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Journal articles on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Mohammed, Sulafa Abdalmageed Saadaldeen, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, and Mohamad Azmi Bustam. "Computational studies of ionic liquids as co-catalyst for CO2 electrochemical reduction to produce syngas using COSMO-RS." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128702016.
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Transforming carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added products through electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2ERR) is a promising technique due to its potential advantages using renewable energy. The main challenge is to find a stable catalytic system that could minimize the reaction overpotential with high faradaic efficiency and high current density. Ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolyte in CO2ERR have attracted attention due to the advantages of their unique properties in enhancing catalytic efficiency. For better performance, a systematic understanding of the role of ILs as electrocatalyst is needed. Therefore, this paper aims to correlate the performance of ILs as co-catalyst in (CO2ERR) with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level and the interaction energy as predicted by quantum chemical calculation using Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) and Turbomole. The results show strong linearity (R2=0.98) between hydrogen bond energy (HB) and LUMO values. It is demonstrated that as HB increases, the LUMO value decreases, and the catalytic activity for CO2ERR also increases. This result allows further understanding on the correlation between the molecular structure and the catalytic activity for CO2ERR. It can serve as a priori prediction to aid in the design of new effective catalysts.
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Yan, Yi, Xuerui Wang, Ke Li, Xiaopeng Kang, Weizheng Kong, and Hongcai Dai. "Tri-Level Integrated Optimization Design Method of a CCHP Microgrid with Composite Energy Storage." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095322.
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Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) microgrids are important means of solving the energy crisis and environmental problems. Multidimensional composite energy storage systems (CESSs) are vital to promoting the absorption of distributed renewable energy using CCHP microgrids and improving the level of energy cascade utilization. In this context, this paper proposes a multi-energy coupling structure that includes a multidimensional CESS with a compressed air energy storage (CAES) connected to a CCHP microgrid. Dividing design and operation causes some problems, such as low operating efficiency and difficult energy matching of CESSs. To solve the existing problems, an integrated design method is proposed that considers the capacity configuration of the equipment and the optimal operation of the system on a multi-timescale. The optimization result of the capacity configuration level is used as the constraint of the operational control level, and the equipment output plan of the operational control level is used as the optimized operation strategy and parameters of the system. The C-NSGA-II algorithm is adopted at the capacity configuration level and day-ahead scheduling level. Rolling optimization is solved using the PSO algorithm. The final result that satisfied the output design was obtained after several iterations. The average daily cost and CO2 emission reduction rate (CO2ERR) of capacity configuration levels are $2241 and 45.02%. The best CO2ERRs of day-ahead scheduling optimization levels are 39.9% and 45.9% in summer and winter, where the operating cost saving rate (OCSR) are 30.5% and 38.3% separately. Examples show that the integrated design method presented in this paper has significant advantages in enhancing energy-grade matching and improving the economy and environmental protection of the system.
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Hamonnet, Johan, Michael Bennington, Sally Brooker, Vladimir Golovko, and Aaron Timothy Marshall. "Pyrolysed Co-N4 Macrocycles on Carbon Supports for the Efficient Electroreduction of CO2." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0114959mtgabs.
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Converting CO2 into materials such as chemicals or synfuels is an attractive way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while producing value-added products1-4. Even though the intrinsic chemical stability of CO2 significantly limits its reactivity, the use of electrocatalysts allows its efficient reduction in a mild environment and at relatively low overpotentials5,6. Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC), cobalt tetra-phenyl porphyrin (CoTPP) and Vitamin B12 (VB12) are well-defined Co-N4 macrocycles whose incorporation into heterogeneous catalyst setups have led to materials with outstanding CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2ERR) properties, most notably in the selective formation of CO at high current densities7-11. These Co-N4 macrocycles have also been used to manufacture catalysts efficient for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Notably, the pyrolysis of the macrocyclic precursor supported by carbon materials allowed the fabrication of heterogeneous ORR catalysts with high loadings of catalytically active components, controlled local environments and enhanced stabilities12,13. While these properties could lead to these materials also being efficient catalysts for CO2ERR, to the best of our knowledge, such pyrolyzed catalysts have not been investigated for the CO2 reduction reaction. In this work, we report materials based on CoPC, CoTPP and VB12, supported by carbon black and pyrolyzed under argon, as efficient catalysts for the CO2ERR. The catalytic precursors were dispersed on carbon powders with ball-milling before being annealed at different temperatures chosen from the positions of the significant steps and plateaus observed by thermogravimetric analysis of the pure precursors. The structures of the resulting materials were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of these materials for the CO2ERR were characterized in CO2-saturated potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) electrolyte using a custom-made flow cell at a range of potentials, and the products of the reaction were analyzed with gas chromatography, 1H NMR spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography. The high reactivity of the catalysts for the reduction of CO2 into CO was maintained for all materials treated at temperatures as high as 700 °C, even though the structures of their active sites were drastically different from that of the precursor molecules. The pyrolyzed materials also exhibited a change in correlation between the CO current densities and the KHCO3 concentration of the electrolyte, indicating that the reaction mechanism had changed compared to that of the pristine materials. 1 Peter, S. C. Reduction of CO2 to Chemicals and Fuels: A Solution to Global Warming and Energy Crisis. ACS Energy Letters 3, 1557-1561, doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00878 (2018). 2 Lee, Z. H., Sethupathi, S., Lee, K. T., Bhatia, S. & Mohamed, A. R. An overview on global warming in Southeast Asia: CO2 emission status, efforts done, and barriers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 28, 71-81, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.055 (2013). 3 Saeidi, S., Amin, N. A. S. & Rahimpour, M. R. Hydrogenation of CO2 to value-added products - A review and potential future developments. Journal of CO2 Utilization 5, 66-81, doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2013.12.005 (2014). 4 Zhao, G., Huang, X., Wang, X. X. & Wang, X. X. Progress in catalyst exploration for heterogeneous CO2 reduction and utilization: A critical review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, 21625-21649, doi:10.1039/c7ta07290b (2017). 5 Finn, C., Schnittger, S., Yellowlees, L. J. & Love, J. B. Molecular approaches to the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Chemical Communications 48, 1392-1399, doi:10.1039/c1cc15393e (2012). 6 Torbensen, K., Boudy, B., Joulié, D., von Wolff, N. & Robert, M. Emergence of CO2 electrolyzers including supported molecular catalysts. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 24, 49-55, doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2020.07.001 (2020). 7 Wang, M. et al. CO2 electrochemical catalytic reduction with a highly active cobalt phthalocyanine. Nature Communications 10, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11542-w (2019). 8 Ni, W. et al. Dual single-cobalt atom-based carbon electrocatalysts for efficient CO2-to-syngas conversion with industrial current densities. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 291, doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120092 (2021). 9 Jia, C. et al. Vitamin B12 on Graphene for Highly Efficient CO2 Electroreduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12, 41288-41293, doi:10.1021/acsami.0c10125 (2020). 10 Hu, B. et al. How does the ligands structure surrounding metal-N4 of Co-based macrocyclic compounds affect electrochemical reduction of CO2 performance? Electrochimica Acta 331, 135283, doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135283 (2020). 11 Hu, X. M., Ronne, M. H., Pedersen, S. U., Skrydstrup, T. & Daasbjerg, K. Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Porphyrin in CO2 Electroreduction upon Immobilization on Carbon Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56, 6468-6472, doi:10.1002/anie.201701104 (2017). 12 Wan, G. et al. Tuning the Performance of Single-Atom Electrocatalysts: Support-Induced Structural Reconstruction. Chemistry of Materials 30, 7494-7502, doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02315 (2018). 13 Wan, G. et al. Anion-Regulated Selective Generation of Cobalt Sites in Carbon: Toward Superior Bifunctional Electrocatalysis. Adv Mater 29, doi:10.1002/adma.201703436 (2017).
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Gozalpour, F., S. R. Ren, and B. Tohidi. "CO2Eor and Storage in Oil Reservoir." Oil & Gas Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (May 2005): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2005036.
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Zhao, Shuangyang, Aihua Liu, Yonghe Li, Yanyan Wen, Xiaoqian Gao, and Qiaoli Chen. "Boosting the Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction by Nanostructured Metal Materials via Defects Engineering." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142389.
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Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is one of the most effective methods to convert CO2 into useful fuels. Introducing defects into metal nanostructures can effectively improve the catalytic activity and selectivity towards CO2RR. This review provides the recent progress on the use of metal nanomaterials with defects towards electrochemical CO2RR and defects engineering methods. Accompanying these ideas, we introduce the structure of defects characterized by electron microscopy techniques as the characterization and analysis of defects are relatively difficult. Subsequently, we present the intrinsic mechanism of how the defects affect CO2RR performance. Finally, to promote a wide and deep study in this field, the perspectives and challenges concerning defects engineering in metal nanomaterials towards CO2RR are put forward.
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Alfath, Muhammad, and Chan Woo Lee. "Recent Advances in the Catalyst Design and Mass Transport Control for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080859.
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Closing the carbon cycle by the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid and other high-value chemicals is a promising strategy to mitigate rapid climate change. The main barriers to commercializing a CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) system for formate production are the chemical inertness, low aqueous solubility, and slow mass transport characteristics of CO2, along with the low selectivity and high overpotential observed in formate production via CO2 reduction. To address those problems, we first explain the possible reaction mechanisms of CO2RRs to formate, and then we present and discuss several strategies to overcome the barriers to commercialization. The electronic structure of the catalyst can be tuned to favor a specific intermediate by adjusting the catalyst composition and tailoring the facets, edges, and corners of the catalyst to better expose the active sites, which has primarily led to increased catalytic activity and selectivity. Controlling the local pH, employing a high-pressure reactor, and using systems with three-phase boundaries can tune the mass transport properties of reactants at the catalyst surface. The reported electrocatalytic performances are summarized afterward to provide insight into which strategies have critical effects on the production of formate.
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Guo, Gengzhan, Tianyang Wang, and Yuzhe Wang. "Utilizing Metal-Organic Frameworks to Achieve High-Efficiency CO2 Electroreduction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2254, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2254/1/012025.
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Abstract Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is the key part of clean energy generation and utilization, which has great potential to help the world to reach the carbon-neutral energy cycle in the future. In line with the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the large specific area and considerable porosity in the past two decades, some of the MOF-based electrocatalysts have shown superior ability to accelerate CO2RR. However, regarding such a significant CO2RR process, some critical disadvantages, including inferior robustness, low yield and selectivity, and idealistic working environment, are still required to be concentrated on. Herein, a comprehensive outline of the reaction mechanism of CO2 conversion and rational synthesis of the state-of-the-art pristine MOFs is given. Further, recent progress of pristine MOF-based electrocatalysts in CO2RR is systematically summarized. Lastly, the major limitations and future opportunities in MOF electrocatalysis for CO2RR are presented.
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Mohammed, Sulafa Abdalmageed Saadaldeen, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, Mohamad Azmi Bustam, and Md Golam Kibria. "Elucidation of the Roles of Ionic Liquid in CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to Value-Added Chemicals and Fuels." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 6962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226962.
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The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) is amongst one the most promising technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since carbon dioxide (CO2) can be converted to value-added products. Moreover, the possibility of using a renewable source of energy makes this process environmentally compelling. CO2ER in ionic liquids (ILs) has recently attracted attention due to its unique properties in reducing overpotential and raising faradaic efficiency. The current literature on CO2ER mainly reports on the effect of structures, physical and chemical interactions, acidity, and the electrode–electrolyte interface region on the reaction mechanism. However, in this work, new insights are presented for the CO2ER reaction mechanism that are based on the molecular interactions of the ILs and their physicochemical properties. This new insight will open possibilities for the utilization of new types of ionic liquids. Additionally, the roles of anions, cations, and the electrodes in the CO2ER reactions are also reviewed.
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Lu, Qingqing, Kamel Eid, and Wenpeng Li. "Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon-Based Nanostructures for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142379.
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The continual rise of the CO2 concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere is the foremost reason for environmental concerns such as global warming, ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and the extinction of various species. The electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is a promising green and efficient approach for converting CO2 to high-value-added products such as alcohols, acids, and chemicals. Developing efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts is the main barrier to scaling up CO2RR for large-scale applications. Heteroatom-doped porous carbon-based (HA-PCs) catalysts are deemed as green, efficient, low-cost, and durable electrocatalysts for the CO2RR due to their great physiochemical and catalytic merits (i.e., great surface area, electrical conductivity, rich electrical density, active sites, inferior H2 evolution activity, tailorable structures, and chemical–physical–thermal stability). They are also easily synthesized in a high yield from inexpensive and earth-abundant resources that meet sustainability and large-scale requirements. This review emphasizes the rational synthesis of HA-PCs for the CO2RR rooting from the engineering methods of HA-PCs to the effect of mono, binary, and ternary dopants (i.e., N, S, F, or B) on the CO2RR activity and durability. The effect of CO2 on the environment and human health, in addition to the recent advances in CO2RR fundamental pathways and mechanisms, are also discussed. Finally, the evolving challenges and future perspectives on the development of heteroatom-doped porous carbon-based nanocatalysts for the CO2RR are underlined.
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Zhang, Yaping, Jixiang Xu, Lei Wang, and Banglin Chen. "Multiple roles of metal–organic framework-based catalysts in photocatalytic CO2 reduction." Chemical Physics Reviews 3, no. 4 (December 2022): 041306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099758.
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Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is one of the ideal means to realize the carbon cycle. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received great attention as catalysts for photocatalytic CO2RR in recent years. The adjustable metal nodes and organic ligands in MOFs make them multifunctional catalysts. Therefore, they can participate in photocatalytic CO2RR in different roles. MOFs can be used as primary photocatalysts or be coupled with other active species to form composite materials. They can also act as co-catalysts to cooperate with photosensitizers. Moreover, MOFs can be used as precursors or templates for the preparation of derived nanomaterials. These derivatives are also promising candidates in photocatalytic CO2RR. This review aims to outline multiple roles of MOFs and their derivatives in photocatalytic CO2RR. Meanwhile, the corresponding modification strategies are summarized. At the end of the manuscript, the present problems of MOFs applied in photocatalytic CO2RR are summarized and the future development and challenges are also proposed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Asgharzadeh, Mehdi. "Analysis of seismic anisotropy at the CO2CRC Otway project site." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/817.
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This work evaluates the reliability of VSP related slowness and slowness-polarization methods for local VTI and orthorhombic anisotropy parameter estimation that can be utilized as a seismic time-lapse tool for monitoring CO2 injection into geological formations. The uncertainties have been quantified through the inversion of several numerical and synthetic datasets and the results of this analysis were used to validate seismic anisotropy parameter estimation from VSP measurements at CO2CRC’s Otway geosequestration site in Victoria, Australia.
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Wisman, Putri Sari. "Rock physics changes due to CO2 injection : the CO2CRC Otway Project." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/737.
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The CO2CRC Otway Project aims to demonstrate that CO2 can be safely stored in a depleted gas field and that an appropriate monitoring strategy can be deployed to verify its containment. The project commenced in 2005, with the baseline 3D seismic collected early in January 2008. CO2 was injected into depleted gas reservoir known as Waarre-C at Naylor field in April 2008. The first monitor survey was recorded in January 2009, shortly after the injection of 35,000 tonnes of CO2. Early predictions in the program suggested that the resulting time-lapse seismic effect will be very subtle because of the reservoir depth, small area, complexity, small amount of CO2/CH4 in 80/20 ratio injected and most of all partial saturation of the reservoir sand. The key challenge than presented to this research was how subtle exactly is the effect going to be? To answer that question I had to develop a workflow that will produce very accurate prediction of the elastic property changes in the reservoir caused by CO2 injection. Then the sensitivity of time-lapse seismic methodology in detecting subtle changes in the reservoir is investigated.The rock physics model I propose uses the “effective” grain bulk modulus (Kgrain) to represent the average mineralogy of the grains. The validity of this approach is confirmed by good agreement achieved between Vpsat core with Vpsat computed from the log data using the “effective” modulus. . The use of “effective” Kgrain was further justified by petrographic analysis. This has increased the modelling precision and changed the predicted time-lapse effect due to CO2 injection from 3% as an average over the reservoir sequence as previously computed to nearly 6%. The significance is that 6% change could be detected with high precision monitoring methodologies. The in-situ saturation type is homogeneous, according to the analysis path assumed in this thesis. If some patchiness exists in the reservoir it will be away from the wells and it would further elevate CO2 related seismic effect.The time-lapse seismic methodology at Otway site utilised very high survey density in order to increase sensitivity. On the negative side, weak sources and the change of the source type between the surveys resulted in non-repeatability greater or of the similar order as the time-lapse signal were expected to be. Hence the interpretation of the time-lapse P-wave seismic data assumed somewhat different path. I used the model-based post-stack seismic acoustic inversion in a similar way that history matching is used in reservoir simulation studies. I performed successive fluid substitutions, followed by the well ties and inversions. The objective was to look into the inversion error. Then the modelled fluid saturation case that result in minimal inversion error reflects the most likely state of the reservoir. Modelling using 35,000 tonnes of CO2/CH4 mix with 35% water saturation and 65% CO2/CH4 mix produced the smallest error when reinstating logs to the 2009 reservoir state.The time-lapse anomaly observed in the data exceeds predictions derived through the rock physics model, seismic modelling and simulation models. This is likely to be the case in general as the effect of CO2 onto a reservoir is difficult to predict. A “conservative” approach may result in an under-prediction of time-lapse seismic effects. Consequently, the predicted and measured seismic effects can be used as the lower and the upper bound of the time-lapse effects at Naylor field, respectively. The method presented here for analysis of a subtle time-lapse signal could be applied to the cases with similar challenges elsewhere.
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Aruffo, Chiara Maria [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Henk, and Charlotte [Akademischer Betreuer] Krawczyk. "Geomechanical characterization of the CO2CRC Otway Project site, Australia / Chiara Maria Aruffo. Betreuer: Andreas Henk ; Charlotte Krawczyk." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1112088350/34.
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Roquetti, Filho David. "Potencial de produção de grãos brasileiros via fertilização e impactos nas emissões de CO2eq." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11580.
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For all Brazilian municipalities, data of planted area, quantity produced, types of soil and soil use, for Rice, Beans, Wheat, Corn and Soybeans, was collected. With the aid of a Geographic information System (GIS) maps were drawn, and by cross-checking them, crop yields per type of soil in anthropized areas were obtained. From the expected yield on the application rate of fertilizer per level of availability of primary major nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) in the soil, recommended by Embrapa (WebAgritec), it was considered that each municipality, without area expansion as from its actual productivity value in 2011/12, would increase to the maximum xpected value related to the recommended application rate of fertilizers on the upper range of productivity. A period of ten years was considered for the rise of productivity level, which allowed a time horizon of the estimates from 2011/12 to 2061/62. The Fertilization Consumption, Application Rate and Efficiencies for the primary major nutrients, as well as the Balances of CO2eq, required for these new conditions, were projected. The horizon and the resulting volume of agricultural production were compared to the projections of MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento and Outlook Fiesp 2023, whose horizon projections are 2021/22 and 20022/23 respectively. The potential volume of agricultural production via fertilization of these five cultures and the impact on the balance of CO2eq are then measured, thus culminating with the possibility of significant advances in this volume in terms of the number of harvests and the beneficial effect on the balance of CO2eq, allowing, due to the spared areas, significant postponement of emissions of CO2eq
Para todos os municípios Brasileiros foram coletados dados de área plantada, quantidade produzida, tipos de solos e uso do solo, para o Arroz, Feijão, Trigo, Milho e Soja. Com o auxílio de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), mapas foram elaborados, e a partir do cruzamento entre eles, produtividades por tipo de solo em áreas antropizadas foram obtidas. A partir das faixas de produtividades esperadas relativas às faixas de dosagem de adubação por nível de disponibilidade de macronutrientes primários (Nitrogênio, Fósforo e Potássio) no solo, recomendadas pela Embrapa (WebAgritec), considerou-se que cada município, sem nenhuma expansão de área, a partir de seu valor real de produtividade em 2011/12, aumentasse a mesma até o valor máximo esperado e correspondente à recomendação de dosagem de adubação relativa à faixa superior de produtividade. Considerou-se um período de dez anos para a subida de um patamar para outro de produtividade, o que permitiu um horizonte temporal das estimativas de 2011/12 até 2061/62. Projetaram-se os Consumos, Dosagens e Eficiências de Adubação, bem como os Balanços de CO2eq para os macronutrientes primários, necessários e resultantes destas novas condições. O horizonte e os volumes de produção agrícolas resultantes foram comparados com as projeções do MAPA 2021/22 e do Outlook Fiesp 2023. O potencial de volume de produção agrícola via fertilização destas cinco culturas e o impacto no balanço de CO2eq são então mensurados, culminando com a possibilidade de significativas antecipações deste volume em termos de número de safras e com o efeito benéfico no balanço de CO2eq, permitindo em virtude das áreas poupadas, postergação expressiva em termos de emissões de CO2eq
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Olofsson, Jonny. "Sojaprotein, oxiderad majsstärkelse, vetestärkelse & ärtstärkelse som additiv i träpellets : Effekter på pelletsens kvalitet, CO2ekv utsläpp & energianvändning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-64753.
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Currently, only 2.8% of total energy use in the world is renewable energy. As a climate target in 2020, the European Union has set a goal of increasing the renewable energy to 20%. Renewable energy includes biofuel such as pellets. Pellets use has already increased significantly and several large production units have been built in recent years. To achieve a competitive pellet, production must be improved in terms of quality, environmental impact, and electricity consumption. Adding additives can improve pellets strength, reduce CO2eq emissions and reduce energy consumption. The purpose is to investigate how different percentages of additive affect pellets to achieve a more sustainable and competitive biofuel. In the quality analysis where sustainability and hardness were investigated, oxidized corn starch showed the best result where sustainability increased from 94.8% to 97.86%. The hardness varied greatly from pellets to pellets from the same sample. Since the hardness varied so widely, it was impossible to say which sample who had the highest hardness. On the other hand, it is concluded that the oxidized cornstarch samples received higher hardness than the zero sample. In the environmental section, CO2equivalents for pellet production were investigated in Sweden, OECD member countries and non-OECD member countries in Europe. In Sweden and in OECD member countries, pellets production did not reduce the CO2eq emissions with any added additive. In non-OECD member countries, wheat starch was the best additive and reduced CO2eq emissions by 2.4%. The energy consumption in the pellet press was also analyzed and the results showed that all additives reduced energy consumption. The best additive in this study was wheat starch, which reduced electricity consumption by 3.9%.
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Stewart, Robert Jamie. "Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery, offshore North Sea : carbon accounting, residual oil zones and CO2 storage security." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16160.
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Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2EOR) is a proven and available technology used to produce incremental oil from depleted fields. Although this technology has been used successfully onshore in North America and Europe, projects have maximised oil recovery and not CO2 storage. While the majority of onshore CO2EOR projects to date have used CO2 from natural sources, CO2EOR is now more and more being considered as a storage option for captured anthropogenic CO2. In the North Sea the lack of low cost CO2, in large volumes, has meant that no EOR projects have utilised CO2 as an injection fluid. However CO2EOR has the highest potential of all EOR techniques to maximise recovery from depleted UK oil fields. With the prospect of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) capturing large tonnages of CO2 from point source emission sites, the feasibility of CO2EOR deployment in the North Sea is high. This thesis primarily aims to address a number of discrete issues which assess the effectiveness of CO2EOR to both produce oil and store CO2. Given the fundamental shift in approach proposed in North Sea CO2EOR projects, the carbon balance of such projects is examined. Using a life cycle accounting approach on a theoretical North Sea field, we examine whether offshore CO2EOR can store more CO2 than onshore projects traditionally have, and whether CO2 storage can offset additional emissions produced through offshore operations and incremental oil production. Using two design scenarios which optimise oil production and CO2 storage, we find that that net GHG emissions were negative in both ‘oil optimised’ and ‘CO2 storage optimised’. However when emissions from transporting, refining and combusting the produced crude oil are incorporated into the life cycle calculations the ‘oil optimised scenario’ became a net emitter of GHG and highlights the importance of continuing CO2 import and injection after oil production has been maximised at a field. This is something that has not traditionally occurred. After assessing rates of flaring and venting of produced associated gas at UK oil fields it is found that the flaring or venting of reproduced CH4 and CO2 has a large control on emissions. Much like currently operating UK oil fields the rates of flaring and venting has a control on the carbon intensity of oil produced. Here values for the carbon intensity of oil produced through CO2EOR are presented. Carbon intensity values are found to be similar to levels of current UK oil production and significantly lower than other unconventional sources. As well as assessing the climate benefits of CO2EOR, a new assessment of CO2EOR potential in Residual Oil Zones (ROZ) is also made. ROZ resource, which is thought to add significant potential to both the oil reserves and CO2 storage potential in some US basins, is here identified in the North Sea for the first time. Based on the foundation of North Sea hydrodynamics study, this thesis identifies the Pierce field as a candidate ROZ field where hydrodynamic tilting of the oil water contact has naturally occurred leaving a zone of residual oil. To test the feasibility of CO2EOR in such a zone a methodology is presented and applied. Notably the study highlights that in this case study recoverable reserves from the ROZ may approach 20% of total field recoverable reserves and have the capability to store up to 11Mt of CO2. While highlighting the CO2EOR potential in the ROZ the thesis discusses the importance in expanding the analysis to quantify its importance on a basin scale. Discussion is also made on whether new resource identification is necessary in a mature basin like the North Sea. With CO2EOR being considered as a feasible option for storing captured anthropogenic CO2, it is important to assess the security of storage in CO2EOR. Using real geochemical and production data from a pilot CO2EOR development in Western Canada two approaches are used to assess the partitioning of CO2 between reservoir fluids through time. Using a number of correlations it is found that CO2 dissolution in oil is up to 7 times greater than in reservoir brine when saturations between the two fluids are equal. It is found that after two years of CO2 injection solubility trapping accounts for 26% of injected CO2. The finding that significantly more dissolution occurs in oil rather than brine indicates that CO2 storage in EOR is safer than in brine storage. However a number of factors such as the increase in oil/CO2 mobility due to CO2 injection is also discussed. The overall conclusion from the work is that CO2EOR in the North Sea has the potential to be an effective way of producing oil and storing CO2 in the North Sea. A number of design, operational and accounting factors are however essential to operate an exemplar CO2EOR project where low carbon intensity oil can be produced from a mature basin while storing large tonnages of captured anthropogenic CO2.
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Maas, Helge Alexander [Verfasser]. "Towards CO2eq-neutral Cities : A participatory approach using Backcasting and Transition Management / Helge Alexander Maas." Flensburg : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Flensburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1063042917/34.
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Moradi, Aref. "Combining Learned and Analytical Models for Predicting CO2e Emissions in Textile Products." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280883.
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In recent years, there has been an increased attention to climate change and the effects it might have on human society. One of the main causes of climate change is increased carbon emissions due to different human activities and global scale industrialization. Various approaches exist to mitigate the effects of climate change. One of the largest sources of carbon emissions is the pro- duction of consumer goods. Therefore, by influencing the choices consumers make, we can help mitigate some of the effects of climate change due to carbon emissions.In this thesis, we focus on carbon emissions during the production phase of textile products. To be able to influence consumers in their choice of textile products, we must be able to provide them with detailed information on the emissions of individual products. Such information will allow consumers to compare the products and potentially influence them to choose environmen- tally friendly products. Such a product will hopefully push the market towards sustainable production.Our work focuses on providing methods that can be used to create a ma- chine learning model to predict the carbon emissions of textile products. We collaborate with IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) to build an analytical model to calculate the emissions of textile products. Further- more, we leverage the analytical model to design and compare three machine learning models. We focus on building models that benefit from the knowl- edge of the analytical model while being scalable with regards to new data. Moreover, we introduce a method to use knowledge in the form of analyti- cal models to bootstrap a machine learning model when labelled data is not readily available. In this way, the machine learning model can benefit from the existing knowledge of the analytical model while being adaptable to new labelled data.Finally, we compare the three proposed models and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model. We also mention the situations where each model performs best.Intresset för klimatförändringar och dess potentiella effekter på samhället har ökat under de senaste åren. En av de främsta orsakerna till klimatförändringar är ökade koldioxidutsläpp till följd av en globaliserad ekonomi och mänskliga aktiviteter som exempelvis resande. En betydande andel av koldioxidutsläppen kommer från konsumtion av konsumentprodukter. Genom att påverka konsu- menternas val så kan en bidra till att minska koldioxidutsläppen och i sin tur mildra klimatförändringarna.I denna masteruppsats analyseras koldioxidutsläpp från produktion av tex- tiler. För att aktivt kunna påverka konsumenternas val så bör de presenteras med detaljerad information om den specifika textilproduktens miljöpåverkan. Denna information tillåter konsumenterna att jämföra produkter med avseende på miljöeffekter, vilket potentiellt kan få dem att prioritera miljövänligare al- ternativ. Förhoppningen är att denna lösning i förlängningen kommer att driva textilmarknaden mot en mer hållbar produktion.Syftet med denna rapport är att tillhandahålla maskininlärnings modeller som kan användas för att förutsäga koldioxidutsläpp från textilprodukter. I rap- porten så används en analytisk modell för att beräkna utsläpp från textilproduk- ter, denna modell är framtagen i samarbete IVL Swedish Environmental Rese- arch Institute (IVL). Den analytiska modellen används sedan i utformningen och jämförelsen av tre maskininlärningsmetoder. Dessa maskininlärningsal- goritmer är utformade för att kunna kombinera en analytisk modell med nya datapunkter på ett skalbart sätt. Således föreslår vi även att kunskap från en analytisk modell kan användas för att bootstrapa en maskininlärningsmodell. Detta är särskilt nyttigt då få annoterade datapunkter är tillgängliga. Denna metodik medför att modellen kan utnyttja den analytiska modellens kunskap och sedan anpassas till nya annoterade datapunkter.Slutligen så ställs de tre maskininlärningsmodellerna mot varandra i en diskussion om var och ens fördelar respektive nackdelar. Vi framhåller även i vilka typer av situationer de enskilda modellernas prestationer var optimala.
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Andersson, Jesper, and Ludwig Gard. "En analys av CO2e-utsläpp vid tillverkning och transport av prefabricerade betongelement." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45649.
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Purpose: The global concrete consumption amounts to 25 gigatons annually, making it the most widely used building material (Petek Gursel, et al. 2014). The continued increasing world population in connection with urbanization will lead to a greater demand for cement. The problem with the increased manufacturing process of cement is that carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 will account for 10-15 % of global CO2 emissions, compared with the values measured in 2016, which only reached 5-8 % (Habert & Ouellet-Plamondon, 2016). The aim of the thesis is to analyse stages in the manufacturing process of prefabricated concrete from an environmental point of view with consideration to CO2 emissions. This will later result in providing concrete improvement measures or alternatively only provide useful knowledge for the concrete industry’s future. The stages that will be analysed are transport, concrete, rebar (reinforcement) and cellular plastic production. Method: The methods chosen for the implementation of the thesis were Literature Studies and Interviews. The purpose of the literature study was to educate the authors on the subject and collect various results from current research. The interviews contributed to the necessary information to be able to carry out the analyses at work. Findings: The thesis has resulted in a total amount of CO2eq emissions in four different stages in the concrete manufacturing process. Cement proved to be the biggest contributing factor to CO2eq emissions. There are several different measures to reduce CO2eq emissions in the concrete manufacturing process. The measures discussed the most frequently concern the cement production, which is favourable for the concrete production as a whole. The discussion also highlights measures taken in action at a concrete factory level. Implications: This study shows that cement accounts for the majority of the total CO2 emissions for concrete production. Therefore, much focus placed on improving the cement production with consideration to CO2 emissions is necessary. This does not mean that less focus should aim on research for green transport, insulation production and steelmaking. All productions stages have potential for improvement. Hence, it is important to continue the research to reduce the total CO2 emissions in the production of prefabricated concrete elements. Limitations: The study was limited to the manufacturing process of prefabricated concrete. A specific project HUS F was analysed for CO2 emissions in four production stages; concrete, reinforcement, insulation materials and transport.Syfte: Den globala betongkonsumtionen uppgår årligen till 25 gigaton vilket gör den till det mest använda byggnadsmaterialet (Petek, Masanet, Horvath & Stadel, 2014). Den fortsatt ökande världspopulationen i samband med urbaniseringen kommer att leda till en större efterfrågan av cement. Problemet med den ökade tillverkningsprocessen av cement är att koldioxidutsläppen år 2020 kommer att stå för 10-15 % av de globala CO2-utsläppen, jämfört med värdena uppmätta år 2016 på cirka 5–8 % (Habert & Ouellet-Plamondon, 2016). Målet med examensarbetet är att analysera skeden i tillverkningsprocessen av prefabricerad betong ur miljösynpunkt med avseende på CO2-utsläpp för att sedan kunna komma med konkreta förbättringsåtgärder alternativt enbart bidra med nyttig kunskap för betongindustrins framtid. Skedena som analyseras är transporter samt betong-, armering- och cellplasttillverkning. Metod: Metoderna som valdes för genomförandet av examensarbetet var Litteraturstudie samt Intervju. Litteraturstudien gjordes i syfte att fördjupa författarna i ämnet samt insamling av diverse resultat från aktuell forskning. Intervjuerna som genomfördes bidrog till nödvändig information för att kunna genomföra analyserna i arbetet. Resultat: Examensarbetet har resulterat i totala CO2-utsläpp i fyra olika skeden i betongtillverkningsprocessen. Cement visade sig vara den absolut största bidragande faktorn till CO2-utsläpp. Det finns flera olika åtgärder för att minska CO2-utsläppet i betongtillverkningsprocessen. De åtgärder som diskuteras flitigast berör cementtilllverkningen vilket är gynnsamt för betongtillverkningen som helhet. Diskussionen framhäver även åtgärder som kan vidtas på en betongfabriks nivå. Konsekvenser: Det konstaterades i denna studie att cement står för majoriteten av det totala CO2-utsläppet i betongproduktionen. Därför bör mycket fokus läggas vid förbättring av cementtillverkningsprocessen med avseende på CO2-utsläpp. Detta innebär inte att mindre fokus skall läggas vid forskning för miljövänligare transport, isolering- och stålproduktion. Samtliga områden bör förbättras och potential finns definitivt att hämta vid alla produktionsskeden. Begränsningar: Studien avgränsades till tillverkningsprocessen av prefabricerad betong. Ett specifikt projekt HUS F analyserades med avseende på CO2-utsläpp i fyra tillverkningsskeden; betong, armering, cellplast samt transport.
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Nord, Iza. "Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through the Use of Free Shops : A Case Study of Two Free Shops in Gothenburg." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33920.
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Products, throughout their life cycle from production to waste management, create emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). This leads to environmental impacts on the climate (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). The consumed products from households are increasing (World Wildlife Fund, 2008) and so is the waste generated from them (Avfall Sverige, n.d.). A more sustainable development generating from circular economy should be focused on to increases the reuse of products and by so reduce the amount of waste generated (Göteborgs Stad, n.d.a.) This study have examined if the use of Free Shops can help the city of Gothenburg to reach higher up the waste management hierarchy towards reuse and prevention, and if carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) can be avoided by using Free Shops. Two Free Shops with the purpose to increase reuse in Gothenburg have been studied and their effect on GHG emissions, presented as CO2e, have been analysed. A Life Cycle Inventory Study (LCI) has been conducted on all, but two, different materials entering the Free Shops for four weeks, including the production, waste management, transportation and storage. The result of the study shows that a mean of 10 ton CO2e per Free Shop per year can be avoided when reusing at a Free Shop instead of buying new products. This equals leaving a low energy lamp on for approximately 590 years (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) based on a low energy lamp using 0,007 kWh (Eon, 2007). To examine if the Free Shops can reduce the amount of waste disposed of by households in Gothenburg the material entering the Free Shops was weight and analysed to estimate how it corresponded to the amount of waste disposed of. The result shows that the material entering a Free Shop only corresponds to 0.0025 percent of the household waste disposed of in the city. This indicates that Free Shops by themselves will not solve the problem with increasing amounts of waste and emissions from increasing production. However, they can help in a small scale.20180625
Books on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Cook, Peter, ed. Geologically Storing Carbon. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302314.
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Carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) is presently the only way that we can make deep cuts in emissions from fossil fuel-based, large-scale sources of CO2 such as power stations and industrial plants. But if this technology is to be acceptable to the community, it is essential that it is credibly demonstrated by world-class scientists and engineers in an open and transparent manner at a commercially significant scale. The aim of the Otway Project was to do just this.
Geologically Storing Carbon provides a detailed account of the CO2CRC Otway Project, one of the most comprehensive demonstrations of the deep geological storage or geosequestration of carbon dioxide undertaken anywhere. This book of 18 comprehensive chapters written by leading experts in the field is concerned with outstanding science, but it is not just a collection of scientific papers – it is about 'learning by doing'. For example, it explains how the project was organised, managed, funded and constructed, as well as the approach taken to community issues, regulations and approvals. It also describes how to understand the site: Are the rocks mechanically suitable? Will the CO2 leak? Is there enough storage capacity? Is monitoring effective?
This is the book for geologists, engineers, regulators, project developers, industry, communities or anyone who wants to better understand how a carbon storage project really 'works'. It is also for people concerned with obtaining an in-depth appreciation of one of the key technology options for decreasing greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere.
Book chapters on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Hu, Yongle, Xuefei Wang, and Mingqiang Hao. "CO2EOR and Sequestration Technologies inPetroChina." In Acid Gas Extraction for Disposal and Related Topics, 301–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118938652.ch20.
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Nuoffer-Wagner, Georg. "CO2e-Ausgleichsprojekte." In Management-Reihe Corporate Social Responsibility, 377–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64913-8_21.
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Felser, Claudia, Hans-Joachim Elmers, and Gerhard H. Fecher. "The Properties of Co2Cr1-xFexAl Heusler Compounds." In Half-metallic Alloys, 113–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11506256_4.
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Lorentsen, Odd-Arne, Are Dyrøy, and Morten Karlsen. "Handling CO2EQ from an Aluminum Electrolysis Cell." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 975–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48156-2_144.
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Lorentsen, Odd-Arne, Are Dyrøy, and Morten Karlsen. "Handling CO2EQ from an Aluminum Electrolysis Cell." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 975–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647851.ch144.
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Wüstenberg, Jan-Peter, Martin Aeschlimann, and Mirko Cinchetti. "Characterization of the Surface Electronic Properties of Co2Cr1−xFexAl." In Spintronics, 271–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3832-6_12.
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Yoo, Jin S. "The Role of CO2for the Gas-Phase O2Oxidation of Alkylaromatics to Aldehydes." In ACS Symposium Series, 112–28. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0809.ch008.
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Sturz, Ines, and Payam Dehdari. "Digitale Transformation des CO2e-Transportemissionenmanagements im Mittelstand." In Produktion und Logistik in der digitalen Transformation, 123–41. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36560-8_7.
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Jourdan, Martin. "Preparation and Investigation of Interfaces of Co2Cr1−x Fe x Al Thin Films." In Spintronics, 343–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3832-6_16.
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Hales, Robert, and Brendan Mackey. "Carbon Budgeting Post-COP21: The Need for an Equitable Strategy for Meeting CO2e Targets." In Pathways to a Sustainable Economy, 209–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67702-6_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Sandve, T. H., O. Sæ vareid, and I. Aavatsmark. "Improved Extended Blackoil Formulation for CO2EOR Simulations." In ECMOR XVII. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202035059.
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Kurtoglu, Basak, James A. Sorensen, Jason Braunberger, Steven Smith, and Hossein Kazemi. "Geologic Characterization of a Bakken Reservoir for Potential CO2EOR." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-186.
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Couëslan, Marcia L., Don C. Lawton, and Michael Jones. "Time‐lapse monitoring of CO2EOR and storage with walkaway VSPs." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2006. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2370178.
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Lorenzutti, Francesca, and Sophia Haussener. "Pore-level structural characterization of morphologically complex CO2RR electrodes." In nanoGe Fall Meeting 2021. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.nfm.2021.141.
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Hod, Idan. "A MOF-Based Membrane that Provides Molecular-Level Control Over Heterogeneous CO2RR." In International Conference on Frontiers in Electrocatalytic Transformations. València: Fundació Scito, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.interect.2021.001.
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Robinson, Alana, and Thomas L. Davis. "Acoustic impedance inversion for static and dynamic characterization of a CO2EOR project, Postle Field, Oklahoma." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2010. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3513427.
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Donahoe, Rona, and Erik Rheams. "Reservoir Fluid-Rock Interactions During a CO2EOR/CCS Pilot Test at Citronelle Oil Field, Alabama." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.8263.
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Pevzner, R., J. Kinkela, and M. Urosevic. "Ground Roll Repeatability Analysis - CO2CRC Otway Project Case Study." In 73rd EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2011. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20149310.
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Pogačnik, Marijan, and Irena Gril. "Izračun ogljičnega odtisa pri pridelavi mleka." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.52.
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Agriculture contributes about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions. The transition to a low-carbon society, while increasing food production, poses a major challenge. The article deals with the carbon footprint in organic milk production on the school property in Biotechnical Centre Naklo. Data are collected from central records of cattle, material and financial accounting, annual plans and reports, and from process monitoring according to ISO standards (ISO 9001, 14001). 22 ha of agricultural land with 33 cows and young livestock (46 LSU), grazed throughout the year, are earmarked for the needs of organic milk production. All the processes that affect CO2eq emissions are recorded in order to be able to calculate the carbon footprint (PAS 2050 and ISO 14067) in accordance with the LCA cycle procedures. Voluminous (7,195t) and strong fodder (4,347 t) has maximum impact on CO2eq. (4,347 t). The fodder is followed by electricity (32 t) and gas oil (16 t). The total carbon footprint for milk production and storage at 4 ° C is 60.95 t CO2eq, which is 2.73 CO2eq/l milk.
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Vavra, Jan. "Revealing dissolution and reprecipitation process of CO2RR catalyst during its activation by in-situ TEM." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.311.
Full textReports on the topic "CO2ERR"
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Ashworth, Peta, Shelley Rodriguez, and Alice Miller. Case Study of the CO2CRC Otway Project. CSIRO, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5341/rpt10-2362.
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Jenkins, C., S. Sharma, and G. Morvell. Assessing a saline aquifer for CO2 storage: the CO2CRC Otway Project Stage 2. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5341/rpt08-1147.
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Watson, M. The CO2CRC Otway Project: quantitative risk assessment with newly acquired data and updated interpretation. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5341/rpt07-0787.
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de Caritat, P. The Otway Project: Groundwater monitoring and baseline determination - Fieldwork Program (CO2CRC), 16-21 March 2009, Completion Report. Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5341/rpt09-1512.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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White, Mark D., Diana H. Bacon, B. Peter McGrail, David J. Watson, Signe K. White, and Z. F. Zhang. STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases: STOMP-CO2 and STOMP-CO2e Guide: Version 1.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059044.
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Gagnon, Pieter. Long-Run Marginal CO2e Emission Rates for End-Use Electricity Consumption in the State of Washington. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1788429.
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