catchment using Geospatial Technologies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.31 (August 24, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.31.18205.
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Kolleru Lake is a unique world famous wetland ecosystem. It is one of the prime coastal ecosystems in India and regarded as Ramsar site. It is located in the coastal tracts of Krishna and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Overexploitation and mismanagement of land and water resources are exerting detrimental impact on the lake environment. The striking manifestation of this phenomenon is seen various kinds of problems such as shrinkage in Lake area, floods in foreshore area, pollution and siltation of lake, sea water intrusion, land degradation etc. The challenge therefore is, to arrest the degradational processes and restore the lake eco-system. The generation and evaluation spatial information on the terrain conditions that include Tectonic frame work, Lithology, Structure and Geomorphology of the area using geospatial technologies carried out in the present study forms an important component to address various issues in respect of land and water resources. Thus, the spatial database facilitates to formulate a scientific plan for the conservation, restoration and management of Kolleru lake ecosystem.
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Mattar, Eduardo Abilhoa, Nelson Yoshihiro Nakajima, Alessandro Camargo Ângelo, Antônio Aparecido Carpanezzi, Edinelson Maciel Neves, and Ricardo Miranda Britez. "NATURAL REGENERATION IN MIXED PLANTING FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IN THE COASTAL PLAIN OF PARANÁ STATE, BRAZIL." FLORESTA 53, no. 3 (July 3, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v53i3.80240.
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Pastures occupy approximately 20% of the Brazilian territory and a significant part of these areas are degraded and have legal environmental liabilities. Ecological restoration is necessary to remedy this liability. The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of a forest restoration planting in an area previously used as buffalo pasture, through floristic and phytosociological parameters of natural regeneration. The study area was densely populated by invasive exotic grasses (Urochloa spp.) until 2006, when, after eliminating the grasses, six native tree species were planted at 2.5 × 1.6 m spacing. A total of 73 terrestrial plant species were found, the most important being Alchornea glandulosa Poepp. & Endl. - heliophilous, which showed high abundance in all strata. The restoration methodology employed was effective in triggering natural succession in the study area, resulting, after 12 years, in floristic and structural parameters consistent with the initial stage of development of the alluvial Dense Ombrophylous Forest. It is inferred that the well-preserved landscape in the region has been determinant in providing the propagules and dispersers that made the observed species richness possible, while the planting tends to have contributed with the control of grasses and with the recovery of the forest environment, facilitating the arrival and development of these propagules. Evidence of soil degradation by use as pasture was observed, and in former buffalo bathing areas neither restoration planting nor natural regeneration developed.
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Wood, G., E. M. Marzinelli, M. A. Coleman, A. H. Campbell, N. S. Santini, L. Kajlich, J. Verdura, J. Wodak, P. D. Steinberg, and A. Vergés. "Restoring subtidal marine macrophytes in the Anthropocene: trajectories and future-proofing." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 7 (2019): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18226.
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Anthropogenic activities have caused profound changes globally in biodiversity, species interactions and ecosystem functions and services. In terrestrial systems, restoration has emerged as a useful approach to mitigate these changes, and is increasingly recognised as a tool to fortify ecosystems against future disturbances. In marine systems, restoration is also gaining traction as a management tool, but it is still comparatively scant and underdeveloped relative to terrestrial environments. Key coastal habitats, such as seaweed forests and seagrass meadows are showing widespread patterns of decline around the world. As these important ecosystems increasingly become the target of emerging marine restoration campaigns, it is important not only to address current environmental degradation issues, but also to focus on the future. Given the rate at which marine and other environments are changing, and given predicted increases in the frequency and magnitude of multiple stressors, we argue for an urgent need for subtidal marine macrophyte restoration efforts that explicitly incorporate future-proofing in their goals. Here we highlight emerging scientific techniques that can help achieve this, and discuss changes to managerial, political and public frameworks that are needed to support scientific innovation and restoration applications at scale.
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Rios-Soberanis, C. R., R. Rodriguez-Laviada, and E. Perez-Pacheco. "Artificial Weathering Analysis and Mechanical Behavior of Geotextiles Used for Coast Erosion Control and Beach Restoration." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.361.
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Nowadays geotextiles play a significant part in coastal protection and erosion prevention design and maintenance techniques. The growth in their use worldwide as geotubes for recovering damaged coastal due to its easiness of manipulation and excellent mechanical properties has been extraordinary. Considering that applications of geosynthetics are usually outdoors, the degradation of polymers must be taken in account when selecting polymeric textiles. There are many environmental factors, which influence aging mechanisms of geotextiles such as UV radiation, temperature, humidity, etc. However, a multiple exposures, such as a combination of moisture and heat or oxygen and light, can result in accelerated deterioration. This paper is related to mechanical behavior and durability consideration that geotextiles must withstand in order to be applied as geotubes for coast erosion and beach regaining. The paper provides an overview of the current erosion in the Yucatan coast and the solutions for shoreline protection as well as the effect of geotextile architecture on mechanical properties.
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Li, Jingsong, Ce Yang, Tabassum Hussain, Xiaohui Feng, Xiaojing Liu, and Kai Guo. "Long-Term Effect of Tamarisk Plantation on Soil Physical Properties and Soil Salt Distribution in Coastal Saline Land." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081947.
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Ecological restoration of coastal land by planting salt-tolerant plants has been widely used to construct vegetation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes induced by tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) shrub on coastal soil physical quality and as well as the corresponding impact on salt distribution in the soil. A field study was conducted on coastal saline land, North China, where tamarisk plantation was established 5-year-old (T-5yr) and 11-year-old (T-11yr), and compared with barren land as control (CK). Quantitative soil physical properties, soil physical quality index, soil salt distribution, and salt leaching were examined. The results indicated that planting tamarisk improved the coastal soil properties at higher degree in topsoil than in deep soil layers. Tamarisk plantation significantly increased soil organic carbon content and pH. It also enhanced the formation of soil large aggregates and porosity; however, reduction soil bulk density and salt content in topsoil were recorded. Soil physical quality index was positively correlated with root weight density of tamarisk, and soil of T-11 yr plantation exhibited the highest soil physical quality index, with promoted soil physical functions of supporting root growth and the resistance to soil degradation. In addition, tamarisk induced soil physical changes which enhanced the salt-leaching in rainy season and contributed to the homogeneous salt distribution in soil profile. Consequently, the ecological benefits of tamarisk vegetation turned coastal saline land into a fertile land by plant–soil interaction and the soil structure improvement, therefore, it prevented the natural soil accumulation by accelerating the salt leaching after tamarisk was restored. This study provides some insights into the mechanism of tamarisk on coastal soil restoration and its regulation of soil salt distribution.
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Yang, Yuxin, Xiang Ye, and Aijun Wang. "Dynamic Changes in Landscape Pattern of Mangrove Wetland in Estuary Area Driven by Rapid Urbanization and Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of Luoyangjiang River Estuary in Fujian Province, China." Water 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15091715.
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Coastal wetlands are natural complexes situated between terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are one of the most productive ecosystems in terms of global biomass production. However, under the influence of intensive human activity, global coastal wetlands have undergone rapid degradation. In this study, RS technology, landscape ecology, and object-oriented methods were used to interpret remote sensing images from different periods and analyze the dynamic changes in landscape patterns and their driving mechanisms in coastal wetlands in the Luoyangjiang River estuary from 1983 to 2021 by considering changes in the landscape pattern index. The results show that the patch areas of all the types of wetland landscapes in the Luoyangjiang River estuary changed, and the patch areas of mangroves and Spartina alterniflora increased. The patch density of the coastal wetlands increased significantly, the index of mangrove aggregation increased, and the index of separation decreased. From the perspective of the overall characteristic value of the landscape pattern, the landscape diversity index and the evenness index of the study area gradually increased, and the difference in the proportion of different types of landscape was reduced. Additionally, the patch number and patch diversity significantly increased, the maximum patch index and the spread index decreased, and the landscape separation index significantly increased. Rapid urbanization and the implementation of many ecological restoration projects were shown to be the main factors driving changes in the landscape indices of coastal wetlands in the Luoyangjiang River estuary. In the study period, rapid urbanization significantly reduced the area of coastal wetlands, and the implementation of ecological restoration projects increased the fragmentation, heterogeneity, and dispersion of wetland landscapes in the study area and decreased the aggregation of wetland landscapes. Moreover, the distribution of all the types of landscapes gradually became more uniform.
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Stuart, Courtney E., Lisa M. Wedding, Simon J. Pittman, and Stephanie J. Green. "Habitat Suitability Modeling to Inform Seascape Connectivity Conservation and Management." Diversity 13, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100465.
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Coastal habitats have experienced significant degradation and fragmentation in recent decades under the strain of interacting ecosystem stressors. To maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, coastal managers and restoration practitioners face the urgent tasks of identifying priority areas for protection and developing innovative, scalable approaches to habitat restoration. Facilitating these efforts are models of seascape connectivity, which represent ecological linkages across heterogeneous marine environments by predicting species-specific dispersal between suitable habitat patches. However, defining the suitable habitat patches and migratory pathways required to construct ecologically realistic connectivity models remains challenging. Focusing on two reef-associated fish species of the Florida Keys, United States of America (USA), we compared two methods for constructing species- and life stage-specific spatial models of habitat suitability—penalized logistic regression and maximum entropy (MaxEnt). The goal of the model comparison was to identify the modeling algorithm that produced the most realistic and detailed products for use in subsequent connectivity assessments. Regardless of species, MaxEnt’s ability to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable locations exceeded that of the penalized regressions. Furthermore, MaxEnt’s habitat suitability predictions more closely aligned with the known ecology of the study species, revealing the environmental conditions and spatial patterns that best support each species across the seascape, with implications for predicting connectivity pathways and the distribution of key ecological processes. Our research demonstrates MaxEnt’s promise as a scalable, species-specific, and spatially explicit tool for informing models of seascape connectivity and guiding coastal conservation efforts.
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van den Bos, R. "Restoration of former wetlands in the Netherlands; effect on the balance between CO2 sink and CH4 source." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 82, no. 4 (December 2003): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600020151.
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AbstractDrained coastal peatlands are a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) through abundant CO2 release caused by aerobic peat degradation. Published rates of CO2 fixation and CH4 release for natural peatlands suggest that areas of peat formation are a (small) net source of GHG emission because the radiative effect of emitted CH4 exceeds the CO2 uptake by the vegetation. It is shown here that wetland restoration of reclaimed peat areas in the western Netherlands leads to a reduction of GHG emission because the expected increase in anaerobically generated CH4 release is much smaller than the decrease in aerobically produced CO2.
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Copertino, Jessica L., Katherine Harris, Lyndsey Chute, and Linda J. Walters. "Impact of Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Reef Restoration on Benthic Invertebrates and Coastal Birds in a Subtropical Estuary." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042371.
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In order to mitigate the degradation of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in Mosquito Lagoon (ML) along the east coast of central Florida, oyster reef restoration efforts have been in place for over 14 years. These restored reefs are successful in terms of universal oyster metrics (i.e., density, shell height, reef height) and are similar to natural reefs. However, little is known about the impact of this restoration on bird populations. ML provides a habitat for many bird species, including several listed as “threatened” by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Many of these birds rely on oyster reefs for foraging and loafing habitats. As benthic invertebrates serve as an important food source for coastal birds, we monitored the abundances and diversity of these organisms on live, restored, and dead reefs. We collected sediment samples from the reef sites pre-restoration, and one month, six months, one year, two years, and three years post-restoration. We counted benthic invertebrates present in the sediment samples, and sorted them by taxa (polychaetes, amphipods, isopods, gastropods, bivalves, decapods). Benthic invertebrate abundances on restored reefs became similar to live reefs over time (species composition, density), indicating that the prey base on restored reefs was similar to that of live reefs within 6 months. A second objective of this study was to determine if restored oyster reefs reach the same abundances, foraging behaviors, and diversity of bird species on natural, live reefs. We conducted monthly bird surveys to assess bird utilization of live, restored, and dead reefs. After three years, the abundances, behaviors, and assemblages of birds on restored reefs were similar to live reefs.
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Lin, Qianxin, and Irving A. Mendelssohn. "EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR RESTORATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION WITH SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORAIN CRUDE OIL-CONTAMINATED COASTAL SALT MARSHES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-869.
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ABSTRACT Information and knowledge about the oil tolerance of native coastal plants are limited, but are essential for restoring and remediating oil impacted habitats. Spartina alterniflora is the dominant native salt marsh plant species along the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast; the presence of this species is important to sustain healthy coastal salt marshes. The crude oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora and its capacity to phytoremediate South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil in marsh sediments were investigated in a greenhouse. Spartina alterniflora was transplanted into marsh sediments contaminated with SLC at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg/g. Plant photo synthetic rate, stem density, shoot height, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were analyzed periodically during a one-year plant growth cycle to determine the oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora. Most plant parameters were significantly lower at 320 and 640 mg/g of SLC oil in the soil compared to the control. No plants survived at the 800 mg/g SLC oil dosage. The tolerance limits of Spartina alterniflora were estimated between 320 mg/g and 640 mg/g of SLC oil in the soil. Furthermore, phytoremediation with S. alterniflora enhanced oil degradation; residual concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the phytoremediation treatment with S. alterniflora were significantly lower than those in oiled, unvegetated sediments for both the surface and subsurface soil at the 40 and 160 mg/g oil dosages one year after treatment. The current study shows the promise of using coastal marsh vegetation for restoring crude oil-impacted coastal wetlands and enhancing oil spill cleanup.
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Seitz, Rochelle D., Håkan Wennhage, Ulf Bergström, Romuald N. Lipcius, and Tom Ysebaert. "Ecological value of coastal habitats for commercially and ecologically important species." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (October 14, 2013): 648–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst152.
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Abstract Many exploited fish and macroinvertebrates that utilize the coastal zone have declined, and the causes of these declines, apart from overfishing, remain largely unresolved. Degradation of essential habitats has resulted in habitats that are no longer adequate to fulfil nursery, feeding, or reproductive functions, yet the degree to which coastal habitats are important for exploited species has not been quantified. Thus, we reviewed and synthesized literature on the ecological value of coastal habitats (i.e. seagrass beds, shallow subtidal and intertidal habitats, kelp beds, shallow open water habitats, saltmarshes, mussel beds, macroalgal beds, rocky bottom, and mariculture beds) as feeding grounds, nursery areas, spawning areas, and migration routes of 59 taxa, for which the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) gives management advice, and another 12 commercially or ecologically important species. In addition, we provide detailed information on coastal habitat use for plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), cod (Gadus morhua), brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), and European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Collectively, 44% of all ICES species utilized coastal habitats, and these stocks contributed 77% of the commercial landings of ICES-advice species, indicating that coastal habitats are critical to population persistence and fishery yield of ICES species. These findings will aid in defining key habitats for protection and restoration and provide baseline information needed to define knowledge gaps for quantifying the habitat value for exploited fish and invertebrates.
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Loveline, Enwere Chidimma. "IMPACTS OF WETLAND DEGRADATION IN NIGER DELTA NIGERIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN FLOOD CONTROL." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13244.
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Wetlands perform a wide variety of functions that include flood control, ground water recharge, shore line stabilization, storm protection and climate moderation. However, despite these huge wetland functions, it has witnessed poor appreciation and dreadful conditions. Niger Delta has witnessed constant coastal erosion and rising sea level, this has led to large portions of the landmass being eroded. This paper aims to review some environmental effects of flooding in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria to provide the desired knowledge of role that wetlands play in reducing flood impacts. However, having witnessed the flood, the experience opened my eyes to the environmental challenges facing Niger Delta with respect to Wetlands degradation, poor perception of wetland values and functions, poor environmental practices and non-implementation of environmental regulations. This memorable experience rekindled the desire and motivation to seek a solution to wetland degradation with the aim of recognizing significance of wetlands at the centre of achieving both livelihood and biodiversity improvements to address coastal flooding problem.The study therefore concludes that wetlands are very significant in flood control and thus the conservation and restoration of wetlands, should put in place measures to reduce wetland destruction.International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 177-184
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Khalil, S. M., and A. M. Freeman. "Challenges of ecosystem restoration in Louisiana – availability of sediment and its management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-455-2015.
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Abstract. Human intervention has impaired the Mississippi River’s ability to deliver sediment to its delta wetlands, and as a consequence acute land loss in coastal Louisiana has resulted in an unprecedented ecocatastrophe. To mitigate this degradation, an unparalleled restoration effort is underway. For this effort to be successful and sustainable, various sediment input mechanisms must be integrated, including: building appropriate sediment-diversions; beneficially using the millions of cubic metres of sediment dredged annually from navigational channels; harvesting deposits of sand and suitable sediment from the river and offshore; and related sediment management activities that are compatible with other uses of the river. A comprehensive sediment management plan has been developed to identify and delineate potential sediment sources for restoration, and to provide a framework for managing sediment resources wisely, cost effectively, and in a systematic manner. The Louisiana Sediment Management Plan provides regional strategies for improved comprehensive management of Louisiana's limited sediment resources.
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Tan, Kun, Danfeng Sun, Wenjun Dou, Bin Wang, Qiangqiang Sun, Xiaojie Liu, Haiyan Zhang, Yang Lan, and Fei Lun. "Mapping Coastal Wetlands and Their Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta over Last Three Decades: Based on a Spectral Endmember Space." Remote Sensing 15, no. 20 (October 18, 2023): 5003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15205003.
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The accurate mapping and analysis of coastal wetlands and their dynamics are crucial for local coastal wetland protection, sustainable social development, and biodiversity preservation. However, detailed mapping and comprehensive analysis of coastal wetlands remain scarce. In this study, we utilized Landsat-TM/OLI remote sensing data and employed the linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) method to map changes in coastal wetlands and analyze their dynamics in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) from 1991 to 2020. Our mapping results demonstrate high accuracy and are consistent with previous studies, boasting an overall accuracy exceeding 96%. During the period of 1991–2020, the YRD estuary expanded by approximately 8744.58 ha towards the east and north. The vegetation of P. australis and S. salsa underwent transformation due to agricultural practices or degradation to bare flats. Moreover, these areas saw extensive colonization by the invasive species S. alterniflora. Over the three decades, S. alterniflora expanded approximately 5 km along the coast, significantly impacting the local coastal wetland biodiversity. Furthermore, a considerable number of natural wetlands transitioned into human-made wetlands from 1991 to 2014. In particular, bare flats underwent substantial changes, transforming into aquaculture sites and salt exploitation areas. These dynamics in coastal wetlands had significant repercussions on local ecosystems, including wetland fragmentation, biodiversity depletion, and water pollution. However, post-2014, numerous wetland protection strategies were implemented, resulting in the restoration of natural wetlands. Detailed wetland mapping and dynamic analysis furnish valuable insights for the management, protection, and sustainable utilization of diverse coastal wetlands.
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Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia, Carlos Toledo-Hernández, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, and Alex E. Mercado-Molina. "A successful method to restore seagrass habitats in coastal areas affected by consecutive natural events." PeerJ 11 (January 2, 2024): e16700. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16700.
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Background Seagrass meadows, known for providing essential ecosystem services like supporting fishing, coastline protection from erosion, and acting as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change effects, are facing severe degradation. The current deteriorating state can be attributed to the combination of anthropogenic activities, biological factors (i.e., invasive species), and natural forces (i.e., hurricanes). Indeed, the global seagrass cover is diminishing at an alarming mean rate of 7% annually, jeopardizing the health of these vital ecosystems. However, in the Island Municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico, losses are occurring at a faster pace. For instance, hurricanes have caused over 10% of cover seagrass losses, and the natural recovery of seagrasses across Culebra’s coast has been slow due to the low growth rates of native seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) and the invasion of the invasive species Halophila stipulacea. Restoration programs are, thus, necessary to revitalize the native seagrass communities and associated fauna while limiting the spread of the invasive species. Methods Here, we present the results of a seagrass meadow restoration project carried out in Punta Melones (PTM), Culebra, Puerto Rico, in response to the impact of Hurricanes Irma and María during 2017. The restoration technique used was planting propagation units (PUs), each with an area of 900 cm2 of native seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme, planted at a depth between 3.5 and 4.5 m. A total of 688 PUs were planted between August 2021 and August 2023, and a sub-sample of 88 PUs was monitored between August 2021 and April 2023. Results PUs showed over 95% of the seagrass survived, with Hurricane Fiona causing most of the mortalities potentially due to PUs burial by sediment movement and uplifting by wave energy. The surface area of the planting units increased by approximately 200% (i.e., 2,459 cm2), while seagrass shoot density increased by 168% (i.e., 126 shoots by PU). Additionally, flowering and fruiting were observed in multiple planting units, indicating 1) that the action taken did not adversely affect the PUs units and 2) that the project was successful in revitalizing seagrass populations. The seagrass restoration project achieved remarkable success, primarily attributed to the substantial volume of each PUs. Likely this high volume played a crucial role in facilitating the connection among roots, shoots, and microfauna while providing a higher number of undamaged and active rhizome meristems and short shoots. These factors collectively contributed to the enhanced growth and survivorship of the PUs, ultimately leading to the favorable outcome observed in the seagrass restoration project.
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Jiang, Honglei, Xia Xu, Tong Zhang, Haoyu Xia, Yiqin Huang, and Shirong Qiao. "The Relative Roles of Climate Variation and Human Activities in Vegetation Dynamics in Coastal China from 2000 to 2019." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102485.
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Vegetation in the terrestrial ecosystem, sensitive to climate change and human activities, exerts a crucial influence on the carbon cycles in land, ocean, and atmosphere. Discrimination between climate and human-induced vegetation dynamics is advocated but still limited, especially in coastal China, which is characterized by a developed economy, a large population, and high food production, but also by unprecedented climate change and warming. Taking coastal China as the research area, our study used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in growing seasons, as well as precipitation, temperature, and sunlight hours datasets, adopted residual trend analysis at pixel and regional scales in coastal China from 2000–2019 and aims to (1) delineate the patterns and processes of vegetation changes, and (2) separate the relative contributions of climate and human activities by adopting residual trend analysis. The results indicated that (1) coastal China experienced the most vegetation greening (83.04% of the whole region) and partial degradation (16.86% of the whole region) with significant spatial heterogeneity; (2) compared with climate change, human activities have a greater positive impact on NDVI, and the regions were mainly located in the north of the North China Plain and the south of southern China; (3) the relative contribution rates of climate change and human activities were detected to be 0–60% and 60–100%, respectively; (4) in the northern coastal areas, the improvement of cultivated land management greatly promoted the greening of vegetation and thus the increase of grain yield, while in southern coastal areas, afforestation and the restoration of degraded forest were responsible for vegetation restoration; and (5) similar results obtained by partial correlation between nighttime lights and NDVI indicated the reliability of the residual trend analysis. The linear relationships of precipitation, temperature, and radiation on NDVI may limit the accurate estimation of climate drivers on vegetation, and further ecosystem process-modeling approaches can be used to estimate the relative contribution of climate change and human activities. The findings in our research emphasized that the attribution for vegetation dynamics with heterogeneity can provide evidence for the designation of rational ecological conservation policies.
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Song, Ziming, Yingyue Sun, Peng Chen, and Mingming Jia. "Assessing the Ecosystem Health of Coastal Wetland Vegetation (Suaeda salsa) Using the Pressure State Response Model, a Case of the Liao River Estuary in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010546.
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Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) is an important ecological barrier and tourism resource in coastal wetland resources, and assessing changes in its health is beneficial for protecting the ecological health of wetlands and increasing finances. The aim was to explore improvements in the degradation of S. salsa communities in the Liao River Estuary National Nature Reserve since a wetland restoration project was carried out in Panjin, Liaoning Province, China, in 2015. In this study, landscape changes in the reserve were assessed based on Sentinel-2 images classification results from 2016 to 2019. A pressure-state-response framework was constructed to assess the annual degradation of S. salsa communities within the wetlands. The assessment results show that the area of S. salsa communities and water bodies decreased annually from 2016 to 2019, and the increased degradation indicators indicate a state of continued degradation. The area of types such as aquaculture ponds and Phragmites australis communities did not change much, while the estuarine mudflats increased year by year. The causes of S. salsa community degradation include anthropogenic impacts from abandoned aquaculture ponds and sluice control systems but also natural impacts from changes in the tidal amplitude and soil properties of the mudflats. The results also indicate that the living conditions of S. salsa in the Liao River estuary wetlands are poor and that anthropogenic disturbance is necessary to restore the original vegetation abundance.
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Zhang, Jing, Yan Zhang, Huw Lloyd, Zhengwang Zhang, and Donglai Li. "Rapid Reclamation and Degradation of Suaeda salsa Saltmarsh along Coastal China’s Northern Yellow Sea." Land 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080835.
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Suaeda salsa saltmarshes are an important coastal wetland habitat of China’s northern Yellow Sea, which plays a critical role in sequestering carbon (blue carbon), protecting shorelines, maintaining biodiversity, and has substantial economic value (e.g., ecotourism). However, the area of S. salsa has been rapidly declining due to several different threats from reclamation and invasive species that impact its natural succession. Here, we map the changes in the distribution of the S. salsa saltmarshes along the northern Yellow Sea of China (NYSC) at 5-year intervals by applying the supervised maximum likelihood method to analyze Landsat images from 1988 to 2018 and investigate the potential impact of three important factors on habitat change by analyzing the temporal changes in S. salsa saltmarshes with other land covers. S. salsa saltmarsh areas have decreased by 63% (264 km2 ha to 99 km2), and the average loss of S. salsa saltmarshes was 5.5 km2/year along the NYSC over the past three decades. There have been many dramatic declines in the two main distribution areas of S. salsa saltmarshes with a 77% loss of habitat area in Liaodong Bay (from 112 km2 to 26 km2) and a 52% loss in the Yellow River Delta wetland-Guangli-Zhima estuarine wetland (from 137 km2 to 65 km2). Land reclamation is the most important impact factor in the loss of S. salsa saltmarshes, while there have been limited effects of natural succession and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) invasion. In light of the important ecological services and economic value of the S. salsa habitat, emergency conservation actions (e.g., habitat restoration, strictly supervision) are needed to limit the rapid habitat loss, which should include the immediate cessation of extensive land reclamation along the NYSC.
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Rörig, LR, JG Tundisi, CAF Schettini, J. Pereira-Filho, JT Menezes, TCM Almeida, SR Urban, et al. "From a water resource to a point pollution source: the daily journey of a coastal urban stream." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 4 (November 2007): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000400003.
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The aim of this study was to understand how a stream ecosystem that flows from its fountainhead to its mouth inside a city, changes from a water resource to a point pollution source. A multidisciplinary descriptive approach was adopted, including the short-term temporal and spatial determination of physical, chemical, biological and ecotoxicological variables. Results showed that water quality rapidly decreases with increasing urbanization, leading the system to acquire raw sewage attributes even in the first hundred meters after the fountainheads. Despite the tidal circulation near the stream mouth being restricted by shallowness, some improvement of the water quality was detected in this area. The multidisciplinary evaluation showed to be useful for obtaining a more realistic understanding of the stream degradation process, and to forecast restoration and mitigation measures.
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van Hoeflaken, J., M. Demies, and P. J. van der Meer. "Historical data guides restoration of degraded peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012044.
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Abstract Peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia are under heavy pressure. Deforestation, forest degradation, wildfires, and drainage have damaged or destroyed substantial areas of the once extensive peat swamp forest formations. Several efforts are underway to rehabilitate degraded peat forests areas in order to restore some of the valuable ecosystem services these forested areas once provided. However, these efforts often result in (mixed)-plantations that only partly resemble the original peat forests. Information about these peat swamp forests’ complex origin and ecology is needed to improve restoration outcomes further. Our paper analyses historical data from coastal peat swamp forests in Sarawak and Brunei and discusses the potential to use this as the reference value for intact peat forests. We describe the observed stand structure and species composition for pristine peat swamp forest, and we analyze the population structure of three dominant peat swamp forest species: Gonystylus bancanus (ramin), Dactylocladus stenostachys (jongkong) and Shorea albida (alan batu). We compare the historical data with data from recently measured, degraded peat swamp forests. We discuss our results in relation to processes of peat dome formation, nutrient availability and hydrology, and give recommendations for peat swamp forest management and restoration.
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Hilton, Michael, Richard Walter, Karen Greig, and Teresa Konlechner. "Burial, erosion, and transformation of archaeological landscapes." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42, no. 5 (October 2018): 607–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318795844.
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A high proportion of archaeological sites are located on the world’s shorelines and recent research has documented the vulnerability of these sites to coastal processes and climate change. However, archaeological landscapes on many temperate coasts have already been degraded as a result of changes in dune dynamics related to changes in dune vegetation. These changes have produced marked spatial and temporal variations in patterns of burial and erosion in transgressive dune systems. This paper examines the modification and conservation of archaeological landscapes from a biogeomorphic perspective, using the example of marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria) invasion of dune systems in southern New Zealand. The impact of marram grass on dune system dynamics and the underlying archaeological landscape are complex. Full invasion may result in the general burial and protection of these landscapes, but the risk of degradation of sites is high during the invasion process. In southern New Zealand, marram invasion has resulted in the formation of stable foredunes, often associated with coastal progradation. Archaeological sites located close to the shoreline can be subject to either burial or erosion, or both, as marram grass establishes in the foredune zone. The spatial relationship between cultural sites and the shoreline may be lost as the coast progrades. The impact of marram invasion can extend throughout the hinterland dune system as a result of (i) dune mobility triggered by marram grass invasion and (ii) the development of a negative sand budget, which prevents or reduces beach-foredune-dune system sand exchange. The risk of degradation of the archaeological landscape can be significantly heighted by marram invasion, which can have profound implications for the preservation and interpretation of archaeological sites and materials. Paradoxically, dune system restoration may lead to the re-exposure of these sites, but the principal outcome of dune system restoration is expected to be a decline erosion (manifest as in deflation surfaces) and reburial of the archaeological landscape.
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Bao, Karen, and Joshua Drew. "Traditional ecological knowledge, shifting baselines, and conservation of Fijian molluscs." Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 1 (2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc16016.
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Understanding a region’s ecological history is crucial in formulating conservation plans. In the absence of conventional datasets, historical data and traditional ecological knowledge of local communities can elucidate trends over time and help set goals for preservation and restoration. These methods can contribute to the conservation of biologically and culturally significant species, including coral reef molluscs, in the South Pacific, which have experienced intensified threats such as overfishing and habitat degradation in recent decades. Through fisher interviews in a small coastal community in Fiji, we investigate changes in distribution, biomass, and human perception of common mollusc populations in a Fijian reef. We found evidence of a decline in mollusc populations, but only older fishers with more fishing experience perceived this decline, suggesting a shift in baseline perceptions of biodiversity.
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Giannattasio, Caterina, and Silvana Maria Grillo. "On site and laboratory investigation on the 16th-17th century masonries: the Foxi defensive tower (Cagliari Gulf, Sardinia, Italy)." Open Journal of Archaeometry 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2013.e13.
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This study is part of an ongoing research aimed to examine a number of important defence towers situated along the Sardinian coast, Italy. In this paper we present the investigations of the Foxi coastal towers in the Cagliari Gulf. It has been studied through the analysis of masonries (ashlars, plasters and mortar) by an historical, architectural, technical and petrographical-chemical point of view, through a methodology based on a stratigraphical approach. The aim of this research is the understanding of the traditional building techniques used during the 16th-17th centuries, combining dating strategies, with four different principal objectives: i) put in evidence the peculiarities of the traditional building techniques used during this period; ii) increase the knowledge of the constructions and their degradation phenomena to warranty proper restoration; iii) identify different stones and component materials used for the mortar for the determination of binder/aggregate ratio and to determine the level of weathering of stones and mortars; iv) facilitate, on the basis of acquired data, the dating of other contemporary edifices, especially referring to the socalled minor buildings, which are very often object of inappropriate restoration.
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Cong, X., C. P. Kuang, H. Y. Li, W. Xing, and J. L. Chen. "Nonlinear wave propagation in a vegetated sandbar-lagoon system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1288, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1288/1/012012.
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Abstract The sandbar-lagoon system presents a rich variety of values. At the same time, the degradation of ecosystems and coastal erosion caused by human activities and climate change are even more severe. A series of ecological conservation and restoration projects focused on vegetation rehabilitation have been implemented. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence to guide coastal engineering in the presence of vegetation. In this paper, ten tests were presented to experimentally investigate nonlinear wave propagation in a vegetated sandbar-lagoon system. The following conclusions can be obtained. In the absence of vegetation, the low-frequency wave energy proportion gradually increases with the rise of incident wave height. Double-peaked and even multi-peaked spectra are notable throughout the propagation in tests with larger incident wave heights. Wave height decay and wave energy dissipation due to vegetation effects increase as the incident wave height increases. The dependence of the wave energy dissipation induced by vegetation on the incident wave energy (the square of wave height) presents a linear relationship. Vegetation plays an important and complex role in both sea-swell wave and infragravity wave attenuation.
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Beseres Pollack, Jennifer, Terence A. Palmer, and Abby E. Williams. "Medium-term monitoring reveals effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation climate variability on local salinity and faunal dynamics on a restored oyster reef." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0255931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255931.
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Human activities and regional-scale climate variability drive changes in the ecology of coastal and marine ecosystems. Ecological restoration has emerged as a best-management practice to combat habitat degradation and restore lost ecological functions. However, relatively short project monitoring timeframes have limited our understanding of the effects of interannual climate cycles on water quality and restoration dynamics. We collected measurements on a 23-ha oyster reef constructed in the Gulf of Mexico to determine the relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven climate variability and local salinity patterns, and to evaluate the effects of this climate variability and salinity on oyster population dynamics and faunal community composition over a medium-term (five-year) timeframe. The role of ENSO-driven climate variability on local salinity patterns (primarily from changes in precipitation and evaporation) and faunal dynamics was investigated using the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). Salinity was negatively correlated with ONI with an approximately 4-month lag. Higher ONI values (El Niño periods) were followed by reductions in salinity, increases in oyster recruitment and density, and reductions in resident motile fauna density and species richness. Lower ONI values (La Niña periods) had higher and less variable salinities, and higher areal coverage of restoration substrates by large oysters. ENSO-driven salinity reductions in the second year after reef construction coincided with a shift in resident motile faunal community composition that was maintained despite a second strong salinity reduction in year 5. Our results indicate that it is important to expand the typical monitoring timeframes to at least five years so that resource managers and restoration practitioners can better understand how both short-term environmental variability and longer-term climate cycles can affect the outcomes of restoration actions.