Journal articles on the topic 'Coal Australia'
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1
Sappal, Krishna K. "Geology and organic petrology of some selected Permian and Jurassic coals of Western Australia." Journal of Palaeosciences 45 (December 31, 1996): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1996.1216.
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The commercial coal resources of Western Australia occur in sediments ranging in age from Permian to Jurassic. The coal from each period has distinctive geographical, biological and geological characteristics which effects its utilization in industry and power generation. Currently the Permian intracratonic Collect Basin is the only producing coalfield in Western Australia. The annual production from this coalfield is approximately 6million tonnes, which is mostly used for power generation. Another Permian coal deposit in the Vasse Shelf, located in the southern part of the Perth Basin has potential for export to Asian markets. The Early Jurassic coal of the Hill River area in the northern Perth Basin has been fully explored and is ready for mining as a source for power generation. All three coal deposits represent a measured in situ resource in excess of 1500 million tonnes for Western Australia.
Similar to the Gondwana coals of Australia, the coals are finely banded and the dominant lithotypes are dull banded with minor bright and bright banded types. The maceral composition of the coal is variable, however, the macerals of vitrinite and inertinite groups dominate, and the exinite and mineral matter contents are low, particularly in the Permian coals. On the basis of petrology of coal and the inter-seam sediments the depositional environment for the Permian coal was braided fluvial and fluvio-lacustrine, with marked fluctuations in the water table. The low water table accounts for fusain and inertodetrinite in the coal. The depositional environment for the Jurassic coal was of a low delta with some marine influence, supported by the presence of framboidal pyrite and acritarchs in the coal measures.
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Walters, A. D. "Coal Preparation Developments in Indonesia and Australia." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 4 (August 1995): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300407.
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There is considerable development within the coal processing industries of both Indonesia and Australia. Indonesia is rapidly becoming a major coal producer of thermal coal and there is little need for conventional coal preparation of the generally low ash coal. However, much of Indonesia's lower grade coal is high moisture, high volatile sub-bituminous and new methods of thermal moisture reduction and briquetting will have to be used to increase quality, particularly for export. The coal briquetting industry in Indonesia is also planned to grow dramatically to some 4 M tpy to conserve Indonesia's oil products. Australia's mature coal industry has been carrying out a considerable amount of practical research and development with programmes that will result in improved process control and optimization resulting in increases in yield and better quality control.
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Salmachi, Alireza, Mojtaba Rajabi, Carmine Wainman, Steven Mackie, Peter McCabe, Bronwyn Camac, and Christopher Clarkson. "History, Geology, In Situ Stress Pattern, Gas Content and Permeability of Coal Seam Gas Basins in Australia: A Review." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092651.
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Coal seam gas (CSG), also known as coalbed methane (CBM), is an important source of gas supply to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting facilities in eastern Australia and to the Australian domestic market. In late 2018, Australia became the largest exporter of LNG in the world. 29% of the country’s LNG nameplate capacity is in three east coast facilities that are supplied primarily by coal seam gas. Six geological basins including Bowen, Sydney, Gunnedah, Surat, Cooper and Gloucester host the majority of CSG resources in Australia. The Bowen and Surat basins contain an estimated 40Tcf of CSG whereas other basins contain relatively minor accumulations. In the Cooper Basin of South Australia, thick and laterally extensive Permian deep coal seams (>2 km) are currently underdeveloped resources. Since 2013, gas production exclusively from deep coal seams has been tested as a single add-on fracture stimulation in vertical well completions across the Cooper Basin. The rates and reserves achieved since 2013 demonstrate a robust statistical distribution (>130 hydraulic fracture stages), the mean of which, is economically viable. The geological characteristics including coal rank, thickness and hydrogeology as well as the present-day stress pattern create favourable conditions for CSG production. Detailed analyses of high-resolution borehole image log data reveal that there are major perturbations in maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientation, both spatially and with depth in Australian CSG basins, which is critical in hydraulic fracture stimulation and geomechanical modelling. Within a basin, significant variability in gas content and permeability may be observed with depth. The major reasons for such variabilities are coal rank, sealing capacity of overlying formations, measurement methods, thermal effects of magmatic intrusions, geological structures and stress regime. Field studies in Australia show permeability may enhance throughout depletion in CSG fields and the functional form of permeability versus reservoir pressure is exponential, consistent with observations in North American CSG fields.
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Selvey, Linda. "Coal and health in Australia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14040.
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It is worth remembering that perhaps the biggest health impact of mining and burning coal today is the impact on our climate due to the CO2 that will be released from coal combustion. At Copenhagen in December 2009, world leaders agreed on a target of 2°C warming. At current global emissions we are way off that target, and are set for at least 4°C warming by 2100. If we are going to meet the 2°C degree target, then the world can only emit 1000 billion tonnes of CO2 between 2000 and 2050. In the first 13 years of the century, we’ve already burned 40% of that. If we were to mine and then burn Australia’s known coal reserves, on their own, would use up one-twelfth of the remaining global carbon budget. Whether we burn our coal here or sell it to China, it’s all the same to the atmosphere
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Petersen, Henrik I. "Oil generation from coal source rocks: the influence of depositional conditions and stratigraphic age." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (July 29, 2005): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4822.
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Although it was for many years believed that coals could not act as source rocks for commercial oil accumulations, it is today generally accepted that coals can indeed generate and expel commercial quantities of oil. While hydrocarbon generation from coals is less well understood than for marine and lacustrine source rocks, liquid hydrocarbon generation from coals and coaly source rocks is now known from many parts of the world, especially in the Australasian region (MacGregor 1994; Todd et al. 1997). Most of the known large oil accumulations derived from coaly source rocks have been generated from Cenozoic coals, such as in the Gippsland Basin (Australia), the Taranaki Basin (New Zealand), and the Kutei Basin (Indonesia). Permian and Jurassic coal-sourced oils are known from, respectively, the Cooper Basin (Australia) and the Danish North Sea, but in general only minor quantities of oil appear to be related to coals of Permian and Jurassic age. In contrast, Carboniferous coals are only associated with gas, as demonstrated for example by the large gas deposits in the southern North Sea and The Netherlands. Overall, the oil generation capacity of coals seems to increase from the Carboniferous to the Cenozoic. This suggests a relationship to the evolution of more complex higher land plants through time, such that the highly diversified Cenozoic plant communities in particular have the potential to produce oil-prone coals. In addition to this overall vegetational factor, the depositional conditions of the precursor mires influenced the generation potential. The various aspects of oil generation from coals have been the focus of research at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) for several years, and recently a worldwide database consisting of more than 500 coals has been the subject of a detailed study that aims to describe the oil window and the generation potential of coals as a function of coal composition and age.
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Swan, Anthony, Sally Thorpe, and Lindsay Hogan. "Australia–Japan coking coal trade." Resources Policy 25, no. 1 (March 1999): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(99)00004-5.
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Crosdale, Peter J. "Coal facies studies in Australia." International Journal of Coal Geology 58, no. 1-2 (April 2004): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.10.004.
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Plakitkina, L. S., Yu A. Plakinkin, and K. I. D’yachenko. "World market of coking coals within the period of 2000–2017 and tendencies of its further development." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-1-14-20.
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Data on mining and consumption of coking coals quoted, including China, Australia, Russia, USA and India. It was shown, that China, taking the first place in the world on those indices, keeps a policy of coals mining and consumption cutting. The China authorities set a task to cut coal mining by 500 mt within 3–5 years beginning from 2016, by mines closing and reducing of working days number at coal-mining plants (from 330 down to 276 a year). At Ukraine in 2017 only 5.2 mt of coking coals were mined, relating to the 2000 level it constitutes only 18.8%. A cardinal reduction of coking coals production from 18.9 mt in 2000 down to 2.4 mt in 2017 observed in Germany. The world consumption of coking coals from 2000 through 2017 increased more than two-folds. However, beginning from 2014, a decreasing trend observed. China is the leader in coking coals consumption. The consumption of them increased in 2017 comparing with 2000 more than five-folds. South Korea takes the fifth place by coking coals consumption. The volume of its consumption increased from 2000 through 2017 by factor 1.9. Ukraine, USA and Germany decreased consumption of coking coals within the period under consideration by 44.3, 38.7 and 40.1% correspondently. The coal world export by end of 2017 comparing with 2000 increased by factor 1.7. By results of 2017, Australia exported 62% of the world coking coal trade volume. USA are the second big exporter of coking coals. The export of coals from the USA in 2017 increased comparing with 2000 by 68%.
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Post, David, Peter Baker, and Damian Barrett. "Determining the impacts of coal seam gas extraction on water-dependent assets." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15051.
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Many Australians, particularly in rural areas, are seeking clear scientific information about the potential impacts of coal seam gas production on groundwater and surface water across the country. In response to the resultant community concern, the Australian Government commissioned an ambitious multi-disciplinary program of bioregional assessments to improve understanding of the potential impacts of coal seam gas (and large coal mining) activities on water-dependent assets across six bioregions in eastern and central Australia. Delivered through a collaboration between the Department of the Environment, the Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO, and Geoscience Australia—and including close engagement with natural resource management and catchment management organisations, coal resource companies, Indigenous peoples and state governments—the results will allow coal resource companies, governments, and the community to focus on the areas where impacts may occur so that these can be minimised. Key findings of the program will be presented with specific reference to the potential impacts on water-dependent assets due to CSG development by Metgasco and AGL in the Clarence-Moreton and Gloucester regions, respectively.
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Boreham, C. J., J. E. Blevin, A. P. Radlinski, and K. R. Trigg. "COAL AS A SOURCE OF OIL AND GAS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE BASS BASIN, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02006.
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Only a few published geochemical studies have demonstrated that coals have sourced significant volumes of oil, while none have clearly implicated coals in the Australian context. As part of a broader collaborative project with Mineral Resources Tasmania on the petroleum prospectivity of the Bass Basin, this geochemical study has yielded strong evidence that Paleocene–Eocene coals have sourced the oil and gas in the Yolla, Pelican and Cormorant accumulations in the Bass Basin.Potential oil-prone source rocks in the Bass Basin have Hydrogen Indices (HIs) greater than 300 mg HC/g TOC. The coals within the Early–Middle Eocene succession commonly have HIs up to 500 mg HC/g TOC, and are associated with disseminated organic matter in claystones that are more gas-prone with HIs generally less than 300 mg HC/g TOC. Maturity of the coals is sufficient for oil and gas generation, with vitrinite reflectance (VR) up to 1.8 % at the base of Pelican–5. Igneous intrusions, mainly within Paleocene, Oligocene and Miocene sediments, produced locally elevated maturity levels with VR up to 5%.The key events in the process of petroleum generation and migration from the effective coaly source rocks in the Bass Basin are:the onset of oil generation at a VR of 0.65% (e.g. 2,450 m in Pelican–5);the onset of oil expulsion (primary migration) at a VR of 0.75% (e.g. 2,700–3,200 m in the Bass Basin; 2,850 m in Pelican–5);the main oil window between VR of 0.75 and 0.95% (e.g. 2,850–3,300 m in Pelican–5); and;the main gas window at VR >1.2% (e.g. >3,650 m in Pelican–5).Oils in the Bass Basin form a single oil population, although biodegradation of the Cormorant oil has resulted in its statistical placement in a separate oil family from that of the Pelican and Yolla crudes. Oil-to-source correlations show that the Paleocene–Early Eocene coals are effective source rocks in the Bass Basin, in contrast to previous work, which favoured disseminated organic matter in claystone as the sole potential source kerogen. This result represents the first demonstrated case of significant oil from coal in the Australian context. Natural gases at White Ibis–1 and Yolla–2 are associated with the liquid hydrocarbons in their respective fields, although the former gas is generated from a more mature source rock.The application of the methodologies used in this study to other Australian sedimentary basins where commercial oil is thought to be sourced from coaly kerogens (e.g. Bowen, Cooper and Gippsland basins) may further implicate coal as an effective source rock for oil.
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Han, Shuai, Hong Chen, Maggie-Anne Harvey, Eric Stemn, and David Cliff. "Focusing on Coal Workers’ Lung Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of China, Australia, and the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112565.
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China has high and increasing annual rates of occupational lung diseases such as pneumoconiosis and silicosis. In contrast, Australia and the United States of America (USA) have greatly lowered their annual rates of lung diseases since the 1970s. This paper systematically compared and analysed the multi-elements of coal dust management and health management in these three countries to provide a reference for China. Regarding coal dust management, this paper found that coal workers in China are more susceptible to lung diseases compared to workers in the USA and Australia, considering fundamental aspects such as mine type, coal rank, and geological conditions. In addition, the controllable aspects such as advanced mitigation, monitoring methods, and the personal protective equipment of coal dust were relatively inadequate in China compared to the USA and Australia. Health management in China was found to have multiple deficiencies in health examination, co-governance, and compensations for coal workers suffering from lung diseases and healthcare for retired coal workers. These deficiencies may be attributed to insufficient medical resources, the Chinese government-dominated governance, ineffective procedures for obtaining compensation, and the lack of effective and preventive healthcare programs for the retired coal workers. Based on the USA and Australia experience, some suggestions for improvement were proposed.
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Lambourne, A. N., B. J. Evans, and P. J. Hatherly. "The application of the 3D seismic surveying technique to coal seam imaging: case histories from the Arckaringa and Sydney basins." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989137.
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Two dimensional seismic surveying is commonly used in the coal mining industry to assist the mining and development of coal deposits by seismically imaging coal seams. A specialised three dimensional seismic surveying technique has recently been performed over coal mining leases in South Australia and New South Wales, to trial its applicability to coal mine planning and extraction operations.The first two case histories of its trial in Australia are presented, and the conclusion drawn that the specialised three dimensional technique developed to date offers the ability to image coal seams in three dimensions and thereby improve mine planning in regions of complex faulting.
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Dai, Shifeng, Sergey I. Arbuzov, Igor Yu Chekryzhov, David French, Ian Feole, Bruce C. Folkedahl, Ian T. Graham, et al. "Metalliferous Coals of Cretaceous Age: A Review." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091154.
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Critical elements in coal and coal-bearing sequences (e.g., Li, Sc, V, Ga, Ge, Se, Y and rare earth elements, Zr, Nb, Au, Ag, platinum group elements, Re, and U) have attracted great attention because their concentrations in some cases may be comparable to those of conventional ore deposits. The enrichment of critical elements in coals, particularly those of Carboniferous-Permian and Cenozoic ages, have generally been attributed to within-plate (plume-related) volcanism and associated hydrothermal activity. However, Cretaceous coals are not commonly rich in critical elements, with the exception of some (e.g., Ge and U) in localised areas. This paper globally reviewed metalliferous coals from Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, South America, the United States and Mexico, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), China, Africa, and Australasia (Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory, New Zealand, Nelson, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland). The world-class Ge-U or Ge deposits in North China, Mongolia, and Siberia are the only commercially significant representatives of the Cretaceous metalliferous coals, which are related to bio-chemical reduction of oxidized meteoric, hydrothermal, or sea waters by organic matter of the peat bogs. The common Cretaceous coals worldwide are generally not rich in critical elements because intensive igneous activity led to extensive acidification of terrestrial and marine waters, which are responsible for the low coal metallogenesis during the Cretaceous period, especially the Early Cretaceous time.
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Miyazaki, S., and R. J. Korsch. "COALBED METHANE RESOURCES IN THE PERMIAN OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND THEIR TECTONIC SETTING." APPEA Journal 33, no. 1 (1993): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj92013.
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The Bowen and Sydney Basins in eastern Australia contain vast coal resources which provide a source for coalbed methane. Through studies of the spatial and temporal distribution of the sedimentary packages, the structural geometry and tectonic setting of the sedimentary packages, and the maturation and burial history, the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) is mapping the distribution and structural styles of the sources of methane, in particular, the Late Permian coal measures. AGSO's results from the Bowen Basin show at least two distinctly different structural styles of potential targets for coalbed methane drainage: on the Comet Ridge, the Permian coal measures are essentially subhorizontal and tectonically undisturbed, whereas in the western Taroom Trough, the coal measures are folded into a series of anticlines, each of which occurs above a thrust fault which in turn forms part of an imbricate thrust fan. Both of these styles occur at depths of less than 1000 m.Calculations by the Bureau of Resource Sciences (BRS) indicate that the inferred coalbed methane resources-in-place are 62 trillion cubic feet (1760 billion m3) for Australia, in which the Bowen and Sydney Basins are currently the only potential provinces of coalbed methane. The low permeability of the coal seams hinders attempts to utilise this vast amount of energy resources.Further exploration is necessary to delineate commercially feasible areas. This delineation is the only process that will be able to determine demonstrated coalbed methane resources.
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Menpes, Sandra, and Tony Hill. "Emerging continuous gas plays in the Cooper Basin, South Australia." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11085.
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Recent off-structure drilling in the Nappamerri Trough has confirmed the presence of gas saturation through most of the Permian succession, including the Roseneath and Murteree shales. Basin-centred gas, shale gas and deep CSG plays in the Cooper Basin are now the focus of an escalating drilling and evaluation campaign. The Permian succession in the Nappamerri Trough is up to 1,000 m thick, comprising very thermally mature, gas-prone source rocks with interbedded sands—ideal for the creation of a basin-centred gas accumulation. Excluding the Murteree and Roseneath shales, the succession comprises up to 45% carbonaceous and silty shales and thin coals deposited in flood plain, lacustrine and coal swamp environments. The Early Permian Murteree and Roseneath shales are thick, generally flat lying, and laterally extensive, comprising siltstones and mudstones deposited in large and relatively deep freshwater lakes. Total organic carbon values average 3.9% in the Roseneath Shale and 2.4% in the Murteree Shale. The shales lie in the wet gas window (0.95–1.7% Ro) or dry gas window (>1.7% Ro) over much of the Cooper Basin. Thick Permian coals in the deepest parts of the Patchawarra Trough and over the Moomba high on the margin of the Nappamerri Trough are targets for deep CSG. Gas desorption analysis of a thick Patchawarra coal seam returned excellent total raw gas results averaging 21.2 scc/g (680 scf/ton) across 10 m. Scanning electron microscopy has shown that the coals contain significant microporosity.
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Dighton, P. F. "COAL SEAM METHANE—MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF BUYERS, FINANCIERS AND REGULATORS." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99053.
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Significant work is taking place in Queensland and New South Wales to make the recovery of natural gas from coal seams (Coal Seam Methane) a viable industry. At this stage there are still some daunting hurdles to overcome. Australian buyers and financiers remain sceptical on resource risk and continuity of supply issues. In the USA commercial production has been taking place for 20 years, but the industry was only able to achieve credibility and viability by relying on tax breaks. Unfortunately, the same type of government incentives are not present in Australia. Whether, in the absence of these incentives, Australian producers can harness the resource on an economic basis remains to be seen.
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Khorasani, Ganjavar Khavari. "Oil-prone coals of the Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 32, no. 1 (1987): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1987.032.01.16.
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Holdgate, G. R., I. Cartwright, D. T. Blackburn, M. W. Wallace, S. J. Gallagher, B. E. Wagstaff, and Li Chung. "The Middle Miocene Yallourn coal seam — The last coal in Australia." International Journal of Coal Geology 70, no. 1-3 (April 2007): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2006.01.007.
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Vassilev, Stanislav, Christina Vassileva, David Baxter, and Lars Andersen. "Relationships between chemical and mineral composition of coal and their potential applications as genetic indicators. Part 1. Chemical characteristics." Geologica Balcanica 39, no. 3 (December 2010): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.39.3.21.
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The relationships between the chemical and mineral composition of 37 coal samples from Australia, Bulgaria, USA, Japan, Canada, South Africa, China, Spain, and Ukraine, which differ considerably in their geology, rank, age, ash yield, chemistry and mineralogy, have been investigated. For that purpose complete data from chemical (proximate, ultimate and ash analyses) and mineral composition (major and minor minerals) of these samples have been used. The study explains initially some general considerations of the inorganic matter in coal. Then, the work provides and elucidates the statistically significant positive or negative correlations of chemical characteristics of the coals studied. Further, different geochemical indicators for some genetic interpretations of coal formation are also provided and described. The correlations of minerals in coals, as well as the potential applications of relationships among chemical and mineral composition are described in Part 2 of the present work.
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Baker, G., and S. Slater. "Coal seam gas—an increasingly significant source of natural gas in eastern Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08007.
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The commercial production of coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia commenced in 1996. Since then its production has grown up significantly, particularly in the last five years, to become an integral part of the upstream gas industry in eastern Australia. The major growth in both CSG reserves and production has been in the Bowen and Surat basins in Queensland. Active exploration and appraisal programs with the first pilot operations were established in the Galilee Basin in 2008; however, an important reserve base has been built up in New South Wales in the Clarence-Moreton, Gloucester, Gunnedah and Sydney basins. There has been modest CSG production from the Sydney Basin for some years with commercial production expected to commence in the other three basins by or during 2010. Exploration for CSG has been undertaken in Victoria and Tasmania while programs are being developed in South Australia focussing on the Arckaringa Basin. Elsewhere in Australia planning is being undertaken for CSG exploration programs for the Pedirka Basin in the Northern Territory and the Perth Basin in Western Australia. CSG was being supplied into the eastern Australian natural gas market at 31 December 2008 at a rate of approximately 458 TJ per day (167 PJ per year). Queensland is currently producing 96.7% of this total. Approximately 88% of the natural gas used in Queensland is CSG. Currently, CSG accounts for nearly 25% of the eastern Australian natural gas market, estimated at 670 PJ per year. The production of CSG is now a mature activity that has achieved commercial acceptability, especially for coal seam derived gas from the Bowen and Surat basins. The recent proposals by a number of local CSG producers—in joint venture arrangements with major international groups—to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) from CSG along with a number of merger and acquisition proposals, is testimony to the growing economic and commercial significance of the CSG sector. Should all of the proposed CSG based LNG projects eventuate, LNG output would be approximately 40 million tones per year. This will require raw CSG production to increase to approximately 2,600 PJ per year, resulting in a four fold increase from the present natural gas consumption in eastern Australia. The proved and probable (2P) reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December 2008 were 17,011 PJ or 60.2% of the total independently audited 2P natural gas reserves of 28,252 PJ. The Bowen and Surat basins with 16,120 PJ have the largest onshore gas reserves eastern Australia. In New South Wales, the 2P CSG reserves at the end of 2008 were 892 PJ, though this is expected to increase significantly over the next 12 months. Major upstream natural gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited both hold over 50% of their Australian 2P gas reserves as CSG. The 1P reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December were reported as 4,197 PJ while the 3P reserves of CSG at the same date were 40,480 PJ. Most companies in the CSG sector are undertaking development work to upgrade their 3P reserves (and contingent resources) into the 2P category. The CSG resource in eastern Australia is very large. Companies with interests in CSG have reported in excess of 200,000 PJ as gas in place in the Bowen, Clarence-Moreton, Galilee, Gloucester, Gunnedah, Queensland Coastal, Surat and Sydney basins. The 2P reserves of CSG are expected to exceed 20,000 PJ by the end of 2009. A significant part of the expected large increase in 2P reserves of gas initially will be dedicated to the proposed LNG projects being considered for Gladstone. The major issues confronting the CSG industry and its rapid growth are concerned with land access, overlapping tenure (particularly in Queensland with underground coal gasification) the management and beneficial use of co-product formation water and gas production ramp up factors associated with the proposed LNG projects.
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Hentschel, Astrid, Joan S. Esterle, and Sue Golding. "The use of stable carbon isotope trends as a correlation tool: an example from the Surat Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15026.
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The Surat Basin’s Middle Jurassic Walloon Subgroup is a productive coal seam gas source in Queensland, Australia. The Walloon Subgroup can be subdivided into the Upper and Lower Juandah coal measures, the Tangalooma Sandstone, the Taroom Coal Measures, and the Eurombah/Durabilla Formation, from top to bottom. Correlation across the basin is challenging due to high lateral variability and lack of extensive stratigraphic markers. The Walloon Subgroup is also, in places, incised by the overlying Springbok Sandstone, sometimes interpreted as far down as the Tangalooma Sandstone. New age dates suggest that the Walloon Coal Measures are Oxfordian in age and mark a period of high rates of Corg production and burial, and an intermittent decrease of atmospheric pCO2. The un- or dis-conformable base of the Springbok Sandstone coincides with a turning point of this supposedly global phenomenon. This study uses organic stable carbon isotope trends as a correlation tool within the Surat Basin’s Walloon Subgroup and its overlying Springbok Sandstone. Analysis of a stratigraphic suite of coal samples from several wells across the Surat Basin shows a gradual enrichment in 13C up section from the Taroom to the Lower Juandah Coal Measures, with the most positive δ13C values within the Upper Juandah Coal Measures. Thereafter there is a rapid reversal to more negative δ13C values for coal samples of the Springbok Sandstone. The upward enrichment occurs well before the shift in maceral composition to increased inertinite content in the coals, suggesting more global allogenic processes are controlling the carbon isotopic trend. The consistency of these trends lends a more confident correlation for sub-units within the Walloon Subgroup, and assists in determining the level of incision disconformity of the Springbok Sandstone.
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Miyazaki, S. "COAL SEAM GAS EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES IN AUSTRALIA: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04011.
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A total of 2,223 PJ of proved plus probable gas reserves has been identified in coal seam gas fields and pilot production areas in Australia. The production of coal seam gas is rapidly growing, reaching about 40 PJ per year in 2003. A total of more than 108 PJ will be supplied annually by the end of 2007 under existing contracts, representing about 9% of Australia’s projected total primary consumption of natural gas. About two thirds of Queensland’s natural gas consumption will be met by coal seam gas by the end of 2007. Further expansion of the coal seam gas industry depends largely on the medium-term production performance of the pioneering production projects now in operation.The long-term production performance of a coal seam gas well is not well understood. Analogues of conventional natural gas have often been applied to the estimation process of coal seam gas reserves without proper consideration of the fundamental differences in trapping mechanisms and production techniques. Definitions of petroleum reserves recommended by various organisations are not always applicable to coal seam gas, and the inconsistent application of reserves definitions may have resulted in inconsistencies in reserves reporting in Australia.
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Zhao, Lei, and Greg You. "Brown Coal in Victoria, Australia and Maddingley Brown Coal Open Cut Mine Batter Stability." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.109.
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Brown coal is young, shallowly deposited, and widely distributed in the world. It is a fuel commonly used to generate electricity. This paper first reviews the resources and characteristics of brown coal in Victoria, Australia, and its exploitation and contribution to the economy or power supply in Victoria. Due to the shallow depth of the brown coal seam, e.g. very favorable stripping ratio, open pit mining is the only mining method used to extract the coal at low cost for power generators. With the large-scale mining operations, cases of batter failure were not rare in the area. From the comprehensive review of past failures, overburden batter tends to fail by circular sliding, coal batter tends to fail by block sliding after the overburden is stripped due to a weak water-bearing layer underneath the coal seam and tension cracks developed at the rear of the batter, and batter failure is typically coincided with peak raining seasons. Secondly, the paper reviews the case study of Maddingley Brown Coal (MBC) Open Cut Mine batter stability, including geology, hydrogeology, and hydro-mechanically coupled numerical modelling. The modelling employs three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the MBC northern batter where cracks were observed in November 2013. The comprehensive simulation covers an overburden batter, a brown coal batter, two rainfall models, and a buttressed batter. The simulated results agree well with observed data, and it is found that the rainfall at the intensity of 21mm substantially lowered the factor of safety of the coal batter.
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Selvey, Linda A., Morris Carpenter, Mattea Lazarou, and Katherine Cullerton. "Communicating about Energy Policy in a Resource-Rich Jurisdiction during the Climate Crisis: Lessons from the People of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084635.
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There is a high degree of expert consensus that anthropogenic climate change will be catastrophic if urgent and significant measures to reduce carbon emissions are not undertaken worldwide. Australia is a world-leading exporter of coal and gas, and does not have an effective emissions reduction strategy. Though many Australians support action on climate change, this has not affected voting patterns. In this qualitative study, we aimed to explore the attitudes of Australian voters in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia towards potential environmental policies. We approached people in public spaces, and invited them to participate in interviews. Six of the thirty-five interview participants who voted for the two main political parties or were undecided voters agreed with the transition to 100% renewables and/or no new coal mines in Australia. Many thought that renewables were not reliable enough and/or the economy was too dependent on coal to make the transition. There was strong support for political leadership in order to regulate mining and pollution, and for a transition plan for fossil-fuel-dependent communities. Participants were most concerned about tangible environmental issues, such as waste and pollution, and also described needing clear solutions in order to engage with the issues. Some described feeling ‘shouted at’ by protests and messaging about climate change and environmental issues. Our findings suggest that solution-based messaging may increase levels of engagement about climate change, and that waste and pollution can be entry-points for discussions about climate change. It is important to have conversations with people about this important issue.
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Post, D. A., and P. A. Baker. "Determining the impacts of coal seam gas extraction on water resources and water-dependent assets." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16194.
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As recently as two years ago, there were numerous proposals to develop coal seam gas projects across eastern Australia. Today the picture is very different. While significant coal seam gas development has occurred in the Surat Basin, Metgasco has surrendered their licences and AGL have indicated that they will not proceed in Gloucester. The only coal seam gas development that is still proceeding in NSW is Santos’s proposal in the Liverpool Plains (Namoi). However, recent developments in Australian Government policy to increase gas supply on the eastern seaboard means that the results of these assessments will inform future decisions. Research carried out as part of the Bioregional Assessment Programme (BAP) has shown some surprising results in the Richmond River (Clarence-Moreton bioregion) regarding the potential impacts of coal seam gas development on the water resources and water-dependent assets of that region. This study will show how we developed a groundwater and surface water cumulative impact model in the Clarence-Moreton bioregion, and present the key findings from that modelling. Similar cumulative impact assessments are currently underway in the Maranoa-Balonne-Condamine, Gloucester, Hunter, Galilee, and Namoi regions and we expect these to be published by late 2017. As part of a core tenet of transparency in the BAP, the data collected and models developed as part of these assessments will be freely available for Industry proponents, State regulators and other interested parties to access and utilise. The Surat cumulative management area in south-eastern Queensland has provided a structure for developing coal seam gas resources while protecting water resources via a cumulative approach to management. We propose that the models we have developed would provide the basis of a similar structure to assess and manage cumulative impacts in regions across Australia that may see coal seam gas or other forms of unconventional gas development.
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Cortes-Ramirez, Javier, Darren Wraith, Peter D. Sly, and Paul Jagals. "Mapping the Morbidity Risk Associated with Coal Mining in Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031206.
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The populations in the vicinity of surface coal mining activities have a higher risk of morbidity due to diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and hypertensive diseases, as well as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Despite the large and historical volume of coal production in Queensland, the main Australian coal mining state, there is little research on the association of coal mining exposures with morbidity in non-occupational populations in this region. This study explored the association of coal production (Gross Raw Output—GRO) with hospitalisations due to six disease groups in Queensland using a Bayesian spatial hierarchical analysis and considering the spatial distribution of the Local Government Areas (LGAs). There is a positive association of GRO with hospitalisations due to circulatory diseases (1.022, 99% CI: 1.002–1.043) and respiratory diseases (1.031, 95% CI: 1.001–1.062) for the whole of Queensland. A higher risk of circulatory, respiratory and chronic lower respiratory diseases is found in LGAs in northwest and central Queensland; and a higher risk of hypertensive diseases, diabetes mellitus and lung cancer is found in LGAs in north, west, and north and southeast Queensland, respectively. These findings can be used to support public health strategies to protect communities at risk. Further research is needed to identify the causal links between coal mining and morbidity in non-occupational populations in Queensland.
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Wu, Xin Wen, and Wu Tao Lu. "Constructing the Framework of Coal Resources Paid Use System." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3046.
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Based on the analysis of the current status, main problems and causes of the coal resources paid use system, and the comparative study of the main contents of the coal resources paid use system in Australia and Russia, discussing the basic principles of the coal resources paid use system. According to these principles, constructing the framework of coal resources paid use system.
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Demetrious, Kristin. "Twitter and the Struggle to Transform the Object: A Study of Clean Coal in the 2017 Australian Energy Policy Public Debate." Journal of Public Interest Communications 3, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jpic.v3.i1.p49.
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This paper investigates unusually high spikes in Twitter engagement in Australia in February 2017 invoking the 2014 Peabody Energy global public relations campaign Advanced Energy for Life (AEFL) trope clean coal. Focusing on peak Twitter events, it asks: What caused the spike, what was amplified and signified by the dominant tweeters, and what was the content and tenor of discussion generated? Applying discourse analysis to an archive of Australian-based Twitter activity, the research argues that despite widespread ridicule of clean coal as oxymoronic by contemporary publics, the increased engagement provided unintended impetus for the PR campaign objectives. The research contributes to greater understanding of the reach, influence, and limitations of Twitter-based public debate.
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Kassler, M. "Robots and mining: the implications for Australian industry in the 1980's." Robotica 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700001429.
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SummaryAfter elucidating the terms ‘mining’ and ‘robot’, a historical background to the problem of mining is described, with emphasis on the use of technology. Various reasons for the increasing utilisation of technology are discussed, as regards the mechanisation of existing operations and those unachievable without new technology. It is asserted that the mining industry has a number of particular features that make increasing mechanisation especially attractive. The point is made that the ultimate stage of the historical tendency towards the use of new technology is fully automatic mining, a goal that may not be realised, however, in the next decade.The above historical discussion is followed by a critical appraisal of the conservative nature of the Australian industry and the study of the various factors that contribute to the slow uptake of new technology in mining.Attention is then concentrated on the general problem of robots and mining. It is shown that worldwide there were no applications of robots to mining up to the end of 1981. A wide study has been carried out to identify some uses of robots in mining, but without success.The next topic to be discussed is the widespread confusion about robots and teleoperators. The fundamental difference between the two is underlined, and particular attention is paid to Thring's teleoperator mining concept (telechiric mining). It is emphasized that telechiric mining will have no significant impact upon Australian mining in this decade.These pessimistic asssessments are followed by claims that in some areas robotic concepts, though not robots themselves, could have a considerable effect on mining automation in the 1980's, both in Australia and elsewhere. The following projects are enumerated as possible candidates for applying robotic concepts: Surface mining; Mine development; Underground coal transport; Coal winning; Coal preparation. In order to make progress, it is recommended that a robotics expert ought to be included in the interdisciplinary teams studying the problem of mining automation.The last part of this paper is devoted to Australia's need for robotic mining. A list of systems involving robotic concepts is presented that may be realised in the current decade. It is maintained that Australia ought to develop a few of such systems for the domestic and international markets, and that the short-term needs of the Australian mining industry are fundamentally different from those of other Australian industries as regards robots. Hence, decisions regarding robots for mining should be made independently from those appertaining to automation problems of other industries.
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Johnson, Raymond L., Sharon Cheong, and Andrew Farley. "Characterising the application of horizontal wells and indirect hydraulic fracturing for improved coal seam gas drainage." APPEA Journal 61, no. 1 (2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20122.
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Historically, horizontal wells in coal seam gas (CSG) producing areas of Australia have been limited in their ability to stimulate horizontal wellbores with hydraulic fractures, despite most basins being in favourable stress states capable of generating multiple transverse hydraulic fractures. In some cases, overlapping mining tenements limit the ability to effectively deploy steel casing completions to effectively manage multi-stage fracture stimulations along the lateral. In other cases, potential wellbore instabilities preclude the placement of laterals with adequate length to stage numerous fractures required to make a well economic. Strike Energy’s Jaws 1 well indicated well instability when drilling horizontally in the Patchawarra Vu Coal Seam in Petroleum Exploration Licence 96 of the Weena Trough in the Cooper Basin. To overcome this instability, Strike Energy introduced the application of an innovative process of deploying multiple, indirect hydraulic fractures in Jaws 1ST from a horizontal wellbore underlying the coal. Microseismic and surface deformation tiltmeter data acquired during the treatment confirmed the successful placement of fractures in the Patchawarra Vu Coal Seam. Further, chemical tracing and production testing provide further insight into the placement and effectiveness of the overall stimulation. Through analyses of data from the Jaws 1ST, we provide insight and recommendations regarding horizontal well placement to improve indirect hydraulic fracture effectiveness. These recommendations would be applicable for other Australian CSG basins where direct horizontal well drilling and fracture stimulation has been limited (e.g. overlapping mining tenements) or where horizontal well instabilities limit drilling within the seam (i.e. Cooper Basin, depleted coals).
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Dickson, A., and K. Noble. "EASTERN AUSTRALIA'S GAS SUPPLY AND DEMAND BALANCE." APPEA Journal 43, no. 2 (2003): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02071.
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Concerns have been raised about the capacity for Australia’s natural gas supplies to keep pace with growing demand, particularly in eastern Australia. Specifically, it has been suggested that unless significant infrastructure investment is undertaken now the demand/supply balance situation in eastern Australia will deteriorate quickly as natural gas resources are depleted in the face of strongly growing demand.The purpose of this study is to examine whether and when supplies in eastern Australia are likely to fall short of growing demand.A modelling framework was developed by ABARE to examine these issues at a regional level, building on ABARE’s MARKAL model of the Australian energy system. The modelling framework includes representations of potential sources of natural gas and coal seam methane in Australia by basin, existing and proposed pipeline options and regional gas demands. A number of alternative supply side assumptions were also examined to evaluate their impact on the final results, including annual production rates from various basins and the availability of commercial and non-commercial reserves.
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Diniz da Costa, J. C., and R. J. Pagan. "Sustainability Metrics for Coal Power Generation in Australia." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 84, no. 2 (March 2006): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/psep.04126.
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Davis, Alan. "Coal resources: Origin, exploration and utilization in Australia." International Journal of Coal Geology 6, no. 3 (September 1986): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(86)90006-6.
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Glikson, Miryam, and Christopher Fielding. "The Late Triassic Callide Coal Measures, Queensland, Australia: Coal petrology and depositional environment." International Journal of Coal Geology 17, no. 3-4 (June 1991): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(91)90037-j.
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Haque, Nawshad. "Conference Report: Coal Drying and Handling Seminar and Mini-Expo, Organized by Brown Coal Innovation Australia (BCIA), June 2013, Australia." Drying Technology 31, no. 16 (December 10, 2013): 2016–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2013.832584.
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Camac, B. A., J. Benson, V. Chan, and A. Goedecke. "Cooper Basin Deep Coal - the New Unconventional Paradigm: Deepest Producing Coals in Australia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (December 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abm3_1a.
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Petersen, Andrew, and Hugh McKerrow. "Coal seam gas in Australia's progression to a low carbon economy." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08050.
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The previous decade has witnessed an unprecedented increase in societal appreciation for the existence of climate change and its associated impacts. One need only look to the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for evidence—between 1990 and 2007, scientific acceptance of the anthropogenic nature of climate change has risen from merely perhaps in 1990 to a certainty of 90% in 2007. As governments look to create imposts on the very emissions causing climate change, be it through emissions trading schemes (ETS) or through carbon taxes, an equally stark appreciation has occurred in relation to the need to switch to low emissions fuel source in the absence of carbon capture and storage. In contrast to the introduction of the EU ETS, fuel switching in Australia will be more problematic—now Australia sources only a small fraction of its energy supply from renewable energy sources and it will take some time for this to change. What is therefore needed, is a transition fuel—a fuel that will provide Australia with a stepping stone to a sustainable future while at the same time ensuring the security of our energy supply. Coal seam gas (CSG) could play an important part in this progression. Its role is not, however, without its complexities. In a world of daily regulatory and market developments, the CSG industry will need to incorporate both Australian and international climate change issues into its development plans - its physical, reputational, regulatory and market risks and opportunities. This extended abstract will examine the links between these exposures and the future growth potential of the industry.
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Sebire, Tamara. "PESA 2010 production and development review." APPEA Journal 51, no. 1 (2011): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10011.
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2010 was another busy year for Australian hydrocarbon production and development. Natural gas production was the standout performer with both domestic gas and LNG production increasing by about 5% compared to 2009. Domestic gas output was strong with significant growth in production from the Gippsland Basin, coal seam methane in the Surat-Bowen Basin, and the start-up of the Blacktip gas project in WA. Domestic gas output is set to reach record levels again next year and has strong growth prospects in the future with final investment decisions being taken on coal seam gas projects in Queensland and the Macedon project in WA. Australian LNG production increased 4.5% in 2010 accounting for 34% of Australian hydrocarbon production. LNG production will grow further in 2011 with first gas expected from Pluto LNG project during the year. Oil production was steady in 2010; however, it is set to increase in 2011 with a full year of production from the Van Gogh and Pyrenees projects. Production levels only tell part of the Australian hydrocarbon story. In addition to the proposed domestic gas and oil projects, the combined value of committed and potential LNG projects in Australia has surpassed $100 billion. A highlight of 2010 was the final investment decision on the A$15 bn Queensland Curtis LNG Project (QCLNG). The first phase of QCLNG will consist of two LNG trains with a combined capacity of 8.5 million tonnes per annum, with first LNG exports expected in 2014. QCLNG is the first of many proposed coal seam gas to LNG (CSG-LNG) developments in Queensland. Other CSG-LNG projects reached significant milestones this year. Of particular note is the federal environmental approval of Gladstone LNG and state environmental approval of Australia Pacific LNG. In WA, the Browse LNG project complied with all Browse Basin retention lease conditions and remains on track for a targeted final investment decision in 2012. Other major LNG projects including Ichthys and Wheatstone also continue to make positive progress towards a final investment decision in the next 24 months. Sunrise, Prelude and Bonaparte LNG set a technology milestone in the industry with all three selecting floating LNG (FLNG) as their preferred development concept. 2010 has also seen the emergence of further new technologies in the form of small scale LNG projects for resources previously considered un-commercial. This has opened the door for South Australia and New South Wales to enter the LNG export market in the future. The Australian hydrocarbon industry continues to grow and its global importance, particularly in LNG, reflected by the increasing number of foreign companies entering Australia. In 2010, Shell and PetroChina increased their involvement in the Australian industry purchasing Arrow Energy for A$3.5 bn. CNOOC has increased its involvement in a number of areas, including purchasing a 5–10% stake in QCLNG and investment in CSM exploration through Exoma Energy. GDF Suez and Total have reinvigorated their interests in offshore WA and Petrobras made their first entry into Australia acquiring an interest in exploration acreage offshore WA. 2010 was an active year for Australian hydrocarbon production and development–continued success depends on the successful execution of committed and proposed projects. Escalation of development costs and a looming skills shortage remain the largest risks to the Australian hydrocarbon industry as multiple projects attempt to move forward simultaneously.
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Radjikan, Radjikan. "HUKUM SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK DALAM IZIN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA." Jurnal Widya Publika 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47329/widyapublika.v8i1.642.
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Indonesia is known as an international coal supplier, as in Borneo. The March 2007 abare report (Australian bureau research for agriculture and economic resource) has placed Indonesia as the world's largest coal supplier (about 25%) in the world, followed by Australia, South Africa, China, the Russian, Colombian, and United States. Massive uncontrolled coal deployment, one day it's going to cause big trouble. On the negative side, this actually encourages both national and foreign private companies to achieve even greater coal extinctions. Therefore, governments should actually be working on the redefinition and reorientation of the mining exploitation to be truly beneficial to the people.
There are two problems that appear: 1) How is the law as a public policy instrument in coal mining business license?, 2) How does the institutional public policy model in mining permissions? To answer the issue is used descriptive research method analysis so that it is concluded that: Mining Problems in Indonesia lies in the exploitation of coal mining that is so great to overlook the interests of local communities and the environment. The role of law as a public policy instrument can be poured through coal mining permissions. This permission policy uses an institutional public policy model where the government is legitimizing licensing. The legitimacy has implications in the sanctions of any violations in the field of coal mining both in the form of criminal sanctions and administrative sanctions. This policy is also universal.
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Ramanandraibe, Honja Miharisoa, Mohammad Sedaghat, Raymond Johnson, and Vanessa Santiago. "Co-application of micro-proppant with horizontal well, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing treatments to improve productivity in the Permian coal measures, Bowen Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 62, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21048.
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Coal permeability is the key discriminator in well completion selection in coal wells. Low productivity is often attributed to compartmentalisation and pressure-dependent permeability (PDP) effects. Often, vertical well hydraulic fracturing is used to enhance productivity from lower-permeability coals, however, several authors have noted that coal fracture treatments can generate a large unpropped area of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) that is generated from natural fracture activation and pressure-dependent leakoff. The result of this study confirms previous studies (using radial, cartesian, and enhanced SRV analytic models) that graded particle or micro-proppant injections in conjunction with hydraulic fracture treatments can be a means to enhance coal productivity in PDP-affected or low-permeability coals. In this work, data from the Bowen Basin will be used to investigate the implementation and benefits of micro-proppants in conjunction with horizontal well, multi-stage, hydraulic fracture treatments. The calibrated model will be based on a Bowen Basin case incorporating petrophysical, diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT), hydraulic fracture, and can utilise production data to constrain modelling parameters. To better understand and provide guidance on co-application of horizontal, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in conjunction with micro-proppant injections, a range of factors will be evaluated in this model including initial permeability, permeability anisotropy, fracture half-length, area and conductivity of the enhanced region between fractures, lateral length, and the number of fractures. This model will demonstrate the effectiveness, economic benefits, and optimal number of fracturing stages based on the reservoir parameters.
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Sribna, Yevheniia, Olena Trokhymets, Ihor Nosatov, and Iryna Kriukova. "The globalization of the world coal market – contradictions and trends." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301044.
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The article describes the global coal market as the ratio of demand and supply depending on the development of energy technologies in the historical section. The continental specificity of coal mining is given. The basic world exporters and importers of coal and their role in the sale of energy fuels are analyzed. The key coal producing countries are China, India, the USA, and Australia. The largest consumers of coal products are China, India, Japan and Korea. There are unconditional leaders in the export coal market: Indonesia and Australia. In addition, a comparison of large coal companies and their share in the world market is presented. The features of coal supplies are analyzed in accordance with international rules (Incoterms), which regulate the rights and obligations of the buyer when conducting international trade, as well as determine the moment of transfer of risks from the seller to the buyer. The following supply bases were characterized: FOB (Free On Board), FAS (Free Alongside Ship), CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight), DAP (Delivered At Place), FCA (Free Carrier) etc. Trends in the logistics component of the global coal industry are revealed. Logistic of coal supply chains in comparison with other energy fuels and their features are disclosed. The problem of profitability of mines and their effectiveness is presented. Assessment of the environmental components of coal use in industry and energy is analyzed. It was noted that on the background of the trend to protect the environment and promote renewable energy, coal is becoming less popular in developed countries. This trend is further exacerbated by state subsidies for green energy.
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Donn, Clifford B., and G. Phelan. "Australian Maritime Unions and Flag of Convenience Vessels." Journal of Industrial Relations 33, no. 3 (September 1991): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300303.
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The purpose of this paper is to update Kingsley Laffer's 1977 Journal of Industrial Relations article on the policies of Australian trade unions with respect to flag of convenience vessels. Australian unions have supported the campaign against such vessels initiated by the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF). After detailing the process by which the maritime unions become aware of whether or not a flag of convenience vessel is operating under the conditions established by the ITF, the paper goes on to examine two disputes involving flag of convenience vessels. The first, in 1977, was a ban by the Seamen's Union of Australia on coal ships operated by Utah Development Company; the second, in 1981, was a ban by several unions on the use of flag of convenience vessels in the coal trade in New South Wales. The paper discusses these disputes and offers an evaluation of the unions' activities in the general ITF campaign.
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Zhong, Ruizhi, Raymond L. Johnson, and Zhongwei Chen. "Using Machine Learning Methods To Identify Coal Pay Zones from Drilling and Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) Data." SPE Journal 25, no. 03 (February 27, 2020): 1241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/198288-pa.
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Summary Accurate coal identification is critical in coal seam gas (CSG) (also known as coalbed methane or CBM) developments because it determines well completion design and directly affects gas production. Density logging using radioactive source tools is the primary tool for coal identification, adding well trips to condition the hole and additional well costs for logging runs. In this paper, machine learning methods are applied to identify coals from drilling and logging-while-drilling (LWD) data to reduce overall well costs. Machine learning algorithms include logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The precision, recall, and F1 score are used as evaluation metrics. Because coal identification is an imbalanced data problem, the performance on the minority class (i.e., coals) is limited. To enhance the performance on coal prediction, two data manipulation techniques [naive random oversampling (NROS) technique and synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE)] are separately coupled with machine learning algorithms. Case studies are performed with data from six wells in the Surat Basin, Australia. For the first set of experiments (single-well experiments), both the training data and test data are in the same well. The machine learning methods can identify coal pay zones for sections with poor or missing logs. It is found that rate of penetration (ROP) is the most important feature. The second set of experiments (multiple-well experiments) uses the training data from multiple nearby wells, which can predict coal pay zones in a new well. The most important feature is gamma ray. After placing slotted casings, all wells have coal identification rates greater than 90%, and three wells have coal identification rates greater than 99%. This indicates that machine learning methods (either XGBoost or ANN/RF with NROS/SMOTE) can be an effective way to identify coal pay zones and reduce coring or logging costs in CSG developments.
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Baker, G. L., and W. R. Skerman. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL SEAM GAS IN EASTERN QUEENSLAND." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05018.
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The commercial production of coal seam gas [CSG] in Australia is only a decade old. Over the last 10 years it has become a significant part of the Australian gas industry, particularly in Queensland where about 31 PJ or 30% of all natural gas used in the State was recovered from coal seams in eastern Queensland. In 2005 CSG was expected to have supplied 55 PJ or 44 % of the eastern Queensland gas demand. The mining, mineral processing and power generations in northwest Queensland, serviced by the Carpentaria Gas Pipeline, will continue to use gas from the Cooper-Eromanga Basin.The CSG industry is reaching a stage of maturity following the commissioning of a number of fields while some significant new projects are either in the commissioning phase or under development. By the end of 2008 CSG production in Queensland is expected to reach 150 PJ per year, the quantity needed to meet Gas Supply Agreements for CSG that are presently in place.Certified Proved and Probable (2P) gas reserves at 30 June 2005 in eastern Queensland were calculated to be 4,579 PJ, of which 4,283 PJ were CSG. Gas reserves (2P) for eastern Queensland a decade earlier were less than 100 PJ with those for CSG being less than 5 PJ.The coal seam gas industry in both the Bowen and Surat basins—which includes major gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited along with smaller producers such as Arrow Energy NL, CH4 Gas Limited, Molopo Australia Limited and Queensland Gas Company Limited—is now accepted by major gas users as being suppliers of another reliable source of natural gas.
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Della Bosca, Hannah, and Josephine Gillespie. "The coal story: Generational coal mining communities and strategies of energy transition in Australia." Energy Policy 120 (September 2018): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.032.
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Wainman, Carmine, and Peter McCabe. "Re-evaluation of depositional models for the lower Permian Patchawarra Formation, Cooper Basin, South Australia: implications for petroleum exploration." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19207.
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The Late Carboniferous–Triassic Cooper Basin is Australia’s most prolific onshore petroleum province. The lower Permian Patchawarra Formation, which is up to 680 m thick and consists of up to 10% coal, is a major exploration target in the basin. Eighteen cores through the formation have been logged to re-evaluate the existing fluviolacustrine depositional model. The siliciclastics form fining- and coarsening-upward sequences that are 1–10 m thick. They are predominately fine-grained with abundant lenticular bedding, wavy bedding and thinly interlaminated siltstones and clays resembling varves. Granules and pebbles, interpreted as dropstones, are present throughout the formation. Coal beds are up to 60 m thick and rich in inertinite. Other than the coal beds, there is little evidence of the establishment of terrestrial conditions: roots are rare and there are no siliciclastic palaeosols. The siliciclastics are interpreted as the deposits of a large glaciolacustrine system, with the fining-upward successions deposited in subaqueous channels cut by hyperpycnal flows and the coarsening-upward successions deposited as overbank splays between those channels. Hyperpycnal flows may have resulted from sediment-laden cold water emanating from glacially-fed rivers, similar to those seen in many large glacial lakes in high latitudes and altitudes today. Much of the coal is interpreted as the accumulation of peats from floating mires that covered large parts of the glaciolacustrine system at certain time intervals. The high inertinite content of many coals is interpreted as the decay of organic matter within the floating mire. These new interpretations have the potential to enhance reservoir characterisation within the basin.
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Cottle, Drew, and Angela Keys. "Open-cut coal mining in Australia's Hunter Valley: Sustainability and the industry's economic, ecological and social implications." International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2014.3844.
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This article questions the sustainability of open-cut coal mining in the Hunter Valley region of Australia. The issue of sustainability is examined in relation to the economic, ecological and social implications of the Hunter Valley’s open-cut coal mining industry. The article demonstrates that critical social and ecological ramifications have been overshadowed by the open-cut coal mining industry’s importance to the economy of the Hunter region and of New South Wales.
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Penrose, Beris. "“Re-Emergence” of Silicosis and Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis in Australia." Labour History: Volume 119, Issue 1 119, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2020.19.
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Some reporters, politicians, and doctors have described current cases as a “re-emergence” of these diseases, based on the notion that they had been eliminated. However, silicosis persisted in centuries-old industries like sandblasting and stonemasonry and coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) continued in coal mining. Until recently, their presence was obscured by a combination of factors such as misdiagnosis, especially if there was a history of smoking; the failure to follow up workers thought to have silicosis or CWP; the long latency period between dust exposure and disease onset that can conceal the link between the two; and the lack of data collection that may have revealed their presence. As the recent Queensland government inquiry into CWP noted, current cases are more accurately a reidentification.
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Nelson, Tim. "Australian climate change policy—where to from here?" APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14053.
Full textAbstract:
In the past decade, Australia’s approach to climate change policy has been erratic. Both major political parties announced support for a domestic emissions trading scheme (ETS) in 2007, but bipartisan agreement evaporated in 2009. An ETS was established in 2011, but was repealed in 2014. The Commonwealth Government has subsequently introduced a Direct Action climate change policy. There is absence of bipartisan agreement about the best long-term policy approach. This extended abstract provides some insights for future Australian climate change policy using the lessons provided from previous policies and international experience. Strategically, Australia would be well placed to consider how best to manage the risks associated with potential substitution of coal and gas in power generation globally, given the strategic importance of these export industries for Australia.
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Duncan, Ian J. "Australia's Energy Use and Export." Energy & Environment 19, no. 1 (January 2008): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830508783563163.
Full textAbstract:
Australia is dependent on fossil fuel and exports significant quantities of coal and gas. Additionally, it has major uranium reserves and is the world's second largest exporter. It has one research reactor but no nuclear power electricity generation. Until 2007, Australia declined to endorse the Kyoto Protocol but has volunteered to limit the growth of CO2 emissions. This paper considers the greenhouse debate and nuclear energy. It concludes that whether the cause of global warming is the use of fossil fuel or solar activity, the remedy is the same. Reducing CO2 in the atmosphere will allow more heat to escape to space. Reducing the use of fossil fuel will reduce atmospheric CO2. For environmental, economic and global reasons the more populated Australian states should now consider the use of nuclear powered electricity generation.