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1
Kapitsa, Ekaterina A., Mariya A. Shorokhova, Elizaveta V. Morgun, Aleksandr A. Korepin, and Ekaterina V. Shorokhova. "Coarse Woody Debris in Primary and Secondary Middle Taiga Spruce Forests." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (June 10, 2024): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2024-3-92-106.
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Restoration of the pool of coarse woody debris after disturbances is one of the mechanisms for maintaining the stability of forest biogeocenoses. The studies of coarse woody debris have been carried out in the “Vepssky Forest” Reserve in the Leningrad Region on 8 sample plots established in primary forests (4 sample plots) and in secondary forests of the 1st generation after logging in 1973–1974 (4 sample plots), where the composition and structure of the stand, as well as the site conditions have been identical to those in primary forests. The coarse woody debris has been inventoried on transects. The stocks of coarse woody debris in primary stands have ranged from 104 to 233 m3 ha–1. Windfall and leaning trees have prevailed. The proportion of deadwood in both primary and secondary forests has been low. Clear cutting has significantly changed not only the stock of coarse woody debris, but also its distribution by decay classes and substrate categories. The stocks of coarse woody debris in secondary forests have ranged from 8 to 40 m3 ha–1, and have been mainly represented by stumps. The coarse woody debris of the 4th and 5th decay classes has almost been absent in primary forests, while in secondary forests the proportion of highly decomposed wood remaining after cutting has been about 50 %. The ratio of coarse woody debris and growing stocks has been on average 1:1 and 1:5 in the biogeocenoses of primary and secondary forests, respectively. The annual carbon balance of coarse woody debris (the difference in fluxes due to the loss of growing forest and the decay of coarse woody debris) has ranged from 0,40 to 2,80 t C ha–1 year–1, averaging 1,75 and 0,63 t C ha–1 year–1 in secondary and primary forests, respectively. The positive annual carbon balance in the coarse woody debris is due to the predominance of the rate of the loss of growing forest over the rate of the decay of coarse woody debris in primary forests as a result of wind disturbances and as a result of self-thinning of the stand in secondary forests.
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Nakamura, Futoshi, and Frederick J. Swanson. "Distribution of coarse woody debris in a mountain stream, western Cascade Range, Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-309.
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The distribution of coarse woody debris in a fifth-order Cascade Range (Oregon) stream system was examined from a geomorphic point of view. The number, volume, location, orientation, decay class, and pool formation roles of coarse woody debris were investigated. The processes of coarse woody debris production, transport, and storage, which vary with channel and valley floor geomorphology, are responsible for the pattern of coarse woody debris distribution on valley floors. Channel width and sinuosity are the main factors that control production, storage sites, and hydrologic effects of coarse woody debris. The amount of coarse woody debris and the number of pool-forming pieces are relatively high in wide, sinuous reaches, where a complex structure of floodplains and riparian forests develops in association with a braided channel pattern. These relations are transferable to other systems with similar relations of coarse woody debris piece length to channel width.
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Muller, Robert N., and Yan Liu. "Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 11 (November 1, 1991): 1567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-218.
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Volume and mass of coarse woody debris (> 20 cm diameter) in an old-growth forest on the Cumberland Plateau in southeastern Kentucky averaged 66.3 m3/ha and 21.8 Mg/ha, respectively. Coarse woody debris was patchily distributed among 80 sample plots (0.04 ha each), with 10 plots containing 39% of the total mass. Coarse woody debris mass was inversely, although not strongly, related to plot basal area. While 23 species contributed to the accumulation of coarse woody debris, five accounted for 72% of the total mass. These included Quercusprinus L. (25% of the total), Fagusgrandifolia L. (16%), Quercusalba L. (12%), Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh. (11%), and Quercusvelutina Lam. (9%). The few studies of coarse woody debris in old-growth deciduous forests of North America suggest a regional pattern of accumulation correlated with temperature. In warmer regions, old-growth deciduous forests accumulate a mass in the range of 22–32 Mg/ha, while in cooler ecosystems, coarse woody debris ranges from 34 to 49 Mg/ha.
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Horn, Scott, and James L. Hanula. "Relationship of Coarse Woody Debris to Arthropod Availability for Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers and Other Bark-Foraging Birds on Loblolly Pine Boles." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.2.153.
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This study determined if short-term removal of coarse woody debris would reduce prey available to red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis Vieillot) and other bark-foraging birds at the Savannah River Site in Aiken and Barnwell counties, SC. All coarse woody debris was removed from four 9-ha plots of mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in 1997 and again in 1998. We sampled arthropods in coarse woody debris removal and control stands using crawl traps that captured arthropods crawling up tree boles, burlap bands wrapped around trees, and cardboard panels placed on the ground. We captured 27 orders and 172 families of arthropods in crawl traps whereas 20 arthropod orders were observed under burlap bands and cardboard panels. The most abundant insects collected from crawl traps were aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The greatest biomass was in the wood cockroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae), caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in the Family Noctuidae, and adult weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The most common group observed underneath cardboard panels was Isoptera (termites), and the most common taxon under burlap bands was wood cockroaches. Overall, arthropod abundance and biomass captured in crawl traps was similar in control and removal plots. In contrast, we observed more arthropods under burlap bands (mean ± SE; 3,021.5 ± 348.6, P = 0.03) and cardboard panels (3,537.25 ± 432.4, P = 0.04) in plots with coarse woody debris compared with burlap bands (2325 ± 171.3) and cardboard panels (2439.75 ± 288.9) in plots where coarse woody debris was removed. Regression analyses showed that abundance beneath cardboard panels was positively correlated with abundance beneath burlap bands demonstrating the link between abundance on the ground with that on trees. Our results demonstrate that short-term removal of coarse woody debris from pine forests reduced overall arthropod availability to bark-foraging birds.
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Dai, Zhaohua, Carl C. Trettin, Andrew J. Burton, Martin F. Jurgensen, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Brian T. Forschler, Jonathan S. Schilling, and Daniel L. Lindner. "Coarse woody debris decomposition assessment tool: Model development and sensitivity analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0251893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251893.
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component in forests, hosting a variety of organisms that have critical roles in nutrient cycling and carbon (C) storage. We developed a process-based model using literature, field observations, and expert knowledge to assess woody debris decomposition in forests and the movement of wood C into the soil and atmosphere. The sensitivity analysis was conducted against the primary ecological drivers (wood properties and ambient conditions) used as model inputs. The analysis used eighty-nine climate datasets from North America, from tropical (14.2° N) to boreal (65.0° N) zones, with large ranges in annual mean temperature (26.5°C in tropical to -11.8°C in boreal), annual precipitation (6,143 to 181 mm), annual snowfall (0 to 612 kg m-2), and altitude (3 to 2,824 m above mean see level). The sensitivity analysis showed that CWD decomposition was strongly affected by climate, geographical location and altitude, which together regulate the activity of both microbial and invertebrate wood-decomposers. CWD decomposition rate increased with increments in temperature and precipitation, but decreased with increases in latitude and altitude. CWD decomposition was also sensitive to wood size, density, position (standing vs downed), and tree species. The sensitivity analysis showed that fungi are the most important decomposers of woody debris, accounting for over 50% mass loss in nearly all climatic zones in North America. The model includes invertebrate decomposers, focusing mostly on termites, which can have an important role in CWD decomposition in tropical and some subtropical regions. The role of termites in woody debris decomposition varied widely, between 0 and 40%, from temperate areas to tropical regions. Woody debris decomposition rates simulated for eighty-nine locations in North America were within the published range of woody debris decomposition rates for regions in northern hemisphere from 1.6° N to 68.3° N and in Australia.
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Copoț, Ovidiu, and Cătălin Tănase. "Substrate properties, forest structure and climate influences wood-inhabiting fungal diversity in broadleaved and mixed forests from Northeastern Romania." Forest Systems 29, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): e021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2020293-16728.
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Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to find the factors which best explains the wood-inhabiting fungal species’ richness in beech and oak-dominated forests.Area of study: We focused on broadleaved and mixed forests found in Northeastern Romania.Materials and methods: 59 plots were randomly set up in broadleaved and mixed forest stands, in which vegetation structure, composition, and topoclimatic factors were quantified along with wood-inhabiting fungal richness. Generalized linear models were used to characterize relationship between fungal diversity and biotic and abiotic factors.Main results: 374 taxa were identified, with numerous species found to cohabitate, the highest sharing being between Fine Woody Debris and Downed Coarse Woody Debris. The best predictors of total diversity were related to the substrate, management, stand structure, and macroclimate. Higher volumes of logs and large branches in various decay stages increased fungal richness. The same effect was found in diverse forests, with large snags. Macroclimate and topoclimate positively influenced diversity, through De Martonne Aridity Index and snow cover length, both indicating macrofungi preferences for higher moisture of substrate. Silvicultural interventions had an ambivalent effect to fungal diversity, phenomenon observed through stump numbers and proportion.Research highlights: Particular environmental characteristics proved significantly important in explaining different wood-inhabiting fungal richness patterns. Substrate-related variables were the most common ones found, but they were closely linked to climate and forest stand variables.Keywords: Wood-inhabiting fungi; oak, beech and coniferous forests; substrate diversity; dead wood types; coarse woody debris; fine woody debris; climatic variables.Abbreviations used:ALT, elevation; ASPI, Aspect Index; BIO1, mean annual temperature; BIO4, temperature seasonality; BIO7, annual temperature range; BIO12, annual precipitation; BIO15, precipitation seasonality; CWD, coarse woody debris; DBH, diameter at breast height; DCWD, downed coarse woody debris; DCWD_DECAY, DCWD decay diversity; DCWD_DIV, DCWD taxonomic diversity; DCWD_SV, surface-volume ratio of DCWD; DCWD_VOL, DCWD volume; DMAI, De Martonne Aridity Index; DMAI_AU, Autumn DMAI; DMAI_SP, Spring DMAI; DMAI_SU, Summer DMAI; DMAI_WI, Winter DMAI; FAI, Forestry Aridity Index; FWD, fine woody debris; L_SNAG_BA, large snag basal area; OLD_BA, basal area of old trees; POI, Positive Openness Index; RAI, Recent Activity Index; SCL, snow cover length; SLOPE, slope; SNAG_N, snag density; STUMP_N, stump density; TPI, Topographic Position Index; TREE_BA, mean basal area of trees; TREE_DIV, tree' Shannon diversity.
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Stewart, Glenn H., and Larry E. Burrows. "Coarse woody debris in old-growth temperate beech (Nothofagus) forests of New Zealand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-255.
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The volume, biomass, and carbon and nitrogen content of coarse woody debris were measured on three 1-ha reference plots in old-growth Nothofagusfusca (Hook. f.) Oerst.–Nothofagusmenziesii (Hook. f.) Oerst. forest on the South Island of New Zealand. Two decay sequences for logs and one for standing dead trees (snags) were recognised from two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) of up to 30 variables related to physical characteristics and structural integrity. Wood volume (up to 800 m3•ha−1) and biomass were high (up to 300 Mg•ha−1), and the inside-out decay sequence from heartwood to sapwood was unusual compared with that of other temperate hardwood forests. Coarse woody debris represented significant carbon and nitrogen pools, with ca. 150 Mg•ha−1 and 370 kg•ha−1, respectively, in one stand. The coarse woody debris component of these broad-leaved evergreen hardwood forests was much higher than that reported for other temperate hardwood forests and approaches that of many northern hemisphere conifer forests. The large coarse woody debris pools are discussed in relation to live stand biomass, natural disturbances and tree mortality, and decomposition processes.
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Bessaad, Abdelwahab, Isabelle Bilger, and Nathalie Korboulewsky. "Assessing Biomass Removal and Woody Debris in Whole-Tree Harvesting System: Are the Recommended Levels of Residues Ensured?" Forests 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060807.
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Forest biomass is a sustainable source of renewable energy and a valuable alternative to finite fossil fuels. However, its overharvesting may lead to soil nutrient depletion and threaten future stand productivity, as well as affect the habitat for biodiversity. This paper provides quantitative data on biomass removal, fine woody debris [d ≤ 7 cm], and coarse woody debris [d > 7 cm] left on the forest floor in whole tree harvesting systems. Using tree allometric equations and inventory field methods for woody debris estimation, we assessed biomass removal on nine fuelwood harvesting sites in Central France, as well as fine and coarse woody debris left on the sites. The aboveground biomass estimates showed a high variability between the studied sites, it varied between 118 and 519 Mg ha−1. However, less variability was found among sites managed as coppice-with-standards 174 ± 56 Mg ha−1. Exported biomass was 107 ± 42 Mg ha−1 on average, including 35 ± 9% of fine wood. The amounts of both fine and coarse woody debris left on sites were generally less than 10% of the total harvested biomass in 2/3 of the studied sites. These amounts are lower than the minimum retention levels recommended by the sustainable forest biomass harvesting guidelines. Therefore, more technical effort and additional management measures should be taken to ensure more woody debris, especially in poor forest soils and thus, to guarantee a sustainable biomass harvesting.
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Hess, George R., and Dale Zimmerman. "Woody Debris Volume on Clearcuts With and Without Satellite Chip Mills." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/25.4.173.
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Abstract During public forums on the ecological impacts of satellite wood chip mills in North Carolina, environmentalists and hunters stated that less downed woody debris is left on sites harvested with a satellite chip mill component than on sites without a chip mill component. We conducted a pilot study to obtain preliminary evidence of differences in the volume and spatial distribution of downed woody debris between sites harvested with and without a satellite chip component. We used a transect method to estimate the volume of woody debris on seven harvest sites: four with and three without a satellite wood chip component. The mean volume of fresh coarse downed woody debris (≥;10 cm diameter), fresh downed woody debris (≥;2.5 cm diameter), and total downed woody debris (≥;2.5 cm diameter) was lower on sites harvested with a satellite chip mill component than on sites harvested without a satellite chip component. On all sites, debris was found in clusters rather than spread evenly across the site. The consensus among forest ecologists is that downed woody debris promotes biodiversity and facilitates ecological processes and that more woody debris is almost always better than less. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):173–177.
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Young, Michael K. "Movement and characteristics of stream-borne coarse woody debris in adjacent burned and undisturbed watersheds in Wyoming." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-248.
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Following fire, changes in streamflow and bank stability in burned watersheds can mobilize coarse woody debris. In 1990 and 1991, I measured characteristics of coarse woody debris and standing riparian trees and snags in Jones Creek, a watershed burned in 1988, and in Crow Creek, an unburned watershed. The mean diameter of riparian trees along Jones Creek was less than that of trees along Crow Creek, but the coarse woody debris in Jones Creek was greater in mean diameter. Tagged debris in Jones Creek was three times as likely to move, and moved over four times as far as such debris in Crow Creek. In Jones Creek, the probability of movement was higher for tagged pieces that were in contact with the stream surface. Larger pieces tended to be more stable in both streams. It appears that increased flows and decreased bank stability following fire increased the transport of coarse woody debris in the burned watershed. Overall, debris transport in Rocky Mountain streams may be of greater significance than previously recognized.
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Hyde, Joshua C., Alistair M. S. Smith, Roger D. Ottmar, Ernesto C. Alvarado, and Penelope Morgan. "The combustion of sound and rotten coarse woody debris: a review." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 2 (2011): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09113.
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Coarse woody debris serves many functions in forest ecosystem processes and has important implications for fire management as it affects air quality, soil heating and carbon budgets when it combusts. There is relatively little research evaluating the physical properties relating to the combustion of this coarse woody debris with even less specifically addressing decomposition, a condition that eventually affects all debris. We review studies evaluating the combustion and consumption of coarse woody debris in the field and under controlled conditions. The thermal properties affected by decomposition are also reviewed, as are current modelling tools to represent their combustion. Management implications and suggestions for future research are then presented.
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Bebber, Daniel P., and Sean C. Thomas. "Prism sweeps for coarse woody debris." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-097.
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A new method for sampling coarse woody debris (CWD) is presented, based on relascope sampling of CWD midpoint diameter. In this method, CWD is included in a sample if the angle subtended by the midpoint diameter viewed from plot center is greater than the critical relascope angle. The method is therefore referred to as diameter relascope sampling (DRS). Other methods for sampling CWD are reviewed and compared with DRS using sampling simulations and statistical power calculations. These are fixed area sampling, line intercept sampling, and point rela scope sampling. DRS is shown to be have greater statistical power per unit sampling effort than other methods when CWD diameter and length are linearly or allometrically related, but results can vary with the diameter-length relationship employed. The relative benefits of different methods for sampling CWD are discussed.
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Laiho, Raija, and Cindy E. Prescott. "The contribution of coarse woody debris to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-132.
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The contribution of coarse woody debris to C, N, and P cycles was assessed in forests of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench Voss), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) - Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in southwestern Alberta. Mass loss and changes in C, N, and P concentrations in decomposing log segments were measured for 14 years. Litter input was measured during 10 years for coarse woody debris, 1 year for ground vegetation, and 5 years for other aboveground litter types. Release of C, N and P from decomposing litter were simulated for a period of 40 years. After 14 years, log segments of pine, spruce, and fir had lost on average 71, 38, and 40%, respectively, of their dry mass. The N content of the pine logs increased, spruce changed little, and fir lost N. Phosphorus accumulated in all logs. The greatest imports of N and P occurred at the pine sites and fir sites, respectively, where these nutrients were the least available, indicating that wood decay organisms may compete with vegetation for limiting nutrients in these forests. Coarse woody debris comprised 3-24% of aboveground litter and contributed less than 5% of the N and P released. Coarse woody debris does not appear to make a significant contribution to N and P cycling in these forests.
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Knight, Dennis, and Daniel Tinker. "The Effects of Fire on Coarse Woody Debris in Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 19 (January 1, 1995): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1995.3243.
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Primary productivity, the accumulation of nutrients, and other important ecosystem processes are largely dependent on the mineral soil organic matter that has developed during hundreds or thousands of years. In forest ecosystems, the decomposition of coarse woody debris, woody roots, twigs, leaves and micro-organisms is a primary source of this organic matter. Large quantities of coarse woody debris are typically produced following natural disturbances such as fires, pest/pathogen outbreaks, and windstorms, which make a significant contribution to the formation of soil organic matter (SOM). In contrast, timber harvesting often removes most of the coarse woody debris (CWD), which could result in a decrease in the quantity and a change in the quality of mineral soil organic matter.
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Knight, Dennis, and Daniel Tinker. "Biomass of Coarse Woody Debris Following Fire and Clearcutting in Lodgepole Pine Forests." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 21 (January 1, 1997): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1997.3317.
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In forest ecosystems, the decomposition of coarse woody debris, woody roots, twigs, leaves and micro-organisms is a primary source of mineral soil organic matter. Primary productivity, the accumulation of nutrients, and other important ecosystem processes are largely dependent on the mineral soil organic matter that has developed during hundreds or thousands of years. Large quantities of coarse woody debris are typically produced following natural disturbances such as fires, pest/pathogen outbreaks, and windstorms, and make a significant contribution to the formation of soil organic matter (SOM). In contrast, timber harvesting often removes much of the coarse woody debris (CWD), which could result in a decrease in the quantity and a change in the quality of mineral soil organic matter.
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Azuma, David. "The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.4.176.
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Abstract Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.
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Bocko, Yannick Enock, Suspense Averti Ifo, and Jean Joël Loumeto. "Quantification Des Stocks De Carbone De Trois Pools Clés De Carbone En Afrique Centrale : Cas De La Forêt Marécageuse De La Likouala (Nord Congo)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p438.
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The data of carbon stock of central African swamps forests are very few. This study carried out an assessment of the carbon stock of living biomass and coarse woody debris of three biotopes (flooded forest, seasonal flooded forest, and terra firm forest) of Likouala swamp forest (North of Congo). The average of the carbon stock are 190.72±98.7 tC/ha, 39.69±21.24 tC/ha, and 9.45±6.6 tC/ha respectively for above ground, billow ground, and coarse woody debris. The carbon stock of our swamp forest tends to increase generally from the flooded forest to the terra firm forest. In addition, the average of the coarse woody debris carbon stock increases with the increasing of the above ground carbon stock.
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Hyde, Joshua C., Alistair M. S. Smith, and Roger D. Ottmar. "Properties affecting the consumption of sound and rotten coarse woody debris in northern Idaho: a preliminary investigation using laboratory fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 5 (2012): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11016.
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This study evaluates the consumption of coarse woody debris in various states of decay. Samples from a northern Idaho mixed-conifer forest were classified using three different classification methods, ignited with two different ignition methods and consumption was recorded. Intrinsic properties that change with decay were measured including carbon to nitrogen ratio, density, heat content, lignin content, moisture content and surface area-to-volume ratio. Consumption for logs in different stages of decay is reported with characterisation of wood properties. Results indicate very decayed coarse woody debris is likely to be consumed to a substantially greater degree than sound coarse woody debris given similar conditions. High consumption occurred in debris with low-density, high-lignin content and high gravimetric heat content; however, lignin content and density showed the highest correlation with consumption. The Maser classification method grouped very rotten logs with high consumption into decay class 4 and the remainder into class 3. Trends in consumption were similar regardless of ignition; however low-intensity long-duration ignition produced higher consumption values. Focus on physical properties is recommended for predictive purposes over any classification method. Logs of other species and in regions with different decomposition and combustion dynamics may display different property ranges and consumption results.
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Jacobs, Joshua M., John R. Spence, and David W. Langor. "Variable retention harvest of white spruce stands and saproxylic beetle assemblages." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-020.
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Dead wood dependent (saproxylic) insects have been identified as vulnerable to the effects of modern forestry practices. We examined the effects of variable retention harvesting on saproxylic beetle assemblages. Variable retention of living green trees seeks to leave more forest structure on the landscape with the goal of maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity. Ninety flight-intercept traps were divided between recently dead natural snags and snags killed by girdling in three replicated forest stands with 10%, 20%, 50%, and 75% residual structure and in uncut control stands. Beetles were collected and identified during the second and third summers post harvest and grouped for analyses as (i) wood- and bark-borers, (ii) fungivores, and (iii) predators. Harvesting intensity explained a relatively small amount of the variability in the beetle assemblages. However, all groups responded strongly to coarse woody debris variables and especially to snag decay class during the third postharvest summer, suggesting that factors associated with coarse woody debris quality and quantity determine the initial responses and successional trajectories of saproxylic beetle assemblages. The main effects of variable retention on saproxylic assemblages are expected to be mediated through differences in amount of coarse woody debris expected to materialize with the death and decay of green trees left as residual elements.
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Van Deusen, P. C., and J. H. Gove. "Sampling coarse woody debris along spoked transects." Forestry 84, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq041.
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Merganičová, K., and J. Merganič. "Coarse woody debris carbon stocks in natural spruce forests of Babia hora." Journal of Forest Science 56, No. 9 (September 30, 2010): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2010-jfs.
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Although coarse woody debris (CWD) represents one of the major carbon pools in natural forest ecosystems, little information is available about its CWD carbon stocks. This study demonstrates the importance of proper estimation of carbon stocks in CWD, which accounts for the decay process of CWD, on an example of a natural mountainous spruce forest located in Central Europe. The study accounts for aboveground coarse woody debris including standing dead trees, lying deadwood, and naturally formed stumps. Basic mensurational information (diameter, height, decay class) about dead wood was collected in the field during the inventory of the forests of the nature reserve Babia hora. The data were used for the calculation of CWD timber volume. In the next step, CWD timber volume was converted to carbon stock using the carbon proportion of 50.1% and density values of decay classes derived from the information published elsewhere. The analysis revealed that when CWD timber volume was converted to carbon stocks using the basic wood density of fresh wood, C stocks were overestimated by 40% or more depending on the developmental stage and elevation. The results also revealed that as the elevation increases, CWD carbon stocks decrease and the differences between the developmental stages diminish.
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Behjou, F. K., and O. G. Mollabashi. "Assessment of coarse woody debris following selective logging in Caspian forests: implications for conservation and management." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 3 (March 22, 2013): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2012-jfs.
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Information on the amount, distribution, and characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) in forest ecosystems is highly demanded by wildlife biologists, fire specialists and ecologists. Owing to its important role in wildlife habitats, fuel loading, forest productivity, and carbon sequestration, coarse woody debris is an indicator of forest health. Two sampling methods including fixed-area plot and line intersect sampling were compared for accuracy and efficiency in measuring CWD. Data were selected from mature beech stands following selective logging in Caspian forests. Line intersect sampling consistently provided estimates similar to the results of a 100% survey (high accuracy). This method also took the least amount of time and effort to map the layout and field line location (high efficiency). Finally, line intersect sampling as an easy and fast survey method is suggested to monitor coarse woody debris (CWD) in Caspian forests.
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Boggs, April D., Christopher E. Moorman, Dennis W. Hazel, Cathryn H. Greenberg, D. Magdalena Sorger, and Clyde E. Sorenson. "Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Abundance Positively Related to Volume of Logging Residues in the Southern Appalachians, USA." Forests 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111149.
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Invertebrates, especially those dependent on woody debris for a portion of their life cycle, may be greatly impacted by the amount of downed wood retained following timber harvests. To document relationships between invertebrates and logging residues, we sampled invertebrates with pitfall traps placed near or far from woody debris in 10 recently (2013–2015) harvested sites in western North Carolina with varying levels of woody debris retention. We measured the groundcover and microclimate at each trap and estimated site-level woody debris volume. We modeled predictors (e.g., site-level woody debris volume, percent woody debris cover at the trap site, site type) of captures of spiders (Araneae), harvestmen (Opiliones), centipedes/millipedes (Chilopoda/Diplopoda), ground beetles (Carabidae), rove beetles (Staphylinidae), other beetles, ants (Formicidae), grasshoppers (Acrididae/Tetrigidae), crickets (Gryllidae), and cave crickets (Rhaphidophoridae). In addition, we modeled ant occurrence at a finer taxonomic resolution, including red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) and 13 other genera/species. Forest type, whether hardwood or white pine (Pinus strobus L.) overstory preharvest, was a predictor of invertebrate response for 21 of 24 taxonomic analyses. Invertebrate captures or the occurrence probability of ants increased with increasing site-level woody debris volume for 13 of the 24 taxa examined and increased with increasing coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter ≥ 10 cm) cover at the trap level for seven of 24 taxa examined. Our results indicate that woody debris in harvested sites is important for the conservation of a majority of the taxa we studied, which is likely because of the unique microclimate offered near/under woody debris. Stand-scale factors typically were more important predictors of invertebrate response than trap-level cover of woody debris. We recommend implementing sustainability strategies (e.g., Biomass Harvesting Guidelines) to retain woody debris scattered across harvested sites to aid in the conservation of invertebrates.
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Filicetti, Angelo T., Ryan A. LaPointe, and Scott E. Nielsen. "Effects of Fire Severity and Woody Debris on Tree Regeneration for Exploratory Well Pads in Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Forests." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101330.
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Restoring anthropogenic footprints to pre-disturbance conditions or minimizing their long-term impacts is an important goal in conservation. Many footprints, particularly if left alone, have wide-ranging effects on biodiversity. In Canada, energy exploration footprints result in forest dissection and fragmentation contributing to declines in woodland caribou. Developing cost effective strategies to restore forests and thus conserving the woodland caribou habitat is a conservation priority. In this study, we compared the effects of wildfire and local variation in the amount of residual woody debris on natural regeneration in jack pine on exploratory well pads in Alberta’s boreal forest. Specifically, we investigated how footprint size, fire severity (overstory tree mortality), ground cover of fine and coarse woody debris, and adjacent stand characteristics (i.e., height, age, and cover), affected tree regeneration densities and height using negative binomial count and linear models (Gaussian), respectively. Regeneration density was 30% higher on exploratory well pads than adjacent forests, increased linearly with fire severity on the exploratory well pads (2.2% per 1% increase in fire severity), but non-linearly in adjacent forests (peaking at 51,000 stems/ha at 72% fire severity), and decreased with amount of woody debris on exploratory well pads (2.7% per 1% increase in woody debris cover). The height of regenerating trees on exploratory well pads decreased with fire severity (0.56 cm per 1% increase in fire severity) and was non-linearly related to coarse woody debris (peaking at 286 cm at 9.4% coarse woody debris cover). Heights of 3 and 5 m on exploratory well pads were predicted by 13- and 21-years post-fire, respectively. Our results demonstrate that wildfires can stimulate natural recovery of fire-adapted species, such as jack pine, on disturbances as large as exploratory well pads (500–1330 m2) and that the type and amount of woody debris affects these patterns.
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Lee, Hyejung, Valier Galy, Xiaojuan Feng, Camilo Ponton, Albert Galy, Christian France-Lanord, and Sarah J. Feakins. "Sustained wood burial in the Bengal Fan over the last 19 My." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 45 (October 21, 2019): 22518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913714116.
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The Ganges–Brahmaputra (G-B) River system transports over a billion tons of sediment every year from the Himalayan Mountains to the Bay of Bengal and has built the world’s largest active sedimentary deposit, the Bengal Fan. High sedimentation rates drive exceptional organic matter preservation that represents a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2. While much attention has been paid to organic-rich fine sediments, coarse sediments have generally been overlooked as a locus of organic carbon (OC) burial. However, International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 354 recently discovered abundant woody debris (millimeter- to centimeter-sized fragments) preserved within the coarse sediment layers of turbidite beds recovered from 6 marine drill sites along a transect across the Bengal Fan (∼8°N, ∼3,700-m water depth) with recovery spanning 19 My. Analysis of bulk wood and lignin finds mostly lowland origins of wood delivered episodically. In the last 5 My, export included C4 plants, implying that coarse woody, lowland export continued after C4 grassland expansion, albeit in reduced amounts. Substantial export of coarse woody debris in the last 1 My included one wood-rich deposit (∼0.05 Ma) that encompassed coniferous wood transported from the headwaters. In coarse layers, we found on average 0.16 weight % OC, which is half the typical biospheric OC content of sediments exported by the modern G-B Rivers. Wood burial estimates are hampered by poor drilling recovery of sands. However, high-magnitude, low-frequency wood export events are shown to be a key mechanism for C burial in turbidites.
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Windrim, Lloyd, Mitch Bryson, Micheal McLean, Jeremy Randle, and Christine Stone. "Automated Mapping of Woody Debris over Harvested Forest Plantations Using UAVs, High-Resolution Imagery, and Machine Learning." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060733.
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Surveying of woody debris left over from harvesting operations on managed forests is an important step in monitoring site quality, managing the extraction of residues and reconciling differences in pre-harvest inventories and actual timber yields. Traditional methods for post-harvest survey involving manual assessment of debris on the ground over small sample plots are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and do not scale well to heterogeneous landscapes. In this paper, we propose and evaluate new automated methods for the collection and interpretation of high-resolution, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-borne imagery over post-harvested forests for estimating quantities of fine and coarse woody debris. Using high-resolution, geo-registered color mosaics generated from UAV-borne images, we develop manual and automated processing methods for detecting, segmenting and counting both fine and coarse woody debris, including tree stumps, exploiting state-of-the-art machine learning and image processing techniques. Results are presented using imagery over a post-harvested compartment in a Pinus radiata plantation and demonstrate the capacity for both manual image annotations and automated image processing to accurately detect and quantify coarse woody debris and stumps left over after harvest, providing a cost-effective and scalable survey method for forest managers.
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Woodall, C. W., and L. M. Nagel. "Coarse woody type: A new method for analyzing coarse woody debris and forest change." Forest Ecology and Management 227, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.032.
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MacMillan, Paul C. "Decomposition of coarse woody debris in an old-growth Indiana forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-212.
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Decay rates of Quercus sp., Carya sp., Fagusgrandifolia, and Acer sp. coarse woody debris in an old-growth southern Indiana forest were 0.018, 0.035, 0.019, and 0.045 per year, respectively, based on changes in density over a span of 25+ years. Their respective biomass values were 15, 2.3, 0.2, and 0.4 t•ha−1. The greatest differences in decay rates of cellulose were between maple (high) and oak (low), and of lignin were between beech (high) and oak (low). Carbon to nitrogen ratios approached 100 and nitrogen to phosphorus ratios approached 20 in the older age-classes. On average, oak, hickory, beech, and maple logs contained 1.66, 1.10, 0.14, and 0.19 kg nitrogen and 0.056, 0.070, 0.005, and 0.016 kg phosphorus, respectively. Meentemeyer's model based on actual evapotranspiration predicted a decay rate of 0.80 per year, which is 27 times larger than the decay rates calculated on changes in density. Fragmentation loss rates for these four genera were estimated to be 0.288, 0.802, 1.171, and 0.338 per year, respectively. Decay rates based on diameter of coarse woody debris ranged from 0.0027 to 0.0337 per year. All these factors are important in understanding the process of decay of coarse woody debris in this forest. The roles of fragmentation in the decay of coarse woody debris and of fungitoxic extractives need more study.
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Tymochko, I. "Estimation of coarse woody debris stocks in forest ecosystems of «Tsyrkunivskyi forest» and «Dergachivskyi forest» Emerald network objects (Kharkiv region)." Balanced nature using, no. 2 (April 4, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2022.261249.
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The estimation of coarse woody debris stocks in forest ecosystems of «Tsyrkunivskyi forest» and «Dergachivskyi forest» Emerald network objects was performed. Estimation was conducted based on State Forest Inventory data of State enterprise «Kharkiv Forest Research Station» forest fund. Data of dead wood in forest stands of eighteen tree species were analyzed. The stock of the following components of coarse woody debris was studied: standing dead wood, fallen dead wood. Data analysis was performed using MS Excel 2016 software. It was found that the total area of forest stands in which standing dead wood was found during forest inventory was 9984.6 ha, or 49.6%, of the total forest area; for fallen dead wood corresponding indicators were 2662.5 ha (13.2%). The total stock of coarse woody debris was 20761 m3, which is concentrated in the stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) (75.6%) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (11.1%). Standing dead wood prevailed (80.1%) fallen dead wood (19.9%) in the structure of dead wood volume. Mean volume of standing dead wood by forest type was from 1.3 m3 ·ha–1 (dry maplelinden dibrova) to 33.3 m3 ·ha–1 (wet maple-linden sudibrova), fallen dead wood — from 1.0 m3 ·ha–1 (dry maple-linden dibrova) to 11.5 m3 ·ha–1 (wet maple-linden dibrova). In oak stands mean volume of standing dead wood was 1.4 m3 ·ha–1, fallen dead wood — 1.3 m3 ·ha–1. Obtained results indicate that in general, the dead wood volumes in forest ecosystems in studied Emerald network objects estimated based on State Forest Inventory data, are quite low compared to the forest ecosystems of other protected areas, where one of the priorities are the natural complexes protection and biodiversity conservation. It may be associated with the influence of forestry activities in studied protected areas.
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Gove, Jeffrey H., Anna Ringvall, Göran Ståhl, and Mark J. Ducey. "Point relascope sampling of downed coarse woody debris." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-119.
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This paper presents a method based on angle-gauge sampling useful for inventorying downed coarse woody materialin forest stands. The method is closely related to transect relascope sampling, except that sample points are used rather than line transects. Theestimators for the total and per unit area are given along with theestimators of their variances. Methods for handling both borderline material and boundaryoverlap situations are also presented.
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Debeljak, Marko. "Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest." Ecological Indicators 6, no. 4 (November 2006): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.031.
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Woldendorp, G., R. J. Keenan, S. Barry, and R. D. Spencer. "Analysis of sampling methods for coarse woody debris." Forest Ecology and Management 198, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.042.
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Tietje, William D., Karen L. Waddell, Justin K. Vreeland, and Charles L. Bolsinger. "Coarse Woody Debris in Oak Woodlands of California." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.3.139.
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Abstract An extensive forest inventory was conducted to estimate the amount and distribution of coarse woody debris (CWD) on 5.6 million ac of woodlands in California that are outside of national forests and reserved areas. Woodlands consist primarily of oak (Quercus spp.) types and are defined as forestland incapable of producing commercial quantities of traditional forest products because of adverse site and tree morphophysiology. Approximately 671 million ft3 of CWD were estimated to occur over the study area. Almost 3 million ac of woodland (52% of the sampled area) were estimated to have no CWD. The large-end diameter of CWD was <12 in. on 67% of all logs sampled. Blue oak (Q. douglasii) CWD occurred over the largest area and gray pine (Pinus sabiniana) produced the most volume (164.1 million ft3) of CWD. An average of 115 ft3/ac, 1.2 tons/ac, 21 logs/ac, and 56.8 linear ft/ac were estimated for CWD across all woodland types. The coast live oak (Q. agrifolia) type produced the largest per-acre measure of CWD volume (164.1 ft3/ac). The California laurel (Umbellularia californica) type produced the highest log density (48 logs/ac) and the most linear feet per acre of CWD (131.8 ft/ac). CWD was most abundant in the central coast and least abundant in the northeastern portion of the state. Results of this study suggest that CWD is not common across much of California's woodlands. More detailed research is needed to evaluate the amount and distribution of CWD, affects of land-use, and the implications for wildlife. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):139–146.
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Krankina, Olga N., Mark E. Harmon, Yuri A. Kukuev, Rudolf F. Treyfeld, Nikolai N. Kashpor, Vladimir G. Kresnov, Viktor M. Skudin, et al. "Coarse woody debris in forest regions of Russia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-110.
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To assess regional stores of coarse woody debris (CWD) in seven major forest regions of Russia, we combined data collected as part of the routine forest inventory with measurements in 1044 sample plots and the results of density sampling of 922 dead trees. The stores of CWD in the western part of Russia (St. Petersburg, Central, Khanty-Mansi, and Novosibirsk regions) were on average lower (1420 m3/ha or 4.05.8 Mg/ha) than in the East Siberian and Far Eastern regions (4051 m3/ha or 11.014.4 Mg/ha). The difference in CWD stores was particularly large between young forests in two western regions (2.4 Mg/ha in St. Petersburg and 3.4 Mg/ha in the Central region) and in the east (20.424.4 Mg/ha). This difference is associated with the prevailing disturbance type: clear-cut harvest in western Russia and natural disturbances in the east. Analysis of variance in CWD stores indicates that region, dominant species, forest age group, productivity class, and interactions of these factors explain 8788% of the total variance and the strongest effects are for age group and region. Lower stores of CWD within the intensively managed forest regions suggest that further expansion of forest use in many regions of Russia may reduce regional stores of CWD and carbon.
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Guyette, Richard P., and William G. Cole. "Age characteristics of coarse woody debris (Pinus strobus) in a lake littoral zone." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-177.
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Littoral coarse woody debris (CWD) is a persistent class of aquatic habitat that accumulates over many centuries and provides habitat for diverse floral and faunal communities. We used dendrochronological methods to analyze residence times and age-related characteristics of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) CWD in the littoral zone of Swan Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. The mean calendar date of all the annual rings in CWD samples was 1551. Annual rings dated from calendar year 1893 to 982. The mean time from carbon assimilation in a live tree to carbon loss from littoral woody debris was 443 years. Outside ring dates of the woody debris were significantly correlated with the bole's maximum and minimum diameter ratio, mass, specific gravity, length, and submergence. Negative exponential functions described the temporal structure of the CWD mass and abundance. Accelerated inputs of woody debris resulted from late nineteenth century logging and a disturbance circa 1500. No mature eastern white pine have fallen into the lake over the last 100 years.
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Kruys, Nicholas, and Bengt Gunnar Jonsson. "Fine woody debris is important for species richness on logs in managed boreal spruce forests of northern Sweden." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 8 (September 1, 1999): 1295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-106.
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Species richness of wood-inhabiting cryptogams was compared on fine woody debris (FWD; diameter 5-9 cm) and coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter [Formula: see text]10 cm) logs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Data were collected from managed boreal forests of northern Sweden. Species richness was higher on CWD than FWD when equal numbers of logs were compared. When equal surface areas were compared, species richness on FWD and CWD did not differ. When equal volumes of CWD and FWD were compared, FWD had more species. This was an effect of surface area and log quantity, as a certain volume of FWD was composed of more logs and had greater surface area than the same volume of CWD. We varied woody debris volume and proportion of FWD in a simulation model of species richness on logs. At low volumes of woody debris, species richness increased with the proportion of FWD. At higher log volumes, species richness increased with the proportion of CWD. In managed forests where there are small amounts of woody debris, FWD is important for the total species richness on logs and should not be neglected despite the fact that species richness is generally positively correlated with log diameter.
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Robison, E. George, and Robert L. Beschta. "Identifying Trees in Riparian Areas That Can Provide Coarse Woody Debris to Streams." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 790–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.790.
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Abstract The natural fall of trees into mountain streams provides coarse woody debris that can improve fish habitat and influence stream morphology. Geometric and empirical equations, based on tree size and distance from the stream, were used to determine the conditional probability of a tree's adding coarse woody debris to a stream. Additional equations were developed to relate this probability to basal area factor. For conditions in the Pacific Northwest, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) was selected to illustrate how the equations can be used for varying tree sizes and probabilities. After selecting a probability and determining basal area factor by these equations, resource managers can use prisms or wedge devices before timber harvesting in riparian areas to identify specific trees that can potentially add woody debris to the stream. For. Sci. 36(3):790-801.
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Marañón-Jiménez, Sara, Jorge Castro, Emilia Fernández-Ondoño, and Regino Zamora. "Charred wood remaining after a wildfire as a reservoir of macro- and micronutrients in a Mediterranean pine forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 5 (2013): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12030.
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Large amounts of logs and coarse woody debris remain in the ecosystem after wildfires. However, the relevance of the nutrient reservoir contained in the remaining post-fire woody debris for the ecosystem nutrient reserves is rarely considered. In this paper, we determine the carbon and nutrient concentrations in the partially charred wood after a wildfire along an altitudinal gradient and assess the relative magnitude of the nutrient reservoir in the wood in relation to those existing in the first 10-cm soil layer. Soils were poorly developed and nutrients limiting for the vegetation requirements. Charred woody material still contained a relatively high concentration of nutrients compared to those reported for unburnt pine wood, and in general, this decreased with altitude. Partially charred wood represented a considerable pool of nutrients, due to both the relatively high concentrations and to the great amount of biomass still present after the fire. Potential contributions of the charred wood were particularly relevant for N and micronutrients Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, as wood contained 2–9 times more nutrients than the soil. Post-fire woody debris constitutes therefore a valuable natural element as a potential source of nutrients, which would be lost from ecosystems in cases where it is removed.
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Dai, Zhaohua, Carl C. Trettin, Andrew J. Burton, Martin F. Jurgensen, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Brian T. Forschler, Jonathan S. Schilling, and Daniel L. Lindner. "Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool: Model validation and application." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254408.
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a significant component of the forest biomass pool; hence a model is warranted to predict CWD decomposition and its role in forest carbon (C) and nutrient cycling under varying management and climatic conditions. A process-based model, CWDDAT (Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool) was calibrated and validated using data from the FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Wood Decomposition Experiment utilizing pine (Pinus taeda), aspen (Populous tremuloides) and birch (Betula papyrifera) on nine Experimental Forests (EF) covering a range of climate, hydrology, and soil conditions across the continental USA. The model predictions were evaluated against measured FACE log mass loss over 6 years. Four widely applied metrics of model performance demonstrated that the CWDDAT model can accurately predict CWD decomposition. The R2 (squared Pearson’s correlation coefficient) between the simulation and measurement was 0.80 for the model calibration and 0.82 for the model validation (P<0.01). The predicted mean mass loss from all logs was 5.4% lower than the measured mass loss and 1.4% lower than the calculated loss. The model was also used to assess the decomposition of mixed pine-hardwood CWD produced by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 on the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA. The simulation reflected rapid CWD decomposition of the forest in this subtropical setting. The predicted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from the CWD decomposition and incorporated into the mineral soil averaged 1.01 g C m-2 y-1 over the 30 years. The main agents for CWD mass loss were fungi (72.0%) and termites (24.5%), the remainder was attributed to a mix of other wood decomposers. These findings demonstrate the applicability of CWDDAT for large-scale assessments of CWD dynamics, and fine-scale considerations regarding the fate of CWD carbon.
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Rahman M, M., G. Frank, H. Ruprecht, and H. Vacik. "Structure of coarse woody debris in Lange-Leitn Natural Forest Reserve, Austria." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 4 (April 29, 2008): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3102-jfs.
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The amount, variability and quality of coarse woody debris (CWD) in an oak-dominated natural forest reserve in Austria were studied in 2006. The average volume of CWD (snags and logs) was 107.3 m<sup>3</sup>/ha, which accounted for 39% of the total living volume. Among the CWD, on average, 23.4 m<sup>3</sup>/ha (22%) were snags and 83.9 m<sup>3</sup>/ha (78%) were logs. According to quality aspects the CWD displayed a wide range of variation in tree species, tree size, stage of decay, and structural characteristics, creating a high diversity of CWD habitats for microorganisms. Among the three forest associations, the highest amount of CWD was found in the mesic <I>Galio sylvatici-Carpinetum</I> association. The results of this study are discussed as reference values for a close-to-nature management of oak-dominated broadleaved submontane forests emphasizing conservation management.
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Robison, E. George, and Robert L. Beschta. "Characteristics of Coarse Woody Debris for Several Coastal Streams of Southeast Alaska, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-193.
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Coarse woody debris (> 0.2 m in diameter and 1.5 m long) was measured along five undisturbed low-gradient stream reaches; volume, decay class, and horizontal orientation in relation to channel flow of first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order coastal streams were determined. Debris was also classified into four influence zones based on stream hydraulics and fish habitat. Average debris length, diameter, and volume per piece increased with stream size. Eighty percent of debris volume of the first-order and the smaller second-order streams was suspended above or lying outside the bankfull channel, while less than 40% was similarly positioned in the fourth-order stream. Approximately one-third of all debris was oriented perpendicular to stream flow, regardless of stream size. First-, second-, and third-order streams had a higher proportion of recent debris in the channel than the fourth-order stream ([Formula: see text]19 vs. 8%), most new debris being attributable to a major 1984 windstorm. Tree blowdown had a major influence on debris distribution along the smaller stream reaches. Debris jams and accumulations in the largest stream were formed from floated debris. These characterizations are useful for evaluating the distribution and amount of woody debris associated with land-management activities.
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Stewart, Bruce J., Peter D. Neily, Eugene J. Quigley, and Lawrence K. Benjamin. "Selected Nova Scotia old-growth forests: Age, ecology, structure, scoring." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79632-3.
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A study of four old-growth stands in Nova Scotia was conducted to document the ecological characteristics of these currently rare Acadian forest ecosystems. Stands were selected to represent the two dominant climax forest types, hemlock–red spruce–eastern white pine, and sugar maple–yellow birch–beech. Data include measurements of age structure, species composition, diameter distribution, basal area, height, coarse woody debris, snags, vertical structure, and canopy condition. All stands were determined to be uneven-aged. Old-growth reference ages calculated for the stands ranged from 164 to 214 years. All stands displayed broad diameter distributions that had peak basal area representation in the 40- to 50-cm diameter classes. Volumes of dead wood ranged from 111 to 148 m3/ha in the softwood stands and from 63 to 83m3/ha in the hardwood stands. Dead wood consisted of approximately one-third snags and two thirds downed coarse woody debris. Measurements from the stands were used to evaluate Nova Scotia's recently developed Old Forest Scoring System. Six stand attributes were rated for a maximum score of 100: stand age, primal value, number of large-diameter trees, length of large-diameter dead wood, canopy structure, and understorey structure. Based on the age attribute, three of the four stands were classed as Mature Old Growth and one was very close, indicating that all are in the shifting mosaic stage of late forest succession. The scores for all stands were relatively high, ranging from 75 to 85, as would be expected from some of the best old-growth stands in the province. Key words: old growth, climax, primal, late succession, uneven-aged, scoring, coarse woody debris, age structure, diameter, Acadian forest, northern hardwood, red spruce, eastern hemlock, white pine, sugar maple, yellow birch, American beech
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Wang, Fei, Qiu Liang Zhang, Xiao Mei Li, Chun Sheng Bao, and Xiao Wei Gao. "Characteristics of Coarse Woody Debris in Different-Age Natural Larix gmelinii Forests in Daxing’anling Mountains." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.107.
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) is composed of dry wood, fallen wood and large branches, and it is an important element for structure and function in forest ecosystems. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) of natural Larix gmelinii forests with different ages in Daxing’anling Mountains. The results show that (1) the CWD volumes in near-mature, middle-age and young forests are 88.55 m3•hm-2, 52.07 m3•hm-2 and 3.96 m3•hm-2, respectively; and their biomasses are 52.96 t•hm-2, 36.22 t•hm-2 and 2.35t•hm-2, respectively. Which indicate that the CWD volumes and biomasses increase with forest ages addition; (2) The CWD volume and biomass follow normal distribution in middle and near-mature forest; (3) the CWD volume and biomass decrease with forest age increasing within decay classes I and II, whereas increase in decay classes III, IVand V; (4) the volume of middle-age and young forests present a near normal distribution with decay class increasing.
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Williams, M. S., H. T. Valentine, J. H. Gove, and M. J. Ducey. "Additional results for perpendicular distance sampling." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-023.
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Over the last decade a number of new methods have been proposed to sample coarse woody debris. Of the new methods, both field trials and computer simulations suggest that perpendicular distance sampling is often the most efficient method for estimating the volume and surface area of coarse woody debris. As with any new sampling technique, further research and field testing are required to address some of the practical problems associated with the implementation of perpendicular distance sampling. This paper provides further results associated with the sampling of curved and multistemmed logs and field techniques for both slope correction and the measurement of elevated logs.
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McDade, M. H., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, J. F. Franklin, and J. Van Sickle. "Source distances for coarse woody debris entering small streams in western Oregon and Washington." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-047.
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Coarse woody debris from streamside forests plays important biological and physical roles in stream ecosystems. The distance from stream bank to rooting site was determined for at least 30 fallen trees at each study site on 39 streams in the Cascade and Coast ranges of Oregon and Washington. The study sites varied in channel size (first- through third-order), side-slope steepness (3 to 40°), and age of surrounding forest (mature or old-growth stands). The distribution of distances from rooting site to bank was similar among streams, with 11% of the total number of debris pieces originating within 1 m of the channel and over 70% originating within 20 m. Stands with taller trees (old-growth conifers) contributed coarse woody debris to streams from greater distances than did stands with shorter (mature) trees.
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Brunner, Andreas, and J. P. Kimmins. "Nitrogen fixation in coarse woody debris of Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla forests on northern Vancouver Island." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-085.
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Asymbiotic nitrogenase activity in coarse woody debris was measured using the acetylene reduction assay under ambient conditions in three different stand ages (5, 53, and 88 years old) of an unmanaged second-growth Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes forest type and a Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don Tsuga heterophylla old-growth forest on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Four different decay classes of coarse woody debris, different species in the early decay stages, and sapwood and heart wood were sampled separately. Mean nitrogenase activity ranged between 1.3 and 19.5 nmol C2H4·d1·(g dry mass)1, with an overall mean of 5.7. High variability of the activity rates between logs and within logs was observed in all four stands. Mean activity rates were, in most cases, significantly different between decay classes, with generally increasing nitrogenase activity with the progress of decay. Moisture content of the samples was a good predictor of nitrogenase activity and could explain differences between decay classes. Only minor differences in nitrogenase activity were found between the different stands. Estimates of nitrogen fixation ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 kg N·ha1·year1, the magnitude of these values depending more on the mass of coarse woody debris substrate available for asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (103158 t·ha1 in this study) than on differences in nitrogenase activity rates. The measured nitrogenase activity and the resultant estimates of nitrogen fixation are among the highest values reported in the literature.
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Keim, Richard F., Arne E. Skaugset, and Douglas S. Bateman. "Dynamics of Coarse Woody Debris Placed in Three Oregon Streams." Forest Science 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/46.1.13.
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Abstract Many streams of the North American west coast are deficient in coarse woody debris (CWD) and have been subjected to aquatic habitat restoration by adding CWD. The ready availability of alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) CWD makes it attractive for such uses, but the dynamics of this relatively small debris are poorly understood. We placed CWD in three third-order streams in western Oregon either as large, key pieces (pulled-over streamside alders or bucked conifer logs) or as smaller logging debris (mostly alder). This treatment immediately increased CWD in the streams by 86% to 155%. We used chronosequences of surveys to evaluate whether the increased loadings of CWD persisted for more than a year, and whether the key pieces trapped smaller debris to create accumulations. Although there was more CWD in all three streams during the 3 yr after treatment than there had been before treatment, rates of movement were high. Aggregation of CWD increased in all three streams for at least 1 yr, and accumulations of CWD associated with key pieces were larger after 3 yr than immediately after treatment. Pulled-over alders were more stable and more effective in forming accumulations than bucked conifers but were subject to rapid decay. For. Sci. 46(1):13-22.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., Druscilla S. Sullivan, and Walt Klenner. "Fate of Postharvest Woody Debris, Mammal Habitat, and Alternative Management of Forest Residues on Clearcuts: A Synthesis." Forests 12, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050551.
Full textAbstract:
Coarse woody debris on the forest floor contributes to maintenance of forest biodiversity and long-term ecosystem productivity. Down wood is often dispersed over harvested sites during logging activities, thereby leaving piles of postharvest debris as “excess” material at landings and roadsides. These wood residues may be burned in most jurisdictions in North America to reduce a perceived fire hazard. The fire hazard debate needs to acknowledge the documented benefits of woody debris retention while striking a balance among biodiversity, bioenergy, and alternative uses for debris, while reducing ignitions by humans. The burning of excess woody debris also creates smoke, causes the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and creates human health issues, particularly for vulnerable individuals. The relationship of wildfire smoke to human health problems is well documented. However, there is no scientific evidence showing that postharvest debris piles are ignition points for forest fires, other than those caused by humans. Wood residues from forest harvesting or natural disturbance wood from wildfire and insect outbreaks may be used as renewable biomass “feedstocks” that could help improve energy supplies and reduce GHG emissions. If not marketable, the management of postharvest debris should seek alternative outlets that do not dispose of debris by burning, but still meet fire hazard abatement requirements. The construction of woody debris structures (e.g., piles and windrows) built at the time of forest harvesting and log processing, or later at the site preparation stages, has positive benefits for wildlife habitat and forest biodiversity. A windrow or series of piles may connect patches and reserves of mature forest and riparian areas on clearcut openings. Piles and windrows have consistently provided habitat on new clearcuts for southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) and Microtus voles, as well as a host of other forest-floor small mammal species, at least up to 12 years postconstruction. Woody debris provides important habitat for foraging and cover attributes for marten (Martes americana), weasels (Mustela spp.), and other furbearers. A list of “What to do?” and “When and Where?” with options for construction of woody debris habitats: poorest, good, better, and best are given. In the cases where fire risk from humans is minimized and there are no marketable wood products, eight alternative management scenarios for postharvest woody debris are provided. These include: (1) piles for wildlife habitat; (2) distribution of debris in partial cut forests; (3) machinery to break up and crush debris; (4) protection of riparian zones with barriers for cattle; (5) construction of range fencing; (6) reclamation of landings and skid-trails; (7) soil fertility and reduction in weed competition and drought for planted conifers; and (8) slope stabilization and revegetation. Advantages and disadvantages (if known) are given for each alternative. A flow chart for the fate of excess postharvest woody debris with respect to fire hazard abatement and markets or nonmarkets is given.
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Bragg, Don C., and Jeffrey L. Kershner. "Coarse Woody Debris in Riparian Zones: Opportunity for Interdisciplinary Interaction." Journal of Forestry 97, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/97.4.30.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In managing coarse woody debris, foresters, fishery biologists, wildlife managers, gemorphologists, recreation specialists, and policy personnel have many opportunities to coordinate watershed planning, cooperatively utilize natural patterns and processes, and improve socioecological systems. Past (and even present) management of riparian debris has been inconsistent. But a growing body of biophysical evidence, coupled with growing acceptance of ecosystem management on public lands, gives hope that together we can sustain this vital component of ecosystem integrity.
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Harmon, Mark E., and Chen Hua. "Coarse Woody Debris Dynamics in Two Old-Growth Ecosystems." BioScience 41, no. 9 (October 1991): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311697.
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