Academic literature on the topic 'Coal Nitrogen content Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content Australia"
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Zhang, Lei, Naj Aziz, Ting Ren, Jan Nemcik, and Shihao Tu. "Nitrogen Injection To Flush Coal Seam Gas Out Of Coal: An Experimental Study." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 1013–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0067.
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Abstract Several mines operating in the Bulli seam of the Sydney Basin in NSW, Australia are experiencing difficulties in reducing gas content within the available drainage lead time in various sections of the coal deposit. Increased density of drainage boreholes has proven to be ineffective, particularly in sections of the coal seam rich in CO2. Plus with the increasing worldwide concern on green house gas reduction and clean energy utilisation, significant attention is paid to develop a more practical and economical method of enhancing the gas recovery from coal seams. A technology based on N2 injection was proposed to flush the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) out of coal and enhance the gas drainage process. In this study, laboratory tests on CO2 and CH4 gas recovery from coal by N2 injection are described and results show that N2 flushing has a significant impact on the CO2 and CH4 desorption and removal from coal. During the flushing stage, it was found that N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CH4 than CO2. Comparatively, during the desorption stage, the study shows gas desorption after N2 flushing plays a more effective role in reducing adsorbed CO2 than CH4.
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Stevenson, M. D., W. V. Pinczewski, K. Meaney, and L. Paterson. "COAL SEAM RESERVOIR SIMULATION." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93009.
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Numerical reservoir simulation in coal seams is different from conventional reservoir simulation because of the capacity for coal to adsorb large amounts of gas, including methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and the need to model coal as a dual porosity system. These factors require specialised numerical simulators written to address these particular issues. This paper describes the development and applications of a reservoir simulator, SIMED II, to a number of applications in the coalbed methane context. SIMED II is an implicit finite-difference code developed to describe simultaneous gas and water flow in coal when there is more than one gas component present. Applications presented in this paper include (1) history matching and forecasting in vertical wells, (2) evaluation of dewatering during the cavity completion method of stimulating coal seams, (3) economic evaluation of nitrogen injection for enhanced coalbed methane recovery, and (4) application to the design and development of gassy coal mines involving gas drainage from horizontal wells. These applications have been directed at locations in the Sydney and Bowen basins in Australia, and the San Juan basin in the USA.
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Natas, Panagiotis, Panagiotis Basinas, and George Sakellaropoulos. "Removal of pollutants from poor quality coals by pyrolysis." Thermal Science 10, no. 3 (2006): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0603039s.
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Combustion of poor quality coals and wastes is used today worldwide for energy production. However, this entails significant environmental risks due to the presence of polluting compounds in them, i. e. S, N, Hg, and Cl. In the complex environment of combustion these substances are forming conventional (i. e. SOx, NOx) and toxic (PCDD/Fs) pollutants, while, the highly toxic Hg is volatilized in the gas phase mainly as elemental mercury. Aiming to meet the recently adopted strict environmental standards, and the need of affordable in cost clean power production, a preventive fuels pre-treatment technique, based on low temperature carbonization, has been tested. Clean coals were produced from two poor quality Greek coals (Ptolemais and Megalopolis) and an Australian coal sample, in a lab-scale fixed bed reactor under helium atmosphere and ambient pressure. The effect of carbonization temperature (200-900 ?C) and residence time (5-120 minutes) on the properties of the chars, obtained after pyrolysis, was investigated. Special attention was paid to the removal of pollutants such as S, N, Hg, and Cl. To account for possible mineral matter effects, mainly on sulphur removal, tests were also performed with demineralized coal. Reactivity variation of produced clean coals was evaluated by performing non-isothermal combustion tests in a TA Q600 thermo gravimetric analyzer. Results showed that the low temperature carbonization technique might contribute to clean coal production by effectively removing the major part of the existing polluting compounds contained in coal. Therefore, depending on coal type, nitrogen, mercury, and chlorine abatement continuously increases with temperature, while sulphur removal seems to reach a plateau above 500-600 ?C. More-over, the prolongation of carbonization time above 20 minutes does not affect the elemental conversion of the pollutants and carbonization at 500-600 ?C for ~20 minutes may be considered sufficient for clean coal production from poor quality coals. Clean coal production at higher pyrolysis temperatures results in observed higher initial combustion temperature, mainly due to lower volatile content in produced chars.
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Miao, Z. H., J. A. Fortune, and J. Gallagher. "The potential of two rough-seeded lupin species (Lupinus pilosus and L. atlanticus) as supplementary feed for sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 6 (2001): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99142.
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The rough-seeded lupins are better adapted to alkaline soils than the domesticated lupins currently in use in commercial agriculture in southern Australia. Lupinus pilosus and L. atlanticus are two species of rough-seeded lupins that are undergoing domestication, and could be very valuable for sheep as a supplementary feed. However, there is little information on the nutritive value of these lupins. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of L. pilosus and L. atlanticus, compared with L. angustifolius, which is widely used as an animal feed in Australia. The results showed that the rough-seeded lupins examined had larger seeds, a greater proportion of seed coat in the whole seed, and a higher fibre content in the seed coat than domesticated lupins. Nitrogen (N) content in the kernel of the various lupin species was similar. The high fibre content in seed coat did not appear to limit the digestion of the seeds by sheep as demonstrated by the high potential degradability of seed dry matter (DM) for all lupin species. There were no significant differences betweenL. pilosus,L. atlanticus, andL. angustifolius as a supplementary feed provided at low levels in DM digestibility (DMD), apparent energy digestibility (AED), and N-balance, suggesting that L. pilosus and L. atlanticus could be used in place of L. angustifolius. AlsoL. atlanticus could be substituted for L. angustifolius at high levels of supplementation as there were no differences in DMD, AED, apparent N digestibility, and N-balance when these species were fed to sheep as a supplement to barley straw. Supplementation with lupin seed at 150 g/day significantly improved DM intake by 195 g/day, DMD by 8.7, and AED by 11.4 percentage units. However, a high level of lupin supplementation in a diet based on barley straw did not increase DMD and AED of the diet.
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Beshley, S., V. Baranov, and Y. Shpak. "Effect of coal fly ash and potassium humate on nitrogen and carbon contents in coal industry dump substrate and organs of Sorghum drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase." Visnyk of Lviv University. Biological series, no. 85 (February 25, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vlubs.2021.85.05.
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Researched ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen and organic carbon contents in gray-black unburned rock substrate from coal industry waste rock dump of Central Enrichment Factory (CEF) owned by PJSC “Lviv Coal Company” (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) and total nitrogen and organic carbon contents in organs of Sorghum drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) Millsp. & Chase under effect of coal fly ash from the Dobrotvir thermal power plant (Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) and potassium humate “ГКВ-45” (made by LLC “PARK”, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine). Found high content of organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen in waste rock dump substrate with contrast to low content of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen compare to relatively optimal soil mixture of the standard. Detected low carbon and nitrogen contents in organs of S. drummondii which grew on the waste rock dump substrate, as well as a significantly increased carbon/nitrogen-ratio (in this research the ratio of organic carbon content to total nitrogen content) compare to plants of the standard. Addition of coal fly ash in waste rock dump substrate decreased ammonium nitrogen and organic carbon contents with contrast to nitrite and nitrate nitrogen increasing, as well as organic carbon and total nitrogen in roots, stalks and leaves of researched plants. Introduction of potassium humate increased nitrite and nitrate nitrogen contents in waste rock dump substrate, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in organs of S. drummondii. Changing of both studied macronutrients contents in plants under the effect of ameliorants caused decreasing carbon/nitrogen-ratio to the direction of the standard values. Growing of S. drummondii grass for 95 days increased organic carbon content in all options of substrates except the rock with potassium humate addition and decreased ammonium, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen contents in all researched options of substrates without exceptions. Noted that combined effect of coal fly ash and potassium humate on carbon and nitrogen contents in waste rock dump substrate and organs of S. drummondii is stronger than just one of both above mentioned researched ameliorants.
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Cui, Ze Hong, Bin Ren, Zhao Hui Xia, Ming Zhang, Wei Ding, Ling Li Liu, and Shuang Zhen Cao. "Fine Description and Development Strategy of Fort Cooper Coal Measures in North Bowen Basin of Australia." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1309.
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Based on the analysis of coring, logging and experimental data, fine evaluation on Fort Copper Coal Measures (FCCM) of Early Permian Blackwater Group in north Bowen Basin of Australia has been done. FCCM is a potential coal measure. Eight coal seams exist in FCCM. Laterally, they develop steadily. Seams of FCCM characterize interbedding with partings, high ash content, high gas content and mediate-low permeability. The content of partings, which are groups of siltstone, mudstone and tuff, ranges from 15% to 55%. The cumulative thickness of pure coal ranges from 40 to 60 m. The ash content ranges from 20% to 70%, averaging 45%. Coal seams gas content is as high as 7% to 15%, benefitting from the dense rock block effect on the top and bottom, as well as the interplayers. The permeability ranges from 0.1 to 10 mD laterally. Parameters above show FCCM has good developing potential. Western slope of Nebo syncline is suggested as the favorable area, considering its good developing factors such as shallow buried depth of coal seams, relatively high permeability and effective gas preserve environment. Meanwhile, gas in partings can be considered in collaborative development strategy. Developing gas along with ash will be the focus of future development evaluation.
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KABE, Toshiaki, Osamu NITOH, Yaeko KABE, Shugen KIM, Yoshiki SUKIGARA, and Minoru TAKEUCHI. "Studies on coal liquefaction mechanism. Part 6. Structural analysis and nitrogen content of coal liquid." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 29, no. 2 (1986): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.29.138.
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Salmachi, Alireza, Mojtaba Rajabi, Carmine Wainman, Steven Mackie, Peter McCabe, Bronwyn Camac, and Christopher Clarkson. "History, Geology, In Situ Stress Pattern, Gas Content and Permeability of Coal Seam Gas Basins in Australia: A Review." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092651.
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Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coalbed methane (CBM), is an important source of gas supply to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting facilities in eastern Australia and to the Australian domestic market. In late 2018, Australia became the largest exporter of LNG in the world. 29% of the country’s LNG nameplate capacity is in three east coast facilities that are supplied primarily by coal seam gas. Six geological basins including Bowen, Sydney, Gunnedah, Surat, Cooper and Gloucester host the majority of CSG resources in Australia. The Bowen and Surat basins contain an estimated 40Tcf of CSG whereas other basins contain relatively minor accumulations. In the Cooper Basin of South Australia, thick and laterally extensive Permian deep coal seams (>2 km) are currently underdeveloped resources. Since 2013, gas production exclusively from deep coal seams has been tested as a single add-on fracture stimulation in vertical well completions across the Cooper Basin. The rates and reserves achieved since 2013 demonstrate a robust statistical distribution (>130 hydraulic fracture stages), the mean of which, is economically viable. The geological characteristics including coal rank, thickness and hydrogeology as well as the present-day stress pattern create favourable conditions for CSG production. Detailed analyses of high-resolution borehole image log data reveal that there are major perturbations in maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation, both spatially and with depth in Australian CSG basins, which is critical in hydraulic fracture stimulation and geomechanical modelling. Within a basin, significant variability in gas content and permeability may be observed with depth. The major reasons for such variabilities are coal rank, sealing capacity of overlying formations, measurement methods, thermal effects of magmatic intrusions, geological structures and stress regime. Field studies in Australia show permeability may enhance throughout depletion in CSG fields and the functional form of permeability versus reservoir pressure is exponential, consistent with observations in North American CSG fields.
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Ge, Tao. "A Research into the Distribution Characteristics & Natural Existing Condition of the Mercury in the Coal of Huainan City." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.448.
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The mercury content in the raw coal is one of the important basic data to estimate the mercury emission of the coal. The outcome of the test and analysis of the mercury content in the raw coal of the 9 mines in Huainan Coalfield has shown that the mercury content in the coal samples of Huainan, although higher than that in the coal of the United States，Russia，Germany，Australia，etc., is within the normal range, with no major differences from that of the coal in North China region. With a research into the content change of the mercury in the coal in the process of washing and in combination with the relevant analysis result of the relation between the mercury in the coal and sulfur, ash content, selenium, we have inferred that the mercury in the coal of Huainan is existing naturally in the minerals, but has come into combination with organic matter in some way or scattered in the organic groups in the form of particles.
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Mullins, Oliver C., Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Jan Van Elp, and Stephen P. Cramer. "Molecular Structure of Nitrogen in Coal from XANES Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 8 (August 1993): 1268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067991.
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Five major nitrogen chemical structures, present in coals of varying ranks, have been quantitatively determined with the use of nitrogen x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Similar studies of the sulfur chemical structures of coals have been performed for the last ten years; nitrogen studies on these fossil-fuel samples have only recently been realized. XANES spectra of coals exhibit several distinguishable resonances which can be correlated with characteristic resonances of particular nitrogen chemical structures, thereby facilitating analysis of these complicated systems. Many model compounds have been examined; for some, the relative peak positions are explained in terms of the orbital description of the lone pair of electrons. All features in the XANES spectra of coals have been accounted for; thus, all the major structural groups of nitrogen present in coals have been determined. A wide variety of aromatic nitrogen compounds is found in the coals; no evidence of saturated amine is found. Pyrroles, pyridines, pyridones, and aromatic amines are found in coal; of these, pyrrolic structures are the most prevalent. Pyridine nitrogen is prevalent in all except low-rank coals. The low pyridine content in low-rank (high-oxygen) coals correlates with a large pyridone content. This observation suggests that, with increasing maturation of coal, the pyridone loses its oxygen and is transformed into pyridine. Aromatic amines are present at low levels in coals of all rank. The spectral effects of aromatic amines are shown by comparing the XANES spectra of coal and petroleum asphaltenes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content Australia"
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Telfer, Marnie. "Sulphur transformations during pyrolysis of low-rank coals and characterisation of Ca-based sorbents." Title page, summary and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht2712.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 279-293. Temperature-programmed Pyrolysis experiments employing Bowmans and Lochiel low-rank coal and treated Bowmans coals, were conducted to investigate the sulphur transformations during pyrolysis.
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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
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Hoyle, Frances Carmen. "The effect of soluble organic carbon substrates, and environmental modulators on soil microbial function and diversity." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0050.
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[Truncated abstract] The principal aim of this thesis was to examine the response of the microbial community to the addition of small amounts (<50 μg C g-1 soil) of organic C substrates (‘trigger molecules’) to soil. This addition is comparative to indigenous soluble C concentrations for a range of soil types in Western Australia (typically measured between 20 and 55 μg C g-1 soil). Previously it has been reported that the application of trigger molecules to European soils has caused more CO2-C to be evolved (up to six fold) than was applied . . . Findings from this study indicated that there was an additional CO2 release (i.e. greater than the C added) on application of organic C substrates to some soil treatments. However, findings from this study indicate that the response of the microbial community to small additions of soluble C substrate is not consistent for all soil types and may vary due to greater availability of C, and supports the premise that microbial responses vary in a yet to be predicted manner between soil type and ecosystems. Differences in microbial response to the addition of soluble organic C are likely attributable to differences in soil attributes and environmental factors influencing both the diversity of microbes present and the frequency of food events. Theoretically, trigger molecules could also provide a possible control mechanism for microorganisms in arable farming systems. These mechanisms include stimulating either targeted pathogenic microorganisms that starve after depletion of a suitable substrate; or stimulating beneficial microorganisms to manipulate nutrient cycling, by targeting specific functional groups and altering mineralisation and immobilisation turnover rates.
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Lalor, Briony Maree. "An assessment of the recovery of the microbial community in jarrah forest soils after bauxite mining and prescription burning." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0037.
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[Truncated abstract] Recovery of soil nutrients, microbial populations and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling processes are critical to the success of rehabilitation following major ecosystem disturbance. Bauxite mining represents a major ecosystem disturbance to the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in the south-west of Western Australia. Mining has created a mosaic of mined areas in various stages of succession surrounded by non-mined forest areas. Initial site preparations within rehabilitation areas such as contour ripping alter soil structure (creation of mound and furrows) and over time also influence the distribution of vegetation and litter. Current performance criteria developed by industry, government and other stakeholders have determined that before post-bauxite mined areas of jarrah forest can be integrated back into normal forest management practises they should be functional and demonstrate resilience to normal forest disturbances such as fire. Furthermore, resilience should be of a manner comparable to non-mined analogue forest sites. Currently little is known of the resilience of microbial communities and C and N cycling in rehabilitation sites to normal forest disturbances such as prescription burning. As such, before rehabilitated jarrah forests can be successfully integrated into broad scale forest management regimes, a more thorough knowledge of the potential impacts of burning practises on the soil microbial community and C and N cycling processes in these systems is required. ... While there are similar rates of C and N cycling the underlying microbial community structure was distinctly different; implying a high degree of functional redundancy with respect to C and N cycling. Differences in the C and N cycling and structure of the microbial communities were likely to be due to differences in soil environmental conditions (i.e. soil alkalinity/acidity, soil moisture) and C substrate availability which influence the physiological status of the microbial community and in turn are related to successional age of the forests. Results also suggest that the measurement of CLPP can be a useful approach for assessment of changes in the functional ability of microbial communities. However, the interpretation of how well these rehabilitation forests have recovered heterotrophic abilities was greatly affected by the methodological approach used (e.g. MicroRespTM or Degens and Harris, 1997). Importantly, results from Chapter 4 and 5 suggested that the effects of a moderate prescription fire on C and N processes, CLPP and microbial community structure of 18 year old rehabilitation forests are likely to be short-lived (< 2 years). Furthermore, the effects of the moderate spring prescription fire were not large enough to decouple C and N cycling processes over the short-term (< 1 years) which suggests that by 18 years of age rehabilitation forests demonstrate comparable functional resilience to a moderate prescription burn.
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Hossain, A. K. M. Afzal. "Estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen in some Australian forest soils." Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142939.
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Telfer, Marnie. "Sulphur transformations during pyrolysis of low-rank coals and characterisation of Ca-based sorbents / by Marnie Telfer." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19410.
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Bibliography: leaves 279-293.xxxiv, 323 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Temperature-programmed Pyrolysis experiments employing Bowmans and Lochiel low-rank coal and treated Bowmans coals, were conducted to investigate the sulphur transformations during pyrolysis.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2000
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Clough, Angela. "Nitrogen and carbon mineralisation in agricultural soils of South Australia / by Angela Clough." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22426.
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"September 2001"Bibliography: leaves 144-159.
xix, 159 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
The two main aims of this study were: 1) to determine if the presence of Calcium carbonate in soil was the reason behind soils from Yorke Peninsula having relatively high OC (organic carbon) contents, given local farming practices, and 2) to determine the effect that the composition of the soils' OC has on the mineralisation rates.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 2002
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Lotfollahi, M. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat / by Mohammad Lotfollahi." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18896.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted.Bibliography: leaves 147-189.
xxi, 189 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997
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Adcock, Damien Paul. "Soil water and nitrogen dynamics of farming systems on the upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37810.
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In the semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments of southern Australia, soil
and water resources largely determine crop productivity and ultimately the sustainability of farming systems within the region. The development of sustainable farming systems is a constantly evolving process, of which cropping
sequences ( rotations ) are an essential component. This thesis focused on two important soil resources, soil water and nitrogen, and studied the effects of different crop sequences on the dynamic of these resources within current farming systems practiced on the upper Eyre Peninsula of South Australia.
The hypothesis tested was that : continuous cropping may alter N dynamics but will not necessarily alter water use efficiency in semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments. Continuous cropping altered N - dynamics ; increases in inorganic N were dependent on the inclusion of a legume in the cropping sequence.
Associated with the increase in inorganic N supply was a decrease in WUE by the subsequent wheat crop. Overall, estimates of water use efficiency, a common index of the sustainability of farming systems, in this study concur with reported values for the semi - arid Murray - Mallee region of southern Australia and other
semi - arid environments worldwide.
Soil water balance and determination of WUE for a series of crop sequences in this thesis suggests that the adoption of continuous cropping may increase WUE and confer a yield benefit compared to crop sequences including a legume component in this environment. No differences in total water use ( ET ) at anthesis or maturity were measured for wheat regardless of the previous crop. Soil evaporation ( E [subscript s] ) was significantly affected by crop canopy development, measured as LAI from tillering until anthesis in 2002, however total seasonal E [subscript s] did not differ between crop sequences. Indeed in environments with infrequent
rainfall, such as the upper Eyre Peninsula, soil evaporation may be water - limited rather than energy limited and the potential benefits from greater LAI and reduced E [subscript s] are less.
Greater shoot dry matter production and LAI due to an enhanced inorganic N supply for wheat after legumes, and to a lesser degree wheat after canola, relative to continuous cereal crop sequences resulted in increases in WUE calculated at anthesis, as reported by others. Nonetheless the increase in WUE was not sustained due to limitations on available soil water capacity caused by soil physical and chemical constraints. Access to more soil water at depth ( > 0.8m ) through additional root growth was unavailable due to soil chemical limitations. More importantly, the amount of plant available water within the ' effective rooting depth ' ( 0 - 0.8m ) was significantly reduced when soil physical factors were accounted for using the integral water capacity ( IWC ) concept. The difference between the magnitude of the plant available water capacity and the integral water capacity was approximately 90mm within the ' effective rooting depth ' when measured at field capacity, suggesting that the ability of the soil to store water and buffer against periodic water deficit was severely limited. The IWC concept offers a method of evaluating the physical quality of soils and the limitations that these physical properties, viz. aeration, soil strength and hydraulic conductivity, impose on the water supply capacity of the soil.
The inability of the soil to maintain a constant supply of water to satisfy maximal transpiration efficiency combined with large amounts of N resulted in ' haying off ', and reduced grain yields. A strong negative linear relationship was established between WUE of grain production by wheat and increasing soil NO₃ - N at sowing in 2000 and 2002, which conflicts with results from experiments in
semi - arid Mediterranean climates in other regions of the world where applications of N increased water use efficiency of grain.
Estimates of proportional dependence on N₂ fixation ( % N [subscript dfa] ) for annual medics and vetch from this study ( 43 - 80 % ) are comparable to others for environments in southern Australia ( < 450mm average annual rainfall ). Such
estimates of fixation are considered low ( < 65 % ) to adequate ( 65 - 80 % ). Nevertheless, the amount of plant available N present at sowing for subsequent
wheat crops, and the occurrence of ' haying off ', suggests that WUE is not N - limited
per se, as implied by some reports, but constrained by the capacity of a soil to balance the co - limiting factors of water and nitrogen.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Adcock, Damien Paul. "Soil water and nitrogen dynamics of farming systems on the upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37810.
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In the semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments of southern Australia, soil and water resources largely determine crop productivity and ultimately the sustainability of farming systems within the region. The development of sustainable farming systems is a constantly evolving process, of which cropping sequences ( rotations ) are an essential component. This thesis focused on two important soil resources, soil water and nitrogen, and studied the effects of different crop sequences on the dynamic of these resources within current farming systems practiced on the upper Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. The hypothesis tested was that : continuous cropping may alter N dynamics but will not necessarily alter water use efficiency in semi - arid Mediterranean - type environments. Continuous cropping altered N - dynamics ; increases in inorganic N were dependent on the inclusion of a legume in the cropping sequence. Associated with the increase in inorganic N supply was a decrease in WUE by the subsequent wheat crop. Overall, estimates of water use efficiency, a common index of the sustainability of farming systems, in this study concur with reported values for the semi - arid Murray - Mallee region of southern Australia and other semi - arid environments worldwide. Soil water balance and determination of WUE for a series of crop sequences in this thesis suggests that the adoption of continuous cropping may increase WUE and confer a yield benefit compared to crop sequences including a legume component in this environment. No differences in total water use ( ET ) at anthesis or maturity were measured for wheat regardless of the previous crop. Soil evaporation ( E [subscript s] ) was significantly affected by crop canopy development, measured as LAI from tillering until anthesis in 2002, however total seasonal E [subscript s] did not differ between crop sequences. Indeed in environments with infrequent rainfall, such as the upper Eyre Peninsula, soil evaporation may be water - limited rather than energy limited and the potential benefits from greater LAI and reduced E [subscript s] are less. Greater shoot dry matter production and LAI due to an enhanced inorganic N supply for wheat after legumes, and to a lesser degree wheat after canola, relative to continuous cereal crop sequences resulted in increases in WUE calculated at anthesis, as reported by others. Nonetheless the increase in WUE was not sustained due to limitations on available soil water capacity caused by soil physical and chemical constraints. Access to more soil water at depth ( > 0.8m ) through additional root growth was unavailable due to soil chemical limitations. More importantly, the amount of plant available water within the ' effective rooting depth ' ( 0 - 0.8m ) was significantly reduced when soil physical factors were accounted for using the integral water capacity ( IWC ) concept. The difference between the magnitude of the plant available water capacity and the integral water capacity was approximately 90mm within the ' effective rooting depth ' when measured at field capacity, suggesting that the ability of the soil to store water and buffer against periodic water deficit was severely limited. The IWC concept offers a method of evaluating the physical quality of soils and the limitations that these physical properties, viz. aeration, soil strength and hydraulic conductivity, impose on the water supply capacity of the soil. The inability of the soil to maintain a constant supply of water to satisfy maximal transpiration efficiency combined with large amounts of N resulted in ' haying off ', and reduced grain yields. A strong negative linear relationship was established between WUE of grain production by wheat and increasing soil NO [subscript 3] - N at sowing in 2000 and 2002, which conflicts with results from experiments in semi - arid Mediterranean climates in other regions of the world where applications of N increased water use efficiency of grain. Estimates of proportional dependence on N [subscript 2] fixation ( % N [subscript dfa] ) for annual medics and vetch from this study ( 43 - 80 % ) are comparable to others for environments in southern Australia ( < 450mm average annual rainfall ). Such estimates of fixation are considered low ( < 65 % ) to adequate ( 65 - 80 % ). Nevertheless, the amount of plant available N present at sowing for subsequent wheat crops, and the occurrence of ' haying off ', suggests that WUE is not N - limited per se, as implied by some reports, but constrained by the capacity of a soil to balance the co - limiting factors of water and nitrogen.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.
Books on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content Australia"
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
Book chapters on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content Australia"
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Schobert, Harold. "Environment." In Rethinking Coal, 120—C9.P96. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767083.003.0009.
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Abstract Any strategy for using coal for electricity generation has potentially significant impacts on the environment if steps are not taken to minimize emissions. Acid rain results from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides produced during combustion. Reducing the sulfur content of the coal before it is burned or capturing sulfur oxides before they can be released are both helpful steps. Tiny ash particles suspended in the flue gases are captured by electrostatic precipitators or in baghouses. The hazardous trace element mercury can be controlled by adsorbing mercury vapors on activated carbon. A coal-fired power plant has greatly reduced emissions compared to plants of even a few decades ago. Because the dominant element in all coals is carbon, coal-fired plants will continue to emit large quantities of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide problem is the source of much of the pressure to reduce or eliminate the use of coal in electricity generation.
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Guo, Yangnan, Kai Zhang, Lu Bai, Yingming Yang, and Yequan Wang. "Analysis on the Interaction Between Vegetation and Soil Quality in Coal Mining Subsidence Area." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220356.
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As a “bridge” connecting soil, atmosphere and water, the dynamic change of vegetation can reflect the change of ecological environment in coal mining subsidence area to a certain extent. However, relying on traditional methods to extract vegetation coverage information in a large range not only consumes huge human and material resources, but also has low accuracy. Therefore, this study uses satellite remote sensing technology to extract vegetation coverage in coal mining subsidence areas. Based on the spatial variation laws of soil water content, pH, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter content in coal mining subsidence areas, considering the impact of different types of surface vegetation (grassland, shrubs and trees), this study analyzes the interaction and distribution of each factor under coal mining disturbances, and puts forward reasonable maintenance suggestions to reduce the impact of coal mining disturbances on ecology. The results showed that: (1) Soil water content was negatively correlated with soil pH, and the correlation between the two was the best in the one-year subsidence area (SA), among which the shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by grassland and arbor land. The influence between soil water content and soil pH is timely affected by coal mining subsidence, grassland and shrub land are more sensitive, and arbor land is more stable. Soil water content was positively correlated with soil fertility, and the correlation was the best in one-year SA, among which shrub land had the highest correlation, followed by arbor land and grassland. Soil pH was negatively correlated with soil fertility. The shrub land in the unmined area, the 1-year SA, and the 2-year SA had a high correlation with the arbor land, among which the shrub land in the 1-year SA had the highest correlation. (2) The correlation between vegetation coverage and soil physical and chemical properties (PCP) is the best between shrub forest land in 1-year SA and arbor forest land in 2-year SA, which is medium. At the initial stage of subsidence, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of shrub forest land respond in time. After increasing the subsidence years, the vegetation coverage and soil PCP of arbor forest land respond significantly. (3) Increasing the coverage of surface vegetation can effectively improve or alleviate the damage caused by coal mining to the PCP of soil. Planting arbor and shrub forests in the mining area can better protect the soil and reduce the loss of water and fertility.
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Leigh, G. J. "The Triumph of Industrial Chemistry: The Industrial Response to Sir William Crookes." In The World's Greatest Fix. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165821.003.0009.
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In 1905, Sir William Crookes published a book entitled The Wheat Problem in which he reiterated what he had said in his British Association address of 1898. The content and tone are familiar: “The fixation of nitrogen is vital to the progress of civilized humanity, and unless we can class it among the certainties to come, the great Caucasian race will cease to be foremost in the world, and will be squeezed out of existence by races to whom wheaten bread is not the staff of life.” A whole gamut of processes for fixing nitrogen was described in a book published in 1914, and in 1919 an eminent U.S. electrochemist, H. J. M. Creighton, published a series of three papers entitled “How the Nitrogen Fixation Problem Has Been Solved.” However, the broader story was only just beginning to unfold. In about 1925, J. W. Mellor, in a justly celebrated sixteen-volume compendium, simply took Creighton at his word and stated quite baldly: “The problem has since [Crookes’ lecture] been solved.” Mellor describes not one but six processes that he believed were of industrial significance. These were: (1) the direct oxidation of dinitrogen by dioxygen to yield, initially, nitrogen oxides, as was undertaken in the Norwegian arc process; (2) the absorption of dinitrogen by metal carbides, subsequently developed as the cyanamide process; (3) the reaction of dinitrogen and dihydrogen by what has become known as the Haber process, or, more justifiably, the Haber–Bosch process; (4) the reaction of dinitrogen with metals, followed by treatment of the resultant nitrides with water; (5) the reaction of dinitrogen with carbon to form cyanides; and (6) the oxidation of dinitrogen during the combustion of coal or natural gas. Of these, only the first three really reached the stage of industrial exploitation, and only the Haber–Bosch process has been applied to any degree of significance since about 1950. The history of these three major developments is traced below. One of the first industrially significant reactions to be developed at the beginning of the twentieth century had already been known for more than 100 years.
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Maun, M. Anwar. "The Ammophila problem." In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0012.
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Even a cursory look on foredune plant communities shows vigorous dense stands of dune species in areas with moderate recurrent sand accretion levels specific for each plant species (Disraeli 1984; Maun and Baye 1989; Maun 1998). The phenomenon has been well documented in species of Ammophila arenaria (Carey and Oliver 1918; Tansley 1953), Corynephorus canescens (Marshall 1965), A. breviligulata (Eldred and Maun 1982) and Calamovilfa longifolia (Maun 1985). Burial has a positive influence on growth and flowering of plants and debilitated populations of foredune plant species can be rejuvenated by sand deposition (Maun 1998). Clear evidence of this phenomenon was presented by Maze and Whalley (1992a), who examined population dynamics of Spinifex sericeus in five zones receiving different amounts of sand deposition on a coastal dune system of Australia: the sea side of the first dune ridge, crest of first dune ridge, swale, Acacia thickets and stable hind dunes. In the very dynamic area on the sea side or toe of the first dune ridge (high beach) with regular burial or erosion of up to 1 m or more the plants produced very vigorous stolons with long internodes. On the crest of the dune ridge with sand deposition of about 17.5 cm per year even though plants had fewer stolons, they responded to burial by growing upwards with long internodes. In Acacia thickets in spite of very little sand deposition, plants were vigorous with little or no dead material, produced stolons and grew upwards with some long and some short internodes, probably because of greater nitrogen content in the soil. However, in the swale (slack) with little or no sand deposition, plants showed strong clumping tendency with very short internodes, a large amount of dead material on the surface and very low vigour. Unburied nodes usually died. Similarly, in the stable sand dunes with little or no sand deposition debilitated low-vigour clumps with very few stolons were abundant. Another example of this decline was presented by Martin (1959) on a shoreline along the Atlantic coast of North Carolina. He measured deposition and deflation of sand on two transects and showed that as one moved inland from the shoreline the total deposition of sand decreased.
Conference papers on the topic "Coal Nitrogen content Australia"
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Selc¸uk, Nevin, Yusuf Gogebakan, and Hakan Altindag. "Co-Firing of Steam Coal With High Sulfur Content Lignite in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78067.
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Combustion and emission behavior of 100 % steam coal (SET 1) and a mixture of 80 % by weight steam coal and 20 % by weight local lignite, characterized by high sulfur and ash contents, (SET 2) were investigated in the 0.3 MWt Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) Test Rig. Experiments were performed with limestone addition at various Ca/S molar ratios with fines recycle. In both sets of experiments, parameters other than Ca/S molar ratio were held as nearly constant as possible. On-line measurements of O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx emissions were carried out. Comparisons between the emissions show that lower NOx and SO2 emissions are obtained from combustion of steam coal/lignite mixture compared to those from steam coal only despite higher sulfur and almost equal nitrogen contents of the mixture. Calculated combustion efficiencies were found to be around 98 and 96 % for SET 1 and SET 2, respectively. As for the sulfur retention efficiencies, up to three times higher efficiencies were achieved when steam coal is co-fired with high sulfur lignite.
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Chao, Christopher Y. H., Philip C. W. Kwong, and J. H. Wang. "Co-Combustion of Coal With Rice Husk and Bamboo in Power Generation." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36159.
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In many Asian countries Coal is frequently used a major fuel in power plants. Burning coal creates quite a lot of environmental problems when compared to other cleaner fuels such as natural gas. Experimental study of co-combustion of coal and biomass was conducted in a laboratory scale combustion facility to evaluate the combustion and pollutant emission performance under different operation parameters. Rice husk and bamboo were used as the biomass fuels in this study. This paper reported the influence of the biomass blending ratio in the fuel mixture and the excess air ratio on the combustion behavior. It was noted that the combustion temperature and the energy output from the co-firing process were reduced compared to coal combustion alone owing to the fact that biomass has lower heating value compared to coal. However, the high volatile matter (VM) content of biomass improved the combustion time scale so that the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced substantially. In addition, the fuel nitrogen and sulfur content in biomass were lower than that of coal and hence suppressed the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the cocombustion process. The increase of excess air ratio also affected most of the pollutant emissions. The pollutant emission per unit energy output at different excess air ratios and biomass blending ratios were studied in detail in this paper. Attention should be paid to the high potential of slagging and fouling in the boiler when co-firing coal with biomass.
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Alexander, Elinor. "Natural hydrogen exploration in South Australia." In PESA Symposium Qld 2022. PESA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36404/putz2691.
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South Australia has taken the lead nationally in enabling exploration licences for natural hydrogen. On 11 February 2021 the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Regulations 2013 were amended to declare hydrogen, hydrogen compounds and by-products from hydrogen production regulated substances under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 (PGE Act). Companies are now able to apply to explore for natural hydrogen via a Petroleum Exploration Licence (PEL) and the transmission of hydrogen or compounds of hydrogen are now permissible under the transmission pipeline licencing provisions of the PGE Act. The maximum area of a PEL is 10,000 square kilometres so they provide a large acreage position for explorers. PEL applicants need to provide evidence of their technical and financial capacity as well as a 5-year work program which could include field sampling, geophysical surveys (e.g., aeromagnetics, gravity, seismic and MT) and exploration drilling to evaluate the prospectivity of the licence for natural hydrogen. Since February 2021, seven companies have lodged 35 applications for petroleum exploration licences (PELs), targeting natural hydrogen. The first of these licences (PEL 687) over Kangaroo Island and southern Yorke Peninsula was granted to Gold Hydrogen Pty Ltd on 22 July 2021. As well as issuing exploration licences, a key role of the South Australian Department for Energy and Mining is to provide easy access to comprehensive geoscientific data submitted by mineral and petroleum explorers and departmental geoscientists since the State was founded in 1836. Access to old 1920s and 1930s reports, together with modern geophysical and well data has underpinned the current interest in hydrogen exploration. Why the interest? 50-80% hydrogen content was measured in 1931 by the Mines Department in gas samples from wells on Kangaroo Island, Yorke Peninsula and the Otway Basin, potential evidence that the natural formation of hydrogen has occurred. Iron-rich cratons and uranium-rich basement (also a target for geothermal energy explorers) occur in the Archaean-Mesoproterozoic Gawler Craton, Curnamona and Musgrave provinces which are in places fractured and seismically active with deep-seated faults. Sedimentary cover ranges from Neoproterozoic-Recent in age, with thick clastic, carbonate and coal measure successions in hydrocarbon prospective basins and, in places, occurrences of mafic intrusives and extrusives, iron stones, salt and anhydrite which could also be potential sources of natural hydrogen.
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Degereji, Mohammed U. "Numerical Assessment of the Slagging Potential of Nigerian Coal for Possible Co-Firing." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49781.
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Co-firing coal and biomass offers a sustainable renewable energy option. However, slagging and fouling have been identified as some of the major operational challenges associated with co-firing. The chemistry of individual fuels can be used to determine the slagging potential of the blend. Previously, we have developed a numerical slagging index (NSI) based on the ash content in coal and the chemical properties of the coal ash. The NSI has been tested on a wide range of coals, and very good prediction results were obtained. In this paper, the slagging potential of Nigerian coal and other coals from Australia, Colombia and South Africa have been numerically evaluated. The predicted results using the NSI indicate that the Nigerian coal has relatively low slagging propensity when compared with other coals tested in this paper. One of the Australian coals seems to have lower slagging potential, and this may be attributed to the extraordinary low ash content for the coal, as reported. It has been observed that the silica-rich coal ash composition can be used to select suitable coals that could be co-fired with the alkali-rich biomass, with low operational risk. However, detail information on the chemical properties of blend and the particle-particle interaction can improve the performance of the assessment tool.
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Storm, Christian, Helmut Rüdiger, Hartmut Spliethoff, and Klaus R. G. Hein. "Co-Pyrolysis of Coal/Biomass and Coal/Sewage Sludge Mixtures." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-103.
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Biomass and sewage sludge are attracting increasing interest in power plant technology as a source of carbon dioxide-neutral fuels. A new way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels could be the co-combustion or co-gasification of coal and biomass or coal and sewage sludge. In both cases, pyrolysis is the first step in the technical process. In order to obtain detailed information about the pyrolysis of coal/biomass and coal/sewage sludge mixtures as well as unblended fuels, the ‘Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen (IVD)’ at the University of Stuttgart has carried out investigations using an electrically heated entrained flow reactor. One application of substitution of fossil fuels could be the utilization of pyrolysis gas or gas generated in a gasification process as a reburn fuel in conventional boilers fired with fossil fuels. Investigation showed that generated gas from coal, biomass and sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification have high NOx reduction efficiencies compared to methane or low calorific gases using it as a reburn fuel in coal fired boilers. In order to take advantage of this pretreatment process the release of organic as well as of mineral compounds during the pyrolysis or gasification has to be investigated. For coal pyrolysis and gasification the reactions are known since there was a lot of research all over the world. Biomass or sewage sludge have other structures compared to fossil fuels and contain alkali, chlorine and other problematic compounds, like heavy metals. The release of those elements and of the organic matter has to be investigated to characterize the gas and the residual char. The optimum process parameters regarding the composition of the generated gas and the residual char have to be found out. The IVD has studied the co-pyrolysis of biomass and sewage sludge together with a high volatile hard coal. The main parameters to be investigated were the temperature of the pyrolysis reactor (400°C–1200°C) and the coal/biomass and coal/sewage sludge blends. Besides co-pyrolysis experiments test runs with unmixed main fuels were carried out with the hard coal, straw as biomass, and a sewage sludge. It was expected that the high reactivity of biomass and sewage sludge would have an effect on the product composition during co-pyrolysis. The test runs provided information about fuel conversion efficiency, pyrolysis gas and tar yield, and composition of pyrolysis gas and tar. Besides gas and tar analysis investigations regarding the path of trace elements, like heavy metals, alkali, chlorine and nitrogen components, during the pyrolysis process varying different parameters have been carried out. The fuel nitrogen distribution between pyrolysis gas, tar and char has been analyzed as well as the ash composition and thus the release of mineral components during pyrolysis. Increasing reaction temperatures result in a higher devolatilization for all fuels. Biomass shows a devolatilization of up to 80% at high temperatures. Hard coal shows a weight toss of approx. 50% at same temperatures. Sewage sludge devolatilizes also up to 50%, which is nearly a total release of organic matter, because of the high ash content of about 50% in sewage sludge. Gaseous hydrocarbons have a production maximum at about 800°C reaction temperature for all feedstocks. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are increasingly formed at high pyrolysis temperatures due to gasification reactions. Mineral elements are released during straw pyrolysis, but within the hot gas filtration unit further recombination reactions and condensation of elements on panicles take place. There is no release of mineral elements during sewage sludge pyrolysis and only a slight release of heavy metals at high pyrolysis temperatures. The effect of co-pyrolysis depends on the feedstocks used in association with the panicle size. The co-pyrolysis test runs showed that a synergetic effect exists when using sewage sludge and hard coal. There is a higher char production related to the unmixed fuels; gas and tar formation are lowered. Co-pyrolysis test runs with biomass and coal did not show this effect on the pyrolysis products. Reasons for this behaviour could be a difference in particle size and material structure which influences the devolatilization velocity of the fuels used or the relatively short residence time in the entrained flow reactor. It seems possible that coal pyrolysis is influenced by the reaction atmosphere, generated in co-pyrolysis. In the co-pyrolysis of coal and sewage sludge, the sludge degases much faster than coal because of the structure of sewage sludge and its small panicle. The coal pyrolysis taking place afterwards in the reaction tube occurs in a different atmosphere, compared to the mono-pyrolysis experiments. The devolatilization of coal in the co-pyrolysis experiments together with straw was not disturbed by the gaseous products of straw pyrolysis, because the large straw particles showed a delayed degasing compared to the coal particles.
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Zhang, Chun-Lin, Gui-Cheng Yuan, De-Chang Liu, Han-Ping Chen, Ding-Yu Liu, and Rong Wang. "An Experimental Study of the Gaseous Pollution Emissions in Petroleum-Coke-Fired Fluidized Beds." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-030.
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Petroleum cokes have high calorific value (about 37 MJkg−1), high sulfur content (2–7% wt.), and high nitrogen content (1∼3% wt.), introducing serious environmental problems when using as fuel. In this paper the effects of operating parameters (bed temperature, Ca/S mole ratio, and excess oxygen) on gaseous pollutant (SO2, NO, and N2O) emissions in a well-controlled bench scale fluidized bed reactor and an 1t/h bubbling fluidized bed for different type of petroleum cokes. Finally, the pollution emission differences between petroleum coke and coal were compared and the reasons were analyzed.
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Zhao, Changsui, Wenxuan Wang, Fengjun Wang, Chuanmin Chen, and Song Han. "Emission Control of Gaseous Pollutants From Co-Firing of Petroleum Coke and Coal in CFB." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-103.
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Petroleum cokes including delayed coke, fluid coke, etc. are byproducts of solid residuals from the crude refining process. Using high sulfur petroleum coke as alternative fuel is feasible owing to its high fixed carbon and low ash content, but petroleum cokes are difficult to ignite due to their low volatile content and containing substantial concentrations of vanadium, nickel, nitrogen and sulfur, which can be sources of pollution emission and fireside fouling or corrosion problem. Co-firing petroleum coke and coal in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is an ideal solution for those problems. Emission characteristic of gaseous pollutants from co-firing petroleum coke and coal is investigated in the paper. Experiments were carried out in a 0.6 MWt pilot-scale CFB combustor with the total height of 12m from the air distributor to the exit of combustor. The concentrations of SO2, NO, N2O, O2, CO2 and CO were measured on line by the gas analyzer. The effect of several parameters, in term of the primary air percentage, air excess coefficient, bed temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and percentage of petroleum coke in mixed fuel on the emission of SO2, NO, N2O is verified in experiments. Experimental results show that SO2 concentration in flue gas reduces with increase in the primary air percentage, excess air coefficient and Ca/S ratio for all kinds of fuel mixtures, whereas NO, N2O concentration rises with increase in the primary air percentage and excess air. When the bed temperature changes, the NO concentration varying trend is opposite to N2O. There is an optimal temperature for sulfur retention. Co-firing of petroleum coke and coal with different mixing ratio in CFB can be stable, efficient and environment friendly.
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A˚mand, Lars-Erik, Bo Leckner, Solvie Herstad Sva¨rd, Marianne Gyllenhammar, David Eskilsson, and Claes Tullin. "Co-Combustion of Pulp- and Paper Sludge With Wood: Emissions of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Chlorine Compounds." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-097.
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Sludge from wastewater treatment plants in five Swedish pulp and paper mills has been burned together with wood in a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The sludge was either mechanically dewatered or pre-dried. The mechanically dewatered sludge had to be fed with a pump, but the pre-dried sludge could be fed by the fuel feed system normally used for coal, wood chips or wood pellets. In parallel to the combustion tests in the CFB boiler the sludges were also investigated as single fuels in a small laboratory FB. The Swedish pulp and paper industry produces three major fractions of sludge: pure fibre sludge, sludge produced by employing a precipitation species like ironaluminiumsulphate, and finally, sludge subjected to biological cleaning. The way of production of the sludge influences its content of, for example, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine, but the composition of the sludge is also influenced by the pulp and paper process. The present measurements show that the concentrations of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine in the sludge have a great impact on the corresponding gaseous emissions from combustion. Actions to prevent these emissions could be necessary, depending on the origin of the sludge and treatment process used. In the present project all sludges were burned with wood-pellets as the main fuel under identical operating conditions, typical for a CFB boiler. Wood pellets were chosen as a well defined, low-polluting fuel that makes comparison of emissions from the sludges clear. Co-combustion with wood-pellets has the advantage of enabling operation also with wet sludges that cannot be used as single fuels without pre-drying. No actions were taken to improve sulphur and chlorine retention, by for example adding limestone. From a combustion point of view the co-combustion works well with low levels of carbon monoxide present in the flue gas and no light hydrocarbons.
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Zhang, Xiaoyu, Di Zhong, Fanglong Weng, and Min Zhu. "Experimental Investigations of Spark Ignition in a Model Combustor With Synthesis Gas." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25468.
Full textAbstract:
The components of syngas derived from coal, biomass and waste are significantly different from those of typical gas turbine fuels, such as natural gas and fuel oils. The variations of hydrogen and inert gases can modify both the fluid and the combustion dynamics in the combustor. In particular, the characteristics of spark ignition can be profoundly affected. To understand the correlation between the varying fuel components and the reliability of ignition, a test system for spark ignition was established. The model combustor with a partial-premixed swirl burner was employed. The blending fuel with five components, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, was used to model the synthesis gas used in industry. The ignition energy and the number of sparks leading to successful ignition were recorded. By varying the fuel components, the synthesis gases altered from medium to lower heat value fuels. The ignition time, ignition limit and subsequent flame developments with variations of air mass flow rates and fuel components were systematically investigated. With the increase of air flow, the syngas with a lower hydrogen content has a shorter ignition time compared with higher hydrogen syngas in the lean condition, whereas in the rich condition, syngas with a higher hydrogen content has a shorter ignition time. The effects of the hydrogen content, inlet air Reynolds number and spark energy on the ignition limit were investigated. The ignition limit was enlarged with increase in the hydrogen content and spark energy. Meanwhile, three distinct flame patterns after ignition were investigated. Finally, a map for the characteristics of the ignition and subsequent flame development was obtained. The results are expected to provide valuable information for the design and operation of stable syngas combustion systems and also provide experimental data for the validations of theoretical modelling and numerical computations.
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Dodo, Satoschi, Tomohiro Asai, Hiromi Koizumi, Hirokazu Takahashi, Shouhei Yoshida, and Hiroshi Inoue. "Combustion Characteristics of a Multiple-Injection Combustor for Dry Low-NOx Combustion of Hydrogen-Rich Fuels Under Medium Pressure." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45459.
Full textAbstract:
An oxygen-blown integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant with pre-combustion carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is one of the most promising means of zero-emission generation of power from coal. In an IGCC plant with CCS, hydrogen-rich syngas with a wide variation of hydrogen contents is supplied to a gas turbine. Such hydrogen-rich syngas poses a great challenge to a low NOx combustor based on premixed combustion technology, because its high flame speed, low ignition energy, and broad flammability limits can cause flashback and / or auto-ignition. On the other hand, a diffusion combustor suffers from the high flame temperature of syngas and the resulting high NOx emission. The authors applied a “multi-injection burner” (cluster burner) concept to a preliminary burner for hydrogen-rich syngas simulating that from IGCC with CCS. In a preliminary experiment under atmospheric pressure, the multi-injection burner worked without any flashback or any blowout. A prototype multi-cluster combustor based on the results of that preliminary study was made to be a dry low NOx combustor for hydrogen-rich syngas of IGCC with CCS. It was tested in experiments, which were carried out under medium pressure (0.6MPa) using test fuels simulating syngas from IGCC with a 0% carbon capture rate, a 30% carbon capture rate and a 50% carbon capture rate. The test fuels contained hydrogen, methane and nitrogen, and had hydrogen content ranging from 40% to 65%. The following conclusions were drawn from the test results: (1) The tested combustor allows stable combustion of fuels simulating 0%, 30%, and 50% CCS. (2) A convex perforated plate swirler is effective to suppress combustion oscillation, which allows NOx emissions to be less than 10ppm through the variation of fuel simulating 0%, 30% and 50% CCS.