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Journal articles on the topic 'Coal trade – Italy – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Rehman, Scheherazade. "The Future of the European Union." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 2 (July 2015): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2015-0028.

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The European Union (EU) currently comprised of 28 countries is heralded as the single most ambitious voluntary supra-national economic, trade and monetary arrangement in recent modern history. The initial impetus of this arrangement began in 1951 with The Coal and Steel Union amongst Germany, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, and Italy and it continues to evolve today. The most ambitious part of this arrangement is the economic and monetary union (EMU) of 19 EU members countries called the Eurozone. This grand experiment has recently faced its biggest stress test with a double dip recession – the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2010+ European sovereign debt crisis. While many experts focused on the lack of fiscal union to resolve the Eurozone’s current problems, the issues are more complex. Systemic risk in Eurozone originates in part from three principal areas: political issues, lack of a fiscal discipline enforcement mechanism, and market failure.

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2

Kupchyk, O. "ITALY IN THE FOREIGN TRADE OF SOVIET UKRAINE, 1921-1923." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 141 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.141.3.

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The circumstances under which the Soviet Ukraine established trade relations with the Kingdom of Italy in the early 1920s are revealed. The contractual basis, organizational forms of trade activity of Soviet Ukraine in Italy have been clarified. Persons of sales representatives were established (V. Vorovskyi, A. Feinstein). The role of the Ukrainian SSR Trade Representation in Rome in the foreign trade activities of Soviet Ukraine is revealed. The place of the Italian market in export and import operations of Soviet Ukraine has been determined. After studying national historiography, it was found that the trade relations of the Ukrainian SSR in the early 1920s with the Kingdom of Italy were not the subject of scientific study in contemporary Ukrainian historians. In turn, it was found that in trying to forge trade relations with Italy, the Ukrainian adviser noted that she sought to rebuild the international influence, lost after the First World War through Great Britain and France. It was informed that after the conclusion of the Preliminary Trade Agreement on December 26, 1921, Soviet Ukraine and Italy exchanged trade representatives. The duties of Soviet Ukraine’s sales representative in Italy were first performed by Russian Trade Representative V. Vorovskyi and then by Russian Trade Representative A. Feinstein. There were 5 people employed in the Ukrainian SSR’s sales office in Italy. They thoroughly explored the Italian markets (Genoa, Milan, Roman). The article shows the interest of Italian traders in Ukrainian timber, coal, scrap metal, linen cake. It is noted that the sales representatives of Soviet Ukraine initially studied the possibility of selling on the Italian market of guts, skin, horse hair, wool. They then explored the possibility of selling cattle, wheat, barley, corn, caustic soda and soda ash. It was noted that together with Russian and Italian traders the Russian-Italian Trading Company was created, which had the task not only for export-import of goods, but also for obtaining concessions by the Italian entrepreneurs in Ukraine. It has been reported that Italian workers sent food aid (sowing grain) to Ukraine for the money raised.

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3

Rovelli, Alessia. "Coins and trade in early medieval Italy." Early Medieval Europe 17, no. 1 (December 17, 2008): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00244.x.

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4

Alfani, Guido. "Trade and industry in early modern Italy." Business History 52, no. 5 (August 2010): 860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2010.500174.

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5

Guérin, Sarah M. "Forgotten Routes? Italy, Ifrīqiya and the Trans-Saharan Ivory Trade." Al-Masāq 25, no. 1 (April 2013): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2013.767012.

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6

Epstein, Steven A., and Gunnar Dahl. "Trade, Trust and Networks: Commercial Culture in Late Medieval Italy." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651110.

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7

Carreras-Marín, Anna, and Marc Badia-Miró. "La fiabilidad de la asignación geográfica en las estadísticas de comercio exterior: América Latina y el Caribe (1908–1930)." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 26, no. 3 (2008): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900000380.

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AbstractThe statistical accuracy of Historical Foreign Trade Sources has been stated by Federico and Tena (1991) and Tena (1985, 19991 y 1992). This article follows his works in the most suspect field: geographical distribution. We have use Latin American Coal Trade Data among 1908–1930. Most international trade, considering weight, was coal trade; meanwhile it is an ideal product to isolate geographical effects. Statistical disagreements persistence makes us to think this is not a random phenomenon. We have specified an econometric model based on distance. Results show that including geography we can understand statistical disagreements. As a consequence Latin American Sources appear reasonably accurate, considering its geographical pattern.

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8

FUSARO, MARIA. "Trade and industry in early modern Italy - By Domenico Sella." Economic History Review 63, no. 4 (October 11, 2010): 1185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00551_17.x.

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9

Koren, Elisabeth S. "The coal trade surplus and merchant seafarers in British-Norwegian relations during the First World War." International Journal of Maritime History 33, no. 3 (August 2021): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714211037675.

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During the First World War, more than 800 Norwegian ships were sunk by hostile action, with a loss of about 2,100 seafarers. The Norwegian merchant fleet was extremely important for Norway's economy and for securing the import of vital goods. In addition, Britain and her allies needed goods carried in Norwegian merchant ships, such as coal shipped across the Channel to France. This article examines the relationship between Britain and Norway during the war, concentrating on the roles of two important resources, coal and maritime labour. The first part of the article outlines the wartime Anglo-Norwegian relationship. Negotiations around the so-called ‘coal trade surplus’, and how the surplus was allocated, are analysed in the second section. The coal trade surplus derived from British coal exports to Norway and was transferred from the British to the Norwegian Government in 1919. The British Ministry of Shipping, in recognition of the efforts of Norwegian seafarers, demanded that part of the surplus should be allocated to their well-being and to a memorial for the Norwegian merchant seafarers who had perished during the war.

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10

Dietz, B. "The North-East Coal Trade, 1550–1750: Measures, Markets And The Metropolis." Northern History 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/007817286790616543.

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11

Pulignano, Valeria. "Union struggle and the crisis of industrial relations in Italy." Capital & Class 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981680307900101.

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This paper argues that the Berlusconi government is seeking to replace the ‘social concertation’ arrangement between government and trade unions with ‘social dialogue’ in an effort to undermine trade union ‘power’. This endeavour by the government to impose a policy of ‘social dialogue’ would severely limit trade unions' influence in economic and social policy decision-making and leave Berlusconi free to introduce reforms favouring his friends in employer organisations. One likely outcome would be the deregulation of the Italian labour market strongly damaging workers' rights.

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12

Parker, Deborah. "Women in the Book Trade in Italy, 1475-1620*." Renaissance Quarterly 49, no. 3 (1996): 509–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863365.

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in his 1569 Epistola qua ad multas multorum amicorum respondet de suae typographiae statu nominatimque de suo thesauro linguae graecae, the Parisian printer Henri II Estienne decries the participation of women in the book trade: “But beyond all those evils which have now been brought on by the ignorance of printers, male and female (for this only remains to add to the disgrace of the art, that even the little ladies have been practicing it), who will doubt that new evils are daily to be expected?” As Estienne's comments testify, one of the most unusualfeatures of the Renaissance and Counter Reformation book trade was the existence of several women printers and publishers. While their contemporaries were well aware of the presence of women in the printing profession, bibliographers and historians have largely neglected the history of their labors.

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13

Steenblik, Ronald P., and Mark Mateo. "Western Europe's Long Retreat from Coal and Implications for Energy Trade." World Trade Review 19, S1 (July 2020): s98—s119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000269.

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AbstractWestern Europe's industrialization was powered largely by coal. Within 15 years after the end of the Second World War, however, governments were subsidizing coal and protecting producers from foreign competition while allowing their industries to contract in a way that avoided large-scale unemployment of miners. The oil-price shocks of 1973–1974 and 1979–1980 gave temporary reprieve to hard-coal production until international oil prices slumped in 1986. This event, combined with ever more stringent environmental regulations and, later, caps on carbon-dioxide emissions, led to the disappearance of subsidized coal mining in one country after another. As of the end of 2019, hard coal was still being mined – in small amounts – in only three Western European countries: Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. This paper describes the history of the industry from 1945 through to the present, and the consequences of subsidy policy for trade in hard coal and its substitutes. A common observation is that a reduction in subsidized coal production by a country has not necessarily translated into increased imports of coal on a one-for-one basis.

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14

TODD, DAVID. "JOHN BOWRING AND THE GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF FREE TRADE." Historical Journal 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006754.

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ABSTRACTThe international diffusion of ideas has often been described as an abstract process. John Bowring's career offers a different insight into the practical conditions that permitted a concept, free trade, to spread across national borders. An early advocate of trade liberalization in Britain, Bowring promoted free trade policies in France, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Siam, and China between 1830 and 1860. He employed different strategies according to local political conditions, appealing to public opinion in liberal Western Europe, seeking to persuade bureaucrats and absolute rulers in Central Europe and the Middle East, and resorting to gunboats in East Asia. His career also helps to connect the rise of free trade ideas in Europe with the ‘imperialism of free trade’ in other parts of the world. Bowring upheld the same liberal ideals as Richard Cobden and other luminaries of the free trade movement. Yet unlike them, he endorsed imperial ascendancy in order to remove obstacles to global communications and spread civilization outside Europe.

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15

Ackers, Peter. "Colliery Deputies in the British Coal Industry Before Nationalization." International Review of Social History 39, no. 3 (December 1994): 383–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011274x.

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SummaryThis article challenges the militant and industrial unionist version of British coal mining trade union history, surrounding the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the National Union of Mineworkers, by considering, for the first time, the case of the colliery deputies' trade union. Their national Federation was formed in 1910, and aimed to represent the three branches of coal mining supervisory management: the deputy (or fireman, or examiner), overman and shotfirer. First, the article discusses the treatment of moderate and craft traditions in British coal mining historiography. Second, it shows how the position of deputy was defined by changes in the underground labour process and the legal regulation of the industry. Third, it traces the history of deputies' union organization up until nationalization in 1947, and the formation of the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS). The article concludes that the deputies represent a mainstream tradition of craft/professional identity and industrial moderation, in both the coal industry and the wider labour movement.

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16

Bridbury, A. R., and Joan M. Frayn. "Sheep-Rearing and the Wool Trade in Italy during the Roman Period." Economic History Review 38, no. 2 (May 1985): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597171.

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17

Deighton, Anne. "The Last Piece of the Jigsaw: Britain and the Creation of the Western European Union, 1954." Contemporary European History 7, no. 2 (July 1998): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004860.

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By 1955, the formation of a Cold War bloc in Western Europe was complete. The Western European Union (WEU), a redesigned Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with West Germany and Italy as members, was created. The 1954 Paris Agreements that established WEU also enabled West Germany to become a virtually sovereign actor, and a member of NATO. The Agreements were effected on the rubble of an acrimonious four-year international debate over a proposed European Defence Community (EDC). This would have created a European army for France, the Benelux countries, Italy and West Germany on the model of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and a parallel political community for the Six.

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18

Tomić, Ognjen. "Examples of informal practices in Yugoslavia’s trade relations with Italy in the 1960s and 1970s." Tokovi istorije 30, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2022.3.tom.175-198.

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The article deals with the issue of informal practices in Yugoslavia using examples of these practices in trade with Italy in the 1960s and early 1970s. Th e subject of the analysis is the re-export activity of Yugoslav companies, and various other illegal activities used by companies to achieve a better placement of their goods in another country, regardless of whether the state tacitly supported these activities or fought them. Th e research is based on documents from the Archive of Yugoslavia, media sources and literature.

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19

Hausman, William J. "The English Coastal Coal Trade, 1691-1910: How Rapid was Productivity Growth?" Economic History Review 40, no. 4 (November 1987): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596395.

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20

Sealey, Paul R. "New Light on the Wine Trade with Julio-Claudian Britain." Britannia 40 (November 2009): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/006811309789786061.

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ABSTRACTExports of Italian wine to Gaul were in steep decline from c. 50 B.C. A quite different picture emerges from Britain where finds of the Italian Dressel I amphora peak at the very end of the form c. 10 B.C. The discrepancy between Gaul and Britain is explained by the export of commodities from Britain to supply the Roman army on the Rhine, and is the expression of a direct interest in the island by the Roman state. Afterwards, the number of wine amphoras reaching Britain declined sharply: in the 50 years before the Roman invasion the volume of amphora-borne wine imported by Britons fell by between two-thirds and three-quarters. This decline is apparent from both rich graves and settlement sites. The fall in the number of wine amphoras cannot be accounted for by the replacement of the amphora by the barrel as the standard commercial wine-container: we are dealing with a real decline in the volume of wine traded. In Gaul there was a similar slump in wine imports from Italy, and the same pattern is repeated in Mediterranean shipwrecks. It can be explained by growing demand for wine in Italy itself: wine that had hitherto been exported was now consumed in the peninsula.

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21

Armstrong, John. "Late Nineteenth-Century Freight Rates Revisited: Some Evidence from the British Coastal Coal Trade." International Journal of Maritime History 6, no. 2 (December 1994): 45–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149400600204.

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22

Britnell, R. H. "England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: the Economic Contrasts." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (December 1989): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678983.

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We know almost as much about the operations of big Italian companies in England as about those in Italy itself during the early fourteenth century. Tuscan trade here engaged some of Europe's most celebrated businesses, attracted by the kingdom's fine wool and the credit-worthiness of her crown and nobility. Historians have some-times drawn an analogy with international lending from richer to poorer countries in the modern world, both to create a point of contact with their readers and to meet the need for deep-lying explanations. The analogy usually carries the implication that Italy had a more advanced economy than England, and there are authors who say so explicitly. Some use terms designed to describe international economic growth during the last two hundred years, and represent medieval Italy as a pole of development, or a core economy. Others, borrowing the language of power, describe Italy as a dominant economy. Professor Cipolla uses a number of these ideas at once in his observation that ‘in the early years of the fourteenth century Florence represented a dominant and developed economy, while England and the kingdom of Naples were two decidedly underdeveloped countries: the periphery, to use Wallerstein's expression’.

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23

Hausman, William J. "Freight Rates and Shipping Costs in the English Coastal Coal Trade: A Reply." Economic History Review 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598372.

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24

Nilson, Bengt. "No coal without iron ore: Anglo‐Swedish trade relations in the shadow of the Korean War." Scandinavian Journal of History 16, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759108579209.

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25

Zimi, Eleni, K. Göransson, and K. Swift. "Pottery and trade at Euesperides in Cyrenaica: an overview." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.27.

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AbstractThe excavations conducted at Euesperides between 1999 and 2007 under the auspices of the Society for Libyan Studies, London, and the Department of Antiquities, Libya, and jointly directed by Paul Bennet and Andrew Wilson, brought to light private houses and a building complex, industrial areas related to purple dye production and part of the city's fortification wall. Among the finds was a highly significant body of local, regional and imported pottery (from the Greek and Punic world, Cyprus, Italy and elsewhere), dated between the last quarter of the seventh and the middle of the third century BC, when the city was abandoned.This archaeological project adopted an innovative approach to the study of pottery from the site, based on the total quantification of the coarse, fine wares and transport amphorae. This was supplemented by a targeted programme of petrographic analysis to shed light on production centres and thus questions about the trade and the economy of ancient Euesperides. The pottery study by K. Göransson, K. Swift and E. Zimi demonstrated that although the city gradually developed a significant industry of ceramics, it relied heavily on imports to cover its needs and that imported pottery reached Euesperides’ sheltered harbour either directly from the supplying regions or most often through complex maritime networks in the Mediterranean which changed over time.Cooking pots from Aegina and the Punic world, mortaria, bowls, jugs and table amphorae from Corinth as well as transport amphorae from various centres containing olive oil, wine, processed meat and fish were transported to the city from Greece, Italy/Sicily, Cyprus and elsewhere. The so-called amphorae B formed the majority, while Corinthian, Aegean (Thasian, Mendean, Knidian, etc.), Greco-Italic and Punic were adequatly represented. Regarding fine wares, East Greek, Laconian and Corinthian are common until the end of the sixth century; Attic black-glazed, and to a lesser extend, black-figure and red-figure pots dominate the assemblages between the fifth and the mid-third centuries BC, while Corinthian, Italian/Sicilian and Punic seem to have been following the commodities flow at Euesperides from the fourth century BC onwards. Finally, Cyrenaican pottery and transport amphorae have been also identified at Euesperides implying a considerable volume of inter-regional trade.

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26

Zeiler, Thomas W. "Kennedy, Oil Imports, and the Fair Trade Doctrine." Business History Review 64, no. 2 (1990): 286–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115584.

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In his efforts to secure passage of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, John F. Kennedy had to placate not only oil and coal interests at home, but also traditional trade partners like Venezuela abroad, and he also had to foster the broad national security aim of retaining domestic oil reserves. This article argues that Kennedy was able to utilize a fair trade doctrine to gain enactment of legislation that would both lower trade barriers and assist domestic producers hurt by increased imports.

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27

Bracke, Maud Anne. "Labour, Gender and Deindustrialisation: Women Workers at Fiat (Italy, 1970s–1980s)." Contemporary European History 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777319000298.

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AbstractThe article presents an in-depth analysis of the struggle for gender equality in hiring, as well as campaigns for parental leave and demands for improved work conditions, by female workers in manufacturing industry in 1970s–80s Italy. The case study is focused on Fiat in Turin, a highly significant site given its economic role in Italy and Europe, and its history of social conflict and radical workforce. Against the backdrop of dramatic changes in gender relations since the 1960s, ongoing industrial unrest since 1968 and the introduction of new gender-equality legislation, fatefully coinciding with the onset of deindustrialisation and the rise of unemployment in manufacturing, trade union feminism presented an original and, viewed in hindsight, highly significant agenda. The events in Fiat demonstrate the extent to which new demands and ideas regarding the value of women's work became acceptable in the workers’ movement and in society at large, but also reveal the obstacles which the feminist politics of work encountered, and the persistence of gender-based prejudice in understandings of the value of work in all its forms. The analysis is based on archive material, press and original interviews.

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28

Federico, Giovanni, and Michelangelo Vasta. "What Do We Really Know about Protection before the Great Depression: Evidence from Italy." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 4 (December 2015): 993–1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715001552.

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The impact of protection on economic growth has enjoyed a revival in recent times, with the publication of a number of comparative quantitative papers. They all share a common weakness: they measure protection as the ratio of custom revenues to import value, which biases results if demand for imports is not perfectly inelastic. In this article, we show that the measure of protection matters. We estimate the James Anderson and Peter Neary (2005) Trade Restrictiveness Index for Italy from unification to the Great Depression. We suggest a different interpretation of some key moments of Italian trade policy and we show that the aggregate welfare losses were small in the long run and mostly related to protection on sugar in the 1880s and 1890s. We document that using different measures of protection affects results of the causal relation between trade policy on economic growth in Italy and in the United States. Accordingly, we argue that a systematic re-estimating of protection in the economic history of trade policy is needed.

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29

Ville, Simon. "Defending Productivity Growth in the English Coal Trade during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Economic History Review 40, no. 4 (November 1987): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596396.

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30

Purcell, N. "Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy." Journal of Roman Studies 75 (November 1985): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300648.

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This account of viticulture in Italy during the period from the Punic Wars to the crisis of the third century A.D. is written in the conviction that the ‘economic’ history of the ancient world will remain unacceptably impoverished if it is written in isolation from the social and cultural history of the same period. The orthodoxy which sees a revolution in Italian agriculture in the age of Cato the Censor and a crisis in the time of the emperor Trajan seems to me to be an example of this. It is based on a traditional and limited selection of evidence, and is unable to answer many of the questions which are increasingly being asked about production and exchange in the ancient world, questions about the social background and cultural preferences which underlie production strategies and the evolution of demand. I hope that this study may show some other possibilities, which have still been only partly explored by researchers, of illuminating the changing patterns of Roman agriculture and trade, through the use of comparative evidence and the re-examination of the relevant literary texts for data that are more than simply ‘economic’ in the most restricted sense.

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31

Irving, R. J. "Book Review: A Fighting Trade: Rail Transport in Tyne Coal, 1600–1800." Journal of Transport History 15, no. 1 (March 1994): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002252669401500113.

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32

Cattabrini, Francesco. "Franco Modigliani and the Italian Left-Wing: the Debate over Labor Cost (1975-1978)." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 1 (January 2012): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2012-001006.

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In 1975 in Italy, as a result of an agreement between the Trade Unions and the Italian Manufacturers' Association, the escalator clause mechanism was changed, establishing a 100% indexation of wages to the rate of inflation. This crucial event led to the so-called "Modigliani controversy". This paper aims to examine the debate that arose in Italy following Franco Modigliani's proposals over labor cost. Our main focus will be on the public debate that raised among economists, the majority of whom were part of the wide intellectual area gravitating around the left wing. Modigliani's contributions sharpened the conflicts within the left and this resulted in a debate that ended with the acceptance of "Modigliani's recipe": a reduction in real wages was deemed necessary to bring Italy out of the economic crisis.

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33

Ville, Simon. "Total Factor Productivity in the English Shipping Industry: The North-East Coal Trade, 1700-1850." Economic History Review 39, no. 3 (August 1986): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596345.

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34

Armstrong, John. "The English Coastal Coal Trade, 1890-1910: Why Calculate Figures When You Can Collect Them?" Economic History Review 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598371.

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35

VILLE, SIMON. "Total Factor Productivity in the English Shipping Industry: The North-east Coal Trade, 1700-1850'." Economic History Review 39, no. 3 (August 1986): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1986.tb00409.x.

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36

Bianco, Adele. "Sviluppo e conflitto sociale nel Governo dell'economia e azione sindacale di Michel Martone. Una lettura sociologica." RIVISTA TRIMESTRALE DI SCIENZA DELL'AMMINISTRAZIONE, no. 1 (July 2009): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sa2009-001005.

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- "Governo dell'economia e azione sindacale" Unions, the Author focuses his attention on the post-war period. In this historical phase the relationships between State and Trade Unions is very cooperative. The analysis of this phenomena is the second very interesting topic of this book. The third relevant aspect is the concept of legislazione riflessiva (reflexive legislation). It means a transformation in the legislation processes: Trade Unions' action, its role and its result are increasingly important, so that it becomes part of ruling and legislation processes.Key words: Italy (history); Italian State; Economics; Trade Unions' Action; Development Social conflict. Parole chiave: Governo dell'economia - Relazioni Stato-Organizzazioni sindacali; Sviluppo; Conflitto sociale; Contrattazione collettiva; Concertazione.

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37

Antonelli, Fabrizio, and Lorenzo Lazzarini. "Mediterranean trade of the most widespread Roman volcanic millstones from Italy and petrochemical markers of their raw materials." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 9 (September 2010): 2081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.008.

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38

Davids, Karel. "Seamen's Organizations and Social Protest in Europe, c. 1300–1825." International Review of Social History 39, S2 (August 1994): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112969.

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The friend of Havelock Wilson, the founder of the National Union of Seamen, who once told him that true unity among seamen would never be achieved because seamen were like “a rope of sand”, washed away with every tide, would no longer be considered a sage. It was not only Wilson who, during his career as trade unionist, proved beyond any doubt that the “rope of sand” could indeed hold together. The seamen, too, had shown long before the rise of the new unions at the end of the nineteenth century that they possessed more cohesive power than Havelock's friend was prepared to credit them with – at least, if British employers are to be believed. One of the first occasions on which British employers appealed to the Combination Act of 1799 was during a labour dispute in December 1799, when coal merchants (through the intermediary of the Mayor of London) urged the Home Secretary to take action against an alleged combination of seamen in Shields. The Coal Trade Committee of 1800 blamed combinations of seamen for the high wages, which had reached an unprecedented level.

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Audenino, Patrizia. "The Paths of the Trade: Italian Stonemasons in the United States." International Migration Review 20, no. 4 (December 1986): 779–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000403.

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This article examines the history of Italian stonecutters from Valle Cervo, an alpine village in Piedmont, Italy. These migrants comprised a wave of temporary emigration to the United States between 1870 and 1915. The migration paths followed by these artisans demonstrates the close connection among their various migrations, settlements and opportunities for employment in the eastern United States. The reconstruction of the histories of individual emigrants, utilizing Italian and American sources, census records, trade-union press and private documents, provides some insight into the experiences of these stonecutters and their social networks.

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Andreoni, Luca. "Oilseed Cakes in Italy and France: Opportunities and Difficulties of a Market (late 19th and first half of the 20th Century)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0006.

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Abstract This paper addresses the trade and commercialisation of oilseed cakes (residues from the extraction of oils) and press cakes in Italy and France during the last decades of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. It tries to demonstrate that the diffusion of oilseed cakes for livestock, a distinctive sign of the intensification of breeding that involved all of Europe, or as organic fertilisers, took place at the crossroads of multiple dynamics. Trade policy of the states, industrial choices and development paths of the different rural worlds help to explain the variations in timing, spatial scale and methods used. The spread of oilseed cakes confirms that the modernisation of European agriculture happened on different and interrelated fronts.

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Pitts, Martin. "Globalisation vs the state? Macro- and micro-perspectives on Roman economies." Antiquity 92, no. 366 (December 2018): 1674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.236.

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There can be few topics in Roman archaeology and history that are contested with such vigour and widespread interest as the Roman economy. In part, this present situation arises as a legacy of older debates on the significance of ancient economic growth and long-distance trade, in which key twentieth-century figures such as M.I. Finley, M. Rostovtzeff and K. Hopkins continue to loom large and provide compelling insights. More recently, the debate has been re-cast around questions of state involvement vs free markets, and the extent of market integration, as this pair of edited collections demonstrates. On the one hand, Trade, commerce and the state in the Roman World (edited by Andrew Wilson and Alan Bowman, hereafter TCS) takes a big picture view on the role of the Roman state in long-distance trade, arising from a conference that took place in 2009 as part of the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded project, ‘The Economy of the Roman Empire: Integration, Growth and Decline’. In contrast, The economic integration of Roman Italy (edited by Tymon de Haas and Gijs Tol, hereafter EIRI) brings together a series of typically smaller-scale studies focused on understanding the impact of economic changes on rural communities in Roman Italy. It emerges from another conference, held in 2013, this time as part of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research project ‘Fora, Stations, and Sanctuaries: the Role of Minor Centres in the Economy of Roman Central Italy’.

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Theodoridis, Dimitrios, Paul Warde, and Astrid Kander. "Trade and overcoming land constraints in British industrialization: an empirical assessment." Journal of Global History 13, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 328–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000189.

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AbstractLand was an unambiguous constraint for growth in the pre-industrial period. In Britain it was overcome partly through the transition from traditional land-based goods to coal (vertical expansion) and partly through accessing overseas land, primarily from colonies (horizontal expansion). Kenneth Pomeranz suggested that horizontal expansion may have outweighed vertical expansion in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Taking a more complete approach to trade, we find that Britain was a net exporter of land embodied in traded commodities, apart from in the early nineteenth century, when potash (rather than cotton or timber) constituted the major land-demanding import from North America. The vertical expansion was generally larger than the horizontal expansion. In other words, Britain was not simply appropriating flows of land and resources from abroad but simultaneously providing its trading partners with even more land-expanding resources.

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Grossutti, Javier P. "From Guild Artisans to Entrepreneurs: The Long Path of Italian Marble Mosaic and Terrazzo Craftsmen (16th c. Venice – 20th c. New York City)." International Labor and Working-Class History 100 (2021): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000253.

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AbstractMarble mosaic and terrazzo were a very common type of stone paving in Venice, Italy, especially between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Throughout the period, migrant craftsmen from the nearby Alpine foothills area of Friuli (in northeastern Italy) virtually monopolized the Venetian marble mosaic and terrazzo trade. Thus, on February 9, 1583, the Venetian Council of Ten granted maestro (master) Sgualdo Sabadin from Friuli and his fellow Friulian workers of the arte dei terazzeri (art of terrazzo) the capacity to establish a school guild dedicated to St. Florian. The first chapters of the Mariegola de’ Terazzeri (Statutes of the Terrazzo Workers Guild), which set the rules for the guild of terrazzo workers, was completed three years later, in September 1586.From the 1830s onward, Friulian craftsmen began to export their skills and trade from Venice across Europe and later, at the turn of the twentieth century, overseas to several American cities. Prior to reaching America, mosaic and terrazzo workers left from their work places outside Italy, initially from Paris. Friulian mosaic and terrazzo workers were regarded as the “aristocracy” of the Italian American building workforce due to their highly specialized jobs: This contrasted with the bulk of Italians in the United States who were largely employed as unskilled. The New York marble mosaic- and terrazzo-paving trade was completely in the hands of the Italian craftsmen, who demonstrated a strong tendency to become entrepreneurs. They made use of their craftsmanship comparative advantages to build a successful network of firms that dominated the domestic market, in a similar fashion to what had already been occurring in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and other European countries.This paper argues that immigrants can be powerful conduits for the transfer of skills and knowledge, and emphasizes the importance of studying skilled migrant artisan experiences. A closer look at ethnic migration flows reveals a variety of entrepreneurial experiences, even in groups largely considered unskilled. The Italian marble mosaic and terrazzo workers’ experience sheds new light on ethnic entrepreneurship catering for the community as a whole, it reveals a remarkable long-lasting craftsmanship experience, thus demonstrating the successful continuity in business ownership and the passing down of craftsmanship knowledge across family generations. Creativity skills and innovative productive methods adopted by firms appear as a key factor that allowed these artisans to control the trade for such a long time.

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Clark, Leah R. "The peregrinations of porcelain." Journal of the History of Collections 32, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhy063.

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Abstract The Medici of Florence have long been acknowledged as possessing the largest collection of Chinese porcelain in the fifteenth century, but this article reveals that in fact Eleonora d’Aragona, Duchess of Ferrara had the largest such collection in Italy at this time. In fifteenth-century Europe, porcelain came not directly from China but rather through trade and diplomacy with foreign courts, so that its peregrinations gave rise to entangled histories and reception. Taking porcelain as a case-study, it is argued here that examining collecting through the lens of trade and diplomacy provides new interpretations of – and demands new approaches to – the history of collecting.

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Dethier, Jean-Louis. "Changing the cultural model to create a new development dynamic in old industrial regions." Acta Europeana Systemica 3 (July 14, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v3i1.57403.

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Thanks to coal and iron, Wallonia was from 19th till the second half of 20th century one of the most prosperous regions of Europe. Heavy industries have created thousand of jobs,however the hard pay and working conditions that very strong Trade Unions fought and succeeded to improve. This has deeply printed its history and the culture of its population and leaders.

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SANTI, P., F. ANTONELLI, and A. RENZULLI. "PROVENANCE OF MEDIEVAL PIETRA OLLARE ARTEFACTS FOUND IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF CENTRAL-EASTERN ITALY: INSIGHTS INTO THE ALPINE SOAPSTONE TRADE*." Archaeometry 47, no. 2 (May 2005): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00200.x.

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Hayes, Peter. "Industrial Factionalism in Modern German History." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (June 1991): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900018896.

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At a time when the Republican party in America seems to have abandoned its brief hopes of proclaiming a new paradigm, it may seem apropos to observe that old ones die hard—and not only in public life. A case in point from the scholarly world is the subject of this essay: the persistent historiographical notion of industrial factionalism. Throughout this century, students of German political economy have tended to see the country's business world as divided between two groupings. One comprises the classic heavy industries of the first Industrial Revolution and the Ruhr: coal, iron, and steel. Supposedly oriented toward domestic markets, burdened with high labor costs, doomed to flattening gains in productivity and profits, and habituated to hierarchy within their plants and the nation, executives in this grouping have figured in the historical literature as consistently and intransigently united against free trade, labor unions, and parliamentary government—indeed, against modernization itself.

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Nevola, Fabrizio. "Home Shopping." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2011.70.2.153.

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Fabrizio Nevola considers the form, function, and significance of shops and the other commercial spaces contained in the ground floors of the Renaissance palaces of Siena, Florence, and Rome. Home Shopping: Urbanism, Commerce, and Palace Design in Renaissance Italy also investigates the social interaction between the private environment of the home and the public space of the street. Contrary to much that has been written about the palaces of the fifteenth century, their designers did not abandon botteghe (shops), nor more broadly construed commercial functions. The resulting buildings are hybrid structures in which the proud individual façades of private patrons' palaces were configured to serve the needs of trade. Today, urban space is largely experienced as a succession of shop fronts, and commercial activities overwhelm all other functions. Early modern Italy was not much different.

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Leitch, Victoria. "Tim Potter Memorial Award: Trade in Roman and late Roman north African cook-wares in Italy." Papers of the British School at Rome 77 (November 2009): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824620000026x.

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Urdank, Albion M. "Economic Decline in the English Industrial Revolution: The Gloucester Wool Trade, 1800–1840." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034148.

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This study questions the concept of entrepreneurial failure, traditionally invoked to account for the demise of the Gloucestershire wool trade in the Industrial Revolution. Gloucester clothiers used steam power selectively because of the high cost of coal but on a more regular basis and at greater capacity than scholars have commonly admitted. Excess capacity due to overcapitalization accounted for the failure of mills with large engines; underutilization of steam accounted for the failure of mills with small engines. Both types of failure sprang from rational and entrepreneurial choices, and not from an unwillingness to innovate.

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