Journal articles on the topic 'Coal Nitrogen content Australia'
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Zhang, Lei, Naj Aziz, Ting Ren, Jan Nemcik, and Shihao Tu. "Nitrogen Injection To Flush Coal Seam Gas Out Of Coal: An Experimental Study." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 1013–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0067.
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Abstract Several mines operating in the Bulli seam of the Sydney Basin in NSW, Australia are experiencing difficulties in reducing gas content within the available drainage lead time in various sections of the coal deposit. Increased density of drainage boreholes has proven to be ineffective, particularly in sections of the coal seam rich in CO2. Plus with the increasing worldwide concern on green house gas reduction and clean energy utilisation, significant attention is paid to develop a more practical and economical method of enhancing the gas recovery from coal seams. A technology based on N2 injection was proposed to flush the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) out of coal and enhance the gas drainage process. In this study, laboratory tests on CO2 and CH4 gas recovery from coal by N2 injection are described and results show that N2 flushing has a significant impact on the CO2 and CH4 desorption and removal from coal. During the flushing stage, it was found that N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CH4 than CO2. Comparatively, during the desorption stage, the study shows gas desorption after N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CO2 than CH4.
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Stevenson, M. D., W. V. Pinczewski, K. Meaney, and L. Paterson. "COAL SEAM RESERVOIR SIMULATION." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93009.
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Numerical reservoir simulation in coal seams is different from conventional reservoir simulation because of the capacity for coal to adsorb large amounts of gas, including methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and the need to model coal as a dual porosity system. These factors require specialised numerical simulators written to address these particular issues. This paper describes the development and applications of a reservoir simulator, SIMED II, to a number of applications in the coalbed methane context. SIMED II is an implicit finite-difference code developed to describe simultaneous gas and water flow in coal when there is more than one gas component present. Applications presented in this paper include (1) history matching and forecasting in vertical wells, (2) evaluation of dewatering during the cavity completion method of stimulating coal seams, (3) economic evaluation of nitrogen injection for enhanced coalbed methane recovery, and (4) application to the design and development of gassy coal mines involving gas drainage from horizontal wells. These applications have been directed at locations in the Sydney and Bowen basins in Australia, and the San Juan basin in the USA.
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Natas, Panagiotis, Panagiotis Basinas, and George Sakellaropoulos. "Removal of pollutants from poor quality coals by pyrolysis." Thermal Science 10, no. 3 (2006): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0603039s.
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Combustion of poor quality coals and wastes is used today worldwide for energy production. However, this entails significant environmental risks due to the presence of polluting compounds in them, i. e. S, N, Hg, and Cl. In the complex environment of combustion these substances are forming conventional (i. e. SOx, NOx) and toxic (PCDD/Fs) pollutants, while, the highly toxic Hg is volatilized in the gas phase mainly as elemental mercury. Aiming to meet the recently adopted strict environmental standards, and the need of affordable in cost clean power production, a preventive fuels pre-treatment technique, based on low temperature carbonization, has been tested. Clean coals were produced from two poor quality Greek coals (Ptolemais and Megalopolis) and an Australian coal sample, in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor under helium atmosphere and ambient pressure. The effect of carbonization temperature (200-900 ?C) and residence time (5-120 minutes) on the properties of the chars, obtained after pyrolysis, was investigated. Special attention was paid to the removal of pollutants such as S, N, Hg, and Cl. To account for possible mineral matter effects, mainly on sulphur removal, tests were also performed with demineralized coal. Reactivity variation of produced clean coals was evaluated by performing non-isothermal combustion tests in a TA Q600 thermo gravimetric analyzer. Results showed that the low temperature carbonization technique might contribute to clean coal production by effectively removing the major part of the existing polluting compounds contained in coal. Therefore, depending on coal type, nitrogen, mercury, and chlorine abatement continuously increases with temperature, while sulphur removal seems to reach a plateau above 500-600 ?C. More-over, the prolongation of carbonization time above 20 minutes does not affect the elemental conversion of the pollutants and carbonization at 500-600 ?C for ~20 minutes may be considered sufficient for clean coal production from poor quality coals. Clean coal production at higher pyrolysis temperatures results in observed higher initial combustion temperature, mainly due to lower volatile content in produced chars.
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Miao, Z. H., J. A. Fortune, and J. Gallagher. "The potential of two rough-seeded lupin species (Lupinus pilosus and L. atlanticus) as supplementary feed for sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99142.
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The rough-seeded lupins are better adapted to alkaline soils than the domesticated lupins currently in use in commercial agriculture in southern Australia. Lupinus pilosus and L. atlanticus are two species of rough-seeded lupins that are undergoing domestication, and could be very valuable for sheep as a supplementary feed. However, there is little information on the nutritive value of these lupins. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of L. pilosus and L. atlanticus, compared with L. angustifolius, which is widely used as an animal feed in Australia. The results showed that the rough-seeded lupins examined had larger seeds, a greater proportion of seed coat in the whole seed, and a higher fibre content in the seed coat than domesticated lupins. Nitrogen (N) content in the kernel of the various lupin species was similar. The high fibre content in seed coat did not appear to limit the digestion of the seeds by sheep as demonstrated by the high potential degradability of seed dry matter (DM) for all lupin species. There were no significant differences betweenL. pilosus,L. atlanticus, andL. angustifolius as a supplementary feed provided at low levels in DM digestibility (DMD), apparent energy digestibility (AED), and N-balance, suggesting that L. pilosus and L. atlanticus could be used in place of L. angustifolius. AlsoL. atlanticus could be substituted for L. angustifolius at high levels of supplementation as there were no differences in DMD, AED, apparent N digestibility, and N-balance when these species were fed to sheep as a supplement to barley straw. Supplementation with lupin seed at 150 g/day significantly improved DM intake by 195 g/day, DMD by 8.7, and AED by 11.4 percentage units. However, a high level of lupin supplementation in a diet based on barley straw did not increase DMD and AED of the diet.
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Beshley, S., V. Baranov, and Y. Shpak. "Effect of coal fly ash and potassium humate on nitrogen and carbon contents in coal industry dump substrate and organs of Sorghum drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase." Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, no. 85 (February 25, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vlubs.2021.85.05.
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Researched ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen and organic carbon contents in gray-black unburned rock substrate from coal industry waste rock dump of Central Enrichment Factory (CEF) owned by PJSC “Lviv Coal Company” (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) and total nitrogen and organic carbon contents in organs of Sorghum drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase under effect of coal fly ash from the Dobrotvir thermal power plant (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) and potassium humate “ГКВ-45” (made by LLC “PARK”, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine). Found high content of organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen in waste rock dump substrate with contrast to low content of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen compare to relatively optimal soil mixture of the standard. Detected low carbon and nitrogen contents in organs of S. drummondii which grew on the waste rock dump substrate, as well as a significantly increased carbon/nitrogen-ratio (in this research the ratio of organic carbon content to total nitrogen content) compare to plants of the standard. Addition of coal fly ash in waste rock dump substrate decreased ammonium nitrogen and organic carbon contents with contrast to nitrite and nitrate nitrogen increasing, as well as organic carbon and total nitrogen in roots, stalks and leaves of researched plants. Introduction of potassium humate increased nitrite and nitrate nitrogen contents in waste rock dump substrate, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in organs of S. drummondii. Changing of both studied macronutrients contents in plants under the effect of ameliorants caused decreasing carbon/nitrogen-ratio to the direction of the standard values. Growing of S. drummondii grass for 95 days increased organic carbon content in all options of substrates except the rock with potassium humate addition and decreased ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen contents in all researched options of substrates without exceptions. Noted that combined effect of coal fly ash and potassium humate on carbon and nitrogen contents in waste rock dump substrate and organs of S. drummondii is stronger than just one of both above mentioned researched ameliorants.
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Cui, Ze Hong, Bin Ren, Zhao Hui Xia, Ming Zhang, Wei Ding, Ling Li Liu, and Shuang Zhen Cao. "Fine Description and Development Strategy of Fort Cooper Coal Measures in North Bowen Basin of Australia." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1309.
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Based on the analysis of coring, logging and experimental data, fine evaluation on Fort Copper Coal Measures (FCCM) of Early Permian Blackwater Group in north Bowen Basin of Australia has been done. FCCM is a potential coal measure. Eight coal seams exist in FCCM. Laterally, they develop steadily. Seams of FCCM characterize interbedding with partings, high ash content, high gas content and mediate-low permeability. The content of partings, which are groups of siltstone, mudstone and tuff, ranges from 15% to 55%. The cumulative thickness of pure coal ranges from 40 to 60 m. The ash content ranges from 20% to 70%, averaging 45%. Coal seams gas content is as high as 7% to 15%, benefitting from the dense rock block effect on the top and bottom, as well as the interplayers. The permeability ranges from 0.1 to 10 mD laterally. Parameters above show FCCM has good developing potential. Western slope of Nebo syncline is suggested as the favorable area, considering its good developing factors such as shallow buried depth of coal seams, relatively high permeability and effective gas preserve environment. Meanwhile, gas in partings can be considered in collaborative development strategy. Developing gas along with ash will be the focus of future development evaluation.
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KABE, Toshiaki, Osamu NITOH, Yaeko KABE, Shugen KIM, Yoshiki SUKIGARA, and Minoru TAKEUCHI. "Studies on coal liquefaction mechanism. Part 6. Structural analysis and nitrogen content of coal liquid." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 29, no. 2 (1986): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.29.138.
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Salmachi, Alireza, Mojtaba Rajabi, Carmine Wainman, Steven Mackie, Peter McCabe, Bronwyn Camac, and Christopher Clarkson. "History, Geology, In Situ Stress Pattern, Gas Content and Permeability of Coal Seam Gas Basins in Australia: A Review." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092651.
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Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coalbed methane (CBM), is an important source of gas supply to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting facilities in eastern Australia and to the Australian domestic market. In late 2018, Australia became the largest exporter of LNG in the world. 29% of the country’s LNG nameplate capacity is in three east coast facilities that are supplied primarily by coal seam gas. Six geological basins including Bowen, Sydney, Gunnedah, Surat, Cooper and Gloucester host the majority of CSG resources in Australia. The Bowen and Surat basins contain an estimated 40Tcf of CSG whereas other basins contain relatively minor accumulations. In the Cooper Basin of South Australia, thick and laterally extensive Permian deep coal seams (>2 km) are currently underdeveloped resources. Since 2013, gas production exclusively from deep coal seams has been tested as a single add-on fracture stimulation in vertical well completions across the Cooper Basin. The rates and reserves achieved since 2013 demonstrate a robust statistical distribution (>130 hydraulic fracture stages), the mean of which, is economically viable. The geological characteristics including coal rank, thickness and hydrogeology as well as the present-day stress pattern create favourable conditions for CSG production. Detailed analyses of high-resolution borehole image log data reveal that there are major perturbations in maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation, both spatially and with depth in Australian CSG basins, which is critical in hydraulic fracture stimulation and geomechanical modelling. Within a basin, significant variability in gas content and permeability may be observed with depth. The major reasons for such variabilities are coal rank, sealing capacity of overlying formations, measurement methods, thermal effects of magmatic intrusions, geological structures and stress regime. Field studies in Australia show permeability may enhance throughout depletion in CSG fields and the functional form of permeability versus reservoir pressure is exponential, consistent with observations in North American CSG fields.
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Ge, Tao. "A Research into the Distribution Characteristics & Natural Existing Condition of the Mercury in the Coal of Huainan City." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.448.
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The mercury content in the raw coal is one of the important basic data to estimate the mercury emission of the coal. The outcome of the test and analysis of the mercury content in the raw coal of the 9 mines in Huainan Coalfield has shown that the mercury content in the coal samples of Huainan, although higher than that in the coal of the United States，Russia，Germany，Australia，etc., is within the normal range, with no major differences from that of the coal in North China region. With a research into the content change of the mercury in the coal in the process of washing and in combination with the relevant analysis result of the relation between the mercury in the coal and sulfur, ash content, selenium, we have inferred that the mercury in the coal of Huainan is existing naturally in the minerals, but has come into combination with organic matter in some way or scattered in the organic groups in the form of particles.
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Mullins, Oliver C., Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Jan Van Elp, and Stephen P. Cramer. "Molecular Structure of Nitrogen in Coal from XANES Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (August 1993): 1268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067991.
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Five major nitrogen chemical structures, present in coals of varying ranks, have been quantitatively determined with the use of nitrogen x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Similar studies of the sulfur chemical structures of coals have been performed for the last ten years; nitrogen studies on these fossil-fuel samples have only recently been realized. XANES spectra of coals exhibit several distinguishable resonances which can be correlated with characteristic resonances of particular nitrogen chemical structures, thereby facilitating analysis of these complicated systems. Many model compounds have been examined; for some, the relative peak positions are explained in terms of the orbital description of the lone pair of electrons. All features in the XANES spectra of coals have been accounted for; thus, all the major structural groups of nitrogen present in coals have been determined. A wide variety of aromatic nitrogen compounds is found in the coals; no evidence of saturated amine is found. Pyrroles, pyridines, pyridones, and aromatic amines are found in coal; of these, pyrrolic structures are the most prevalent. Pyridine nitrogen is prevalent in all except low-rank coals. The low pyridine content in low-rank (high-oxygen) coals correlates with a large pyridone content. This observation suggests that, with increasing maturation of coal, the pyridone loses its oxygen and is transformed into pyridine. Aromatic amines are present at low levels in coals of all rank. The spectral effects of aromatic amines are shown by comparing the XANES spectra of coal and petroleum asphaltenes.
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Kong, Xianglu, Song Yang, Shoujun Liu, Kaixia Zhang, Tingting Jiao, and Ju Shangguan. "Study on Coupling Effect of Additives on NOx Control in Coal Pyrolysis-Combustion." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 03029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129003029.
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A large amount of nitrogen oxides produced by loose coal combustion has an important impact on the ecological environment. To solve this problem, it is proposed to prepare clean coke instead of loose coal combustion to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides from civil coal combustion. Clean coke is prepared by pyrolysis raw coal adding additives, and the gas generated by pyrolysis is collected uniformly, thus avoiding the emission problem in the process of loose burning. In addition, the clean fuel catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen oxides to produce N2 in the combustion process, thus reducing the emission of combustion nitrogen oxides. In this paper, the additives were investigated, and finally it was found that loading 1 wt.% Fe and Ni had a better effect of decrease nitrogen content in coke through pyrolysis of coal and denitrification during the combustion of coke, and had a coupling effect on nitrogen oxide control in the pyrolysis-combustion process.
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Wang, Chang’an, Pengqian Wang, Lin Zhao, Yongbo Du, and Defu Che. "Experimental Study on NOx Reduction in Oxy-fuel Combustion Using Synthetic Coals with Pyridinic or Pyrrolic Nitrogen." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122499.
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Oxy-fuel combustion technology can capture carbon dioxide (CO2) in the large-scale and greatly lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission in coal-fired power plants. However, the influence of inherent minerals on NOx reduction still remains unclear and the impact of oxy-fuel combustion on the transformation of different nitrogen functional groups has yet to be fully understood. The present work aims to obtain a further understanding of the NOx reduction during oxy-fuel combustion using synthetic coals with pyrrolic or pyridinic nitrogen. Compared to pyridinic nitrogen, more of the pyrrolic nitrogen in synthetic coal was converted to NOx. The conversion ratio of nitric oxide (NO) first increased significantly with the rising oxygen content and then trended to an asymptotically constant as the oxygen (O2) content varied between 10–50%. The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) formation was roughly proportional to the oxygen content. The NO2 conversion was increased with particle size but the case of NO showed a non-monotonic variation. The catalytic effects of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) on the transformation of pyridinic nitrogen to NO were independent of the combustion atmosphere, while the alteration from air to the oxy-fuel combustion led to a change of mineral catalytic effect on the oxidation of pyrrolic nitrogen within the coal matrix.
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Portola, V. A., A. A. Bobrovnikova, S. A. Sin, and V. G. Igishev. "Special Features of the Release of Indicator Fire Gases at the Nitrogen Supply to the Foci of Coal Spontaneous Combustion." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-4-47-52.
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The most common method for monitoring the processes of spontaneous combustion of coal in the mines is the analysis of the composition of the mine atmosphere to detect gases released from coal when the temperature rises. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are usually used as the main indicators. In recent years, nitrogen is widely used to prevent and extinguish the underground fires. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the fire area and can affect the indicator gases release. To study this effect, the samples of coal with a fraction of 1–3 mm, and the samples of coal dust with a particle size of 0.2–0.4 mm were used. Nitrogen with an admixture of oxygen was supplied to the heated samples. Studies showed that the carbon monoxide and hydrogen are released from the coal dust much more intensively than from the coal. Therefore, high concentrations of these indicator gases may point to the spontaneous combustion of the coal dust. As the proportion of oxygen in the mixture with nitrogen decreases, the release of carbon monoxide and hydrogen from the heated samples of coal and coal dust decreases. This can make it difficult to assess the state of spontaneous combustion foci in an inert environment. To determine the coal temperature when nitrogen with different oxygen content is supplied, the ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen concentrations can be used. In the coal dust it turns out to be the same as in the coal only at 3 % oxygen content. With an increase in the oxygen concentration, this ratio for the coal dust changes significantly. This fact can be used for the identification of fire foci.
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Hendryx, Michael, Mohammad Saidul Islam, Guang-Hui Dong, and Gunther Paul. "Air Pollution Emissions 2008–2018 from Australian Coal Mining: Implications for Public and Occupational Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 29, 2020): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051570.
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Occupational exposure limits for respirable coal dust are based on exposure during working hours, but coal miners may experience additional community-based exposures during nonworking hours. We analyzed Australia National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) data for the years 2008–2018 to estimate air pollutants (metals, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter ≤ 10 micrometers (PM10) and ≤2.5 micrometers (PM2.5)) originating from coal mines. PM10 levels from community-based air monitors in Queensland and New South Wales were also compared between mining and nonmining communities. Results indicated that tons of coal mined increased over the study period, and that levels of particulate matter, metals, and nitrogen oxides increased significantly over time as well. Coal mines accounted for 42.1% of national PM10 air emissions from NPI sites. PM2.5 from coal mines accounted for 19.5% of the national total, metals for 12.1%, and nitrogen oxides for 10.1%. Coal mining occurred in 57 different post codes; the 20 coal-mining post codes with the highest PM10 emissions were home to 160,037 people. Emissions of all studied pollutants were significantly higher from coal mining sites than from other types of NPI sites. Results from community-based air monitoring stations indicated significantly higher population PM10 exposure in coal mining communities than in nonmining communities. The health of the public at large is impacted by coal mining, but to the extent that miners also live near coal mining operations, their total exposure is underestimated by consideration of exposure only during working hours.
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Xu, Chuanlong, Haoyu Chen, Yong Yan, and Shimin Wang. "Determination of nitrogen content in coal through UV Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy." Fuel 151 (July 2015): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.011.
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Xu, Yanfei, Shikai An, Yongchun Chen, Chao Yuan, and Pengfei Tao. "Effect of Biomass Improvement Method on Reclaimed Soil of Mining Wasteland." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 2, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8375918.
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Aiming at the problem of soil improvement for mining wasteland reclamation, this article takes the coal mining subsidence reclamation area of a coal mine in the east of China as the research object. Compost improvement and green manure improvement experiments were carried out to study the impact of different biomass improvement methods on the quality of reclaimed soil. 10 soil physical and chemical indicators including water content, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total phosphorus, organic matter, pH, and conductivity were selected to evaluate the effect of soil improvement. After 5 months of soil improvement, the results showed that planting alfalfa and Mexican corn in the reclaimed area can increase soil available phosphorus, available potassium, total phosphorus, and organic matter content. Cattail, a common aquatic plant in the coal mining subsidence area in the east, is used to make organic compost. When the compost is applied to reclaimed soil, the content of available phosphorus, available potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil can be significantly increased. Using white vanilla clover as green manure for reclaiming soil can significantly increase the content of nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and total phosphorus in the soil. Biomass improvement technology can improve the fertility level of coal mine reclamation soil in a short time. It is conducive to promoting the restoration of soil fertility of mining wasteland and realizing the sustainable development and utilization of plant resources and land resources.
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Kuziemska, Beata, Paulina Klej, and Joanna Trębicka. "Effect of different nickel soil contents on cock’s-foot yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2016-0005.
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AbstractThis study assessed the influence of liming and waste organic materials on the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) grown on nickel-contaminated soil in the third year of a pot culture experiment. In the experiment, the following factors were taken into consideration: (1) nickel soil contamination (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg Ni·kg−1 of soil); (2) liming (0 Ca and Ca according to 1 Hh of soil) and (3) organic materials (no waste organic materials added, brown coal from a coal mine in Turów and rye straw). Introducing nickel into the soil, regardless of its amount, caused a significant decrease in the total yield of cock’s-foot and increased the nitrogen and potassium contents. Liming caused a significant increase in the yield of cock’s-foot and decrease its potassium content, but it did not clearly differentiate the nitrogen and phosphorus content. The used organic materials (straw and brown coal) caused a decrease in the phosphorus content in the grass biomass.
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Peng, Dan, Ben Wang, Xingfei Cai, and Lei Bei. "Research on the Modification of Coal Adaptability and Carbon Emissions Reduction Technology for Coal-Fired Boilers." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 9533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249533.
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In order to solve the problems of the high temperature of flue gas, low boiler efficiency, and the high concentration of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions for a 330 MW boiler fired with lean coal in a power plant, an adaptation modification by using different type of coals in the power generation unit (including pulverizing system, burners, heating surface, and so on) was carried out. The performances of boilers were tested under different combustion conditions before and after the modification. The results of the test show that the volatile content is higher and easy to burn out, and the combustible content of fly ash and slag are greatly reduced after the change in coal type (while lean coal is changed into bituminous coal). At the same time, the low-temperature economizer can greatly reduce the flue gas temperature, thus increasing the efficiency from 90.36% (lean coal, corrected) to 92.71% (bituminous coal). After the change in coal type (lean coal to bituminous coal) and the shift to low-nitrogen combustion (using low-nitrogen burner and OFA technology), the flame temperature in the main combustion area of the boiler decreases, the thermal-type NOx is reduced, and the volatile content of bituminous coal is higher in the anoxic atmosphere of the main combustion zone where the excess air coefficient is small. The intermediate reductive products tend to produce more, which can restrain and reduce NOx. Therefore, the concentration of NOx emissions can be greatly reduced. NOx average emissions at the economizer outlet decreased by 68%, from 864 mg/Nm3 to 279.4 mg/Nm3. A low-temperature economizer uses waste heat to heat feed water, which reduces coal consumption by about 1.32 g/(kW·h). The coal consumption for power supply after modification is reduced by 9.83 g/(kW·h) and the annual energy saving is 16,776 tons of standard coal, while the total carbon dioxide emissions reduction is 41,213.60 tons after the unit modification.
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Gil, Stanisław, Wojciech Bialik, and Sławomir Kozłowski. "Generation of Nitrogen Oxides in Submerged Arc Furnace during the Production of Ferroalloys." Advances in Thermal Processes and Energy Transformation 4, no. 3 (2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54570/atpet2021/04/03/0037.
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The paper presents the method of selection of hard coals applied in reducing mixtures used in ferroalloy production technologies. The graphical relationship between reflectivity and reactivity towards SiO as well as reflectivity and the content of hard carbon Cfix has been presented. The use of hard coal in place of coke is associated with the release of significant amounts of volatiles contained in the coal. Increasing the amount of volatile matter may favor the increased generation of NOx from the fuel mechanism due to the nitrogen content in the organic matter of coal. The influence of the thermal mechanism of NOx generation may be limited due to contradictory phenomena. On the one hand, it is possible to have a higher calorimetric combustion temperature of post-reaction gases (due to the content of coal degassing products), and on the other hand, reducing the amount of energy released from SiO afterburning (less SiO due to higher silicon yields). The higher yield of silicon is related to the higher reactivity of appropriately selected hard coals. The mechanisms of NOx formation were presented together with measurements made during the production of the most popular ferroalloy FeSi75. Measurements were carried out along the two axes P1 and P2 in the furnace hood at three distances from the center of the pitch diameter of the electrodes.
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Denmead, OT. "An ammonia budget for Australia." Soil Research 28, no. 6 (1990): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9900887.
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The paper reviews research into sources and sinks of ammonia (NH3) in the Australian landscape and presents an NH3 budget for the continent. Emissions from uncultivated land areas were reckoned to be the most important source, followed by excreta from domestic animals, emissions from fertilized fields, and biomass burning. Coal burning and excreta from wild animals (kangaroos) were of minor importance. The total emission of NH3 was estimated to be 1.9 Tg N y-1, 1.6% of the global total. In a comparable budget for the globe, biomass burning was listed as the biggest source, but this and emissions from uncultivated land areas are the biggest unknowns in both budgets. Ammonia concentrations and deposition rates in Australia are presently too small to constitute serious pollution problems as they do in parts of Europe, but the depositions may be large enough to play an important role in the nitrogen (N) economy of native plant and microbial ecosystems.
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Zhang, Lei, Ting Ren, Naj Aziz, and Cun Zhang. "Evaluation of Coal Seam Gas Drainability for Outburst-Prone and High-CO2-Containing Coal Seam." Geofluids 2019 (February 17, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3481834.
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This paper presents the results of an evaluation study of gas drainability in the Bulli seam in the Southern Coalfield of the Sydney Basin, NSW, Australia, where the coal seam gas (CSG) contains a high proportion of carbon dioxide (CO2). Historically the gas drainability in some particular areas of this coal seam was found to be particularly poor, which posed a significant challenge to gas predrainage. As a result, a large volume of greenhouse gases were released to the atmosphere during mining of the coal seam. Furthermore, the high gas content associated with the CO2-rich composition also increased the risks of coal and gas outburst incidents, affecting the safety of mining. After systematic literature review of evaluation factors affecting gas drainability, this evaluation study comprehensively analyzed the main critical factors, including the geology of the area, the coal cleat system, coal microstructure, coal permeability, coal sorption capacity, gas content, and gas composition. Field geology analysis showed geological variations that affected the variations of the coal cleat system and CO2 content in the coal seam. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests showed the tight and less-porous features in hard-to-drain coal samples. The colliery gas database analysis was carried out to assess the impact of gas content and gas composition on the drainability of the coal seam. Laboratory tests showed that the coal seam had a permeability of less than 1 mD and also showed that the coal seam was highly undersaturated, especially with high CO2 content.
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Wang, Xiaofei, Hanliu Wang, He Jing, Wei-Ning Wang, Weidong Cui, Brent J. Williams, and Pratim Biswas. "Formation of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Aerosol during Combustion of High-Sulfur-Content Coal." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 14161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02273.
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Wang, Shuai, Xin Lu Feng, Jun Zhou, and Xue Mei Wang. "Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Power Plant Coal Quality." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.799.
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Studied the correlation of near-infrared spectra data and six coal indices, found ash and calorific value has low correlations with spectra data; then use dynamic principal components PLS method predict the coal index; this method could predict Volatile and Hydrogen content better, however, the ability to predict Carbon content and Nitrogen content is lower. It is found that using reflection spectroscopy analyzes the coal need a strong energy source, because the color of coal is deep and reflection is very weak, this leads to noisy signals. Only by improving the energy source could solve the problem of poor spectra data fundamentally; spectral data mining cannot fundamentally improve the quality of data. The current near-infrared reflection spectroscopy common platform such as BRUKER is not suitable for coal analysis, analysis of coal to be better need to develop special near-infrared measuring instruments.
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Li, Bo, Chaohui Zong, Laisheng Huang, Yongjie Ren, and Xiaoquan Lv. "Study on the Influence of Liquid Nitrogen Cold Soaking on the Temperature Variations and Seepage Characteristics of Coal Samples with Different Moisture Contents." Geofluids 2021 (October 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8924016.
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Due to its advantages such as environmental friendliness and remarkable permeability enhancement effect, the technology of liquid nitrogen cold soaking (LNCS) cracking coal has become a hot spot in the research on coal seam permeability enhancement in recent years. The frost heave force generated by water-ice phase transformation and the temperature stress are the main mechanisms of LNCS cracking water-containing coal. This paper focuses on the effect of LNCS on the temperature variations and seepage characteristics of coal. To further this purpose, the temperature measurement test and the permeability test were conducted on coal samples with different moisture contents under LNCS, respectively. In addition, by comparing the computer tomography test results of coal samples before and after LNCS, the internal pore structure changes of coal samples were further analyzed from a three-dimensional perspective. The test results show that the coal sample with a higher moisture content consumes a shorter time to reach internal temperature equilibrium and experiences faster temperature changes. LNCS can enhance coal permeability, and the growth rate of permeability increases exponentially with the increase of moisture content. After the LNCS treatment, the dried coal sample is mainly sprouting new pores on the basis of primary pores; in contrast, for water-containing coal samples, new pores are sprouted while primary pores will penetrate each other spatially to form a fracture network. In the process of LNCS, moisture has a significant effect on the seepage characteristics of coal, so appropriately increasing the moisture content of the coal seam conduces to achieving a better permeability enhancement effect.
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Tol, Samantha J., Rob G. Coles, and Bradley C. Congdon. "Dugong dugonfeeding in tropical Australian seagrass meadows: implications for conservation planning." PeerJ 4 (July 7, 2016): e2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2194.
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Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are listed as vulnerable to extinction due to rapid population reductions caused in part by loss of seagrass feeding meadows. Understanding dugong feeding behaviour in tropical Australia, where the majority of dugongs live, will assist conservation strategies. We examined whether feeding patterns in intertidal seagrass meadows in tropical north-eastern Australia were related to seagrass biomass, species composition and/or nitrogen content. The total biomass of each seagrass species removed by feeding dugongs was measured and compared to its relative availability. Nitrogen concentrations were also determined for each seagrass species present at the sites. Dugongs consumed seagrass species in proportion to their availability, with biomass being the primary determining factor. Species composition and/or nitrogen content influenced consumption to a lesser degree. Conservation plans focused on protecting high biomass intertidal seagrass meadows are likely to be most effective at ensuring the survival of dugong in tropical north-eastern Australia.
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Bulat, A., L. Pymonenko, and D. Pymonenko. "TO THE QUESTION OF MULTIPROFILE USE GAS RESOURCES COAL DEPOSITS OF DONBASS." Ukrainian Geologist, no. 3(43) (October 10, 2013): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53087/ug.2013.3(43).245459.
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The coal mining in Ukraine allows to receive and use various alternative gas resources. In article questions extending nitrogen in carboniferous deposits of the Western Donbass, Lviv-Volyn basin is considered, to take into attention the high content of nitrogen on the surveyed sites common review possibilities use given resource at the enterprises mining-metallurgical complex is made.
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Aryonugroho, Alfarizky, and Nina Dwi Lestari. "PENGARUH VERMIKOMPOS ABU TERBANG BATUBARA MENGGUNAKAN CACING TANAH Eisenia fetida TERHADAP KANDUNGAN N, P, K, DAN Pb." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.2.7.
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The plan to build a coal-fired steam power plant is expected to increase. One of the wastes generated from coal-fired steam power plants is coal fly ash. The accumulation of coal fly ash can cause environmental pollution such as soil and groundwater pollution in the storage location. Vermicompost can be used for managing coal fly ash by utilizing earthworms as decomposers. Earthworms can increase the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and reduce the solubility of lead contained in coal fly ash. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vermicompost using earthworm Eisenia fetida on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and lead in coal fly ash. The study consisted of five treatments, with a total weight of 3 kg coal fly ash each. The results showed that mixing cow dung in vermicomposting of coal fly ash significantly increased N, P, K and decreased Pb in vermicompost.
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Yang, Ting Ting, Yong Gao, Guo Zheng Yao, and Peng Li. "Effects of Coal Mining Subsidence on the Changes of Soil Nutrient in Shenfu-Dongsheng Coal Field." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3828.
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Ground surface subsidence will cause enormous impact to ecological environment in Coal Gob. But the study concerning the effect of the surface subsidence on soil nutrients is little. Taking Bulianta (Sandstorm--subsidence Area) and Yujialiang (Loess-subsidence Area) coal mine in Shenfu-Dongsheng coal field as study object, The characteristics of soil nutients in non-collapse area and the effect of collapse on soil nutrients are sdudied systematicly by Field sampling and laboratory analysis.The results showed that: With the increasing of soil depth, total soil nutrient content gradually reduced in both stduy areas, While in Sandstorm-subsidence Area, Total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased with soil depth. The total nitrogen and total phosphorus in Sandstorm-subsidence Area is lower than those in Loess-subsidence Area, but the total K is higher than that in Loess-subsidence Area. In a word, the effect of coal mining subsidence on total soil nutrients in both Areas is on the small side.
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Zhao, Lei, Yanchao Wang, and Weibin Li. "Nitrogen(N)-doped activated carbon materials with a narrow pore size distribution derived from coal liquefaction residues as low-cost and high-activity oxygen reduction catalysts in alkaline solution." RSC Advances 6, no. 93 (2016): 90076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17049h.
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Pietrzak, Robert, Helena Wachowska, and Piotr Nowicki. "The effect of flame coal oxidation on the solid and soluble products of its extraction." Open Chemistry 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02475208.
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AbstractSolid and soluble products of THF and CH2Cl2 extraction of flame coal oxidised by four different oxidising agents (peroxyacetic acid (PAA), 5% HNO3, O2/Na2CO3, air/125 °C) were studied by elemental analysis and FTIR. The extraction yield with THF was much higher than that with CH2Cl2 for all samples. The greatest changes in elemental composition were in the extracts from coal oxidised by nitric acid. The sulphur content was lowest in extracts from coal oxidised with 5% HNO3 and PAA. FTIR confirmed that coal treatment with nitric acid incorporates nitrogen into the coal structure.
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Bakri, Suriyanto, J. Jefri, and Sri Widodo. "Coal Quality Analysis Based on Proximate and Ultimate Test Results in Massenreng Pulu Village, Lamuru District, Bone Regency." Journal of Geology and Exploration 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.58227/jge.v1i2.7.
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Coal is one of the minerals that has an important role in the mining industry in Indonesia. Massenreng Pulu Village, Lamuru District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province is an area that has coal resources, the quality of coal in that area needs to be known. The quality of coal has a very important role in the utilization of coal. Coal quality parameters will affect the intended use of coal. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of coal based on the proximate and ultimate analysis tests. The sampling method was channel sampling, samples from the field were then brought to the laboratory for preparation and analysis proximately and ultimately. The results of the proximate analysis of coal samples contained an average moisture content of 15.75% ar, ash content of 3.48% ar, volatile matter of 42.35% ar and fixed carbon of 37.91% ar while the results of the ultimate analysis of coal samples contained an average of 66.52% carbon. wt, 4.6% wt hydrogen, 0.93% wt nitrogen and 23.05 wt oxygen. Based on the ash content, if classified according to The UNECE 1998 classification of in seam coals, it can be seen that the rank of coal in the study area is classified as high grade coal.
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Bustin, R. Marc, Maria Mastalerz, and Kenneth R. Wilks. "Direct determination of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen content in coal using the electron microprobe." Fuel 72, no. 2 (February 1993): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90395-i.
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Cheng, Shaoan, Zhipeng Huang, and Zhihua Wang. "Nitrogen Removal from the High Nitrate Content Saline Denitration Solution of a Coal-Fired Power Plant by MFC." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081540.
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Oxidation denitration is one of the most efficient ways to remove NOx from flue gas in a coal-fired power plant. However, this oxidation denitration produces saline solution containing a high concentration of nitrate, which needs to be well treated. In this paper, MFC was firstly used to treat the high nitrate content saline denitration solution from ozone oxidation denitration of a coal-fired power plant. The influences of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and initial nitrate concentration on the nitrate removal and electricity generation of MFC were investigated by sequencing batch mode. The results showed that using MFCs could efficiently remove nitrate from coal-fired power plant saline denitration solution with nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) concentration up to 1510 mg/L. The average nitrate nitrogen removal rate was as high as 248.3 mg/(L·h) at initial nitrate nitrogen concentration of 745 mg/L and COD concentration of 6.5 g/L, which was eight times as high as that of the conventional biological method. Furthermore, the MFC required an average COD consumption of 3.42 g/g-NO3−-N which was lower than most of the conventional biological methods. In addition, MFC could produce a maximum power density of 241.1 mW/m2 while treating this saline denitration solution.
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Walker, Rachel, Miryam Glikson, and Maria Mastalerz. "Relations between coal petrology and gas content in the Upper Newlands Seam, central Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Coal Geology 46, no. 2-4 (May 2001): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(01)00015-5.
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Ianc, Nicolae, Corneliu Boantă, Ion Gherghe, and Cristian Tomescu. "Environmental impact of methane released from coal mines." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500030.
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Methane gas accompanying coal deposits was formed as a result of successive stages of the anaerobic process of vegetal material transformation into coal, at high temperatures and pressures, without external oxygen supply. During the metamorphism process, the content of C, H and O is modified, meaning an increase in carbon content, a decrease in hydrogen and oxygen, the nitrogen and sulphur content remaining constant. During this process, water and carbon dioxide is generated, the water being generated in the first transformation phases. Within the slow oxidation process, gas products result by using the oxygen content in plants, especially methane and carbon dioxide due to the fermentation stimulated by bacteria. Methane released into the atmosphere following the mining of coal have double ecological impact, participating in the destruction of the ozone layer and at the same time contributing to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect. At the same time, methane gas released into the atmosphere during coal mining may be used by mining operators as primary power resource for covering the power requirements of the mine or it can be used for commercial purposes.
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Zhang, Ruimei, Xiaonan Li, Kai Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Peifeng Xue, and Hailong Zhang. "Research on the Application of Coal Gasification Slag in Soil Improvement." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122690.
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SEM, particle size analysis, and contaminant content of coarse coal gasification slag (CCGS) produced by Shenhua Xinjiang Chemical Co., Ltd. were measured, respectively, and the physicochemical properties of the soil after improvement using gasification slag were investigated in this paper. The results showed that the slag was porous, the particle size was small and the pollutant content was extremely low. Its pollutants were closely related to the pollutants in the raw coal. The coarse slag had a limited effect on soil particle size and texture improvement; the soil water retention performance increased with the increase of proportion of the slag, while pH and conductivity decreased; the improvement effect on soil SOM and available potassium was remarkable; the larger the proportion of the slag, the stronger the effect on maintaining soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus. However, the effect was small, and increased the ion content, especially the cation in soil, and the sum of the eight soil ions before and after evaporation decreased. The results demonstrated that the CCGS generated by the corporation is feasible for soil improvement, and the study has important reference value for the comprehensive utilization of coal gasification slag.
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Yang, Dejun, Yajun Zhang, and Xiuqin Chen. "EFFECT OF COAL MINING ON SOIL NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN SEMI-ARID MINING AREA OF WESTERN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 27, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2019.10795.
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Soil nitrogen is a key indicator of soil quality and plays a significant role for plant growth. Therefore, it is very important to study soil nitrogen distribution, especially in semi-arid area of western China. Fewer scholars paid attention to the effect on soil nitrogen due to coal mining in semi-arid mining areas of western China. In this paper, soil samples of different locations were tested in both the loess region and the aeolian sand region in the Daliuta mining area in Shaanxi Province. The impacts of mining subsidence on soil nitrogen were investigated. The soil nitrogen distributions between the loess region and the aeolian sand region were compared, and used the principal component analysis method to evaluate soil quality in semi-arid mining area. The results showed that the comprehensive score of soil quality in the loess region was as follows: the internal pulling stress zone (NLS) > the external pulling stress zone (WLS) > the compressive stress zone (YS) > the neutral zone (ZX). The content of soil total nitrogen in YS-zone was the lowest in the loess region. The loss of nitrogen increased with time in the mining area, in which the total nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 0.27 g/kg, and the alkaline nitrogen loss at the depth of 0−15 cm was 1.08 mg/kg. In the aeolian sand region, the comprehensive score of soil quality was as follows: WLS > FC (the non-mining zone) > ZX > NLS > YS. The amount of soil nitrogen content in the loess region was larger than that in the aeolian sand region. It was found that for the loess region, the relationship between total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed a significant positive correlation. It was also a significant positive correlation between ammonium nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. In the aeolian sand region, there was a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen. There was no significant correlation among other nitrogen forms.
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Meng, Yan Ru, Zeng Xue Li, Hai Yan Liu, Nan Jiang, and Juan Liu. "Analysis of Distribution of Coalbed Methane and Geological Controlling Factors in Huanghebei Mining Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3757.
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Distribution characteristics of coalbed methane in Huanghebei mining area were studied and influence of geological factors such as faults, lithology of coal seam roof and floor, magmatic activities, burial depth and upper bedrock thickness of coal seam and hydrogeological conditions on occurrence of coalbed methane were deeply discussed in this paper. Coalbed methane content of mining area increased gradually from southeast to northwest. Coalbed methane in deep well points of mining area is dominated by methane and that in shallow parts contained higher content of nitrogen.
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Berryman, CA, D. Eamus, and GA Duff. "The Influence of CO2 Enrichment on Growth, Nutrient Content and Biomass Allocation of Maranthes corymbosa." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 2 (1993): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930195.
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Seedlings of Maranthes corymbosa Blume, an evergreen tree of tropical Australia and Indonesia were grown for 32 weeks under conditions of ambient and elevated (700 μmol CO2 mol-1) CO2 in tropical northern Australia. Seedlings were exposed to ambient temperature, vapour pressure deficit and photon flux density fluctuations. Rates of germination and percentage germination were not affected by elevated CO2. Total plant biomass, height growth, total plant leaf area, numbers of leaves and branches and specific leaf weight were significantly increased by elevated CO2. Root:shoot ratio and foliar P, K, Mg, Mn and Ca levels were unaffected but foliar nitrogen levels were decreased by elevated CO2, Nutrient-use-efficiency was unaffected for phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, calcium and potassium but nitrogen-use-efficiency increased in response to elevated CO2.
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Zhou, M. X., M. Glennie-Holmes, K. Robards, G. L. Roberts, and S. Helliwell. "Effects of sowing date, nitrogen application, and sowing rate on oat quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 5 (1998): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97146.
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Processors of oats for human food use in Australia may have to use grain grown under widely different agronomic conditions. To assess the effect of agronomic conditions on the quality of oats, field trials were conducted in New South Wales, Australia, in 1995 with Bimbil, Carbeen, Coolabah, and Euro (feed varieties); Cooba, Mortlock, and Echidna (food varieties); and Yarran, a variety particularly unsuitable for human food use. In 3 separate experiments, the effects of nitrogen (N) application, sowing date, and sowing rate on the quality of the oats were examined. N and late sowing caused an increase in protein content and a decrease in moisture content, whereas other grain qualities were little affected. Sowing rate had significant effects on grain quality. As the sowing rate was increased, kernel size, groat percentage, and protein content were increased and moisture content was decreased. The pasting properties of groat flour were affected by all treatments, particularly sowing rate. Late sowing date increased the final viscosity and pasting temperature of the oats. High sowing rates increased the final viscosity and pasting temperature and prolonged the time to peak viscosity. Although management had significant effects on oat quality, variety was still the main cause of the differences.
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Wang, Li Qun, Zhong Xiang Wei, and Zhong Bo Yi. "Experimental Study on Low-Temperature Carbonization of Low Rank Coal." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1311.
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In this paper,a research was carried out on the regularities of carbonization temperature,holding time and mass on weightlessness of low rank coal. The experiment showed experiments in a certern range (450°C~700°C,<60min),weightlessness of coal in an increasing trend,the remained volatile content of semi-coke was measured reduce tending to value,ash content increased,fixed carbon gradually increased in the temperature range with the improvement of the carbonization temperature and holding time,also hydrogen and oxygen content of the char decreased,a significant increased in the carbon content,nitrogen and sulfur content was essentially the same. Reactivity of CO2 and semi-coke obtained in different carbonization conditions were better,the response rates are 100% when the temperature exceeded 1000°C. Best condition of dry distillation: carbonization temperature was 500°C~650°C,mass of low rank coal was less than 30g,holding time was between 30 minutes to 40 minutes.
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Cui, Xin Tao, Yong Fa Zhang, Dong Liu Dong, and Yu Qiong Zhao. "GC-MS Analyzing of Coal Tar of Lignite Briquette from Low Temperature Pyrolysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.591.
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Distillation and GC-MS were employed to analysis the coal tar of low-temperature pyrolysis of lignite briquette by contrasting with standards: the fraction below 340°C in the tar distillates of brown coal tar accounted for 83.30% and the other greater than 340°C is pitch accounted for 16.32%. 34.00% of coal tar are hydrocarbons which are mainly consisted of fat aliphatic hydrocarbon and include few alkene and cycloparaffins. The content of phenolic compounds in coal tar, mainly comes from the fraction below 210°C, is 11.68%. 16.86% of coal tar is aromatic compounds which are mainly composed of substitutive derivative of polyalkylbenzene distributing in all kinds of fractions; and a small amount of aromatic compounds which is concentrated in the fraction below 300°C. The content of oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing and heterocyclic compounds is 4.47%, 0.57%, 2.11%, respectively.
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Zhang, Lei, Naj Aziz, Ting Ren, Jan Nemcik, and Shihao Tu. "Influence of Coal Particle Size on Coal Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 3 (October 20, 2014): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0056.
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Abstract Accurate testing coal isotherm can play a significant role in the areas of coal seam gas drainage, outburst control, CO2 geo-sequestration, coalbed methane (CBM) and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) etc. The effect of particle size on the CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity of bituminous coal from Illawarra, Australia was investigated at 35°C and at pressure up to 4 MPa. A unique indirect gravimetric apparatus was used to measure the gas adsorption and desorption isotherms of coal of different particle sizes ranging from around 150 urn to 16 mm. Langmuir model was used to analysis the experimental results of all gases. Coal particle size was found to have an apparent effect on the coal ash content and helium density results. Coal with larger particle size had higher ash content and higher helium density. The sorption isotherm was found to be highly sensitive with helium density of coal which was determined in the procedure of testing the void volume of sample cell. Hence, coal particle size had a significant influence on the coal sorption characteristics including sorption capacity and desorption hysteresis for CO2 and CH4, especially calculated with dry basis of coal. In this study, the 150-212 um (150 um) coal samples achieved higher sorption capacity and followed by 2.36-3.35 mm (2.4 mm), 8-9.5 mm (8 mm) and 16-19 mm (16 mm) particle size samples. However, the differences between different coal particles were getting smaller when the sorption isotherms are calculated with dry ash free basis. Test with 150 um coal samples were also found to have relatively smaller desorption hysteresis compared with the other larger particle size samples. The different results including adsorption/desorption isotherm, Langmuir parameters and coal hysteresis were all analysed with the CO2 and CH4 gases.
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Kozdrach, Rafal, and Andrzej Stepien. "The Evaluation of Quality of the Co-Firing Process of Glycerine Fraction with Coal in the High Power Boiler." C 8, no. 2 (May 12, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c8020028.
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The article presents the test results of the co-firing process of a glycerine fraction derived from the production of liquid biofuels (fatty acid methyl esters) with coal. The test was performed in industrial conditions using a steam boiler with a capacity of approx. 2 MW in one of the building materials manufacturing facilities. The process of co-firing a mixture of a 3% glycerine fraction and eco-pea coal was evaluated. The reference fuel was eco-pea coal. The combustion process, composition and temperature of exhaust gases were analyzed. Incorrect combustion of glycerine fraction may result in the emission of toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic substances, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. During the test of the combustion process of a mixture of glycerine fraction and eco-pea coal, a decrease in the content of O2, CO, and NOx was observed as well as an increase in the content of H2, CO2, and SO2 in the fumes and growth of temperature of exhaust gases in relation to the results of combustion to eco-pea coal. Reduced content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases produced in the combustion could be caused by the high temperature of the grate or by an excessive amount of oxygen in the grate. The higher content of oxygen in glycerine changes the value of excess air coefficient and the combustion process is more effective. The bigger content of sulfur dioxide in burnt fuels containing the glycerine fraction could be caused by the presence of reactive ingredients contained in the glycerine fraction. The reduced content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases originating from the combustion of a fuel mixture containing a fraction of glycerine could be caused by lower content of nitrogen in the glycerine fraction submitted to co-firing with coal and also higher combustion temperature and amount of air in the combustion chamber. The increased content of carbon dioxide in exhaust gases originating from the combustion of fuel mixture containing glycerine fraction could be caused by the influence of glycerine on the combustion process. The increase of hydrogen in the glycerine fraction causes the flame temperature to grow and makes the combustion process more efficient.
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Tsvetkov, S. V., O. A. Prussky, A. F. Minyailo, and O. M. Sidelnikova. "REDUCED OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN ENERGY STEAM GENERATORS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 18, 2022): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2022.06.
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The article presents experimental data on the emission of nitrogen oxides, obtained during the operation of steam generators TPP-210A at Tripolskaya GRES, operating on pulverized coal fuel and natural gas. The analysis and generalization of data on the content of nitrogen oxides in combustion products, depending on regime factors, is carried out. The possibility of reducing the level of formation of nitrogen oxides with a simultaneous increase in the efficiency of steam generators is shown. Bible 16, fig. 6.
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Wang, Youzhi, and Cui Mao. "Nano/Micro Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Baliancheng Coalfield in Hunchun Basin." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18729.
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The pore structure characteristic is an important index to measure and evaluate the storage capacity and fracturing coal reservoir. The coal of Baliancheng coalfield in Hunchun Basin was selected for experiments including low temperature nitrogen adsorption method, Argon Ion milling Scanning Electron Microscopy (Ar-SEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction method, quantitative mineral clay analysis method. The pore structure of coal was quantitatively characterized by means of fractal theory. Meanwhile, the influences of pores fractal dimension were discussed with experiment data. The results show that the organic pores in Baliancheng coalfield are mainly plant tissue pores, interparticle pores and gas pores, and the mineral pores are corrosion pores and clay mineral pores. There are mainly slit pore and wedge-shaped pore in curve I of Low temperature nitrogen adsorption. There are ink pores in curve II with characteristics of a large specific surface area and average pore diameter. The two peaks of NMR T2 spectrum indicate that the adsorption pores are relatively developed and their connectivity is poor. The three peaks show the seepage pores and cracks well developed, which are beneficial to improve the porosity and permeability of coal reservoir. When the pore diameter is 2–100 nm, the fractal dimensions D1 and D2 obtained by nitrogen adsorption experiment. there are positive correlations between water content and specific surface area and surface fractal dimension D1, The fractal dimension D2 was positively and negatively correlated with ash content and average pore diameters respectively. The fractal dimensions DN1 and DN2 were obtained by using the NMR in the range of 0.1 μm˜10 μm. DN1 are positively correlated with specific surface area of adsorption pores. DN2 are positively correlated volume of seepage pores. The fractal dimension DM and dissolution hole fractal dimension Dc were calculated by SEM image method, respectively controlled by clay mineral and feldspar content. There is a remarkable positive correlation between D1 and DN1 and Langmuir volume of coal, so fractal dimension can effectively quantify the adsorption capacity of coal.
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Tarasov, Vadym, Mykola Antoshchenko, Olha Zakharova, Anastasiia Zakharova, and Oleg Levadnyi. "Moisture as assessment criterion for coal rank and coal layers hazardous characteristics manifestation." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008019.
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For the time being, moisture effect to the useful quality of coals has been researched comprehensively in detail. Herewith, there are a lot of unsolved problems related to the safety working out of coal layers. Presence of different forms of moisture in fossil coals essentially influences the coal layers hazardous characteristics manifestation during the mining activities. The Article deals with the results of analyses of more than thousand samples of the Donets Basin coals from different deposits, to research the relationship of total moisture and organic matter components in the coal carbonizations during the metamorphic processes. The researches have allowed separation of 3 stages for the fossil coal conversions. It is noted that at the initial stage, the carbon content is about 80%, moisture proportion in carbonization is rather high—0.36; but it decreases abruptly down to 0.12, in case of the carbon content increasing up to 86.5%. And the proportion of components (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur) total increases essentially up to 0.88. At the next stage, at 86.5÷91.5%, the components proportion in carbonization changes insignificantly. At the final stage of coal metamorphic conversions, 4-time growth of moisture proportion takes place in carbonization. It is found that moisture proportion in any form to be found in the coals shall be considered as a rank index, which is necessary to determine the coal layers hazardous characteristics.
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Ongar, Bulbul, Hristo Beloev, Iliya Iliev, Assem Ibrasheva, and Anara Yegzekova. "Numerical simulation of nitrogen oxide formation in dust furnaces." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002102.
Full textAbstract:
Even though natural sources of air pollution account for over 50 % of sulphur compounds, 93 % of nitrogen oxide which are the most dangerous artificial anthropogenic sources of air pollution and primarily associated with the combustion of fossil fuel. Coal-fired thermal power plants and industrial fuel-burning plants that emit large quantities of nitrogen oxides (NО and NО2), solids (ash, dust, soot), as well as carbon oxides, aldehydes, organic acids into the atmosphere pollute the environment in majority. In the present work, a mathematical model and a scheme for calculating the formation of nitrogen oxide has been developed. Also, the dependence of the rate of release of fuel nitrogen from coal particles at the initial stage of gasification and content of volatiles has been obtained. The main regularities of the formation of NOx at the initial section of the flame in the ignition zone of the swirl burner flame during the combustion of Ekibastuz coal have been revealed. Modern environmental requirements for the modernization of existing and the creation of new heat and power facilities determine the exceptional relevance of the development of effective methods and constructions to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ash to 200, 300, and 100 mg/nm3 at a=1.4. The dust consumption in all experiments was kept constant and amounted to 0.042 g/s, as well as with the results of calculating the thermal decomposition of the Ekibastuz coal dust, the recombination of atomic nitrogen into nitrogen molecules, and the kinetics of the formation of fuel nitric oxide.
It was found that despite the presence of oxygen in Ekibastuz coal for gases Odaf=11.8 % in an inert atmosphere, nitrogen oxides are not formed
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Botha, François D., and Brian Mcenaney. "Chemical Activation of a South African Coal using Phosphoric Acid." Adsorption Science & Technology 10, no. 1-4 (March 1993): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617499010001-417.
Full textAbstract:
The potential of a South African coal, Bosjesspruit, as a precursor for a phosphoric acid-activated carbon has been assessed using the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and mercury porosimetry. Column cleaning of the coal by froth flotation reduced the ash content from 22 to 12 wt.% and caused maceral separtion, resulting in an intertinite-rich product. Reaction of the column-cleaned coal with phosphoric acid in the range 450–550°C produced an activated carbon which was dominantly microporous. The notional BET surface area of the coal reached a maximum of 600 m2/g at a reaction temperature of 550°C.
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Koksharev, Oleg M., and Andrey V. Gil. "Study of in-furnace gas-dynamic processes with different design of vortex burners." MATEC Web of Conferences 194 (2018): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819401027.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the combustion chamber of the boiler unit designed for burning Ekibastuz coal by vortex burners with opposed wall firing. Since Ekibastuz coal is not highly reactive, and also has a high content of the mineral part, then vortex burners are used for its combustion. The use of standard two-channel burners leads to increased generation of nitrogen oxides, therefore, in this article the combustion processes of burning Ekibastuz coal using multi-channel burners are considered. The studies were carried out using numerical methods.