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Journal articles on the topic 'Coal liquefaction Waste disposal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Uwaoma, R. C., C. A. Strydom, R. H. Matjie, J. R. Bunt, G. N. Okolo, and D. J. Brand. "Pyrolysis of Tetralin Liquefaction Derived Residues from Lighter Density Fractions of Waste Coals Taken from Waste Coal Disposal Sites in South Africa." Energy & Fuels 33, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 9074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01823.

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2

Fakoussa, R. M. "Production of water-soluble coal-substances by partial microbial liquefaction of untreated hard coal." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1, no. 3-4 (August 1988): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(88)90020-1.

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3

Zhao, Hua, and Michael S. Franklin. "Ionic liquids for coal dissolution, extraction and liquefaction." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 95, no. 9 (June 20, 2020): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6489.

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4

Ren, Xiangkun, Dingye Fang, Jialu Jin, and Jinsheng Gao. "Study on flow patterns in different types of direct coal liquefaction reactors." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 5 (June 15, 2009): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.284.

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5

Zhang, Li, Han Liu, Yifei Wang, and Yongzhen Peng. "Compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter during coal liquefaction wastewater treatment and its environmental implications." Science of The Total Environment 704 (February 2020): 135409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135409.

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6

Chen, Huijun, Beibei Cui, Guochun Yan, Jianli Wang, Weimin Lu, Yi Li, Wei Xie, Yuqing Niu, Jiancheng Wang, and Liping Chang. "The application of coal liquefaction residue raffinate slag-based sorbents for elemental mercury removal from coal-fired flue gas." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 2022): 107045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107045.

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7

Zhang, Li, Yongzhen Peng, and Jiachun Yang. "Transformation of dissolved organic matter during advanced coal liquefaction wastewater treatment and analysis of its molecular characteristics." Science of The Total Environment 658 (March 2019): 1334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.218.

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8

Ghani, Zaidi Ab, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak, and Khudzir Ismail. "Direct liquefaction of Mukah Balingian low-rank Malaysian coal: optimization using response surface methodology." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 4 (May 29, 2010): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.442.

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9

Zhao, Runze, Lan Yang, Xue Song, Weishan Zhang, Baiyang Wang, Sheng Huang, Shiyong Wu, and Youqing Wu. "Effects of sulfur additive on the transformation behaviors of γ-Fe2 O3 and coal liquefaction performances under mild conditions." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, no. 4 (July 2018): e2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2227.

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10

Ramdoss, Prakash K., Chin-Hsian Kuo, and Arthur R. Tarrer. "Utilization of Petroleum Waste in Coal Liquefaction." Energy & Fuels 10, no. 4 (January 1996): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9600117.

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11

Dawson, R. F., N. R. Morgenstern, and A. W. Stokes. "Liquefaction flowslides in Rocky Mountain coal mine waste dumps." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 328–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-009.

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Over the past 25 years there have been a large number of long runout flowslides from Rocky Mountain coal mine waste dumps. The waste dumps are constructed as end-dumped fills with an angle of repose of 38°. Dump heights range between 100 and 400 m. The dumps are normally founded on mountain slopes that are covered with a thin veneer of granular colluvial and dense stony till materials. Conventional stability analyses carried out for these dumps using friction angles equal to the angle of repose for the waste rock and typical values ranging from 30 to 32° for the foundation materials indicate that many should be stable. The flowslides occur rapidly and display surprisingly long runouts of up to 2 km in some cases. Detailed studies of three of these events indicate that static collapse of saturated or nearly saturated sandy gravel layers within the dumps may be responsible for the initial failure and the generation of high pore pressures which result in high runout mobility.Key words: mine waste dumps, flowslide, static liquefaction, collapse mechanics.

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12

Murko, Vasilii, Marina Baranova, and Irina Grishina. "Deep processing of organic mass of finely dispersed coal waste." E3S Web of Conferences 315 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131502014.

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The technological and technical possibility of deep processing of coal by its liquefaction using the methods of extreme mechanochemical and physical effects has been determined; recommendations have been developed for the applied use of the obtained materials in heat power engineering. The organic part of the solid mass of the prepared coal-oil suspension, which has turned into a relatively heavy organic liquid, can be used as a boiler or motor fuel, as well as a feedstock for the production of various hydrocarbon liquids. The resulting mixture of hydrocarbons can be subjected to rectification to obtain hydrocarbon fractions for the production of plastics, oil fractions and the entire spectrum of hydrocarbons for secondary use. The effective use of the above substances will make it possible to obtain not only economic, but also a significant environmental effect. The possibility of liquefying the organic mass of coal using decalin as a hydrogen donor is shown. It was found that the addition of 3% decalin improves the liquefaction process during cavitation treatment. Liquefaction of the organic mass of coal is accompanied by the splitting of the structures of macromolecules of organic substances of coal into aromatic fragments with a lower molecular weight. It should be noted that the developed technology will solve the problem of increasing the value of the final coal product, including by involving unused fine coal sludge into circulation.

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13

Feng, Zhen, Jianmin Zhao, Jeff Rockwell, Dan Bailey, and Gerald Huffman. "Direct liquefaction of waste plastics and coliquefaction of coal-plastic mixtures." Fuel Processing Technology 49, no. 1-3 (October 1996): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3820(96)01036-3.

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14

Zhang Xioabin, D. V. Miroshnichenko, A. G. Tulskaya, and E. V. Bogoyavlenskaya. "Disposal of Polymer Waste in Coal Coking." Coke and Chemistry 63, no. 12 (December 2020): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x20120029.

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15

Wang, Jieni, Weina Zhao, Yani Ai, Hongyan Chen, Leichang Cao, and Sheng Han. "Improving the fuel properties of biodiesel via complementary blending with diesel from direct coal liquefaction." RSC Advances 5, no. 56 (2015): 45575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05291b.

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16

Bob Soile and Moses Akiibinu,Felix Oyeyiola. "Thermochemical Liquefaction Kraft Lignin As A Waste Management Process." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 17 (June 9, 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v17i.8715.

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Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing or disposal, monitoring, and managing of waste materials. It tries to reduce the harmful environmental impact of each through different methods, which include but not limited to landfill, incineration, recycling, biological processing, and reduction methods. Generation, utilization and disposal of waste is increasingly becoming a significant problem in many cities of the world, with an exploding world population estimated to have a global doubling time now less than twenty years. This research focuses on energy recovery as a viable method of disposal of non-hazardous biomass components of municipal solid waste with a prototype waste kraft lignin material using the thermochemical liquefaction process. The process used high pressure, high temperature in the presence of kraft lignin, slurry solvent, and a suitable catalyst to produce a mixture of gases, liquid, and solid capable of been used as fuels and chemicals and providing an alternative to the other methods. This value-adding process serves a dual purpose of providing a source of energy and providing an alternative waste management method.

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17

Sun, Xiaohang, Zijun Sun, Yanbin Xin, Bing Sun, and Xiaomin Lu. "Plasma-catalyzed liquefaction of wood-based biomass." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 6095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6095-6109.

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Biomass resources in nature produce a large amount of waste resources (agricultural residues, wood waste, etc.) during agricultural and forestry production processes. Therefore, the effective utilization of these solid biomass waste resources has attracted widespread interest. In this paper, a pulsed discharge plasma technology was used to perform catalytic liquefaction experiments on solid biomass sawdust at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and the reaction parameters such as the solid:liquid ratio, liquefaction solvent ratio, and catalyst ratio were optimized. The results showed that the plasma technology achieved a higher liquefaction yield; the optimized reaction parameters were: a solid:liquid ratio of 1:23.4, a liquefaction solvent polyethylene glycol (PEG) / glycerol (GL) ratio of 25:15 (V:V), and an acid volume fraction of 0.188%. In addition, the characteristics of the products of the liquefaction reaction were analyzed and discussed. The liquid products were mainly composed of small molecules. The experiment established that the liquefaction of solid sawdust by high-voltage pulsed discharge plasma can be an effective technical method.

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18

Rothenberger, Kurt S., Anthony V. Cugini, Robert L. Thompson, and Michael V. Ciocco. "Investigation of First-Stage Liquefaction of Coal with Model Plastic Waste Mixtures." Energy & Fuels 11, no. 4 (July 1997): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9602077.

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19

Wang, Li, and Peng Chen. "Development of first-stage co-liquefaction of Chinese coal with waste plastics." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 43, no. 2 (February 2004): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0255-2701(03)00076-x.

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20

Zhang, Xinsha, Xudong Song, Jiaofei Wang, Weiguang Su, Yonghui Bai, Bing Zhou, and Guangsuo Yu. "CO2 gasification of Yangchangwan coal catalyzed by iron-based waste catalyst from indirect coal-liquefaction plant." Fuel 285 (February 2021): 119228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119228.

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21

Kray, Claudio Henrique, Marino José Tedesco, Carlos Alberto Bissani, Clesio Gianello, and Kelly Justin da Silva. "Tannery and coal mining waste disposal on soil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 32, spe (December 2008): 2877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832008000700035.

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Tannery residues and coal mine waste are heavily polluting sources in Brazil, mainly in the Southern States of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In order to study the effects of residues of chrome leather tanning (sludge and leather shavings) and coal waste on soybean and maize crops, a field experiment is in progress since 1996, at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Experimental Station, county of Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. The residues were applied twice (growing seasons 1996/97 and 1999/00). The amounts of tannery residues were applied according to their neutralizing value, at rates of up to 86.8 t ha-1, supplying from 671 to 1.342 kg ha-1 Cr(III); coal waste was applied at a total rate of 164 t ha-1. Crop yield and dry matter production were evaluated, as well as the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn) and Cr contents. Crop yields with tannery sludge application were similar to those obtained with N and lime supplied with mineral amendments. Plant Cr absorption did not increase significantly with the residue application. Tannery sludge can be used also to neutralize the high acidity developed in the soil by coal mine waste.

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22

Leventhal, A. R., and L. P. de Ambrosis. "Waste disposal in coal mining—a geotechnical analysis." Engineering Geology 22, no. 1 (September 1985): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(85)90040-7.

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23

Li, Xiao, Xiaodong Tian, Tao Yang, Yiting He, Wenhong Liu, Yan Song, and Zhanjun Liu. "Coal Liquefaction Residues Based Carbon Nanofibers Film Prepared by Electrospinning: An Effective Approach to Coal Waste Management." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 6 (February 25, 2019): 5742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05210.

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24

Sharma, Ramesh K., Jianli Yang, John W. Zondlo, and Dady B. Dadyburjor. "Effect of process conditions on co-liquefaction kinetics of waste tire and coal." Catalysis Today 40, no. 4 (May 1998): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00060-1.

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25

Sugano, Motoyuki, Daigorou Onda, and Kiyoshi Mashimo. "Additive Effect of Waste Tire on the Hydrogenolysis Reaction of Coal Liquefaction Residue." Energy & Fuels 20, no. 6 (November 2006): 2713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef060193x.

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26

Du, Kun, Yufeng Zeng, and Ronghuan Qin. "Coliquefaction of coal-plastic mixtures by two-stage methods." Europub Journal of Exact and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (September 28, 2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54749/ejeerv3n1-003.

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The two-stage co-processing of coal with medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) was investigated using ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) as a catalyst. The first-stage plastic pyrolysis carried out at 420 °C, 6.0 MPa hydrogen pressure and HZSM-5 as catalyst. The second-stage coal and MDPE co-liquefaction had been performed in a hydroprocessing unit at 430 °C and 6.0 MPa hydrogen pressure with ATTM catalyst. A competitive experiment was performed by the way of one stage co-liquefaction of coal with MDPE using ATTM as catalyst and tetraline as solvent. The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of the use of the waste plastic pyrolysis product as solvent. The results indicate that the hydroprocessed liquids of both the one stage and the two-stage co-processing of coal with MDPE have about 70% of compounds with boiling point below 350 °C, and meet the sulphur and nitrogen specifications for refinery feedstocks.

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27

Wang, Qingyue, and Nuerjiamali Tuohedi. "Polyurethane Foams and Bio-Polyols from Liquefied Cotton Stalk Agricultural Waste." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104214.

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Cotton is planted on a large scale in China, especially in the Xinjiang Region. A large amount of agricultural waste from cotton plants is produced annually, and currently poses a disposal problem. In this study the product after liquefaction of cotton stalk powder was mixed with diphenylmethane diisocyanate to prepare polyurethane foams. The effects of the liquefaction conditions on the properties of the polyols and polyurethane foams produced using cotton stalk were investigated. The optimal processing conditions for the liquefied product, considering the quality of the polyurethane foams, were studied as a function of the residue fraction. Bio-polyols with promising material properties were produced using liquefaction conditions of 150 °C, reaction time of 90 min, catalyst content of 3 wt.%, and 20 w/w% cotton stalk loading. We investigated the optimal processing conditions for producing bio-foam materials with mechanical properties comparable to those of petroleum-based foam materials. This study demonstrated the potential of cotton stalk agricultural waste for use as a feedstock for producing polyols via liquefaction. It was shown that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and glycerin can be used as alternative solvents for liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass, such as cotton stalk, to produce bio-polyol and polyurethane foams.

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28

Song, Weijian, Jixiong Zhang, Meng Li, Hao Yan, Nan Zhou, Yinan Yao, and Yaben Guo. "Underground Disposal of Coal Gangue Backfill in China." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 12060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312060.

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China’s total coal production in 2021 exceeded 4.13 billion tons, 52% of the world’s total. Coal gangue, a solid waste of coal mining accounts for 15–20% of coal production, when directly discharged on the ground surface as waste heaps, it occupies large areas of land and cause environmental pollution. This paper summarizes the existing gangue backfilling methods, their working principles, efficiency, and application status. The methods that are meeting Middle and Western China’s mining demands are discussed in detail. The state-of-the-art technologies that can realize high-efficiency, centralized, and large-scale underground backfilling of coal gangue are analyzed. This paper shows that the industrial implementation of these technologies can increase the current maximum disposal capacity of coal gangue by three times, reaching five million tons per year. The equipment innovation and automation are analyzed, and the environmental effect of coal gangue backfilling is discussed. This review offers inspirations and guidelines for coal gangue disposal and the environmental hazard reduction of coal mining.

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29

Barraza Burgos, Juan Manuel, José Moreno, Fiderman Machuca Martínez, and Alberto Bolaños. "Thermal and catalytic coliquefaction of a Colombian coal with a low density polyethylene." Ingeniería e Investigación 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v30n1.15202.

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Thermal and catalytic co-liquefaction of coal with organic waste is aimed at increasing the process efficiency and decreasing its cost as the presence of organic waste can supply the hydrogen required for the reaction. Thermal and catalytic coliquefaction of coal from La Yolanda colliery with low density polyethylene waste (LDPE) was carried out using hydrogen-donor solvent (tetraline) and two catalysts (ruthenium chloride and nickel-molybdenum on aluminium). A batch reactor was used at 380°C, 400°C and 420°C. Results revealed greater than 90% conversion for thermal coliquefaction of coal/LDPE without tetraline, whereas results showed that conversion decreased with temperature when using tetraline. Oil and preasphalthene yields, obtained at 400°C and 420°C, were higher using tetraline than those without it. Both catalysts improved conversion and oil selectivity. However, selectivity results were no higher than those obtained when only coal was used and LDPE was 380°C.

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30

Orr, Edward C., Yanlong Shi, Qin Ji, Lian Shao, Melizza Villanueva, and Edward M. Eyring. "An Effective Coal Liquefaction Solvent Obtained from the Vacuum Pyrolysis of Waste Rubber Tires." Energy & Fuels 10, no. 3 (January 1996): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef950243q.

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31

Wang, Li, and Peng Chen. "Mechanism study of iron-based catalysts in co-liquefaction of coal with waste plastics." Fuel 81, no. 6 (April 2002): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00201-0.

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32

Liang, Lingyun, Zhihuai Mao, Yebo Li, Caixia Wan, Tipeng Wang, Lianhui Zhang, and Lingyan Zhang. "Liquefaction of crop residues for polyol production." BioResources 1, no. 2 (November 20, 2006): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.1.2.248-256.

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The liquefaction of crop residues in the presence of ethylene glycol, ethylene carbonate, or polyethylene glycol using sulfuric acid as a catalyst was studied. For all experiments, the liquefaction was conducted at 160 ° C and atmospheric pressure. The mass ratio of feedstock to liquefaction solvents used in all the experiments was 30:100. The results show that the acid catalyzed liquefaction process fit a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Liquefaction yields of 80, 74, and 60% were obtained in 60 minutes of reaction when corn stover was liquefied with ethylene glycol, a mixture of polyethylene glycol and glycerol (9:1, w/w), and ethylene carbonate, respectively. When ethylene carbonate was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields of rice straw and wheat straw were 67% and 73%, respectively, which is lower than that of corn stover (80%). When a mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol (8:2, w/w) was used as solvent, the liquefaction yields for corn stover, rice straw and wheat straw were 78, 68, and 70%, respectively.

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33

Sugano, Motoyuki, Akihiro Komatsu, Masanori Yamamoto, Mika Kumagai, Takayuki Shimizu, Katsumi Hirano, and Kiyoshi Mashimo. "Liquefaction process for a hydrothermally treated waste mixture containing plastics." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-008-0215-3.

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34

Kutepov, Yuriy, Aleksandr Mironov, Maksim Sablin, and Elena Borger. "Substantiation of Safe Conditions During Undermining of Hydraulic Waste Disposal." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184101007.

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This article considers mining and geological conditions of the site “Blagodatny” of the mine named after A.D. Ruban located underneaththe old open pit coal mine and the hydraulic-mine dump. The potentially dangerous zones in the undermined rock mass have been identified based onthe conditions of formation of water inflow into mine workings. Safe depthof coal seams mining has been calculated depending on the type of water body – the hydraulic-mine dump.

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35

Banerjee, Rangan. "The Coal Dilemma." International Journal of Regulation and Governance 9, no. 1 (2009): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ijr-120085.

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36

Matsyuk, Iryna, Vyacheslav Krivoschokov, Natalia Kushniruk, and Liudmyla Skliar. "Techniques and Technology of Waste Disposal of Lignite Briquettes." Key Engineering Materials 844 (May 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.844.88.

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Development of a waste-free technology for lignite slurry upgrading at briquetting factories, which provides for getting cleared water for closed-loop water supply and transportable product for burning or briquetting with sustainable equipment application. Detection and study of peculiarities of lignite coal and slurry of briquetting factories, as well as research on slurry surface properties for substantiating a separation ratio. Determination of the separation ratio of lignite coal slurry taking into account its surface properties to estimate technological efficiency of reagentless flotation separation. Research on kinetics of settling and influence of different flocculants on efficiency of the slurry thickening process for sludge collection and getting circulating water. Development of waste-free technology for lignite slurry upgrading with the purpose of slurry recycling based on the substantiation of rational technological parameters and appropriate equipment. Regularities of the process of reagentless flotation separation of lignite coal slurry, kinetics of settling are defined, which is the basis of technological solutions on separate briquetting waste treatment. A waste-free technology for upgrading lignite slurry and cinders with closed-cycle of water supply and transportable final product for burning and briquetting with moisture content of 26% ... 28 % is developed. Floating and sinking fractions of lignite slurry are studied and necessity of separate treatment of these fractions is substantiated. Kinetic regularities of deposition of heat-treated lignite particles are determined; rational modes which provide for efficient deposition of particles of the sinking fraction with minimum flow of a flocculant are defined. A phenomenon of hydrophobic behaviour of mineral particle surface after heat treating and briquetting of lignite coal is revealed, which is taken as a separation ratio; this allowed substantiating the waste-free technology for lignite slurry upgrading through reagentless flotation separation. The practical value of the results obtained involves development of a waste treatment technology at a briquetting factory (slurries and cinders) and its conversion into closed-loop water supply, which will allow obtaining 23 t/year of transportable final product additionally as well as decreasing consumption of pure water considerably and eliminating environment pollution.

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37

Liu, Yuling, Kebing Wang, Yuan Zhong, and Xue Wang. "Co-liquefaction of Shengli lignite and Salix psammophila in a sub/super-critical water-ethanol system." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 27, 2020): 5433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5433-5449.

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The co-liquefaction of Shengli lignite and Salix psammophila was used to produce the bio-oil with sub/super-critical water-ethanol as the reaction medium in a WHF-0.1 stainless steel autoclave. The effects of experimental conditions including reaction temperature, holding time, the ratio of S. lignite to S. psammophila, and addition of catalyst were investigated. NaOH is most beneficial to co-liquefaction of S. lignite and S. psammophila. The characteristics of bio-oil and solid residue under the best conditions were determined, and the chemical compositional analysis of bio-oil was done using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the solid residue after the liquefaction. The melting degree of S. lignite in co-liquefaction residue was deeper than that in L-residue, which showed there is a synergic effect between S. lignite and S. psammophila in co-liquefaction.

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38

Yang, Tengfei, Jia Zheng, Congcong Liu, Feng Tang, Chuan Li, Wenan Deng, Naitao Yang, and Xiaobin Wang. "Utilization of coal liquefaction solid residue waste as an effective additive for enhanced catalytic performance." Fuel 329 (December 2022): 125454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125454.

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39

Luo, Mingsheng, and Christine W. Curtis. "Effect of reaction parameters and catalyst type on waste plastics liquefaction and coprocessing with coal." Fuel Processing Technology 49, no. 1-3 (October 1996): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3820(96)01039-9.

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40

Pinto, Filomena, José M. Hidalgo-Herrador, Filipe Paradela, Paula Costa, Rui André, Jakub Fratczak, Colin Snape, Lukaš Anděl, and Jaroslav Kusy. "Coal and waste direct liquefaction, using glycerol, polyethylene waste and waste tyres pyrolysis oil. Optimisation of liquids yield by response surface methodology." Journal of Cleaner Production 255 (May 2020): 120192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120192.

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41

Mohammed, Syakirah Afiza, Suhana Koting, Herda Yati Binti Katman, Ali Mohammed Babalghaith, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim, and Mohamed Rehan Karim. "A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 8031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13148031.

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One effective method to minimize the increasing cost in the construction industry is by using coal bottom ash waste as a substitute material. The high volume of coal bottom ash waste generated each year and the improper disposal methods have raised a grave pollution concern because of the harmful impact of the waste on the environment and human health. Recycling coal bottom ash is an effective way to reduce the problems associated with its disposal. This paper reviews the current physical and chemical and utilization of coal bottom ash as a substitute material in the construction industry. The main objective of this review is to highlight the potential of recycling bottom ash in the field of civil construction. This review encourages and promotes effective recycling of coal bottom ash and identifies the vast range of coal bottom ash applications in the construction industry.

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42

Wickland, Benjamin E., G. Ward Wilson, Dharma Wijewickreme, and Bern Klein. "Design and evaluation of mixtures of mine waste rock and tailings." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 928–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-058.

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The technique of mixing mine waste rock and tailings for disposal has the potential to avoid the problems of acid rock drainage and tailings liquefaction. This paper presents a rational basis for the design of mixtures based on particle packing theory and laboratory investigations. Mixtures were conceptualized using a particle model that allows mixture design and interpretation of behaviour. Laboratory investigations included examination of tailings rheology, mixture trials, and compressibility testing of waste rock, tailings, and mixtures of waste rock and tailings. Results indicate that mixture design governs mixture structure, and consequently also compressibility behaviour. A method is presented to predict mixture compressibility from mixture ratio and the properties of the parent waste rock and tailings. The study provides theory for the design and evaluation of mixtures as a mine waste disposal technique and demonstrates that the design of geotechnical properties is possible for homogeneous mixtures of mine wastes at the laboratory scale.Key words: co-disposal, particle packing, rheology, compressibility, waste rock, tailings.

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Petropavlovskaya, V. B., S. V. Artamonova, E. O. Shchipanskaya, E. A. Ratkevich, and K. S. Petropavlovskii. "Environmental management in ash and slag waste management in Russia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012135.

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Abstract The article provides a comprehensive assessment of environmental management in waste management: environmental pollution due to an increase in waste disposal volumes, operation of environmentally hazardous waste, ash deposition, a low level of involvement of recycled waste disposal sites as a valuable secondary resource in economic circulation. The process of processing ash waste from coal-fired TPPs has been investigated as an aspect of environmental safety. Today’s planners are working to develop a waste management strategy for waste ash from coal-fired power plants in order to find out how to properly and efficiently use the waste. As a result of their efforts, fly ash is used very effectively and economically in construction technology, agriculture, etc.

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Niu, Min, Guang-jie Zhao, and Mehmet Hakki Alma. "Thermogravimetric studies on condensed wood residues in polyhydric alcohols liquefaction." BioResources 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.615-630.

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To further clarify reasons for formation of condensed residues during the last stage of wood liquefaction in the medium of polyhydric alcohols and sulfuric acid catalyst, the weight loss behaviors and thermal reaction kinetics of condensed residues were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Simultaneously, chemical methods were used to analyze the contents of lignin, cellulose, and holocellulose in the condensed residues. For all the unliquefied wood residues, the contents of cellulose decreased, and the residual ratios after TGA pyrolysis and the contents of lignin increased as a function of liquefaction time. Moreover, the highest weight loss rate went gradually to the higher temperature region after the liquefaction time and heating rate were extended. The values for apparent activation energy were lower at 150 minutes and 180 minutes and higher at 25 minutes. Liquefaction time had a smaller effect on the pyrolysis mechanism, as revealed by TGA. In conclusion, the thermal stabilities of condensed residues were higher than those of decomposed residues and wood. The condensation reaction occurred mainly during wood liquefaction, and condensed residues resulted possibly from mutual reaction among small molecules from decomposed lignin.

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Jin, Yanqiao, Chunmei Lai, Jiaqing Kang, Xianze Lu, Jin Liu, and Qiu-Feng Lü. "Liquefaction of cornstalk residue using 5-sulfosalicylic acid as the catalyst for the production of flexible polyurethane foams." BioResources 14, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 6970–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6970-6982.

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Due to the huge demand for as well as the limited reserves of fossil resources, renewable biomass that can be converted into chemicals has become a global research focus. In this paper, cornstalk residue was liquefied using a mixture of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 400 g/mol (PEG400) and ethylene carbonate (EC) as the liquefaction reagent and 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) as the catalyst. The liquefaction product of the cornstalk residue (CRL) was used to replace petroleum polyols to prepare flexible polyurethane foams. The results showed that the optimum liquefaction conditions were as follows: PEG400/EC was 7.5:2.5 (w/w), the ratio of liquid/solid was 5:1 (w/w), the liquefaction temperature was 160 C, the mass of SSA was 4 g, and the liquefaction time was 60 min. The hydroxyl number and residue content of the CRL at optimal conditions were 315.7 mg KOH/g and 4.5%, respectively. The compressive strength and apparent density of the polyurethane foam, which was prepared by 90 wt% CRL, 10 wt% commercial polyether GE-220, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, were 205.6 kPa and 0.075 g/cm3, respectively.

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Okoligwe, Onyinyechi, Tanja Radu, Mark C. Leaper, and Jonathan L. Wagner. "Characterization of municipal solid waste residues for hydrothermal liquefaction into liquid transportation fuels." Waste Management 140 (March 2022): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.026.

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Zhang, Yan, Zhong Liu, Haitang Liu, Lanfeng Hui, Huimei Wang, and Haoyue Liu. "Characterization of the liquefaction residue from corn stalk and its biomass components using polyhydric alcohols with phosphoric acid." BioResources 14, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 2684–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2684-2706.

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Biomass liquefaction is a major process used to obtain fuel additives, valuable chemicals, and high-quality activated carbon. In this work, three major biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and corn stalk were liquefied, and the corresponding liquefaction residue yields were 0.62%, 14.56%, 1.98%, and 1.29%, respectively, using polyhydric alcohols and acid catalysis under atmospheric pressure. The liquefaction residues from the corn stalk and biomass components were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the corn stalk residues were mainly large molecules produced by interactions of some small molecules and incompletely degraded cellulose; condensation polymers generated from the reaction of degraded substances derived from lignin or hemicellulose; and insoluble components containing reactants from the degraded substances of the three major components and the insoluble substances generated by the liquefaction agents during the process.

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Matuszewska, Anna, Marlena Owczuk, and Krzysztof Biernat. "Current Trends in Waste Plastics’ Liquefaction into Fuel Fraction: A Review." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082719.

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Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies as a prospective recycling method for three types of plastic waste: PE, PP and PS.

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León, Milagros, Antonio Francisco Marcilla, and Ángela Nuria García. "Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of animal by-products: Influence of operating conditions." Waste Management 99 (November 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.022.

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Hongthong, Sukanya, Sofia Raikova, Hannah S. Leese, and Christopher J. Chuck. "Co-processing of common plastics with pistachio hulls via hydrothermal liquefaction." Waste Management 102 (February 2020): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.003.

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