Academic literature on the topic 'Coal trade Australia Finance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coal trade Australia Finance"
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Swan, Anthony, Sally Thorpe, and Lindsay Hogan. "Australia–Japan coking coal trade." Resources Policy 25, no. 1 (March 1999): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(99)00004-5.
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Sharma, Prakash, Benjamin Gallagher, and Jonathan Sultoon. "Green pivot: can Australia master the hydrogen trade?" APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20120.
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Australia is in a bind. It is at the heart of the pivot to clean energy: it contains some of the world’s best solar irradiance and vast potential for large-scale carbon capture and storage; it showed the world the path forward with its stationary storage flexibility at the much vaunted Hornsdale power reserve facility; and it moved quickly to capitalise on low-carbon hydrogen production. Yet it remains one of the largest sources for carbon-intensive energy exports in the world. The extractive industries are still delivering thermal coal for power generation and metallurgical coal for carbon-intensive steel making in Asian markets. Even liquefied natural gas’s green credentials are being questioned. Are these two pathways compatible? The treasury and economy certainly benefit. But there is a huge opportunity to redress the source of those funds and jobs, while fulfilling the aspirations to reach net zero emissions by 2050. In our estimates, the low-carbon hydrogen economy could grow to become so substantial that 15% of all energy may be ultimately ‘carried’ by hydrogen by 2050. It is certainly needed to keep the world from breaching 2°C. Can Australia master the hydrogen trade? It is believed that it has a very good chance. Blessed with first-mover investment advantage, and tremendous solar and wind resourcing, Australia is already on a pathway to become a producer of green hydrogen below US$2/kg by 2030. How might it then construct a supply chain to compete in the international market with established trading partners and end users ready to renew old acquaintances? Its route is assessed to mastery of the hydrogen trade, analyse critical competitors for end use and compare costs with other exporters of hydrogen.
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Xiang, Hongjin, Yanxiang Kuang, and Chenhua Li. "Impact of the China–Australia FTA on global coal production and trade." Journal of Policy Modeling 39, no. 1 (January 2017): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.01.001.
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Beeson, Mark. "Australia-Japan Trade Relations: The Coal Industry as a Case in Point." Australian Quarterly 67, no. 3 (1995): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635828.
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Gower, Luke. "In Reply: Defeatism or Realpolitik? The Australia-Japan Coal Trade Once More." AQ: Australian Quarterly 70, no. 1 (1998): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20637711.
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Findeis, Jill L., and James S. Shortle. "Trade-offs Between Severance Tax Revenues and Coal Mining Employment." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 14, no. 2 (October 1985): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00000970.
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A severance tax can provide local jurisdictions with additional revenues to finance economic development, yet the imposition of a tax may create coal industry employment losses. This research analyzes this issue by examining the demand for Pennsylvania steam coal, providing estimates of the unconditional own price elasticities of demand for coal in each of two demand regions. These estimates in conjunction with labor/output coefficient estimates are used to determine the extent to which coal employment in a region already witnessing slow mining industry growth will be negatively affected.
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King, Michael. "Policing the illicit trade of tobacco in Australia." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 146–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2017-0121.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify factors that have led to the rebirthing of the illicit cultivation of tobacco in Australia known as chop-chop. Limited research has been conducted on the Commonwealth policing of tobacco-related criminal activity, but no prior studies have investigated domestic cultivation since the tobacco farming ceased legal production. Design/methodology/approach To fill the void of the literature, this study used data collected from Australian Government publications, court cases and newspapers to develop an understanding of the financial aspects and policing of the rebirth of chop-chop. Newspaper articles for a range of publications for a two-year period were used to examine policing efforts to disrupt criminals engaged in domestic cultivation of tobacco. Findings As tobacco was first legally grown in Australia, authorities have always faced the problems associated with the illicit cultivation of tobacco. Findings indicate that as a result of the increased number of successful interception of illicit tobacco at the border, the domestic cultivation of chop-chop is growing as criminal enterprises find alternative means to fund their activities. Originality/value The paper improves upon a neglected topic by offering a current contribution to a topic looking at the illicit tobacco, chop-chop trade.
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Bandara, Jayatilleke S., and Christine Smith. "Trade Policy Reforms in South Asia and Australia-South Asia Trade: Intensities and Complementarities." South Asia Economic Journal 3, no. 2 (September 2002): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140200300204.
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Siriwardana, Mahinda. "The Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement: An economic evaluation." North American Journal of Economics and Finance 18, no. 1 (February 2007): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2006.07.003.
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Truby, Jon, Andrew Dahdal, and Oriol Caudevilla. "Global Blockchain-Based Trade Finance Solutions: Analysis of Governance Models and Impact on Local Laws in Six Jurisdictions." Global Journal of Comparative Law 11, no. 2 (July 12, 2022): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-11020001.
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Abstract Despite the economic importance of trade finance in commercial trade, the fundamentals of trade finance have not dramatically changed for centuries. Most of the transactions continue to be largely paper-based and counterparties still face many of the same risks, obstacles and challenges they did when the Spanish empire ruled the seas. The use of blockchain can address many of these inefficiencies and reduce the friction encountered by sme s using trade finance arrangements to access global markets. This article sets out the main advantages of using blockchain-based trade finance solutions in order to explore the legal developments in a cross section of six jurisdictions with differing approaches (USA, UK, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Qatar). The paper concludes that legal reforms have an important role in assisting the introduction of blockchain into trade finance. Moreover, such an introduction will greatly benefit the economic prospects of sme s seeking to reach transnational markets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal trade Australia Finance"
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Gosling, Christine, University of Western Sydney, and School of Civic Engineering and Environment. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study." THESIS_XXXX_CEE_Gosling_C.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/824.
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This thesis presents details of investigations into the potential for co-disposal of the two rejects from Clarence Colliery and Kable's Transport Sand Mine. Column experiments were undertaken to simulate field conditions. The experiment consisted of: 1/. creating the required co-disposal arrangement and structure in containers 2/. infiltrating water through each container and measuring the rates of infiltration and overflow 3/. measuring the chemical properties of the leachate water. Geotechnical tests of co-disposal pile stability were undertaken using a specially constructed shear box. Results of this study suggest the co-disposal of course coal washery reject from Clarence Colliery with clay tailings from Kable's Transport Sand Mine is a feasible option for managing the generation of acetic drainage. It is recommended that field trials comprise layers of coal reject and clay tailings in a 9:1 ratio. Layering the coal reject with clay tailings creates a semi-permeable barrier which acts to restrict water percolation through the reject as well as reacting with the leachate to increase the leachate pH and adsorb metalsMaster of Engineering (Hons)
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Mumford, Karen. "Wage determination and strike activity in the New South Wales coal industry : trade union and employer bargaining." Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131457.
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The New South Wales (NSW) coal industry has been one of the most strike torn industries in the world, with violent and bitter battles between trade union and employer. This thesis seeks a greater understanding of the determination of wages and strike activity in this industry.
The thesis is presented in two parts. Part one considers difficulties encountered when modelling the objectives of a trade union, and the outcome of bargaining between a trade union and firm. Part two applies models of the objectives of trade unions, and bargaining, to issues of wage determination, and strike activity in the NSW coal industry.
The process of wage determination in the NSW coal industry is investigated using the reduced form of Svejnar's (1986) model. The major prediction of Svejnar's model, that there is a positive relationship between the industry surplus and the industry wage, is strongly supported. The results are improved upon by adapting Svejnar's model. A first-order dynamic adjustment model is used to allow for a more complicated dynamic structure than that assumed in the theoretical model. Furthermore, by taking into account some of the aspects of the bi-sectoral (open cut and underground) structure of the coal industry and the heterogeneity of its labour force, Svejnar's model is generalised from its specific reduced form.
The thesis also provides a survey of the major, and more influential, models of strike activity. Some of these models are then applied to data from the NSW coal industry, resulting in three major conclusions: (i) with the exception of the Hayes' (1984) model, the theories considered do not provide acceptable explanations of strike activity in the NSW coal industry; (ii) there are common empirical relationships that are predicted by authors of very different theories; and (iii) there is a need to treat measures of strike activity as potentially different, rather than alternative, indicators of strike. An eclectic model of strikes is then developed. This eclectic model is based on Tracy's (1986) world-wise approach and was greatly influenced by: the theoretical survey of strike models; the empirical application of these models to the NSW coal industry; and familiarity with the NSW coal industry. Each of the different measures of strike activity is modelled using a common set of explanatory variables in an attempt to ascertain the commonality, or uniqueness, of the relationships determining strike activity.
The results suggested that the explanations for strike frequency, the size of strike, strike intensity, and the average duration of strikes are not the same. Indeed, the only variable which was found to have a significant effect on all four of these measures of strike activity is the level of market concentration in the NSW coal industry. (This variable also had the highest elasticity, at the sample mean, of all the significant variables in the regressions for strike frequency, average duration, or strike incidence in the NSW coal industry.) The explanation for this dominance of market concentration on the results is unclear. From both empirical and theoretical perspectives, there appears to be a need to consider the role of industrial relations more fully. Despite this common theme that runs through the regressions for strike frequency, average duration, and strike intensity, it should be stressed that each of these regressions also exhibits combinations of significant empirical relationships which are unique to itself. This result rejects the use of these measures of strike activity as simple alternatives for each other.
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Guoth, Nicholas Dennis. "Beyond a cup of tea: Trade relationships between colonial Australia and China, 1860-1880." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144322.
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This thesis examines the trade relationships between China and
colonial Australia between 1860 and 1880. At the time, the
Australian continent was emerging from the boom created by the
1850s gold rushes in the colonies of Victoria and New South
Wales. China had submitted to the debts incurred from the two
Opium Wars and, through that, the creation of the Treaty Ports.
New companies and export industries were being developed. Trade
between Australia and China increased. The key products included
coal from New South Wales, sandalwood from Western Australia and
tea from China. Together, they created a flourishing trade
environment.
Attention in the China-Australia trade discourse has been overly
restricted to the tea trade and the search for staples to pay for
the tea. This thesis moves beyond this past bilateral
consideration. Instead, it argues that a fuller understanding of
the China–Australia trade relationship needs to be multifaceted
and multi-national. Much bilateral trade was conducted via
intermediary ports and traders, rather than directly between
ports and traders in Australia and China. Further, complex
payment and remittance systems involved firms based in an array
of countries, including Great Britain, India and the United
States. This thesis, thus, states the importance of analysing
trade relationships within a multilateral focus.
This thesis uses analysis at the transaction level to explain the
prevalent multilateral relationships of this period. Archival
records from England, the United States and Hong Kong supplement
those in Australia to provide insights into the methods employed
to complete transactions. This thesis provides history with an
interpretation of the records relating to the China-Australia
trade. It engages the correspondence and financial records of of
key companies like Jardine Matheson & Co. of England, Augustine
Heard & Co. and Russell & Co. of the United States and Robert
Towns and Co. from Australia, among others, to interpret the
transactions.
Analysing trade at a transactional level requires an
interdisciplinary approach that draws on insights from a mixture
of historical sub-disciplines, including economic history,
business history, maritime history, Australian history, China
Treaty Port history, Chinese mercantile history and the histories
of various commodities. All of these feature in this thesis under
the umbrella of trade history to create a broader comprehension
of port-to-port relationships. Interpreting at the transaction
level moves this interdisciplinary study into an alternate realm,
one that opens a better understanding of how each of its elements
placed Australia within the global trade environment of the 1860s
and 1870s.
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Belicka, Samuel. "Trade patterns and determinants in selected trade deficit categories in Australia: 1990-2006." Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16005/.
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The Australian Trade Deficit (TD) has been increasing in the past 50 years, and this deficit has become more significant in the last few decades. This rising TD level in Australia has brought the national debt level to a new height, making this country one of the world‟s highest debt-ridden countries. The most alarming fact associated with these trends is that Australia‟s ability to service the increasing debt levels in the future has been diminishing since the increasing debt levels in Australia have been predominantly used for Consumption (C) rather than for gross capital formation. The diminishing ability to service the increasing debt levels in Australia is due to the fact that the TD level is increasing as a proportion of the Australian Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while the Australian gross capital formation as a proportion of the Australian debt is one of the lowest amongst the major debtor countries in the world.
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Lung, Sidney Mankit. "The impact of international migration on international trade: an empirical study of Australian migrant intake from Asian countries." Thesis, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1460/.
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In the context of established international economic theory, it is well known that international trade of commodities is effectively trading factors of production such as labour and capital. It follows that if factors of production can be moved internationally, then the need for commodity trade is eased, and trade of commodities and movements of factors of production can be substituted for each other. From this, the conclusion can be reached that factor movement is a substitute for commodity trade. Allowing people to migrate from one country to another country involves migration of labour – the movement of a factor of production. The conclusion that factor flows are a substitute for commodity-trade can be re-stated as international immigration is a substitute for international trade. However, this conclusion does not explain the real world in which both international trade and international immigration have increased over time. Thus, established theory of immigration and trade may not be a reliable policy guide for formulating immigration and/or trade policy. It is the purpose of this thesis to formulate an alternative theory, which more effectively explains the relationship between immigration and trade. For the purpose of distinguishing the impact of immigrants on trade from the impact of other factors on trade, this thesis employs a two-step approach. The first step lays down the theoretical foundations by arguing that immigrants contribute to the economy of the immigrant receiving country in two areas: Firstly, immigrants supply labour to the immigrant receiving country and increase demand for goods and services, hence increase the size of the economy in the immigrant receiving country. Secondly, immigrants bring in intangible social capital and human capital with them (in addition to any tangible capital they bring with them). Both contributions have impacts on international trade. The increasing labour supply could reduce trade, but increasing the market size, and bringing in social capital, in the form of foreign market information, could facilitate trade. The second step employs the latest econometric techniques to test empirically the theory that is developed in the first step, using real world data. The main empirical technique employed in this thesis to analyse the effect of immigration on trade is the gravity model that is estimated using cross-section and time series (panel) data. The case of Australia’s immigration and trade with ten major Asian trade partner countries is selected for the study. The panel cointegration test is conducted to investigate the possible long run equilibrium relation between immigration and trade. The short-run relation between immigration and trade is also examined. This thesis successfully distinguishes between the impact of immigrants on trade and the impact of other influential factors on trade. A strong long run relation between immigration and exports is established. Within a certain range of immigrant intakes, immigrants have positive and significant impact on Australia’s exports to the immigrant home countries. The long run impact is found to be double the strength of the short run impact. However, a long run relation between immigration and imports cannot be clearly established by the panel cointegration test, and the impact of immigrant intake on imports is not strong. Since the long run relation between migrant intake and exports can be established, it is possible that an underlining causation exists. Therefore, a panel causality test on immigration and exports is conducted. The results show that migrant intake “Granger causes” exports, but exports do not Granger cause immigration. This thesis demonstrates that international labour immigration, unlike the movement of other factors of production, is not necessarily a substitute for international trade in the manner described by established international economic theory. In the case of Australia’s immigration and trade with Asian immigrant home countries, immigrants have long run and short run positive impacts on exports, although immigrants do not have a strong impact on Australia’s imports from Asian migrant home countries. Moreover, migrant intake 'causes' exports. The main policy implication of these findings is that Australia can use immigration as a long-term strategy to promote exports to Asian countries.
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McCrohan, Declan. "Modelling the economic impact of overseas students' social networks on Australia/Thailand bilateral trade flows." Thesis, 2004. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15402/.
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The exporting of education has become an integral part of the Australian economy and is now Australia's third largest export industry valued at over A$3.2 billion. The
impact that these large flows of students into the Australian economy (for significant periods at a time) is having on Australia's bilateral trade relationships with these source countries, is now a pertinent issue. As the literature on immigration flows has identified, social network theory is an important tool in explaining how cross border flows of people can stimulate international trade activity. What impact are overseas students' social networks playing in stimulating trade activity between Australia and
their home countries? This research on the economic impact of Thai overseas students on Australia/Thailand bilateral trade flows is a timely study undertaken to answer such
questions.
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O'Shea, GN. "The extent to which unconscionability at general law, the special equity in Garcia and Part IVA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (CTA) are available to a debtor or guarantor when a finance provider seeks to enforce a security." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/20384.
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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Law.AIM AND FIELD OF RESEARCH Debtors and guarantors of loans by finance providers often endeavour to escape liability by relying on disentitling conduct on the part of their finance provider. Over the last twenty-six years, a body of jurisprudence has developed around s 52 of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). This has enabled debtors and guarantors of loans by finance providers to escape liability where there has been misleading or deceptive conduct by the finance provider. Recently the Australian Consumer Law has been enacted. Over time it is anticipated that debtors and guarantors of loans by finance providers will be able to escape liability by reason of conduct which contravenes this legislation. This thesis examines the circumstances in which guarantors and debtors are able to escape liability by relying on unconscionability under the general law, unconscionability under the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) or by relying on the special equity considered in Garcia v National Australia Bank Limited (Garcia). The special equity in Garcia is sufficiently closely related to the doctrine of unconscionability to warrant its examination in this thesis. In addition to examining the circumstances under which guarantors and debtors are able to escape liability by relying on unconscionability under the general law and/or unconscionability under the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) and/or by relying on the special equity considered in Garcia, this thesis also examines the future direction of this area of the law, together with its likely future impact on the provision of finance in Australia. The first area examined by this thesis is unconscionability claims in equity. The second area examined by this thesis is the special equity, which was identified by Dixon J in Yerkey v Jones, and reaffirmed and extended by the High Court of Australia in Garcia. The special equity in Garcia is seen to be a special extension to the doctrine of unconscionability. The third area examined by this thesis is unconscionability under Part IVA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). Here it is recognised that Part IVA unconscionability allows courts to consider both the existing ‘unwritten law’ of what is unconscionability, as well as statutory unconscionability under ss 51AB and 51AC of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). This thesis spans the period up until 28 May 2010. The following questions are asked: 1. What is unconscionability under the general law? 2. Having regard to the High Court’s decision in Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v CG Berbatis Holdings Pty Ltd (Berbatis), what legislative changes are needed in ss 51AB and 51AC in Part IVA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) in order to extend the statutory definition of unconscionable conduct? 3. If there were changes made to ss 51AB and 51AC so as to extend the liability of parties who engage in unconscionable conduct, what would be the likely impact on financiers? 4. Post Garcia, has there been a willingness by courts to extend the types of relationships that will attract the special equitable relief in Garcia, beyond the confines of the wife-and-husband marital relationship?
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Havrila, Inka Irena. "Patterns and determinants of Australia's international trade in textiles and clothing." Thesis, 2004. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15335/.
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Structural change of textile and clothing industries in Australia has intensified in recent years due to a range of factors including reductions in protection, import
competition, shifts in consumer spending, and technological change. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of patterns and determinants of international trade in textiles and clothing (TAC) during the period 1965 to 1999.
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Bergami, Roberto. "Technical barriers to trade for the importation of Australian veterinary biological vaccines to the European Union." Thesis, 2002. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/17900/.
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Technical barriers to trade are product health and safety related regulations
imposed by governments to restrict or control the inflow and outflow of particular
products. This thesis begins with a brief review of governments' sovereign rights in the
context of international standards to be adopted in restricting or controlling market
access to specific products.
This is followed by an analysis of the multilateral regulatory environment under
the World Trade Organisation's (WTO) agreements, with particular emphasis on GATT
(1994) Article XX and the Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the
Technical Barriers to Trade. This analysis aims to assist a better understanding of the
new global trade order under the WTO regime as it deals with the contradiction between
safety concerns versus market access and trade liberalisation.
The thesis then examines in detail the various European Union (EU) regulations
as they relate to veterinary biological vaccines and the requirements for Australian
products to be allowed into EU markets. The bureaucratic requirements of such
regulations appear to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, by, at the
very least, frustrating market access through a myriad of committees and technical
requirements designed to retard market penetration. The EU regulations, therefore,
appear to have negatively impacted on trade flows.
The Australian market is typically oligopolistic in structure and significant
foreign take-over of domestic production in the 1990's, has reduced Australia's
ownership in domestic production of veterinary biological vaccines. Given this
circumstance it is unlikely that the Australian government would invest significant
resources investigating the likelihood of a challenge to the EU through the WTO dispute
mechanism.
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Smyrk, Lindsay Victor. "The political economy of, and modelling the demand for, Australian passenger motor vehicles." Thesis, 2000. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15454/.
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As with many other nations, the passenger motor vehicle industry has long been central to the economic health of Australia. In addition, the purchase of a motor vehicle is a commitment of considerable magnitude to most consumers. As
a result, the passenger motor vehicle industry has attracted the attention an interest of a wide and diverse range of groups who have brought to bear a multitude of often-conflicting concerns and interests. Nowhere has this been more apparent that in the development and execution of industry policy. This thesis examines the development and application of Australian passenger motor vehicle industry policy from the turn of the twentieth century until the mid-1990s.
Books on the topic "Coal trade Australia Finance"
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Taylor, Neil. Collie, coal, and energy policy in Western Australia. Murdoch, W.A: Murdoch University, 1985.
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Kushnerov, I︠U︡ P. Ėkonomicheskiĭ mekhanizm obespechenii︠a︡ konkurentosposobnosti produkt︠s︡ii v akt︠s︡ionernykh obshchestvakh po dobyche ugli︠a︡. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2001.
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Atoi︠a︡n, Ruben. Ėkonomicheskie osnovy investit︠s︡ionnoĭ privlekatelʹnosti ugledobyvai︠u︡shchego proizvodstva v Rossii. Moskva: Izd-vo "Marketing Soi︠u︡z", 2001.
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Kravchenko, A. N. Rezhim ėkonomii i khozraschet shakht i razrezov. Moskva: "Nedra", 1986.
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Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Council. Select Committee into the State Energy Commission of Western Australia Advance Coal Purchase from Western Collieries Ltd. Report of the Select Committee into the State Energy Commission on Western Australia Advance Coal Purchase from Western Collieries Ltd. Perth, WA: Parliament of Western Australia, Legislative Council, 1988.
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Galkin, V. M. Perestroĭka khozi͡a︡ĭstvennogo mekhanizma v ugolʹnoĭ promyshlennosti. Moskva: "Nedra", 1989.
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Galkin, V. M. Perestroika khozyaistvennogo mekhanizma v ugol'noi promyshlennosti. Moskva: Nedra, 1989.
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Bernstam, Michael S. Inter-enterprise debt and the Russian coal industry, 1992-94. Washington, D.C: Published by Partners in Economic Reform, The Coal Project, 1996.
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Kabanov, A. I. Metody opredelenii͡a︡ tekhniko-ėkonomicheskikh kharakteristik gornoshakhtnogo oborudovanii͡a︡, pri kotorykh obespechivaetsi͡a︡ rat͡s︡ionalʹnoe ispolʹzovanie kapitalʹnykh zatrat. Donet͡s︡k: Nat͡s︡ionalʹnai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk Ukrainy, In-t ėkonomiki promyshl., 1995.
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Neng hua zhu ti gong neng qu jian she cai zheng dui ce yan jiu: Ji yu Qingyang de shi jiao. Beijing Shi: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Coal trade Australia Finance"
1
"Coal." In Commodity Trade and Finance, 175–95. Informa Law from Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767413-10.
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Dora, Neo. "Part I Legal and Practical Challenges to Traditional Trade Finance, 8 Injunctions to Restrain Payment on Independent Guarantees: ‘Unconscionability’ to Bolster the Fraud Exception." In Trade Finance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198854470.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the grant of injunctions to restrain calls on independent guarantees based on the unconscionability exception to the autonomy principle. Using Singapore law as the primary basis for discussion, it explains the rationale and operation of the unconscionability exception and its relationship with the traditional fraud exception. This approach is compared with the UK approach, and brief reference is also made to the position in Australia and the USA. The chapter argues that the unconscionability exception is a justifiable policy response to address the potentially oppressive nature of performance bonds. If used sparingly and confined within narrow limits, this approach will promote integrity in the call on performance bonds without affecting the commercial usefulness of these instruments. The chapter also examines the situation where the underlying contract is affected by frustration or force majeure—a question which has become of greater prominence after the COVID-19 pandemic—and discusses whether the grant of an injunction to restrain payment on a performance bond in these circumstances can be supported based on the fraud or unconscionability exception or some other principle.
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Benton, Gregor, and Hong Liu. "Conclusions." In Dear China, 176–84. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520298415.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter argues that the qiaopi trade was the basis for one of China’s earliest excursions into the modern world economy. The trade quickly progressed from the one-man operations of the early years to the piju formed by qiaopi entrepreneurs to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the swift growth of Chinese emigration and remittance. It eventually matured into a stable industry with its own perfected mechanisms, patched onto China’s other modern institutions like banks and the post office and linked to modern forms of communication and transport. The trade gave an impetus to other forms of transnational and domestic industry and to urban growth in coastal cities adjacent to the qiaoxiang. Initially based on networks of blood, place, and tongue, it later joined or created national, transnational, and international networks based on trade, finance, and general migration, mainly in territories around the South China Sea but also in the gold-rush Pacific—the Americas, Australia, and the South Pacific. These networks, maritime and terrestrial, were not just economic but also had deep cultural and social dimensions. Along them ran not just cash, capital, and goods but also people, ideas, and information. The flow of capital, ideas, and population between Chinese in diaspora and their families and communities in China was a key driver in the remaking of China along modern and transnational lines.
Reports on the topic "Coal trade Australia Finance"
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Trend Of “De-Risking” In International Finance and Its Impact on Small Island Developing States. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.079.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the challenges small island development states (SIDS) face when they lose correspondent banking relationships (CBRs). The rapid review concludes that, although the loss of CBRs is a global phenomenon, regions with SIDS, such as the Pacific and Caribbean, have seen the highest rates of withdrawals. During the last decade, local and regional banks in SIDS have lost and continue to lose bank accounts at large global banks to a critical level, sometimes having only one or none CBRs with banks in major economies, such as the Unites States, the United Kingdom, the European Union or Australia. This means that local banks have reduced access to financial services related to cross-border financial transactions, impacting on remittances and trade finance.
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Kukreja, Prateek, Havishaye Puri, and Dil Rahut. Creative India: Tapping the Full Potential. Asian Development Bank Institute, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/kcbi3886.
Full textAbstract:
We provide the first reliable measure on the size of India’s creative economy, explore the many challenges faced by the creative industries, and provide recommendations to make India one of the most creative societies in the world. India’s creative economy—measured by the number of people working in various creative occupations—is estimated to contribute nearly 8% of the country’s employment, much higher than the corresponding share in Turkey (1%), Mexico (1.5%), the Republic of Korea (1.9%), and even Australia (2.1%). Creative occupations also pay reasonably well—88% higher than the non-creative ones and contribute about 20% to nation’s overall GVA. Out of the top 10 creative districts in India, 6 are non-metros—Badgam, Panipat (Haryana), Imphal (Manipur), Sant Ravi Das Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), Thane (Maharashtra), and Tirupur (Tamil Nadu)—indicating the diversity and depth of creativity across India. Yet, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, India’s creative exports are only one-tenth of those of the People’s Republic of China. To develop the creative economy to realize its full potential, Indian policy makers would like to (i) increase the recognition of Indian culture globally; (ii) facilitate human capital development among its youth; (iii) address the bottlenecks in the intellectual property framework; (iv) improve access to finance; and (v) streamline the process of policy making by establishing one intermediary organization. India must also leverage its G20 Presidency to put creative economy concretely on the global agenda.