Academic literature on the topic 'Coal Nitrogen content China'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content China"
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Wang, Xiao Mei, Yang Quan Jiao, Xiao Ming Wang, Li Qun Wu, Lei Qiao, and Hui Li Xie. "The Concentration of Environmentally Important Trace Elements in Permian Coals in Xinan Coalfield, Henan, China." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2215.
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The concentration of fourteen environmentally important trace elements (Be, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th and U) was studied in thirteen coal samples from Xinan coalfield, Henan province. In addition, virtrinite reflectance analysis, proximate analysis and elemental analysis were also conducted on these samples. The vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) ranges from 2% to 2.35%, revealing that these samples are lean coal. The coals have low moisture content, with Madvalue ranging from 0.57 to 0.95%. The ash and volatile matter content vary between 8.11-22.61% and 10.36-14.64%, respectively. Carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen content vary between 71.51-83.54%, 3.068-3.879%, 0.494-2.326% and 0.953-1.38%, respectively. In comparison with the crustal average (Clarke value), some potentially hazardous elements are moderately enriched in the coals from Xinan coalfield, such as Pb, Th, U, Sn and Mo. The average concentration of most of the elements in Xinan coalfield coals is in the range of Chinese coals and world coals. No elements with the abnormally high concentrations analyzed are found.
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Xu, Yanfei, Shikai An, Yongchun Chen, Chao Yuan, and Pengfei Tao. "Effect of Biomass Improvement Method on Reclaimed Soil of Mining Wasteland." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 2, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8375918.
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Aiming at the problem of soil improvement for mining wasteland reclamation, this article takes the coal mining subsidence reclamation area of a coal mine in the east of China as the research object. Compost improvement and green manure improvement experiments were carried out to study the impact of different biomass improvement methods on the quality of reclaimed soil. 10 soil physical and chemical indicators including water content, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total phosphorus, organic matter, pH, and conductivity were selected to evaluate the effect of soil improvement. After 5 months of soil improvement, the results showed that planting alfalfa and Mexican corn in the reclaimed area can increase soil available phosphorus, available potassium, total phosphorus, and organic matter content. Cattail, a common aquatic plant in the coal mining subsidence area in the east, is used to make organic compost. When the compost is applied to reclaimed soil, the content of available phosphorus, available potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil can be significantly increased. Using white vanilla clover as green manure for reclaiming soil can significantly increase the content of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil. Biomass improvement technology can improve the fertility level of coal mine reclamation soil in a short time. It is conducive to promoting the restoration of soil fertility of mining wasteland and realizing the sustainable development and utilization of plant resources and land resources.
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Xu, Hongjie, Shuxun Sang, Jingfen Yang, et al. "Evaluation of coal and shale reservoir in Permian coal-bearing strata for development potential: A case study from well LC-1# in the northern Guizhou, China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 1 (2018): 194–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718807553.
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Indentifying reservoir characteristics of coals and their associated shales is very important in understanding the co-exploration and co-production potential of unconventional gases in Guizhou, China. Accordingly, comprehensive experimental results of 12 core samples from well LC-1# in the northern Guizhou were used and analyzed in this paper to better understand their vertical reservoir study. Coal and coal measured shale, in Longtan Formation, are rich in organic matter, with postmature stage of approximately 3.5% and shales of type III kerogen with dry gas generation. All-scale pore size analysis indicates that the pore size distribution of coal and shale pores is mainly less than 20 nm and 100 nm, respectively. Pore volume and area of coal samples influenced total gas content as well as desorbed gas and lost gas content. Obvious relationships were observed between residual gas and BET specific surface area and BJH total pore volume (determined by nitrogen adsorption). For shale, it is especially clear that the desorbed gas content is negatively correlated with BET specific surface area, BJH total pore volume and clay minerals. However, the relationships between desorbed gas and TOC (total organic carbon) as well as siderite are all well positive. The coals and shales were shown to have similar anoxic conditions with terrestrial organic input, which is beneficial to development of potential source rocks for gas. However, it may be better to use a low gas potential assessment for shales in coal-bearing formation because of their low S1+S2 values and high thermal evolution. Nevertheless, the coalbed methane content is at least 10 times greater than the shale gas content with low desorbed gases, indicating that the main development unconventional natural gas should be coalbed methane, or mainly coalbed methane with supplemented shale gas.
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Ruan, Mengying, Yuxiu Zhang, and Tuanyao Chai. "Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Properties on Tetraena mongolica in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (2020): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145142.
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Tetraena mongolica is a rare and endangered species unique to China. The total number and density of Tetraena mongolica shrubs in desertification areas have experienced a sharp decrease with increases in coal mining activities. However, available information on the T. mongolica rhizosphere soil quality and microbial properties is scarce. Here, we investigated the effect of coal mining on the soil bacterial community and its response to the soil environment in the T. mongolica region. The results showed that the closer to the coal mining area, the lower the vegetation coverage and species diversity. The electrical conductivity (EC) in the contaminated area increased, while the total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased. The activity of NAG, sucrose, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase further decreased. In addition, the mining area could alter the soil’s bacterial abundance and diversity. The organic pollutant degradation bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Nocardioides, and Gaiella were enriched in the soil, and the carbon-nitrogen cycle was changed. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that the change in the bacterial community structure was mainly caused by environmental factors such as water content (SWC) and EC. Taken together, these results suggested that open pit mining led to the salinization of the soil, reduction the soil nutrient content and enzyme activity, shifting the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, and altering the carbon-nitrogen cycle, and the soil quality declined and the growth of T. mongolica was affected in the end. Therefore, the development of green coal mining technology is of great significance to protect the growth of T. mongolica.
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Yang, Dejun, Yajun Zhang, and Xiuqin Chen. "EFFECT OF COAL MINING ON SOIL NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN SEMI-ARID MINING AREA OF WESTERN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 27, no. 3 (2019): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2019.10795.
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Soil nitrogen is a key indicator of soil quality and plays a significant role for plant growth. Therefore, it is very important to study soil nitrogen distribution, especially in semi-arid area of western China. Fewer scholars paid attention to the effect on soil nitrogen due to coal mining in semi-arid mining areas of western China. In this paper, soil samples of different locations were tested in both the loess region and the aeolian sand region in the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi Province. The impacts of mining subsidence on soil nitrogen were investigated. The soil nitrogen distributions between the loess region and the aeolian sand region were compared, and used the principal component analysis method to evaluate soil quality in semi-arid mining area. The results showed that the comprehensive score of soil quality in the loess region was as follows: the internal pulling stress zone (NLS) > the external pulling stress zone (WLS) > the compressive stress zone (YS) > the neutral zone (ZX). The content of soil total nitrogen in YS-zone was the lowest in the loess region. The loss of nitrogen increased with time in the mining area, in which the total nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 0.27 g/kg, and the alkaline nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 1.08 mg/kg. In the aeolian sand region, the comprehensive score of soil quality was as follows: WLS > FC (the non-mining zone) > ZX > NLS > YS. The amount of soil nitrogen content in the loess region was larger than that in the aeolian sand region. It was found that for the loess region, the relationship between total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed a significant positive correlation. It was also a significant positive correlation between ammonium nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. In the aeolian sand region, there was a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. There was no significant correlation among other nitrogen forms.
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Lin, Haifei, Yang Bai, Jingting Bu, et al. "Comprehensive Fractal Model and Pore Structural Features of Medium- and Low-Rank Coal from the Zhunnan Coalfield of Xinjiang, China." Energies 13, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010007.
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Medium and low-rank coal from the Zhunnan coalfield of Xinjiang in China was investigated for quantitatively characterizing its range of aperture structure. The pore parameters were determined by nitrogen adsorption at low temperature and mercury injection at high pressure, and the full aperture was determined. The FHH model, Menger model, Sierpinski model, and a thermodynamic model were used to calculate the comprehensive fractal dimension of the coal samples over the full range of aperture. The fractal characteristics of the pores of medium- and low-rank coal were quantitatively analyzed, which provided a reference for the overall characterization of pore structure heterogeneity in this coalfield. The results show that the FHH model and thermodynamic model more accurately calculate the fractal dimensions of less and greater than the joint pore position, respectively. The comprehensive fractal dimension of the low-rank coal pore is 2.8005–2.8811 and that of medium rank coal is 2.5710–2.6147. When compared with the medium-rank coal, pores of the low-rank coal are more developed and they exhibit a more complex structure with stronger heterogeneity. The comprehensive fractal dimension of the pores is a negative correlation with average pore size, vitrinite content, and maximum vitrinite reflectance, and positive correlation with pore volume, pore specific surface area, inertinite content, and exinite content.
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Ma, Kang, Yuxiu Zhang, Mengying Ruan, Jing Guo, and Tuanyao Chai. "Land Subsidence in a Coal Mining Area Reduced Soil Fertility and Led to Soil Degradation in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (2019): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203929.
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Underground coal mining in western China causes heavy land subsidence and alters the soil ecology. However, the effects of land subsidence on soil fertility are not currently known, and the key factors governing its impact remain unclear in sandy land. We investigated the effects of land subsidence induced by underground mining on the soil quality in western China. Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm from control and subsidence areas in three coal mines. The results showed that the soil water content (SWC), clay and silt percentage, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) of the subsidence areas were significantly lower than those of the control areas. The saccharase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities in the subsidence areas decreased compared to those in the control areas, while the sand percentage of soil tended to increase. Soil nutrient contents, bacterial quantities, and activities of soil enzymes were positively correlated with SWC. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the soil particle size distribution, SWC, and electrical conductivity (EC) were the major environmental factors driving changes in soil properties. These results indicated that land subsidence induced by coal mining caused losses in surface soil water and nutrients, and ultimately led to soil quality degradation. Therefore, the reclamation of mining subsidence land might be necessary, especially in arid and semi-arid areas.
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Sakai, Yuji, Masataka Nakamura, and Chang Wang. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Due to Salt-Affected Soil Amelioration with Coal Bio-Briquette Ash: A Case Study in Northeast China." Minerals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111019.
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Increasing soil carbon storage and biomass utilization is an effective process for mitigating global warming. Coal bio-briquettes (CBB) are made using two low-ranked coals with high sulfur content, corn stalks, and calcium hydroxide, and the combustion ash can ameliorate the physicochemical properties in salt-affected soil. CBB ash contains mainly calcium compounds, such as calcium sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate, and coal fly ash and biomass ash. In this paper, changes in soil carbon and nitrogen content through salt-affected soil amelioration during 5 months using two CBB ashes and pig manure were examined in Northeast China. Application rates of CBB ash were 0 tha−1 (control), 11.6 tha−1, 23.2 tha−1, 46.4 tha−1, and 69.6 tha−1. Consequently, total carbon content in topsoil (0–0.15 m) after harvest of maize in all test fields indicated a range between 27.7 tCha−1 and 50.2 tCha−1, and showed increased levels compared to untreated salt-affected soil. In a 3.0% (69.6 tha−1) application plot of only CBB ash with higher carbon and higher exchangeable Ca2+, the carbon content increased by 51.5% compared to control plot, and changes in carbon sequestration compared to untreated soil was roughly twice that of the control plot. CBB ash contributed to carbon application and pig manure supply as a form of N fertilization in the case of all test plots. Changes in carbon content due to soil amelioration have a significant relationship with changes in corn production and soil chemical properties, such as pH, Na+, Cl−, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Therefore, CBB production from low-ranked coal and waste biomass, and the use of CBB ash in agriculture is advocated as an effective means for sequestering carbon.
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Ding, Lili, and Qiang Zeng. "Study on Characteristics of Coal Spontaneous Combustion in Kerjian Mining Area, Xinjiang, China." Minerals 12, no. 12 (2022): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121508.
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The spontaneous combustion of coal is a disaster associated with coal mining. In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of spontaneous combustion of coal at different temperatures (room temperature, 50–500 °C with 50 °C interval) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), etc. The results showed the aromatic structure was mainly naphthalene. The aliphatic hydrocarbons were long chain. Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur existed as C-O, pyridine, pyrrole nitrogen, aliphatic sulphur, and sulfone. The molecular structural formula is C142H112N2O22. The stable 3D structural was obtained through optimization. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed the critical and dry-cracking temperatures of coal samples showed downward trends overall, whereas the acceleration and thermal-decomposition temperatures varied greatly with increase in oxidation temperature. The activation energy change pattern of 4 stages is not obvious. The FTIR results showed the contents of self-associated OH changed greatly. The aliphatic hydrocarbons changed greatly at 30–150 °C and 300–500 °C. The C-O showed increasing trends, whereas the C=O decreased consistently. The HRTEM results showed the aromatic fringes in coal samples were dominated by 1 × 1 and 2 × 2, the contents of which accounted for more than 80% of the total fringes.
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Yang, Xin, Gongda Wang, Mingqi Ni, Longyong Shu, Haoran Gong, and Zhie Wang. "Investigation on Key Parameters of N2 Injection to Enhance Coal Seam Gas Drainage (N2-ECGD)." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145064.
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Practice shows that CO2/N2-ECBM is an effective technology to enhance coalbed methane. However, there are few field tests in which the technology is applied to enhance the gas drainage in underground coal mines, and the effect is uncertain. In this study, firstly, the reasons for the decrease of gas drainage efficiency in the exhaustion period were analyzed based on the theory of fluid mechanics. Secondly, the mechanism of N2 injection to enhance coal seam gas drainage (N2-ECGD) was discussed: with the gradual decrease of gas pressure in the drainage process, coal seam gas enters a low-pressure state, the driving force of flow is insufficient, and the drainage enters the exhaustion period. The nitrogen injection technology has triple effects of “promoting flow”, “increasing permeability” and “replacing”. Thirdly, the numerical simulations of the nitrogen pressure on drainage effect were carried out based on the fully coupled model. The results show that the higher the nitrogen pressure, the greater the displacement effect between injection and drainage boreholes, the larger the effective range. Finally, a field test of N2-ECGD was carried out in the Liu Zhuang coal mine in Huainan Coalfield, China. The results show that N2 injection can significantly enhance the gas flow rate and CH4 flow rate in the drainage boreholes, and the coal seam gas content decreased 39.73% during N2 injection, which is about 2.6–3.3 times that of the conventional drainage. The research results provide an important guidance for promoting the application of N2-ECGD in underground coal mines.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content China"
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Kong, Shu-piu, and 江樹標. "Carbon and nitrogen content of suspended matter in a headwater catchment in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36397301.
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Ouimet, Nicole. "Laboratory measurements of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization from two Chinese soils as influenced by long-term applications of manure and inorganic fertilizers." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68236.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of two long-term fertilization experiments on soil organic C, total N, and mineralizable N in the Jiangsu Province of People's Republic of China. The soil samples that received manure over the years contained more soil organic C, and total N than the inorganic fertilized samples. Soil organic C was closely correlated with total N and there were correlations between crop yields and soil organic C contents and between crop yields and soil total N contents. Plant-available N was estimated using biological and chemical tests. Mineralized N formed under anaerobic incubation was low except for those soil samples that received manure. Microbial biomass C and N were estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) and fumigation-extraction procedures. Biomass measurements by CFIM were more precise and reliable than values obtained by fumigation-extraction. Treatment differences in biomass were not significant. Estimates of biomass C and N were influenced by the choice of the control soil and the period of incubation used by the CFIM. Unfumigated (10-20 d) control soils were found to be the best control for samples. Extraction of mineralized N using O.5M NaHCO$ sb3$ after incubation overestimated biomass N since this extraction was found to extract non-biomass N.
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"Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Hong Kong urban park soils." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892382.
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Liu Wing Ting.<br>Thesis submitted in: November 2004.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-156).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract (English) --- p.i<br>Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii<br>Acknowledgments --- p.v<br>List of Tables --- p.vii<br>List of Figures --- p.ix<br>List of Plates --- p.x<br>List of Appendices --- p.xi<br>Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Urban ecological environment and the urban parks in Hong Kong --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.4<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Scope of the study --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.11<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12<br>Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Urban parks and urban soils --- p.13<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Urban soils: properties and problems --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Overseas studies about urban soils --- p.15<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Urban soils in Hong Kong --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Nitrogen dynamics --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.4.1 --- The internal N cycle and N transformations in soil --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.4.2 --- Factors affecting nitrogen dynamics in soil --- p.24<br>Chapter (i) --- "Soil moisture and temperature, seasonality and spatial variation" --- p.24<br>Chapter (ii) --- Soil pH and texture --- p.26<br>Chapter (iii) --- Litter quality and C:N ratio --- p.26<br>Chapter (iv) --- Disturbance --- p.27<br>Chapter (v) --- Fertilizer input and management intensity --- p.27<br>Chapter 2.4.3 --- N dynamics in urban areas --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.4.4 --- Research of N dynamics in Hong Kong --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.5 --- Phosphorus dynamics --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.5.1 --- Gains and losses of P from soil system --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.5.2 --- Forms and transformations of phosphorus in soil --- p.31<br>Chapter 2.5.3 --- Factors affecting P dynamics in soil --- p.34<br>Chapter (i) --- Fluctuations of soil moisture --- p.34<br>Chapter (ii) --- Liming and pH adjustment --- p.34<br>Chapter (iii) --- Cultivation and management intensity --- p.35<br>Chapter (iv) --- Vegetation cover and disturbances --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.5.4 --- P dynamics in urban areas --- p.36<br>Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY AREA<br>Chapter 3.1 --- General situation of Hong Kong and the study locations --- p.37<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Background of the two parks: Kowloon Park and Tin Shui Wai Park --- p.40<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Climate --- p.43<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Park vegetation --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Park soils --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.6 --- Park management and horticultural routines --- p.47<br>Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- BASELINE STUDY OF URBAN PARK SOIL PROPERTIES<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.52<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.54<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.54<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil texture --- p.55<br>Chapter 4.2.3 --- Soil reaction --- p.55<br>Chapter 4.2.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.55<br>Chapter 4.2.5 --- Mineral nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate nitrogen) --- p.55<br>Chapter 4.2.6 --- Total phosphorus --- p.56<br>Chapter 4.2.7 --- Available phosphorus --- p.56<br>Chapter 4.2.8 --- Organic carbon --- p.56<br>Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Exchangeable cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg)" --- p.57<br>Chapter 4.2.10 --- Carbon: nitrogen ratio and carbon: phosphorus ratio --- p.57<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.58<br>Chapter 4.4.1 --- Texture --- p.58<br>Chapter 4.4.2 --- Soil pH --- p.58<br>Chapter 4.4.3 --- Organic matter --- p.59<br>Chapter 4.4.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and C:N ratio --- p.60<br>Chapter 4.4.5 --- Ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen --- p.61<br>Chapter 4.4.6 --- Total phosphorus and C:P ratio --- p.62<br>Chapter 4.4.7 --- Available phosphorus --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.4.8 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.65<br>Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.66<br>Chapter 4.5.1 --- Park soils under different vegetation covers --- p.67<br>Chapter 4.5.2 --- Duration of park management and influence of land use outside the parks --- p.72<br>Chapter 4.5.3 --- Quality of substrates in Kowloon Park and Tin Shui Wai Park --- p.76<br>Chapter 4.5.4 --- C:N ratio and C:P ratio --- p.83<br>Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84<br>Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- NITROGEN DYNAMICS OF URBAN PARK SOILS<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.87<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.89<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- In situ incubation --- p.89<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Determination of N mineralization, leaching and uptake" --- p.91<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.94<br>Chapter 5.3.1 --- "Net ammonification, NH4-N leaching and uptake" --- p.94<br>Chapter 5.3.2 --- "Net nitrification, NO3-N leaching and uptake" --- p.95<br>Chapter 5.3.3 --- "Net N mineralization, N leaching and uptake" --- p.96<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.97<br>Chapter 5.4.1 --- Nitrogen mineralization and immobilization --- p.98<br>Chapter 5.4.2 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.100<br>Chapter 5.4.3 --- Nitrogen leaching and uptake --- p.103<br>Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.108<br>Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS OF URBAN PARK SOILS<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.110<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology --- p.112<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.113<br>Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.115<br>Chapter 6.4.1 --- Phosphorus mineralization and immobilization --- p.115<br>Chapter 6.4.2 --- Phosphorus leaching and uptake --- p.118<br>Chapter 6.4.3 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.120<br>Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.122<br>Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION<br>Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.124<br>Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.128<br>Chapter 7.2.1 --- Chemical characteristics of urban park soils and their relationship to management --- p.128<br>Chapter 7.2.2 --- Management practices for different vegetation types and species --- p.133<br>Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.136<br>Chapter 7.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.139<br>REFERENCES --- p.141<br>APPENDICES --- p.157
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"Nitrogen requirements of native tree species in degraded lands in Hong Kong." 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893468.
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Chan, Wing Shing.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-222).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv<br>Acknowledgements --- p.vi<br>Table of contents --- p.viii<br>List of tables --- p.xii<br>List of figures --- p.xiv<br>List of plates --- p.xvi<br>Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the study --- p.11<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12<br>Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Land degradation: an overview --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Land degradation in Hong Kong --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Ecological rehabilitation --- p.20<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Role of plantation in ecological rehabilitation --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.5 --- Reforestation history in Hong Kong and species selection --- p.25<br>Chapter 2.6 --- Nutrient requirements of native species --- p.31<br>Chapter 2.7 --- The geology and soils of Hong Kong --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.7.1 --- Geology --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.7.2 --- Soils --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.8 --- Greenhouse approach in nutrient requirement study --- p.37<br>Chapter 2.9 --- Nitrogen mineralization --- p.38<br>Chapter 2.10 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.40<br>Chapter 2.11 --- Summary --- p.41<br>Chapter Chapter Three --- Inherent Characteristics and Properties of Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.42<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sources of soil and sampling --- p.43<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Soil pre-treatment --- p.44<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Reaction pH and conductivity --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Texture --- p.46<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Organic carbon --- p.46<br>Chapter 3.3.4 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.3.5 --- Carbon: nitrogen ratio --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.3.6 --- Total phosphorus (TP) --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.3.7 --- Exchangeable Al and H --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.3.8 --- "Exchangeable cations, base saturation percentage (BSP) and exchangeable Al percentage" --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.49<br>Chapter 3.4.1 --- Texture --- p.49<br>Chapter 3.4.2 --- Reaction pH and conductivity --- p.49<br>Chapter 3.4.3 --- "Soil organic matter, total Kjeldhal nitrogen and total phosphorus" --- p.51<br>Chapter 3.4.4 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.52<br>Chapter 3.4.5 --- DG as a representative soil of soil destruction sites --- p.54<br>Chapter 3.4.6 --- FAS as a representative soil of vegetation disturbance sites --- p.56<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.58<br>Chapter Chapter Four --- Nitrogen Fluxes of Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil Amended with Urea<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.62<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.62<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil incubation and sampling --- p.63<br>Chapter 4.2.3 --- Analysis of mineral nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- Variation of NH4-N in DG and FAS --- p.64<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- Variation of N03-N in DG and FAS --- p.68<br>Chapter 4.3.3 --- Variation of mineral N in DG and FAS --- p.74<br>Chapter 4.3.4 --- NH4-N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.78<br>Chapter 4.3.5 --- NO3-N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.80<br>Chapter 4.3.6 --- Mineral N fluxes in DG and FAS --- p.82<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.86<br>Chapter Chapter Five --- Growth Performance of Native Species in Decomposed Granite and Fire-affected Soil<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.88<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.91<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experimental design --- p.91<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- Nitrogen treatments --- p.94<br>Chapter 5.2.3 --- Post-planting care --- p.95<br>Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Measurement of survival rate, height, basal diameter, aboveground biomass and foliar nitrogen" --- p.95<br>Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Survival rate --- p.96<br>Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Height and basal diameter --- p.96<br>Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Aboveground biomass --- p.96<br>Chapter 5.2.4.4 --- Foliar sampling --- p.97<br>Chapter 5.2.4.5 --- Determination of foliar nitrogen --- p.97<br>Chapter 5.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.97<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.98<br>Chapter 5.3.1 --- Survival rate --- p.98<br>Chapter 5.3.2 --- Height growth of species in DG --- p.105<br>Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of nitrogen on species height growth in DG --- p.112<br>Chapter 5.3.4 --- Height growth of species in FAS --- p.117<br>Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of nitrogen on species height growth in FAS --- p.118<br>Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of DG and FAS on species height growth --- p.120<br>Chapter 5.3.7 --- Basal diameter growth of species in DG --- p.122<br>Chapter 5.3.8 --- Effect of N on basal diameter growth of species in DG --- p.124<br>Chapter 5.3.9 --- Basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.126<br>Chapter 5.3.10 --- Effect of N on basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.127<br>Chapter 5.3.11 --- Effect of DG and FAS on species basal diameter growth --- p.127<br>Chapter 5.3.12 --- Overall height and basal diameter growth of species in DG . --- p.129<br>Chapter 5.3.13 --- Overall height and basal diameter growth of species in FAS --- p.131<br>Chapter 5.3.14 --- Aboveground biomass of species in DG --- p.133<br>Chapter 5.3.15 --- Effect of N on aboveground biomass of species in DG --- p.135<br>Chapter 5.3.16 --- Aboveground biomass production in FAS --- p.138<br>Chapter 5.3.17 --- Effect of N on aboveground biomass of species in FAS --- p.139<br>Chapter 5.3.18 --- Effect of DG and FAS on aboveground biomass of species --- p.141<br>Chapter 5.3.19 --- Foliar nitrogen --- p.143<br>Chapter 5.3.19.1 --- Foliar N of species grown in DG --- p.143<br>Chapter 5.3.19.2 --- Effect of N amendment on foliar N of species in DG --- p.147<br>Chapter 5.3.19.3 --- Foliar N of species in FAS --- p.149<br>Chapter 5.3.19.4 --- Effect of N amendment on foliar N of species in FAS --- p.151<br>Chapter 5.3.19.5 --- Effect of DG and FAS on the foliar N of species --- p.152<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.155<br>Chapter Chapter Six --- Photosynthetic Efficiency of Native Species<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.158<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.160<br>Chapter 6.2.1 --- Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.160<br>Chapter 6.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.162<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.162<br>Chapter 6.3.1 --- Photosynthetic efficiency of species in DG --- p.162<br>Chapter 6.3.2 --- Photosynthetic efficiency of species in FAS --- p.170<br>Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effect of DG and FAS on photosynthetic efficiency of Species --- p.172<br>Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.175<br>Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusions<br>Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.178<br>Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of major findings --- p.179<br>Chapter 7.3 --- Implications of the study --- p.187<br>Chapter 7.3.1 --- Species selection for the rehabilitation of soil destruction sites --- p.187<br>Chapter 7.3.2 --- Species selection for the rehabilitation of vegetation disturbance sites --- p.191<br>Chapter 7.3.3 --- Fertilization practice in different degraded lands --- p.193<br>Chapter 7.3.4 --- The importance of soil test in ecological rehabilitation Planting --- p.195<br>Chapter 7.4 --- Limitations of the study --- p.197<br>Chapter 7.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.198<br>References --- p.201<br>Appendices --- p.223
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"Simulation study on the effects of heat and ash on a frequently burnt soil in Hong Kong." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892332.
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Lam Lai-yee.<br>Thesis submitted in: November 2004.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-140).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>Acknowledgement --- p.vii<br>Table of contents --- p.viii<br>List of Tables --- p.xi<br>List of Figures --- p.xiii<br>List of Plates --- p.xiv<br>Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Introduction<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Background and ecological impact of hill fires in Hong Kong --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework of study --- p.4<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Significance --- p.11<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12<br>Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- The study area<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Climate of Hong Kong --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Geology of Hong Kong --- p.15<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Soils of Hong Kong --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vegetation of Hong Kong --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Site selection --- p.18<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Grassy Hill --- p.20<br>Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- Heating effect on the properties of ash<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.23<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental design and methodology<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Selection of simulation heating --- p.26<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Heating intensity at 200°-600°C for 1,5 and 15 minutes" --- p.27<br>Chapter 3.2.3 --- Field work --- p.27<br>Chapter 3.2.4 --- Heating method --- p.28<br>Chapter 3.2.5 --- Chemical analysis --- p.28<br>Chapter 3.2.6 --- Analysis of data --- p.32<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Heating effect on ash weight and pH --- p.33<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Heating effect on ash organic C, N and P" --- p.33<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Heating effect on ash available cations --- p.40<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.42<br>Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- The effect of heat and ash on soil<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.44<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Field work --- p.48<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil heating methods --- p.48<br>Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.49<br>Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.52<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- The effect of heat and ash on soil pH --- p.53<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- "The effect of heat and ash on soil organic matter, N and P" --- p.55<br>Chapter 4.3.3 --- The effect of heat and ash on soil cations --- p.62<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.65<br>Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization after heating<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.67<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- Heating and incubation method --- p.70<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- Laboratory methods --- p.72<br>Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.72<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion<br>Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal changes of N mineralization in heated bare soils --- p.72<br>Chapter 5.3.2 --- The effect of ash on N mineralization --- p.78<br>Chapter 5.3.3 --- Comparison of N mineralization with other studies --- p.79<br>Chapter 5.3.4 --- Temporal changes of P mineralization in the heated bare soils --- p.81<br>Chapter 5.3.5 --- The effect of ash on P mineralization --- p.83<br>Chapter 5.3.6 --- Comparison of P mineralization to other studies --- p.84<br>Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.85<br>Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- Vertical movement of mineral N in ash-covered soil columns<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.87<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Methodology<br>Chapter 6.2.1 --- Package of soil columns --- p.89<br>Chapter 6.2.2 --- Water addition and extraction of pore water --- p.90<br>Chapter 6.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.92<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Results and Discussion<br>Chapter 6.3.1 --- Mineral N in the pore water --- p.92<br>Chapter 6.3.2 --- The effect of ash on mineral N in pore water --- p.97<br>Chapter 6.3.3 --- The leaching loss of mineral N --- p.98<br>Chapter 6.3.4 --- Comparisons with other studies --- p.103<br>Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.105<br>Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- Integrative discussion<br>Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of major findings --- p.107<br>Chapter 7.2 --- Clarifying some misconceptions about the effect of fire --- p.110<br>Chapter 7.3 --- Estimated losses of N and P from heating --- p.112<br>Chapter 7.4 --- Nutrient supplying capacity of soils after heating --- p.115<br>Chapter 7.5 --- Why are repeatedly burnt areas reduced to grassland? --- p.118<br>Chapter 7.6 --- Implication on the restoration of fire-affected areas --- p.119<br>Chapter 7.7 --- Limitations of the study --- p.121<br>Chapter 7.8 --- Suggestions for future research --- p.122<br>References --- p.124<br>Appendices --- p.141
Books on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content China"
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1932-, Chu Chao-liang, Wen Chʻi-hsiao, and Freney J. R, eds. Nitrogen in soils of China. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.
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Zhao-liang, Zhu Zhu, Wen Wen Qi-xiao, and J. R. Freney. Nitrogen in Soils of China. Springer, 2012.
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Zhongguo tu rang dan su =: Nitrogen in soils of China. Jing xiao Jiangsu sheng xin hua shu dian, 1992.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
Book chapters on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content China"
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Schobert, Harold. "Environment." In Rethinking Coal. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767083.003.0009.
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Abstract Any strategy for using coal for electricity generation has potentially significant impacts on the environment if steps are not taken to minimize emissions. Acid rain results from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides produced during combustion. Reducing the sulfur content of the coal before it is burned or capturing sulfur oxides before they can be released are both helpful steps. Tiny ash particles suspended in the flue gases are captured by electrostatic precipitators or in baghouses. The hazardous trace element mercury can be controlled by adsorbing mercury vapors on activated carbon. A coal-fired power plant has greatly reduced emissions compared to plants of even a few decades ago. Because the dominant element in all coals is carbon, coal-fired plants will continue to emit large quantities of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide problem is the source of much of the pressure to reduce or eliminate the use of coal in electricity generation.
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Guo, Yangnan, Kai Zhang, Lu Bai, Yingming Yang, and Yequan Wang. "Analysis on the Interaction Between Vegetation and Soil Quality in Coal Mining Subsidence Area." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220356.
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As a “bridge” connecting soil, atmosphere and water, the dynamic change of vegetation can reflect the change of ecological environment in coal mining subsidence area to a certain extent. However, relying on traditional methods to extract vegetation coverage information in a large range not only consumes huge human and material resources, but also has low accuracy. Therefore, this study uses satellite remote sensing technology to extract vegetation coverage in coal mining subsidence areas. Based on the spatial variation laws of soil water content, pH, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in coal mining subsidence areas, considering the impact of different types of surface vegetation (grassland, shrubs and trees), this study analyzes the interaction and distribution of each factor under coal mining disturbances, and puts forward reasonable maintenance suggestions to reduce the impact of coal mining disturbances on ecology. The results showed that: (1) Soil water content was negatively correlated with soil pH, and the correlation between the two was the best in the one-year subsidence area (SA), among which the shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by grassland and arbor land. The influence between soil water content and soil pH is timely affected by coal mining subsidence, grassland and shrub land are more sensitive, and arbor land is more stable. Soil water content was positively correlated with soil fertility, and the correlation was the best in one-year SA, among which shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by arbor land and grassland. Soil pH was negatively correlated with soil fertility. The shrub land in the unmined area, the 1-year SA, and the 2-year SA had a high correlation with the arbor land, among which the shrub land in the 1-year SA had the highest correlation. (2) The correlation between vegetation coverage and soil physical and chemical properties (PCP) is the best between shrub forest land in 1-year SA and arbor forest land in 2-year SA, which is medium. At the initial stage of subsidence, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of shrub forest land respond in time. After increasing the subsidence years, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of arbor forest land respond significantly. (3) Increasing the coverage of surface vegetation can effectively improve or alleviate the damage caused by coal mining to the PCP of soil. Planting arbor and shrub forests in the mining area can better protect the soil and reduce the loss of water and fertility.
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"Pollution Control." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0017.
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Coal is now used mainly as fuel for the production of electricity. Worldwide about 28% of commercial energy production depends on coal. In the United States it is about 31% and in some coal rich but oil poor countries such as China, Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic the figures are 73%, 56%, 95% and 86%, respectively (1). Because of the ample supply of available coal, dependence on coal as an energy source will probably remain high for some time to come. However, coal is the most polluting of all fuels; its main pollutants are sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Depending on its origin, coal contains between 1 and 2.5% or more sulfur. This sulfur comes in three forms: pyrite (FeS2), organic bound sulfur, and a very small amount of sulfates (2). Upon combustion, about 15% of the total sulfur is retained in the ashes. The rest is emitted with flue gases, mostly as SO2 but also, to a lesser extent, as SO3. This mixture is frequently referred to as SOx (2). The three basic approaches to the control of SOx emission are prepurification of coal before combustion, removal of sulfur during combustion, and purification of flue gases. The first approach, referred to as a benefication process, is based on a difference in specific gravity between coal (sp gr = 1.2–1.5) and pyrite (sp gr = 5). Although the technical arrangements may vary, in essence the procedure involves floating the crushed coal in a liquid of specific gravity between that of pure coal and that of pyrite. Coal is removed from the surface while pyrite and other minerals settle to the bottom. Coal benefication can reduce sulfur content by about 40% (2). Although gravity separation is presently the only procedure in use, research was initiated on microbial purification of coal. A research project conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, was aimed at the development of genetically engineered bacteria capable of removing organic sulfur from coal. Inorganic sulfur can be removed by the naturally occurring bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (3).
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Leigh, G. J. "The Triumph of Industrial Chemistry: The Industrial Response to Sir William Crookes." In The World's Greatest Fix. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165821.003.0009.
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In 1905, Sir William Crookes published a book entitled The Wheat Problem in which he reiterated what he had said in his British Association address of 1898. The content and tone are familiar: “The fixation of nitrogen is vital to the progress of civilized humanity, and unless we can class it among the certainties to come, the great Caucasian race will cease to be foremost in the world, and will be squeezed out of existence by races to whom wheaten bread is not the staff of life.” A whole gamut of processes for fixing nitrogen was described in a book published in 1914, and in 1919 an eminent U.S. electrochemist, H. J. M. Creighton, published a series of three papers entitled “How the Nitrogen Fixation Problem Has Been Solved.” However, the broader story was only just beginning to unfold. In about 1925, J. W. Mellor, in a justly celebrated sixteen-volume compendium, simply took Creighton at his word and stated quite baldly: “The problem has since [Crookes’ lecture] been solved.” Mellor describes not one but six processes that he believed were of industrial significance. These were: (1) the direct oxidation of dinitrogen by dioxygen to yield, initially, nitrogen oxides, as was undertaken in the Norwegian arc process; (2) the absorption of dinitrogen by metal carbides, subsequently developed as the cyanamide process; (3) the reaction of dinitrogen and dihydrogen by what has become known as the Haber process, or, more justifiably, the Haber–Bosch process; (4) the reaction of dinitrogen with metals, followed by treatment of the resultant nitrides with water; (5) the reaction of dinitrogen with carbon to form cyanides; and (6) the oxidation of dinitrogen during the combustion of coal or natural gas. Of these, only the first three really reached the stage of industrial exploitation, and only the Haber–Bosch process has been applied to any degree of significance since about 1950. The history of these three major developments is traced below. One of the first industrially significant reactions to be developed at the beginning of the twentieth century had already been known for more than 100 years.
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Flath, David. "Industrial Policy." In The Japanese Economy, 4th ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865342.003.0010.
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Abstract This chapter describes and evaluates Japanese industrial policy from the Meiji era to the twenty-first century. It begins with a basic definition of industrial policy—essentially industrial targeting—and lays out the arguments supporting such a policy. Some of the widely invoked criteria for industrial targeting are specious such as having high value-added or high value-added per worker, but others are not. The valid criteria include contribution to national defense, Marshallian externality, coordination failure, and possibilities for collecting oligopoly rent from foreign trade. The chapter goes on to detail the content of Japanese industrial policy from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day—what industries were targeted and what policy tools were used. Early instances of industrial policy can be discerned in the Meiji model factories, government enterprises, subsidies of coastal shipping, and government banks. But it was not until the outbreak of war with China in 1937 that Japan attained a comprehensive industrial policy that amounted to a controlled system for shifting resources toward the production of munitions. The wartime controls survived into the Occupation Period but ended with the Dodge line only to resurface after the occupation ended. The ensuing “high-growth” period, 1953–1964, was the zenith of Japanese industrial policy, in which MITI played the lead role in allocating foreign exchange, controlling access to subsidized loans, and awarding tax credits and antitrust exemptions. These policies targeted coal mining, steel, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals—politically influential industries that contributed little to Japan’s economic growth and development.
Conference papers on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content China"
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Zhang, Jinsong. "Study and Application Of Influencing Factors of Residual Gas Content in Falling Coal." In The 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China. Aussino Academic Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/065147-0080.
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Murko, Vasily, Veniamin Khyamyalyaynen, Ekaterina Mikhaylova, Nadezhda Shikina, and Zinfe Ismagilov. "Development of Efficient Technologies for Abatement of Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides in Flues Gases of Coal Combustion." In 9th China-Russia Symposium “Coal in the 21st Century: Mining, Intelligent Equipment and Environment Protection". Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/coal-18.2018.62.
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Selc¸uk, Nevin, Yusuf Gogebakan, and Hakan Altindag. "Co-Firing of Steam Coal With High Sulfur Content Lignite in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78067.
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Combustion and emission behavior of 100 % steam coal (SET 1) and a mixture of 80 % by weight steam coal and 20 % by weight local lignite, characterized by high sulfur and ash contents, (SET 2) were investigated in the 0.3 MWt Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) Test Rig. Experiments were performed with limestone addition at various Ca/S molar ratios with fines recycle. In both sets of experiments, parameters other than Ca/S molar ratio were held as nearly constant as possible. On-line measurements of O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx emissions were carried out. Comparisons between the emissions show that lower NOx and SO2 emissions are obtained from combustion of steam coal/lignite mixture compared to those from steam coal only despite higher sulfur and almost equal nitrogen contents of the mixture. Calculated combustion efficiencies were found to be around 98 and 96 % for SET 1 and SET 2, respectively. As for the sulfur retention efficiencies, up to three times higher efficiencies were achieved when steam coal is co-fired with high sulfur lignite.
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Chao, Christopher Y. H., Philip C. W. Kwong, and J. H. Wang. "Co-Combustion of Coal With Rice Husk and Bamboo in Power Generation." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36159.
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In many Asian countries Coal is frequently used a major fuel in power plants. Burning coal creates quite a lot of environmental problems when compared to other cleaner fuels such as natural gas. Experimental study of co-combustion of coal and biomass was conducted in a laboratory scale combustion facility to evaluate the combustion and pollutant emission performance under different operation parameters. Rice husk and bamboo were used as the biomass fuels in this study. This paper reported the influence of the biomass blending ratio in the fuel mixture and the excess air ratio on the combustion behavior. It was noted that the combustion temperature and the energy output from the co-firing process were reduced compared to coal combustion alone owing to the fact that biomass has lower heating value compared to coal. However, the high volatile matter (VM) content of biomass improved the combustion time scale so that the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced substantially. In addition, the fuel nitrogen and sulfur content in biomass were lower than that of coal and hence suppressed the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the cocombustion process. The increase of excess air ratio also affected most of the pollutant emissions. The pollutant emission per unit energy output at different excess air ratios and biomass blending ratios were studied in detail in this paper. Attention should be paid to the high potential of slagging and fouling in the boiler when co-firing coal with biomass.
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Huang, Yizhou, Zhenxue Jiang, Zhenxue Jiang, et al. "THE CAUSES OF HIGH-CONTENT NITROGEN IN SHALE GAS: A CASE STUDY OF THE LOWER CAMBRIAN OF THE XIUWU BASIN, CHINA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320168.
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Storm, Christian, Helmut Rüdiger, Hartmut Spliethoff, and Klaus R. G. Hein. "Co-Pyrolysis of Coal/Biomass and Coal/Sewage Sludge Mixtures." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-103.
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Biomass and sewage sludge are attracting increasing interest in power plant technology as a source of carbon dioxide-neutral fuels. A new way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels could be the co-combustion or co-gasification of coal and biomass or coal and sewage sludge. In both cases, pyrolysis is the first step in the technical process. In order to obtain detailed information about the pyrolysis of coal/biomass and coal/sewage sludge mixtures as well as unblended fuels, the ‘Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD)’ at the University of Stuttgart has carried out investigations using an electrically heated entrained flow reactor. One application of substitution of fossil fuels could be the utilization of pyrolysis gas or gas generated in a gasification process as a reburn fuel in conventional boilers fired with fossil fuels. Investigation showed that generated gas from coal, biomass and sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification have high NOx reduction efficiencies compared to methane or low calorific gases using it as a reburn fuel in coal fired boilers. In order to take advantage of this pretreatment process the release of organic as well as of mineral compounds during the pyrolysis or gasification has to be investigated. For coal pyrolysis and gasification the reactions are known since there was a lot of research all over the world. Biomass or sewage sludge have other structures compared to fossil fuels and contain alkali, chlorine and other problematic compounds, like heavy metals. The release of those elements and of the organic matter has to be investigated to characterize the gas and the residual char. The optimum process parameters regarding the composition of the generated gas and the residual char have to be found out. The IVD has studied the co-pyrolysis of biomass and sewage sludge together with a high volatile hard coal. The main parameters to be investigated were the temperature of the pyrolysis reactor (400°C–1200°C) and the coal/biomass and coal/sewage sludge blends. Besides co-pyrolysis experiments test runs with unmixed main fuels were carried out with the hard coal, straw as biomass, and a sewage sludge. It was expected that the high reactivity of biomass and sewage sludge would have an effect on the product composition during co-pyrolysis. The test runs provided information about fuel conversion efficiency, pyrolysis gas and tar yield, and composition of pyrolysis gas and tar. Besides gas and tar analysis investigations regarding the path of trace elements, like heavy metals, alkali, chlorine and nitrogen components, during the pyrolysis process varying different parameters have been carried out. The fuel nitrogen distribution between pyrolysis gas, tar and char has been analyzed as well as the ash composition and thus the release of mineral components during pyrolysis. Increasing reaction temperatures result in a higher devolatilization for all fuels. Biomass shows a devolatilization of up to 80% at high temperatures. Hard coal shows a weight toss of approx. 50% at same temperatures. Sewage sludge devolatilizes also up to 50%, which is nearly a total release of organic matter, because of the high ash content of about 50% in sewage sludge. Gaseous hydrocarbons have a production maximum at about 800°C reaction temperature for all feedstocks. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are increasingly formed at high pyrolysis temperatures due to gasification reactions. Mineral elements are released during straw pyrolysis, but within the hot gas filtration unit further recombination reactions and condensation of elements on panicles take place. There is no release of mineral elements during sewage sludge pyrolysis and only a slight release of heavy metals at high pyrolysis temperatures. The effect of co-pyrolysis depends on the feedstocks used in association with the panicle size. The co-pyrolysis test runs showed that a synergetic effect exists when using sewage sludge and hard coal. There is a higher char production related to the unmixed fuels; gas and tar formation are lowered. Co-pyrolysis test runs with biomass and coal did not show this effect on the pyrolysis products. Reasons for this behaviour could be a difference in particle size and material structure which influences the devolatilization velocity of the fuels used or the relatively short residence time in the entrained flow reactor. It seems possible that coal pyrolysis is influenced by the reaction atmosphere, generated in co-pyrolysis. In the co-pyrolysis of coal and sewage sludge, the sludge degases much faster than coal because of the structure of sewage sludge and its small panicle. The coal pyrolysis taking place afterwards in the reaction tube occurs in a different atmosphere, compared to the mono-pyrolysis experiments. The devolatilization of coal in the co-pyrolysis experiments together with straw was not disturbed by the gaseous products of straw pyrolysis, because the large straw particles showed a delayed degasing compared to the coal particles.
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Lu, Xiaofeng, Dajun Wang, Qinghua Chen, and Ryo S. Amano. "Operational Experience and Design Consideration of a Large Scale Anthracite Fired CFB Boiler in China." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-125.
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Since the first 410t/h CFB boiler was built and put into business operation in 1996, CFB boiler has gotten a rapid development in China because of low emission and good availability for low rank coal. The CFB boiler technology has been selected to build a 300MW coal-fired boiler and to replace many pulverized coal-fired boilers with a capacity range from 220t/h to 410t/h in China. Most of these CFB boilers burn local low rank coals. To investigate the combustion characteristics of anthracite and optimize the operation of CFB boilers, a series of thermal tests were done on a 220t/h CFB boiler, in AIXI power plant, and on a 410t/h CFB boiler (the largest CFB boiler in China), in GAOBA power plant. The coal burned in these two CFB boilers came from the same coal mine. The properties of the boilers include: operating and designing parameters affected by the carbon content in the fly ash, the distribution of oxygen and temperature in the furnace, a limestone milling and transfer system, and operation under a lower load. All tests were aimed at how to optimize the operation of CFB boilers when anthracite is burned. Based on these test results, the technical requirements for a 300MW CFB boiler were investigated and are presented in this paper. The contents of the investigation included design considerations and ash utilization. An investigation on converting a pulverized coal-fired (PC) boiler to a CFB boiler is also presented in this paper. The content of the investigation includes basic design consideration of the conversion, and utilization of the milling system from an old PC boiler.
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Zhang, Chun-Lin, Gui-Cheng Yuan, De-Chang Liu, Han-Ping Chen, Ding-Yu Liu, and Rong Wang. "An Experimental Study of the Gaseous Pollution Emissions in Petroleum-Coke-Fired Fluidized Beds." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-030.
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Petroleum cokes have high calorific value (about 37 MJkg−1), high sulfur content (2–7% wt.), and high nitrogen content (1∼3% wt.), introducing serious environmental problems when using as fuel. In this paper the effects of operating parameters (bed temperature, Ca/S mole ratio, and excess oxygen) on gaseous pollutant (SO2, NO, and N2O) emissions in a well-controlled bench scale fluidized bed reactor and an 1t/h bubbling fluidized bed for different type of petroleum cokes. Finally, the pollution emission differences between petroleum coke and coal were compared and the reasons were analyzed.
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Zhao, Changsui, Wenxuan Wang, Fengjun Wang, Chuanmin Chen, and Song Han. "Emission Control of Gaseous Pollutants From Co-Firing of Petroleum Coke and Coal in CFB." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-103.
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Petroleum cokes including delayed coke, fluid coke, etc. are byproducts of solid residuals from the crude refining process. Using high sulfur petroleum coke as alternative fuel is feasible owing to its high fixed carbon and low ash content, but petroleum cokes are difficult to ignite due to their low volatile content and containing substantial concentrations of vanadium, nickel, nitrogen and sulfur, which can be sources of pollution emission and fireside fouling or corrosion problem. Co-firing petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is an ideal solution for those problems. Emission characteristic of gaseous pollutants from co-firing petroleum coke and coal is investigated in the paper. Experiments were carried out in a 0.6 MWt pilot-scale CFB combustor with the total height of 12m from the air distributor to the exit of combustor. The concentrations of SO2, NO, N2O, O2, CO2 and CO were measured on line by the gas analyzer. The effect of several parameters, in term of the primary air percentage, air excess coefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and percentage of petroleum coke in mixed fuel on the emission of SO2, NO, N2O is verified in experiments. Experimental results show that SO2 concentration in flue gas reduces with increase in the primary air percentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures, whereas NO, N2O concentration rises with increase in the primary air percentage and excess air. When the bed temperature changes, the NO concentration varying trend is opposite to N2O. There is an optimal temperature for sulfur retention. Co-firing of petroleum coke and coal with different mixing ratio in CFB can be stable, efficient and environment friendly.
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Zhao, Xinmu, Junfu Lu, Jianhua Yang, et al. "Operational Performance and Optimization of a 465t/h CFB Boiler in China." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78051.
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In the last three years in China, more than 80 units of 135MWe circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers were ordered, and about two dozens of them have been put into operation. So far, the experience and performance evaluation of the boilers with such large capacity are very limited. A series of cold and hot tests were carried out on the boiler in order to optimize the operation and provide more information to the future design. The influence of coal properties, bed material fluidization, air distribution, bed temperature and pressure drop on the boiler performance such as carbon content in fly ash was assessed and discussed. Some problems of the boiler, including the bottom ash system, milling system, abrasion of the heating surface in the furnace, refractory stability, and exhaust fuel gas temperature are reported and suggestions are given for the future improvement and design.