Academic literature on the topic 'Coalstoun Porphyry Copper Prospect'

Indonesia is a country that has several world-class copper-gold deposits, particularly in eastern Sunda arc. The Hu’u complex has several prospects in the surface as lithocap of extensive epithermal style alteration, but some were detected associated with porphyry beneath the surface. The study focuses on hydrothermal breccia cement as a factor influencing the porphyry system in the Hu’u district. The methods used is mineralogical analysis with petrography and μ-XRF elemental mapping on hydrothermal breccia samples. The Hu’u district is interpreted as a paleo-volcano; a member of the Old Volcanics Rocks Formation. The Humpa Leu East lithology consists of pre-volcanics unit (lava and pyroclastics), diorite, andesite-μ-diorite, and tonalitic intrusion at the depth. Hydrothermal alteration evolved from tonalite body to outward, consist of potassic, inner propyllitic and overprinted by phyllic and advanced argillic. Several phases of hydrothermal activities occur in this system, including the hydrothermal breccia phase associated with complex fluids. The hydrothermal cement of Humpa Leu East porphyry at least have three phases of mineralogical assemblages and possibly influencing the mineralization. The mineralogical assemblage of hydrothermal cement in HLE consists of quartz-feldspar-plagioclase-biotite as a high-temperature phase; then followed by epidote-sericite-chlorites-anhydrite-carbonates in medium temperature; there are aluminum-rich clay minerals interpreted as gibbsite. Mineralization occurs in three phases including chalcopyrite-magnetite, bornite-chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite-sphalerite phases. The occurrences of chalcopyrite at all phases indicate the stability of intermediate sulfidation proses in Humpa Leu and as a possible factor to answer the abundant copper in the Hu’u hydrothermal fluid system

Abstract Discovery of the Siah Diq porphyry (Cu–Au) prospect in the foothill of Dam Koh volcano is a recent exploration success story of mineralization buried under a 46 m alluvium cover in an exploratory mature Chagai belt. Acquisition of geophysical data followed by drilling and logging was key in the discovery. Integrated magnetics and induced polarization (IP) surveys in an area of 7.5 km2, pointed out magnetic-low, IP-high, and resistivity-low anomalies corresponding to porphyry Cu–Au type sulfide mineralization. Three bore holes were drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. After careful observation and geoscientific logging of core, porphyry style Cu–Au mineralization was revealed. The porphyry prospect was further characterized based on host rock lithology, petrography, alteration mineralogy, ore vein characterization, and Cu/Au geochemical assays based on core samples. Rocks hosting the mineralization include andesite, granodiorite, coarse, as well as fine grained diorite and pink granite, all highly altered, mineralized and porphyritic. Propylitic alteration was dominant in all the three bore holes and developed earlier followed by phyllic, potassic, and argillic alterations. Sulfide mineralization is present as cross-cutting stockwork veins and disseminations. Average copper and gold assays of drill core are 0.17% Cu and 0.78 ppm Au, respectively. Economically insignificant values of molybdenum and silver have been noted in some samples.

The Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au prospect area is situated in the Selogiri district, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia, about 40 km to the South-East from Solo city, or approximately 70 km east of Yogyakarta city. The Randu Kuning area and its vicinity is a part of the East Java Southern Mountain Zone, mostly occupied by both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks, volcaniclastic, silisiclastic and carbonate rocks. Magmatism-volcanism products were indicated by the abundant of igneous and volcaniclastic rocks of Mandalika and Semilir Formation. The Alteration zones distribution are generally controlled by the NE–SW and NW–SE trending structures. At least eight types of hydrothermal alteration at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity had been identified, i.e. magnetite + biotite ± K-feldspar ± chlorite (potassic), chlorite + sericite + magnetite ± actinolite, chlorite + magnetite ± actinolite ± carbonate (inner propylitic), chlorite + epidote ± carbonate (outer propylitic), sericite + quartz + pyrite (phyllic), illite + kaolinite ± smectite (intermediate argillic), illite + kaolinite ± pyrophyllite ± alunite (advanced argillic) and quatz + chlorite (sillisic) zones. The Randu Kuning mineralization at Selogiri is co existing with the porphyry Cu-Au and intermediate sulphidation epithermal Au-base metals. Mineralization in the porphyry environment is mostly associated with the present of quartz-sulphides veins including AB, C, carbonate-sulphides veins (D vein) as well as disseminated sulphides. While in the epithermal prospect, mineralization is particularly associated with pyrite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + carbonate ± galena veins as well as hydrothermal breccias. The Randu Kuning porphyry prospect has copper gold grade in range at about 0.66–5.7 gr/t Au and 0.04–1.24 % Cu, whereas in the intermediate sulphidation epithermal contain around 0.1–20.8 gr/t Au, 1.2–28.1 gr/t Ag, 0.05–0.9 % Zn, 0.14–0.59 % Pb and 0.01–0.65 % Cu.

Brambang is one of the porphyry copper-gold prospects/deposits situated along eastern Sunda arc. This study is aimed to understand geological framework, alteration geochemistry and ore fluid characteristics of the prospect. Fieldworks and various laboratory analyses were performed including petrography, ore microscopy, rock geochemistry, chlorite chemistry and fluid inclusion microthermometry. The prospect is composed of andesitic tuff and diorite which are intruded by tonalite porphyries. Tonalite porphyries are interpreted as ore mineralisation-bearing intrusion. Various hydrothermal alterations are identified including potassic, phyllic, propylitic, advanced argillic and argillic types. Ore mineralisation is characterized by magnetite and copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite. Potassic alteration is typified by secondary biotite, and associated with ore mineralisation. Mass balance calculation indicates SiO2, Fe2O3, K2O, Cu and Au are added during potassic alteration process. Ore forming fluid is dominated by magmatic fluid at high temperature (450-600ºC) and high salinity (60-70 wt. % NaCl eq.). Hydrothermal fluid was diluted by meteoric water incursion at low-moderate temperature of 150-400ºC and salinity of 0.5-7 wt. % NaCl eq.

The Randu Kuning prospect is situated at Selogiri area, Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia. This location is about 40 km to the south-east from Solo city or approximately 70 km east of Yogyakarta city. Many Tertiary dioritic rocks related alterationmineralisation were found at the Randu Kuning area and its vicinity, including hornblende microdiorite, hornblende-pyroxene diorite and quartz diorite. Mineralisation type of the Randu Kuning prospect was interpreted as porphyry Cu-Au and a number epithermal Au-base metals deposits in its surrounding. The closed existing of porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au-base metals type deposits at the Randu Kuning area produced a very complex of veins and hydrothermal breccias crosscutting relationship. A lot of porphyry veins types were found and observed at the Randu Kuning area, and classified into at least seven types. Most of the porphyry veins were cross cut by epithermal type veins. Many epithermal veins also are found and crosscut into deeply porphyry vein types. There are genetically at least two type of hydrothermal breccias have recognized in the research area, i.e. magmatic-hydrothermal breccia and phreatomagmatic breccia. Magmatic hydrothermal breccias are mostly occured in contact between hornblende microdiorite or quartz diorite and hornblende-pyroxene diorite, characterized by angular fragments/clasts supported or infilled by silicas, carbonates and sulphides matrix derived from hydrothermal fluids precipitation. Phreatomagmatic breccias are characterized by abundant of the juvenile clasts, indicated contact between hot magma with fluid or water as well as many wall rock fragments such as altered diorites and volcaniclastic rock clasts set in clastical matrix. The juvenile clasts usually compossed by volcanic glasses and aphanitic rocks in rounded-irregular shape. Both veining and brecciation processes have an important role in gold and copper mineralisation of the Randu Kuning Porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au-base metals deposits, mostly related to the presence of quartz veins/veinlets containing significant sulphides, i.e., quartz with thin centre line sulphides (Abtype) veins, pyrite±chalcopyrite (C type) veinlets, pyrite+quartz± chalcopyrire±carbonate (D type) veins of porphyry types as well as epithermal environment quarts+ sulphides+carbonate veins.

The Bajo El Durazno prospect is a small, gold-rich porphyry copper-type prospect located in Catamarca Province, northwest Argentina. It is one of a cluster of at least fourteen porphyry copper-type occurrences and numerous younger polymetallic epithermal veins, all of which are genetically related to the waning stages of magmatism that produced the Farallon Negro volcanic complex, an isolated Upper Miocene shoshonitic andesitic volcanic center. Porphyry copper-type hydrothermal activity at the Bajo El Durazno prospect is associated with a small east-northeasterly elongated andesite porphyry stock. The stock was emplaced at 8.7 m.y. into comagmatic and petrologically similar andesitic volcanic breccias that form the highly dissected basal remnants of the main eruptive center of the volcanic complex. Intramineral, crudely radial andesite porphyry dikes accompanied the development of concentric zones of hydrothermal alteration centered on the stock. These alteration zones of potassium-silicate alteration in the stock and adjacent wallrocks surrounded by an essentially coeval, weakly developed propylitic alteration zone. The propylitic alteration assemblage, which occurs as both pervasive replacement and as veinlets, consists mainly of chlorite, epidote, calcite, and magnetite, with lesser clays and zeolites. The potassium-silicate alteration zone is character iced by the replacement of primary minerals by secondary biotite, magnetite, anhydrite, quartz, sericite, and calcite. Roughly coeval and coextensive with the earliest stages of potassium-silicate and propylitic alteration was a brief period of magnetite alteration consisting mainly of well-banded magnetite ± quartz ± biotite veins. This volume also includes the development of irregular magnetite-rich masses in the stock of probable late-magmatic origin. Major copper-gold mineralization with minor silver and molybdenum developed during later stages of potassium-silicate alteration after the magnetite alteration event, although highest grade mineralization is commonly localized in areas of most intense magnetite alteration. The bulk of the mineralization occurs as veins within the stock and its wallrocks near their mutual contact; these veins contain quartz, calcite, magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and lesser sericite, chlorite, orthoclase, biotite, siderite, molybdenite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tennantite, and native gold. Some of the gold and silver occur in solid solution in sulfide minerals, and supergene enrichment of copper is not economically significant. Copper and gold grades are generally less than 0.4% and 1 ppm, respectively. The three early alteration assemblages were later overprinted by patchy areas of phyllic alteration consisting mainly of the assemblage sericite, quartz, pyrite, and anhydrite/gypsum in an irregular northeasterly elongated halo. Phyllic alteration is developed to its greatest extent in an irregular annular zone straddling the boundary between the potassium- silicate and propylitic alteration zones and is generally coincident with the most highly fractured rocks in the prospect. Irregular patches of weak to intense silicification are superimposed on all other alteration types, and a number of distinctive, poorly mineralized, phyllically altered and silicified fracture zones are distributed in a somewhat radial pattern around the stock. Low grade disseminated(?) gold mineralization is found over one square kilometer in phyllically and propylitically altered rocks surrounding the central mineralized zone. A fluid inclusion study has revealed the presence of two hypersaline liquid-rich fluid inclusion types having salinities of 73.0-87.0 and 50.0-79.5 weight percent NaC1 + KCl equivalent, respectively, a single low salinity liquid-rich inclusion type (6.6-8.0 weight percent NaCl equivalent), and abundant vapor-rich inclusions. Hematite, anhydrite, and a variety of unidentified opaque and nonopaque minerals occur in many inclusions. Magnetite, potassium-silicate, and phyllic-silicic alteration in silicified zones formed at temperatures between 310° C and 500° C and were the product of the less saline of the two hypersaline fluids; this fluid episodically boiled. Copper-gold mineralization in potassium-silicate rocks probably peaked at about 395° C. Fluid salinities and temperatures gradually decreased with time, and during later stages of alteration they also decreased with greater distance from the hot center of the system, perhaps as a result of dilution. Although proof is lacking, the two high salinity fluids and the low salinity vapor may be magmatic in origin, and the low salinity fluid may represent a late-stage influx of meteoric water that encroached on the waning magmatic hydrothermal system. A depth of formation of 1.6 kilometers is estimated for the presently exposed portion of the Bajo El Durazno prospect based on the fluid inclusion data.