Academic literature on the topic 'Coal Moisture Measurement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Coal Moisture Measurement"
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Cheng, Xue Zhen, Ji Ming Li, Qi Li, Mao Yong Cao, and Laxmisha Rai. "A Novel Coal Water Content Measurement Method on Conveyor Belt." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1292.
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The coal dust storms create great harm to the environment and human health. The main source of coal dust is the low coal moisture on various types of coal conveying belt. The intensity of coal dust is heavy, especially in the coal-fired power plant, coal transportation coal conveyor belt and in areas, where various reprint point was heavy. In this paper, a measurement method on moisture content of coal conveying belt was proposed. The local group based on the probability can eliminate the factors affecting measuring accuracy such as the big piece of coal, the thickness of coal seam, and coal rock. The rationality behind the measurement was verified by simulation experiments. The proposed method gives an effective method to measure the moisture content of coal on the conveyer belt and provides technical support to prevent the spontaneous combustion and explosion of coal when the moisture content of coal is too low.
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Li, Ming, Jun Tian, Yuliang Wang, Haiyang Zhang, Dongping Yang, and Meng Lei. "Intelligent Measurement of Coal Moisture Based on Microwave Spectrum via Distance-Weighted kNN." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126199.
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Realizing the rapid measurement of coal moisture content (MC) is of great significance. However, existing measurement methods are time-consuming and damage the original properties of the samples. To address these concerns, a coal MC intelligent measurement system is designed in this study that integrates microwave spectrum analysis and the distance-weighted k-nearest neighbor (DW-kNN) algorithm to realize rapid and non-destructive measurement of coal MC. Specifically, the measurement system is built using portable microwave analysis equipment, which can efficiently collect the microwave signals of coal. To improve the cleanliness of modeling data, an iterative clipping method based on Mahalanobis distance (MD-ICM) is used to detect and eliminate outliers. Based on multiple microwave frequency bands, various machine learning methods are evaluated, and it is found that coal MC measurement using broad frequency signals of 8.05–12.01 GHz yields the best results. Experiments are also carried out on coals from different regions to examine the regional robustness of the proposed method. The results of on-site testing with 27 additional samples show that the method based on the combination of microwave spectrum analysis and DW-kNN has a potential application prospect in the rapid measurement of coal MC.
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Ren, Si Yuan, Ying Bo Chen, Guang Chen Yu, and Can Song. "Experimental Study of Coal Moisture Content Measurement System Based on Standing-Wave Ratio." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.514.
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In this paper, a measurement system is designed to deal with the problem of measurement of the coal moisture content. Based on the measurement principle including standing-wave ratio and permittivity, develop the whole measurement system from the hardware and software aspects. The measurement system of coal moisture content based on standing-wave ratio has the advantages of less measuring time, higher accuracy and larger measurement range according to the results. And it can apply in the coal moisture content measurement in many industry fields.
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Haryono, Didied, Desiani, Mahfudz Al Huda, Warsito P. Taruno, Marlin R. Baidillah, and Irwin Maulana. "Characterization of Various Types Coal Using Capacitance Measurement Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.506.
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Each type of coal has different composition and properties, which determine the coal rank. One of the new methods for determining the quality of coal is by measuring its capacitance. It is formerly known that the difference in the moisture content of coal can be determined from the difference in its dielectric properties. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the various types of coal based on capacitance measurement. The samples used are Lignite, Sub-bituminous, Bituminous, and Anthracite. The proximate analysis testing was done to determine the content of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Capacitance value is measured using 2-channel data acquisition system (DAS) and parallel plate capacitive sensor at frequency 2.5 MHz. The results shows that the capacitance values of each type of coal are different. The capacitance value is affected by moisture content of coal since the moisture content and capacitance value have a linear correlation. And also, the signal characterization using frequency from 1 kHz to 5 MHz was performed to verify whether the frequency used in the DAS is able to characterize coal types.
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Jones, T. F., J. Haynes, and T. Jones. "Presentation of Coal for Microwave Moisture Measurement." Measurement and Control 25, no. 3 (April 1992): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409202500303.
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Maulana, Iriwn, Didied Haryono, Warsito P. Taruno, Mahfudz Al Huda, Marlin Baidillah, and Rommy I. Sulaiman. "Investigation of Moisture in Coal Using Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.701.
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A preliminary study about the development of Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (ECVT) for determining moisture, calorie and the flow of coal mass real-time on the conveyor has been done. This study aims to examine the capability and sensitivity of ECVT as a capacitance measurement system to investigate the correlation between moisture in coal and its dielectric property. The ECVT system comprises of a 2-channel rectangular sensor, data acquisition system and a computer system to control the measurement, process data and display the data of normalized capacitance of coal as the result. The linear correlation between moisture in coal and data of coal relative capacitance is obtained and presented in this paper. The results have shown that ECVT has good capability and sensitivity as a system to monitor the dielectric property and behavior of coal which are affected by the moisture content
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Liu, Nan, Chuanming Li, Ruimin Feng, Xin Xia, and Xiang Gao. "Experimental Study of the Influence of Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties and Energy Storage Characteristics of Coal." Geofluids 2021 (July 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6838092.
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Rock burst occurs frequently as coal mining depth goes deeper, which seriously impacts the safety production of underground coal mines. Coal seam water injection is a technique commonly used to prevent and control such accidents. Moisture content is a critical factor tightly related to rock burst; however, an in-depth insight is required to discover their relationship. In this study, the influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of coal and rock burst tendency is explored via multiple measurement techniques: uniaxial compression test, cyclic loading/unloading test, and acoustic emission (AE) test. These tests were performed on coal samples using the MTS-816 rock mechanics servo testing machine and AE system. The testing results showed that with the increase in moisture content, the peak strength and elastic modulus of each coal sample are reduced while the peak strain increases. The duration of the elastic deformation phase in the complete stress-strain curves of coal samples is shortened. As the moisture content increases, the area of hysteretic loop and elastic energy index W ET of each coal sample are reduced, and the impact energy index K E is negatively correlated with the moisture content, whereas dynamic failure time is positively correlated with the moisture content, but this variation trend is gradually mitigated with the continuous increase of moisture content. The failure of the coal sample is accompanied by the sharp increase in the AE ring-down count, whose peak value lags behind the peak stress, and the ring-down count is still generated after the coal sample reached the peak stress. With the increase in moisture content, the failure mode of the coal sample is gradually inclined to tensile failure. The above test results manifested that the strength of the coal sample is weakened to some extent after holding moisture, the accumulative elastic energy is reduced in case of coal failure, and thus, coal and rock burst tendency can be alleviated. The study results can provide a theoretical reference for studying the fracture instability of moisture-bearing coal and prevention of coal and rock burst by the water injection technique.
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Wang, Yingjin, Dameng Liu, Yidong Cai, and Xiawei Li. "Variation of Petrophysical Properties and Adsorption Capacity in Different Rank Coals: An Experimental Study of Coals from the Junggar, Ordos and Qinshui Basins in China." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12060986.
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The petrophysical properties of coal will vary during coalification, and thus affect the methane adsorption capacity. In order to clarify the variation rule and its controlling effect on methane adsorption, various petrophysical tests including proximate analysis, moisture measurement, methane isothermal adsorption, mercury injection, etc. were carried out on 60 coal samples collected from the Junggar, Ordos and Qinshui basins in China. In this work, the boundary values of maximum vitrinite reflectance (Ro,m) for dividing low rank, medium rank and high rank coals are set as 0.65% and 2.0%. The results show that vitrinite is the most abundant maceral, but the maceral contents are controlled by sedimentation without any relation to coal rank. Both the moisture content and porosity results show higher values in the low ranks and stabilized with Ro,m beyond 1%. Ro,m and VL (daf) show quadratic correlation with the peak located in Ro,m = 4.5–5%, with the coefficient (R2) reaching 0.86. PL decrease rapidly before Ro,m = 1.5%, then increase slowly. DAP is established to quantify the inhibitory effect of moisture on methane adsorption capacity, which shows periodic relationship with Ro,m: the inhibitory effect in lignite is the weakest and increases during coalification, then remains constant at Ro,m = 1.8% to 3.5%, and finally increases again. In the high metamorphic stage, clay minerals are more moisture-absorbent than coal, and the inherent moisture negatively correlates with the ratio of vitrinite to inertinite (V/I). During coalification, micro gas pores gradually become dominant, fractures tends to be well oriented and extended, and clay filling becomes more common. These findings can help us better understand the variation of petrophysical properties and adsorption capacity in different rank coals.
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Li, Bo, Chaohui Zong, Laisheng Huang, Yongjie Ren, and Xiaoquan Lv. "Study on the Influence of Liquid Nitrogen Cold Soaking on the Temperature Variations and Seepage Characteristics of Coal Samples with Different Moisture Contents." Geofluids 2021 (October 19, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8924016.
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Due to its advantages such as environmental friendliness and remarkable permeability enhancement effect, the technology of liquid nitrogen cold soaking (LNCS) cracking coal has become a hot spot in the research on coal seam permeability enhancement in recent years. The frost heave force generated by water-ice phase transformation and the temperature stress are the main mechanisms of LNCS cracking water-containing coal. This paper focuses on the effect of LNCS on the temperature variations and seepage characteristics of coal. To further this purpose, the temperature measurement test and the permeability test were conducted on coal samples with different moisture contents under LNCS, respectively. In addition, by comparing the computer tomography test results of coal samples before and after LNCS, the internal pore structure changes of coal samples were further analyzed from a three-dimensional perspective. The test results show that the coal sample with a higher moisture content consumes a shorter time to reach internal temperature equilibrium and experiences faster temperature changes. LNCS can enhance coal permeability, and the growth rate of permeability increases exponentially with the increase of moisture content. After the LNCS treatment, the dried coal sample is mainly sprouting new pores on the basis of primary pores; in contrast, for water-containing coal samples, new pores are sprouted while primary pores will penetrate each other spatially to form a fracture network. In the process of LNCS, moisture has a significant effect on the seepage characteristics of coal, so appropriately increasing the moisture content of the coal seam conduces to achieving a better permeability enhancement effect.
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Cutmore, N. G., D. G. Miljak, T. G. Rowlands, D. Crnokrak, and A. J. McEwan. "On-Conveyor Measurement of Moisture in Coal Using Low Frequency Microwaves." Coal Preparation 22, no. 3 (May 2002): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349340213849.
Full textBooks on the topic "Coal Moisture Measurement"
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Vinson, Robert P. Using light-scattering intensities to discriminate waterdrops from coal mine dusts. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.
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Stahle, David W., Dorian J. Burnette, Daniel Griffin, and Edward R. Cook. Thirteenth Century AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0009.
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The hypothesis that a prolonged drought across southwestern North America in the late thirteenth century contributed to the abandonment of the region by Ancestral Pueblo populations, ultimately including the depopulation of the Mesa Verde region, continues to be a focus of archaeological research in the Pueblo region. We address the hypothesis through the re-measurement of tree-ring specimens from living trees and archaeological wood at Mesa Verde, Colorado, to derive chronologies of earlywood, latewood, and total ring width. The three chronology types all date from AD 480 to 2008 and were used to separately reconstruct cool and early warm season effective moisture and total water-year precipitation for Chapin Mesa near many of the major prehistoric archaeological sites. The new reconstructions indicate three simultaneous cool and early growing season droughts during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that may have contributed to the environmental and social factors behind Ancestral Pueblo migrations over this sector of the Colorado Plateau. These sustained inter-seasonal droughts included the “Great Drought” of the late-thirteenth century, which is estimated to have been one of the most severe regimes of cool and early summer drought in the last 1,500-years and coincided with the end of Puebloan occupations at Mesa Verde. The elevation of the 30 cm isohyet of water-year precipitation reconstructed for southwestern Colorado from the new ring-width data is mapped from AD 1276–1280 and identifies areas where dry-land cultivation of maize may not have been practical during the driest years of the Great Drought. There is no doubt about the exact dating of the tree-ring chronologies, but the low sample size of dated specimens from Mesa Verde during the late-thirteenth and fourteenth centuries contributes uncertainty to these environmental reconstructions at the time of abandonment.
Book chapters on the topic "Coal Moisture Measurement"
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Schobert, Harold. "Classification." In Rethinking Coal, 7—C2.P45. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767083.003.0002.
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Abstract A classification system for coals provides a common vocabulary for describing, buying, selling, and using coals. Such a system is needed because of the great variability among the coals of the world. This chapter describes the ASTM system for classifying coals. The system is based on coal properties that are of key importance in the historical uses of coals: how they behave when heated, and how they behave when burned. These properties are determined in the proximate analysis and by measurement of the calorific value. In addition to the carboniferous or “coaly” material in a specimen of coal, coals as mined also contain some amounts of moisture and non-combustible substances that produce ash during combustion. Analytical data have to be corrected to account for the moisture and ash-forming constituents.
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Mandavgade, N. K., S. B. Jaju, and R. R. Lakhe. "Determination of Uncertainty in Gross Calorific Value of Coal Using Bomb Calorimeter." In Advanced Instrument Engineering, 292–99. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4165-5.ch021.
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A bomb calorimeter is an apparatus used for measuring the performance of coal in term of heat of combustion. Recent awareness has been created regarding uncertainty of measurement, due to mainly two reasons. Laboratory accreditation, which has steadily been on the rise, which requires a estimation of uncertainty of measurement particularly in the field of calibration. Second, increased maturity level of the quality system certification as the manufacturing companies looking at the reliability of measurement through correct calibration of inspection, measuring and test equipment. The quality of coal is decided by the various parameters such as ash content, air dried moisture, volatile matter, gross calorific value and sulphur content etc. The grade of coal is decided by the quality of coal which decides the performance of generation of electricity. The uncertainty of measurement in bomb calorimeter gets affected by various parameters. This paper describes the methodology, uncertainty calculations and effects of individual factors on it.
Conference papers on the topic "Coal Moisture Measurement"
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Liu, He, and Jihong Zhao. "Measurement of Moisture Content of Coal Based on Standing-wave Ratio." In 2010 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2010.116.
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Liu He and Wang Wen-juan. "Notice of Retraction: Measurement model of total moisture in coal based on permittivity." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5622737.
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Ge, Bing, Shu-sheng Zang, Yinsheng Tian, Dong-fang Zhang, Yao-xin Cui, and Yue-sheng Xie. "Experimental Study on a Double-Swirled Non-Premixed Humid Air/Syngas Burner." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94635.
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The development of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems provides cost-effective and environmentally sound options for meeting future coal-utilizing power generation needs in the world. The combustion of gasified coal fuel significantly influences overall performance of IGCC power generation. Experimental measurements are carried out on a non-premixed model combustor, equipped with a double-swirled syngas burner. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of OH radical measurement is adopted to identify main reaction zones and burnt gas regions as well. Together with the temperature and emission measurements during the exhaust section, some important characteristics of the syngas flame are investigated overall. In this paper, the effects of the CO/H2 molar ratio consisting of syngas fuel are investigated under different humidity. With the increase of CO/H2 ratios, the concentration field of OH radicals is gradually away from the nozzle exit, and the nozzle exit almost no existence of OH radicals, forming a typical lifted flame. In addition, fluorescent signal strength of OH radicals pronounced weakening, the flame gradually appeared W type distribution and more and more obvious with the increased of humidification amount. At the same time the average exhaust temperature of combustor CO and NOx missions almost no change. The study can provide a reliable database for high moisture gas turbine combustor design and combustion numerical simulation.
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Vyas, Sandeep. "Internal Corrosion Monitoring System Selection for Cross Country Natural Gas Pipeline: A Case Study of SHPPL." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7945.
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Reliance Gas Pipelines Limited (RGPL) is currently implementing a gas pipeline project from Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh to Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh for evacuation of gas produced from Coal Bed Methane (CBM) blocks owned by Reliance Industries Ltd. This pipeline will be hooked up with GAIL’s HVJ Pipeline at Phulpur. Over all Pipeline system includes 312 km (approx.) long trunk line, and associated facilities such as Compressor Station at Shahdol, Intermediate Pigging facilities, Metering & Regulating facilities at Phulpur and 12 No. Mainline valve stations. Gas produced from CBM blocks will be dehydrated within Gas Gathering Station facilities of CBM Project located upstream of pipeline Compressor station at Shahdol. Gas received at pipeline battery limit is dry and non-corrosive gas in nature, Internal corrosion is not expected in normal course of operation, however internal corrosion of the natural gas pipeline can occur when the pipe wall is exposed to moisture and other contaminants either under process upset conditions or under particular operating conditions. Even though internal corrosion is not expected during normal course of operations, to take care of any eventuality, it is proposed to implement Internal Corrosion Monitoring (ICMS) system in this project. ICMS will provide an efficient and reliable means of continuous monitoring internal corrosion. Internal Corrosion Monitoring (ICMS) system is used as a part of overall integrity management framework; to achieve two objectives viz., verify the corrosive behaviour of gas and to verify the efficacy of applied preventive actions. Philosophy involved in evaluating a suitable CM technique would include : • Applicable corrosion damage mechanisms, anticipated corrosion rates and probable locations. • Suitable CM technique and location based on process condition, system corrosivity, water content, pigging facilities, available corrosion allowance, design life, maintenance etc., • Measurement frequency. Some of the Corrosion Monitoring techniques used for pipeline and of relevance are: • Weight-loss Corrosion Coupons (CC), • Electrical Resistance probes (ER), • Linear Polarization Resistance Probe (LPR) • Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement (UT) • Sampling Points (SP) This paper discusses the merits / demerits of these corrosion monitoring techniques, considerations for selecting a specific technique for the Shahdol – Phulpur Gas Pipeline Project and highlights the implementation of the internal corrosion monitoring system.
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Levy, Edward, Harun Bilirgen, Joshua Charles, and Mark Ness. "Use of Condensing Heat Exchangers in Coal-Fired Power Plants to Recover Flue Gas Moisture and Capture Air Toxics." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98261.
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Heat exchangers, which cool boiler flue gas to temperatures below the water vapor dew point, can be used to capture moisture from flue gas and reduce external water consumption for power plant operations. At the same time, thermal energy removed from the flue gas can be used to improve unit heat rate. Recent data also show that emissions of air toxics from flue gas would be reduced by use of condensing heat exchangers. This paper describes results from a slip stream test of a water cooled condensing heat exchanger system at a power plant with a lignite-fired boiler. The flue gas which flowed through the heat exchangers had been extracted from a duct downstream of the electrostatic precipitator. Measurements were made of flue gas and cooling water temperatures, flue gas water vapor concentrations, and concentrations of elemental and oxidized Hg at the inlet and exit of the heat exchanger system. Condensed water was also collected and analyzed for concentrations of H2SO4 and HCl. Results on the effects of the condensing heat exchanger operating conditions on oxidation and capture of Hg and on the capture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are described.
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Beauregard, Yannick, Julie Lehew, Andrea Mah, Lexya Hansen, and Matthew Neuner. "Assessing Soil Corrosivity for Buried Structural Steel: Field Study." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86173.
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Abstract The corrosion of steel structures in soils has been a topic of industrial research for many decades. Research has shown that the corrosivity of a soil is highly variable and a function of numerous interconnected parameters including soil resistivity, moisture content and pH. Despite the complexity of the soil environment, methods have been developed to evaluate soil corrosivity and guidelines for corrosion control during the design phase and lifetime of a steel structure. An opportunity exists to apply this understanding to optimize the corrosion protection and capital expenses for new projects. For example, the identification of regions of low corrosivity where coatings are not required could lead to cost savings without compromising the long-term integrity of the structure. This paper presents work conducted to assess the applicability of three soil-corrosivity standards, AASHTO R27-01 [1], DIN 50929-3:2018 [2], ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 [3] for this purpose. A field study was conducted which involved collecting buried structural steel samples and soil samples from eight pipeline meter stations and one light industrial facility located across Alberta. The corrosion damage of the buried structural steel samples was assessed through visual examination and pit depth measurements. The soil corrosivity was determined with the three soil-corrosivity standards using soil properties (e.g., pH, resistivity, sulphide and chloride concentration) collected in the field and measured in the laboratory. The corrosion damage was compared to the soil corrosivity predictions to evaluate the standards. The results demonstrate that these standards provide a conservative assessment of soil corrosivity, with a tendency to overpredict corrosivity at the locations studied. Practical and economic considerations for the application of these standards to decisions on the need to coat buried structures are discussed.
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Levy, Y., V. Erenburg, A. Roizman, V. Sherbaum, and V. Ovcharenko. "Comparison of Methanol and Kerosene Combustion in a Swirl Stabilized Spray Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56070.
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In contrast to other alternative fuels, methanol offers a plethora of advantages; it can be produced from natural gas, coal or any organic biomass matter. Methanol is the cheapest of all alternative fuels and has a reduced likelihood of reacting to form pollutants such as soot, CO, NOx. Furthermore, methanol is a liquid at standard atmospheric conditions and can be stored and transported much more cheaply and safely than gaseous fuel. There are also drawbacks that impinge on its overall utility: Methanol has a lower energy density as compared to conventional fossil liquid fuels (kerosene, diesel oil etc.), it has the propensity to react to form aldehyde emissions and to dissolve in atmospheric moisture. Methanol also has a low vapor pressure that could lead to cold start problems in IC engines, at temperatures below 15°C. The objective of the present work is to perform an experimental investigation and a chemical kinetic comparison of combustion characteristics between methanol and kerosene & diesel fueled swirl stabilized burner. A special emphasis is given to the impact of fuel conversion of existing combustion systems from kerosene (or diesel) to methanol. The experimental set-up is based on a modified industrial burner with heating power of 50kW. In order to have a better control over the incoming air flow, the original blower is replaced with a larger and more stable industrial blower that allowed precise monitoring of the air flow rate. The combustion chamber consists of a stainless steel tube, 10cm in diameter and 80cm in length. The experiments include measurements of temperature distribution inside the combustor: wall temperature distribution is recorded with the use of thermocouples and a calibrated infra-red camera. The composition of the combustion pollutants is also monitored at the exhaust. A National Instruments cRIO 9074 controller is used in conjunction with a National Instruments LabView interface for data acquisition. The comparison between methanol and kerosene characteristics is carried out for equal heat release and equivalence ratios. Experimental results show that methanol burns slower than kerosene and therefore requires a longer combustor. It is found that the larger methanol droplet size and its larger volume flux contribute significantly to this extended length requirement for complete methanol combustion. The measured CO emission values for kerosene and methanol were 25 and 110 ppm respectively, and 40 and 10ppm for NOx. These results clearly indicate the reduced NOx emission during methanol combustion; however, the notable presence of CO indicates that methanol needs a longer combustor length to complete the combustion process.