Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coal Victoria

Academic literature on the topic 'Coal Victoria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Coal Victoria"

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Jessup, Brad. "Trajectories of Environmental Justice: From Histories to Futures and the Victorian Environmental Justice Agenda." Victoria University Law and Justice Journal 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/vulj.v7i1.1043.

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Before the last state election, the current Victorian government promised from opposition to develop an Environmental Justice Plan if elected. It acknowledged international best practice as a benchmark for such a plan, though it did not recognise the legacy of environmental justice activism and scholarship locally. With the plan still in progress, this article considers the global histories and future directions of environmental justice and a literature-based framework for curating a Victorian plan. It breaks with the common understanding, including that held by government bureaucrats in Victoria, of environmental justice emerging from the United States in the 1980s. The article situates Victoria within that past, the current and future of the concept of environmental justice. Two notable recent legal events affirm the need for, and suggest the shape of, a Victorian environmental justice approach – the housing estate gas leak in outer suburban Melbourne and the Hazelwood coal mine fire in regional Victoria.
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Keddie, Tom. "Wind power in Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14020.

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In terms of generation capacity, Victoria has about 12,500 MW, out of a National Electricity Market (NEM) total of over 46,000 MW. A bit over half of Victoria’s capacity is made up of the brown coal generators in the Latrobe Valley (Loy Yang, Hazelwood, Yallourn). Gas-fired generation (mainly large open-cycle peaking plants, designed to operate only in times of high demand) and hydro plants (mainly parts of the Snowy scheme) add about 20% each, with wind currently making up the balance of around 9% of installed capacity in Victoria. In terms of wind farm location across the NEM, installed capacity is predominantly located in Victoria and South Australia, and to a lesser extent in Tasmania, with very small amounts in New South Wales and Queensland. This distribution is almost entirely due to the quality of the wind resource across the country.
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Strand, Julian, Reem Freij-Ayoub, and Shakil Ahmed. "Simulating the impact of coal seam gas water production on aquifers." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11042.

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Derived from a larger scale project, which studied geomechanical issues associated with coal seam gas (CSG) production, this paper investigates a hypothetical case study based on the Latrobe Valley, Gippsland Basin, Victoria. The paper focuses on examining aquifer water management associated with CSG production-related water extraction. As such, the paper limits itself to determining the volume of water production from a hypothetical case study area in the Latrobe Valley. A simplistic property model and methane production strategy has been used. The impact of extraction of this water on the hydraulic head in aquifers underlying the produced seams is quantified. The Latrobe Valley Depression contains 129,000 million tonnes of coal resources and is one of the world’s largest, and lowest cost, energy sources. Most of Victoria’s electricity is generated using coal from the Loy Yang, Morwell and Yallourn mines. In addition to these massive operations, significant additional coal resources are available and unallocated at this time. Opportunities exist for the continued usage of these resources for electricity production, gasification, liquefaction and other coal conversion processes, as well as solid fuel for industrial, domestic and other uses. The existence of data from the Victorian Department of Primary Industries 2003 coal resource model was the main reason for the selection of the case study, and their data was used to form a model of the stratigraphy of the Latrobe Valley. Aquifer models were simulated in MODFLOW, based on extraction figures modelled in the CSG simulator COMET3.
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Harrington, Phil. "Meeting Victoria’s energy requirements in the 21st Century." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14009.

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Victoria has a remarkable richness and diversity of energy resources. Reserve estimates include some 430 billion tonnes of brown coal, in near-surface seams up to 230 metres thick; over 8 trillion cubic feet of as yet undiscovered gas; and perhaps 600 million barrels of undiscovered crude oil. To this may be added some of the best wind resources in the world, significant solar resources, the potential for geothermal energy resources, and significant bioenergy potential associated with Victoria’s substantial agricultural and forestry industries. Victoria is also deeply enmeshed in the national grid, so provided that reasonable investment in network maintenance and security continues, and demand growth (including peak demand growth) is restrained by energy efficiency policies, network security should remain high. Setting aside temporary disruptions due to infrastructure failures, running out of energy is not a problem that Victoria will face during the 21st century, or perhaps ever.
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Zhao, Lei, and Greg You. "Brown Coal in Victoria, Australia and Maddingley Brown Coal Open Cut Mine Batter Stability." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.109.

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Brown coal is young, shallowly deposited, and widely distributed in the world. It is a fuel commonly used to generate electricity. This paper first reviews the resources and characteristics of brown coal in Victoria, Australia, and its exploitation and contribution to the economy or power supply in Victoria. Due to the shallow depth of the brown coal seam, e.g. very favorable stripping ratio, open pit mining is the only mining method used to extract the coal at low cost for power generators. With the large-scale mining operations, cases of batter failure were not rare in the area. From the comprehensive review of past failures, overburden batter tends to fail by circular sliding, coal batter tends to fail by block sliding after the overburden is stripped due to a weak water-bearing layer underneath the coal seam and tension cracks developed at the rear of the batter, and batter failure is typically coincided with peak raining seasons. Secondly, the paper reviews the case study of Maddingley Brown Coal (MBC) Open Cut Mine batter stability, including geology, hydrogeology, and hydro-mechanically coupled numerical modelling. The modelling employs three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the MBC northern batter where cracks were observed in November 2013. The comprehensive simulation covers an overburden batter, a brown coal batter, two rainfall models, and a buttressed batter. The simulated results agree well with observed data, and it is found that the rainfall at the intensity of 21mm substantially lowered the factor of safety of the coal batter.
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Gamage, Nirdosha, Sujeeva Setunge, and Kasuni Liyanage. "An Investigation of Usability of Brown Coal Fly Ash for Building Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.30.

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The Victoria State of Australia has the second largest reserves of brown coal on earth, representing approximately 20% of the worlds reserves, and at current use, could supply Victoria with its energy for over 500 years. Its combustion, annually, yields up to 1.3 million tonnes of fly ash, which is largely use for land-fills. Disposal of fly ash in open dumps cause massive environmental problems such as ground water contamination that may create various health problems. This study focuses on the usability of brown coal fly ash to develop a sustainable building material. A series of laboratory investigations was conducted using brown coal fly ash combined with cement and aggregate to prepare cold pressed samples aiming to test their properties. Initial results indicate that compressive strength satisfies minimum standard compressive strength required for bricks or mortar.
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Dai, Shifeng, Sergey I. Arbuzov, Igor Yu Chekryzhov, David French, Ian Feole, Bruce C. Folkedahl, Ian T. Graham, et al. "Metalliferous Coals of Cretaceous Age: A Review." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091154.

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Critical elements in coal and coal-bearing sequences (e.g., Li, Sc, V, Ga, Ge, Se, Y and rare earth elements, Zr, Nb, Au, Ag, platinum group elements, Re, and U) have attracted great attention because their concentrations in some cases may be comparable to those of conventional ore deposits. The enrichment of critical elements in coals, particularly those of Carboniferous-Permian and Cenozoic ages, have generally been attributed to within-plate (plume-related) volcanism and associated hydrothermal activity. However, Cretaceous coals are not commonly rich in critical elements, with the exception of some (e.g., Ge and U) in localised areas. This paper globally reviewed metalliferous coals from Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, South America, the United States and Mexico, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), China, Africa, and Australasia (Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory, New Zealand, Nelson, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland). The world-class Ge-U or Ge deposits in North China, Mongolia, and Siberia are the only commercially significant representatives of the Cretaceous metalliferous coals, which are related to bio-chemical reduction of oxidized meteoric, hydrothermal, or sea waters by organic matter of the peat bogs. The common Cretaceous coals worldwide are generally not rich in critical elements because intensive igneous activity led to extensive acidification of terrestrial and marine waters, which are responsible for the low coal metallogenesis during the Cretaceous period, especially the Early Cretaceous time.
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Barton, C. M., C. S. Gloe, and G. R. Holdgate. "Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia: A world class brown coal deposit." International Journal of Coal Geology 23, no. 1-4 (September 1993): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(93)90048-f.

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Holdgate, G. R., T. A. G. Smith, S. J. Gallagher, and M. W. Wallace. "Geology of coal-bearing Palaeogene sediments, onshore Torquay Basin, Victoria." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 5 (October 2001): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00888.x.

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Holdgate, G. R., T. A. G. Smith, S. J. Gallagher, and M. W. Wallace. "Geology of coal-bearing Palaeogene sediments, onshore Torquay Basin, Victoria." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 5 (October 2001): 657–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.485888.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal Victoria"

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Sujanti, Wiwik. "Laboratory studies of spontaneous combustion of the Victorian brown coal /." Title page, summary and contents only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs9478.pdf.

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Isbell, John L. "Fluvial sedimentology and basin analyses of the Permian Fairchild and Buckley Formations, Beardmore Glacier Region, and the Weller Coal Measures, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487684245468595.

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Mosley, Stephen. "'The chimney of the world' : a history of smoke pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300394.

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Guy, Peter John, and guyp@ebac com au. "The Solvent induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals." Swinburne University of Technology. School of Engineering and Science, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20031218.142251.

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The solvent-induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals was examined in detail to probe the bonding mechanisms in very low rank coals (in this case Victorian brown coal). Correlation of solvent properties with differences in observed swelling behaviour were interpreted in terms of the coal structure, and means of predicting the observed behaviour were considered. Modification of the coal structure via physical compression (briquetting), chemical digestion, thermal modification, and functional group alkylation was used to further elucidate those structural features which govern the swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals. Briquette weathering (i.e. swelling and disintegration of briquettes when exposed to variations in humidity and temperature) was examined by making alterations to briquette feed material and observing the effects on swelling in water. The application of solubility parameter alone to prediction of coal swelling was rejected due to the many exceptions to any proposed trend. Brown coal swelling showed a minimum when the solvent electron-donor number (DN) minus its electron-acceptor number (AN) was closest to zero, i.e. when DN and AN were of similar magnitude. The degree of swelling increased either side of this point, as predicted by theory. In contrast to the solubility parameter approach (which suffers from the uncertainty caused by specific interaction between coal and solvent), the electron donor/acceptor approach is about specific interactions. It was concluded that a combination of total and three-dimensional solubility parameters and solvent electron donor/acceptor numbers may be used to predict solvent swelling of unextracted brown coals with some success. Solvent access to chemically densified coal was found to be insensitive to a reduction in pore volume, and chemical effects were dominant. Thermal modification of the digested coal resulted in reduced swelling for all solvents, indicating that the structure had adopted a minimum energy configuration due to decarboxylation and replacement of hydrogen bonds with additional covalent bonds. Swelling of oxygen-alkylated coals demonstrated that the more polar solvents are able to break relatively weak hydrogen bonded crosslinks. The large difference between the rate and extent of swelling in water (and hence weathering) of Yallourn and Morwell briquettes was shown to be almost entirely attributable to exchanged magnesium. Magnesium exchange significantly increases the rate and extent of swelling of Yallourn coal. It was also shown that the swelling of briquettes due to uptake of water by magnesium-exchanged coals is reduced significantly with controlled ageing of the briquettes. The solvent swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals is consistent with the notion that coal is a both covalently and non-covalently crosslinked and entangled macromolecular network comprising extractable species, which are held within the network by a wide range of non-covalent, polar, electron donor/acceptor interactions. Solvents capable of significant extraction of whole brown coals are also capable of significant swelling, but not dissolution, of the macromolecular coal network, which supports the view that the network is comprised of both covalent and ionic bonding. Victorian brown coals have also been shown to exhibit polyelectrolytic behaviour due to a high concentration of ionisable surface functionalities.
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Strange, Julie-Marie. "This mortal coil : death and bereavement in working-class culture, c.1880-1914." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343933.

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Geange, Shane Wallace. "An evaluation of prior residency and habitat effects on the persistence of settling reef fishes : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1169.

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Marsters, Teuvirihei Helene. "Beach stability on a tropical uplifted coral atoll : Niue Island : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of of Science (Hons) in Physical Geography /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1216.

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Krink, Nicolas [Verfasser], and Victor [Akademischer Betreuer] Sourjik. "From CoA ester supply to a yeast communication toolkit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Nicolas Krink ; Betreuer: Victor Sourjik." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236692004/34.

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Benson, John W. "Shop stewards in the Latrobe Valley." 1988. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/1052.

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In Australia, industrial relations research has focused almost exclusively on the major industrial relations institutions and their role in the determination of the rules of the workplace. Local workplace industrial relations and the interaction between worker and representatives and enterprise management has been a neglected area of research. This study attempts to rectify this situation. By focusing attention on the workplace a number of important questions are raised that have not been systematically addressed in Australian industrial relations research. In particular, what, if any, is the role of shop stewards in a centralised system dominated by unions, employers and tribunals organised on a state and national basis? If there is a role for shop stewards, how does this role manifest itself in terms of the stewards’ relationships with members, fellow shop stewards, union officials and management? Finally, what factors explain variations in role perceptions, and how does the adoption of a particular role affect the behaviour of shop stewards? (For complete abstract open the document)
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Books on the topic "Coal Victoria"

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Nolan, Davis and Associates Limited. Victoria Junction Coal Preparation Plant coarse waste pile alternative study 1991. Halifax, N.S: Nolan Davis and Associates, 1991.

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Limited, UMA Engineering. Proposal for initial environmental evaluation (IEE): Victoria Junction Coal Preparation Plant land based coarse waste disposal. Halifax, NS: UMA Engineering, 1992.

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Nolan, Davis & Associates (N. S.) Limited. Ground/surface water contaminant enclave: Coarse waste pile management area Victoria Junction coal preparation plant. Sydney, N.S: Nolan, Davis & Associates, 1987.

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A poor man's diggings: Mining and community at Bethanga, Victoria, 1875-1912. South Yarra, Melbourne: Hyland House, 1987.

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Nolan, Davis and Associates Limited. Victoria Junction Coal Preparation Plant coarse waste pile management area: Ground/surface water contaminant enclaves-1991. Halifax, N.S: Nolan, Davis & Associates, 1991.

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Boothroyd, Peter. Regional impacts of the Northeast coal project in B.C.: Presented to the Forteenth Annual Meeting of the Canadian Regional Science Association, Victoria, June 2-4, 1990. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, School of Community & Regional Planning, 1990.

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Blais, Matt. A brief concerning coarse waste rock disposal practices and future requirements at Devco's Victoria Junction Coal Preparation Plant. [S.l.]: Devco, Environmental Services Dept., 1990.

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Gallop, Alan. Children of the dark: Life and death underground in Victoria's England. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2003.

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A, Durie R., ed. The Science of Victorian brown coal: Structure, properties, and consequences for utilization. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991.

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Pool, Daniel. Dickens' fur coat and Charlotte's unanswered letters: The rows and romances of England's great Victorian novelists. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coal Victoria"

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Zhao, Lei, and Greg You. "Cracking Mechanism Along the North Batter of Maddingley Brown Coal Open Pit Mine, Victoria, Australia." In Engineering Geology and Geological Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Earth’s Resources, Urbanization and Infrastructure Protection from Geohazards, 115–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61648-3_8.

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Bird, Deanne, and Andrew Taylor. "Disasters and Demographic Change of ‘Single-Industry’ Towns—Decline and Resilience in Morwell, Australia." In The Demography of Disasters, 125–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_7.

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Abstract In 2014, an open-cut coal mine fire burned for 45 days in the small single-industry town of Hazelwood in Victoria (Australia) spreading smoke and ash across the adjacent community of Morwell. This chapter examines the extent to which the mine fire acted as a catalyst for demographic and socio-economic change and considers how, if at all, it impacted Morwell’s resilience to disasters. We report on a range of secondary data analyses augmented with qualitative insights captured in government reports (namely, the Hazelwood Mine Fire Inquiry reports), as well as from related research papers and media articles. We suggest that a succession of structural and demographic changes meant that the town and its residents were accustomed and resilient to relatively large shocks. In this sense, the Morwell and broader Latrobe Valley population banded together around various community-led initiatives to fight for a better future for their community.
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Kontou, Tatiana, Victoria Mills, and Adelene Buckland. "Coal." In Victorian Material Culture, 285–321. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315400143-41.

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Kontou, Tatiana, Victoria Mills, and Adelene Buckland. "Arabella Buckley, ‘The History of a Piece of Coal’." In Victorian Material Culture, 299–307. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315400143-43.

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Davidson, Kathleen. "Speculative Viewing: Victorians’ Encounters with Coral Reefs." In Victorian Environments, 135–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57337-7_8.

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Kontou, Tatiana, Victoria Mills, and Kara Tennant. "[Anon], ‘Imitation White Coral Basket.’." In Victorian Material Culture, 373–74. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315399980-111.

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Kontou, Tatiana, Victoria Mills, and Kara Tennant. "[Anon], ‘Coral Jewellery and Peasant Ornaments.’." In Victorian Material Culture, 273. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315399980-84.

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Birjak, Anna, Alena Walmsley, Nicole Anderson, Jon Missen, and Mohan Yellishetty. "Field Scale Assessment of Artificial Topsoil: A Victorian Coal Mine Experience." In Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection - MPES 2019, 376–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33954-8_45.

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Colón, Susan E. "Introduction: Cool Heads and Warm Hearts." In The Professional Ideal in the Victorian Novel, 1–21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230604254_1.

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Rooney, Paul Raphael. "‘As Necessary to the Traveller as a Rug in Winter and a Dust-Coat in Summer’." In Railway Reading and Late-Victorian Literary Series, 119–41. New York; London: Routedge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315265032-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Coal Victoria"

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Landers, Matt, James Faithful, and Antonia Scrase. "Pit lake water quality closure tool for Hazelwood brown coal mine, Victoria, Australia." In Mine Closure 2022: 15th Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2215_28.

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Weaver, Tamie, Paul Fridell, Martha Ospina, Ross Brooker, Melissa Schenkel, and Antonia Scrase. "Contamination assessment of mine infrastructure areas for closure and relinquishment: Hazelwood Coal Mine, Victoria, Australia." In 13th International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1915_116_weaver.

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Wilson, Ian, Martin Hooton, Solene Fercocq, Ben Addy, and Ezra Groskin. "Esperance Bridge – An Innovative Take on a Truss Bridge." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.272.

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<p>The Esperance Bridge crosses the Regents Canal in Central London and was opened in the summer of 2021. It is an innovative take on a traditional warren truss bridge that uses tapering and folded steel plates to create an elegant and sculptural form at this popular section of the canal. The bold pomegranate red carbon steel plates set against the diagonal stainless steel tension ties illustrate the structural behaviour of the Warren truss, where struts act in either compression or tension.</p><p>The bridge is the final of three canal crossings in the heart of the landmark Kings Cross Development, developed by Argent. The bridge completes a new pedestrian route through the development and crucially provides greater connectivity to the shopping destinations at Coal Drops Yard. The pedestrian bridge compliments the Victorian heritage of the canal environment while providing a viewing platform and enclosure to the adjacent Ghat Steps, which is a popular public event and leisure space.</p><p>In addressing the conference themes, the paper focuses on the user experience and how the context of the bridge fits within a wider pedestrian network. The design, fabrication and construction of the bridge is also discussed.</p>
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Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.

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The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
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Reports on the topic "Coal Victoria"

1

Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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Abstract:
The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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